History of Tamil Language

Keynote presentation on introducing Tamil Unicode, standardization process, stability principle of Unicode, a brief review of the Tamil Symbol/Fractions proposal as well as the Tamil Virtual Academiy experts recommendation to the Government of Tamil Nadu.  Meeting on April 29th  at the University of  Madras. Session chaired by Prof. Jayadevan, Chief Editor, Madras University Tamil Lexicon Revised.

Add vowels then and there. Add Letter 'm' and letter 'n' then and there. Letter 'p' and letter 'sa' can be retained / deleted/ added or exchanged. A single letter can be read more than once. If a letter occurs consecutively more than once , the letter has to be read only once. Ref; Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary by Sir E.A. Wallis Budge.

Chinese is a group of languages that form the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages, spoken by the ethnic Han Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in Greater China. About 1.3 billion people (or approximately 16% of the world's population) speak a variety of Chinese as their first language.

Interpretation of the Sumerian Hymn, based on the insight in the Sumerian religion as a form of Agama and Tantric tradition and on the understanding given by the Tamil version of the Sumerian text.

Has included the description of Krisna´s abode in Goloka as we find it given in the Brahma Vaivarta Purana 2nd chapter and the desrciption of Tillai found in the Tiruvasagam  for comparing it to the Sumerian Hymn.

ABSTRACT: This article will explore the various conceptions underlying the use of the expression ticai-c-col (approximately “regional words”). After describing the role assigned to these by Tamil grammarians and Tamil grammatical commentators, we shall present a sketch of traditional Tamil linguistic geography, with its central and peripheral regions, and the way it has been reinterpreted in the course of history. We will also try to examine the actual linguistic data, the differences of opinion about it, and what they tell us about Tamil literature and the movement hiding below its classical surface.

Multiple etymologies have been suggested for the word Tamiḻ, with the most promising suggested by the veteran linguist Franklin Southworth. He derived the term from a proposed compound *tam-miḻ, with the meaning of “ones’ own speech”. However, the exact factors that led to this proposed term have not been investigated to date. In this article, I suggest that the term may have first emerged due to contact between different speech communities.

The story of the boy Sunahsepa, like we find it given in the Aitareya Brahmana with a view on the version found in Ramayana 1. 61 + 62. The complete prayer of Sunasepa to the Gods is given.
This story is an integral part of the Rajasuya Ritual, which will be discussed in the coming volume 3 of "The Branches of the Rig - Veda - Different Traditions in Vedic Period", where it will be discussed, how the Hotr Priest recites this story.
The astronomical aspects of this story will be discussed in the coming publication
"The Mahavratya Ritual - Worship of Rudra"

The 3 volume discusses the great public rituals: Vajapeya, Rajasuya, Horse Sacrifice and the Building of the Funeral Monument.

Used texts:
Veda
Brahmana: Taittiriya, Aitareya, Satapatha, Jaiminiya, Sankhayana
Samhita: Taittiriya, Kathaka, Maitrayani
Aranayaka: Taittiriya
Srautasutra: Baudhayana, Varaha, Manava, Apastamba, Katyayana, Latyayana, Asvalayana, Bharadvaja
Grhasutra: Asvalayana, Sankhayana
Mahabharata

350pages

Korean is an East Asian language spoken by about 80 million people, mainly Korean, as of 2020; It is the official and national language of both North Korea and South Korea (originally Korea), with different standardized official forms used in each country. It is a recognised minority language in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of Jilin Province, China. It is also spoken in parts of Sakhalin, Russia and Central Asia.

Arabic is a Semitic language that first emerged in the 1st to 4th centuries CE. It is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living in the Arabian Peninsula bounded by eastern Egypt in the west Mesopotamia in the east, and the Anti-Lebanon mountains and Northern Syria in the north, as perceived by ancient Greek geographers. Modern Standard Arabic is an official language of 26 states and 1 disputed territory, the third most after English and French. Arabic is the religious language of 1.8 billion Muslims, and Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Clues to read Arabic language words into Tamil; Letter 'k'-'v'; 'v'= 'k'. Add / change vowels then and there. Add /delete letters 'm' and 'n' then and there. Letters 'p' and 's' can be retained/ deleted / added or exchanged. A letter can be read more than once. If a letter occurs more than once consecutively, it has to be read only once.

