History of Computer Sciences

Community detection is a major issue in network analysis. This paper combines a socio-historical approach with an experimental reconstruction of programs to investigate the early automation of clique detection algorithms, which remains one of the unsolved NP-complete problems today. The research led by the archaeologist Jean-Claude Gardin from the 1950s on non-numerical information and graph analysis is retraced to demonstrate the early contributions of social sciences and humanities. The limited recognition and reception of Gardin’s innovative computer application to the humanities are addressed through two factors, in addition to the effects of historiography and bibliographies on the recording, discoverability, and reuse of scientific productions: 1) funding policies, evidenced by the transfer of research effort on graph applications from temporary interdisciplinary spaces to disciplinary organizations related to the then-emerging field of computer science; and 2) the erratic careers of algorithms, in which efficiency, flaws, corrections, and authors’ status, were determining factors.

After almost a decade of post-war reconstruction, from the 1950s to the early 1970s Italy went through a period of deep economic growth, usually referred to as the Italian economic miracle or boom, during which the country evolved from a relatively poor, rural nation to global industrial power. However, as it happened in many other western countries, what started out as a utopian phase of progress, turned out to be in fact a moment of drastic changes in human behavior and social life, brought by the mass migration from the countryside to metropolitan areas, the informatization of labor, the mass diffusion of television, and the birth of electronic culture. The countercultural movement of the 1960s, as well as several avant-garde artists associated with the movements of Arte Povera and Radical Architecture, exposed the dystopian consequences of the economic boom. Seen in retrospect, what was at stake for them was that electronic technology was eliciting the automation of life.

This paper aims to explore the ambiguous technophilic dimension that surrounded electronic technology in Italy during the 1960s, as it emerged from two cinematic works that epitomized two antithetical positions: Elea Classe 9000 (1960) directed by Nelo Risi and Supersurface: An Alternative Model for Life on the Earth (1972) by Superstudio. The former is a 32-minute 35 mm documentary produced by Italian typewriters and computers manufacturer Olivetti to promote the company’s early computer series Elea 9000 designed by visionary architect and designer Ettore Sottsass. Directed by Risi, the film featured illustrations by graphic designer Giovanni Pintori and a soundtrack by experimental composer Luciano Berio, renowned pioneer of electronic music. The latter is a 10-minute 35 mm film by Florence-based Radical Architecture collective Superstudio on the occasion of their participation in the landmark exhibition Italy: the New Domestic Landscape, curated by Emilio Ambasz at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1972.

International Journal of Computer Science and Technology (IJCST) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Technology. The IJCST is a open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The mission of this journal is to publish original contributions in its field in order to propagate knowledge amongst its readers and to be a reference publication.

From 1995 to the present day the number of Internet users has increased from 16 million to 3.7 billion. What are the reasons for such an extraordinary success? This book reconstructs the origins of the Internet from the period following the Second World War to the dissemination of the World Wide Web. It not only considers the technological innovations but also explores the cultural, social and political contexts in which the net developed.
The authors interpret the evolution of the “network of networks” as a process in which, at each stage, the solutions devised by its creators were the most functional to their needs and the most suitable to the times in which they operated. Despite its military origins, it was the users themselves who built the net: a community of researchers, for the most part academics, whose goal was the advancement of knowledge. As a result, and particularly with the advent of email at the beginning of the 1970s, the web was endowed with user-oriented features that continue to characterise it today.

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) networks were expected to be the main Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) technology that provided several services such as data, voice, and video services including different classes of Quality of Services (QoS), which in turn were defined by IEEE 802.16 standard. Scheduling in WiMAX became one of the most challenging issues, since it was responsible for distributing available resources of the network among all users; this leaded to the demand of constructing and designing high efficient scheduling algorithms in order to improve the network utilization, to increase the network throughput, and to minimize the end-to-end delay. In this study, we presenedt a simulation study to measure the performance of several scheduling algorithms in WiMAX, which were Strict Priority algorithm, Round-Robin (RR), Weighted Round Robin (WRR), Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ), Self-Clocked Fair (SCF), and Diff-Serv Algorithm.

This is the second part of a 3-piece project about Artificial Intelligence done for my ENGL 142 course at the Savannah College of Art and Design. This paper takes a look at major moments in computer history from the Abacus Calculator to modern day research into artificial intelligence.

The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19th century English mathematics professor name Charles Babbage.
He designed the Analytical Engine and it was this design that the basic framework of the computers of today are based on.
Generally speaking, computers can be classified into three generations. Each generation lasted for a certain period of
time,and each gave us either a new and improved computer or an improvement to the existing computer.