Study of the Sumerian Temple Hymns with Tamil version, English translation and view on the philosophy of Agama andTantric tradition of ancient India.
All the Sumerian temply hymns are taken from the Electronic text corpus of Sumerian Literature. Their version in Tamil offer new and often better translations of the poems than found in electronic text corpus.

The story of "the curse of Agade" in view of philosophy the ancient Indian Agama and Tantric texts, especially the Saiva Siddanta. With Sumerian texts, version in Tamil language ann English translation.
With lexical notes and an appendix on Sumerian music and the Sumerian lyre in view to Tamil and Sanskrit texts on music

A first study in the historical evolution of the Tamil Verbal System.

During my studies of the ancient Sumerian texts in the light of the Classical Tamil grammar I found many grammatical features in the Sumerian texts, which match very well with the rules and definitions found in the Tolkappiyam, but at the same time we find grammatical features, which are problematic. The first chapter on the morphology of the verb is a first small step for to try to explain these problematic features..

The struggle of Tamilnadu to be named as Tamilnadu wherein Aringnar Anna played the role of guardian of Tamils and various other Tamils related struggles on which Nandhivarman, disciple of Anna had expressed his opinion found place in this book

Using Veda, Taittirya Samhita and Brahmana, Satapatha Brahmana, Maitrayani, Kathaka and Kapistala Katha Samhita, Aitareya Brahmana, Kausitaki Brahmana and Jaiminiya Brahmana, Asvalayana, Latyayana, Astamba, Sankhayana and Katyayana Srautasutra. Further Saunaka; Brhaddevata and Caranvyuha Sutra.
362 pages.. the volume 1 stopps with the Initiatory Rituals before the Soma worship, including Pravargya Ritual. The great public rituals will be discussed in Volume 2. (Domestic Rituals will be discussed in Volumes 3 + 4,  Sanskrit grammar and language in Volume 5.

My paper on the Dravidian languages is included as a chapter in the book titled "The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide". This chapter describes the Dravidian languages, their histories, and their genetic classification.

This volume is a state-of-the-art survey of research on the languages of South Asia, with contributions by well-known experts. It covers the languages, their histories and classification. My chapter provides an up-to-date surveys on the 200 years of comparative historical research on Dravidian languages.

This extraordinary volume is edited by Hans Hock and Elena Bashir, and published by Walter de Gruyter.

The origins of Brāhmī script have been mired in controversy for over a century since the Semitic model was first proposed by Albrecht Weber in 1856. Although Aramaic has remained the leading candidate for the source of Brāhmī, no scholar has adequately explained a letter by letter derivation, nor accounted for the marked differences between Aramaic, Kharoṣṭhī and Brāhmī scripts. As a result, the debate is far from settled. In this article I attempt to finally answer the vexed questions that have plagued scholars for over a century, regarding the exact origins of Brāhmī, through a comparative letter by letter analysis with other Semitic origin scripts. I argue that Brāhmī was not derived from a single script, but instead was a hybrid invention by Indian scholars from Aramaic, Phoenician and Greek letters provided in part by a western Semitic trader.

Study o fthe Sumerian temple and gods in the light of the Agama and Tantric scriptures.
Sumerian Gods Enli, In - Anna, Enki and Asar - lu - hi as found in the temple hymns and other texts..
Has included an interpretation  of the golden panel of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun

Originally published in a Russian scholarly journal: Tonoyan-Belyayev, Igor A. In search of the oldest common Indo-European Urheimat: preliminary linguistic evidence from Dravidian // Актуальные проблемы аграрной науки, производства и образования: материалы V международной научно-практической конференции молодых ученых и специалистов (на иностранных языках) (Россия, Воронеж, апрель 2019 г.). Воронеж, 2019. УДК 811.1

Forty years ago Prof. George W. Spencer wrote an article on the Śaiva tiruttalams (called divyadeśa in Vaiṣṇava tradition) and suggested a complimenting work could be undertaken on the sacred venues of Viṣṇuism. The present article fulfills the longfelt need of scholars in Indian religious and more relevantly art historical studies. Based on the first-hand materials derived from the Vaiṣṇava canon, Nālāyirativviyapirapantam, it presents the historical sequence of the evolution of the 108 divyadeśas. The earliest of these had their origin by about the 4th-5th century CE and reached maturation by about the early half of the 9th century CE. The stages of evolution are earmarked. However, what the Vaiṣṇava mystics, the Āḻvārs, saw during the centuries down to the 9th are not the kṣetras (sacred space of the temple) or sthalas (sacred venues) that we find today. The temples
had undergone spectacular changes through the centuries as could be proved with case studies of either Vēṅkaṭam or Allikkēṇi. A handful of the sthalas were purely imaginary on part of the mystics. The text is duly illustrated with modern photographic evidences and a map. The parochial views of some American scholars are discussed to point out their inability to deal with the original sources in Tamil and
consequently their views on Viṣṇuism or Śrīviṣṇuism happens to be biased.

International Forum for Information Technology in Tamil (INFITT - http://www.infitt.org) through its Unicode Working Group has reviewed the various Grantha proposals and has commented on those in the enclosed documents. The Working Group also conducted tow in-person meetings where it assembled several scholars and domain experts and the minutes of those meetings are also enclosed.

The following documents were enclosed for consideration at the Unicode Technical Committee held in February 2011 all of which are included in this file.

INFITT-WG02-Report-on-Grantha-Encoding-Unicode-Proposals.pdf
and
A. Appendix A: WG02 Investigation of Grantha Encoding Proposals Data Collection Summary
B. Minutes of the WG02 meeting on Grantha Unicode Proposals at EFEO, Pondicherry
C. Minutes of the WG02 meeting on Grantha Unicode Proposals at Symantec, Chennai
D. ASI South Indian Inscriptions, Vol XXIII, No. 310, Trilingual (Tamil, Sanskrit, Telugu) Inscriptions, pp 400-405
E. ASI South Indian Inscriptions, Vol XXIV, No. 310, Inscriptions of the Srirangam Temple, Bilingual (Sanskrit, Kannada) Inscriptions, pp 321-322

Ancient Dilmun (today's Bahrain) provided vital trade links to trade between Indus valley and Mesopotamian from 3000 BC to 600 BC and then its lost importance. The excavation and finding at various archeological sites provide very interesting clues and as one expert stipulates that one of the temple of Barbar may be a Shiva temple.

Tamil nationalist scholars have held that the early Tamil society was casteless. But, they have not been able to explain away the occurrence of words such as pulaiyaṉ, iḻipiṟappiṉōṉ, iḻipiṟappāḷaṉ, and iḻiciṉaṉ, which are traditionally interpreted as low-born persons in classical Tamil literature.  On the other hand, these words have led scholars like K. K. Pillay and George Hart to state that the concept of untouchability - and hence the notion of caste - has been present from the time of classical Tamil literature. All these scholars have failed to consider the influence of Jaina worldview reflected in the classical Tamil literature. When the classical Tamil texts are analyzed using information from the field of Jainism along with philology, Dravidian linguistics, and South Indian epigraphy, one could see that neither untouchability nor caste was indigenous to Tamil society. In fact, the word pulaiyaṉ, which later came to mean ‘a polluted man’, originally meant ‘a man who causes auspiciousness/prosperity’.  Ironically, the non-violence principle of Jainism was an inadvertent catalyst in the development of violence-ridden untouchability among the speakers of Dravidian languages in post-classical Tamil times.