L'informatica? Roba da maschi! Basti pensare a Steve Jobs e Bill Gates. Ada, Grace, Hedy, Evelyn sono nomi che la storia fatica a ricordare, ma se oggi programmiamo un computer, usiamo i cellulari e siamo connessi alla rete lo dobbiamo soprattutto a queste donne. Attraverso le vicende appassionanti di eroine geniali e visionarie, questo volume racconta la storia anomala dell'informatica, disciplina costellata da grandi sofferenze ed emarginazioni, soprattutto per quel che riguarda la collocazione femminile. Donne sconosciute al grande pubblico-e purtroppo, in molti casi, anche agli specialisti del settore-sono state le menti geniali che hanno posto le basi delle moderne tecnologie, senza però ricevere alcun riconoscimento, attribuito, il più delle volte, agli uomini con cui collaboravano. Carla Petrocelli porta finalmente alla luce i loro contributi determinanti e innovativi, facendo emergere, ad esempio, le grandi somiglianze fra il poeta George Byron e sua figlia Ada, prima programmatrice al mondo, ancor più stu-pefacenti se si pensa che in realtà i due non si sono mai conosciuti. Vedremo come la bellissima attrice Hedy Lamarr fosse anche, nell'ombra, una scienzia-ta brillante, capace di inventare un brevetto oggi fondamentale per le teleco-municazioni. Scopriremo poi come il gracile tenente della Marina statuniten-se Grace Murray Hopper, con il suo spirito di inventiva e la sua meticolosità, ha perfezionato l'arte della scrittura del software, e conosceremo le straordi-narie ENIAC Girls, donne coraggiose, forti, che hanno lottato contro il pre-giudizio che le voleva solo mogli e madri. Queste donne non compaiono nei libri di storia, ma hanno indubbiamente cambiato la nostra quotidianità. Carla Petrocelli insegna Storia della rivoluzione digitale presso l'Università di Bari. Studiosa del pensiero scientifico moderno, si è specializzata nell'evoluzione del calcolo automatico focalizzando l'attenzione sul rapporto tra uomo e tecnologia e sulle sue riper-cussioni antropologiche. È autrice di numerosi contributi scientifici dedicati alla storia dei linguaggi di programmazione e ai protagonisti dell'informatica.

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The report provides new facts about the history of the first computers in the Soviet Union from 1948 to 1952. Four teams from the Academy of Sciences and Industry, almost simultaneously began work on developing of the first computers. The victory was won by the team that had the fewest resources. At the end of 1951 the first Soviet computer M1 was put into service.

The aim of this case study is to provide a detailed description of the first university-level programming and computer science training in Hungary, which started in 1957 at the University of Szeged. The program began due to the strenuous efforts of Professor László Kalmár, who is considered to be "the father of computer science in Hungary." The aim of this study is to add to the literature on Kalmár's work, focusing on his activities in the field of computer science education, and at the same time, to add a detailed study from the Eastern Block to the history of computer science education..

Traducción al español de un articulo aparecido en diciembre de 1975 en la revista Computer. Que trata sobre una panorámica de la educación en informática en la región en ese tiempo. El análisis y las observaciones siguen vigentes en muchos aspectos para nuestro tiempo en la educación latinoamericana.

Thanks to more powerful hardware and a new generation of learning algorithms, artificial intelligence is supporting the automation of a number of tasks and activities that are changing the job landscape as much as they have impacted on our everyday life. The first part of the chapter introduces artificial intelligence from its origins: its definition and its main research and application areas. The nature and the importance of machine learning for artificial intelligence applications are presented in the second part of the chapter. Existing approaches to machine learning are also classified and illustrated. The third part describes artificial intelligence tools and solutions by supported functionalities and automated tasks. Cases of applications in tourism are provided, from the best known and widely adopted, e.g., personal assistants, to the most challenging, i.e., semantic systems. Future trends and risks related to the applications of artificial intelligence are considered in the last part of the chapter.

View the online version of the publication:
https://developing-an-organic-web-channel.ghost.io/2018/04/25/what-is-mvc-and-how-is-it-different-from-other-oop-applications/

MVC stands for model view controller. This software design pattern creates applications in a modular design separating the tasks into three separate programming modules or areas. The idea has existed historically for decades and according to Wikipedia model-view-controller was introduced in the 1970’s at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. MVC can be used in desktop applications, web development projects and in embedded software applications as well.

Although a software engineer could use a similar approach in almost any object oriented programming language for both desktop applications and web applications, it is in recent years that MVC is becoming popular for web applications.

The aim of this paper is to take a look at Péter's talk Rekursivität und Konstruktivität delivered at the Constructivity in Mathematics Col-loquium in 1957, where she challenged Church's Thesis from a constructive point of view. The discussion of her argument and motivations is then connected to her earlier work on recursion theory as well as her later work on theoretical computer science.

While the early experiments in Australia to get a computer to play music are relatively well documented, recently there have been unearthed some previously unknown similar early experiments in England. The Ferranti Mark 1 played popular tunes similar to Australia's CSIRAC and the UK Pilot ACE computer could algorithmically create sounds. This paper examines the activities in Australia and England in the early 1950s to make a computer play music, which occurred some six years before the celebrated activities in the USA, and they played music in real-time. The experiments in England and Australia are significant, despite them not leading to important further activity such as occurred at Bell Labs under the forward-thinking guidance of Max Mathews. Comparing these earliest developments in Australia and England shows a history of using computers to create music from the earliest existence of those machines, and shows how collaboration across disciplines was the key to success for the Bell Labs team in the USA.

This article examines the development of the VIC-20 computer system as produced by the American computer company Commodore International during the early 1980s. This analysis demonstrates that thanks to the requirements of the American computer market in the early 1980s, those responsible for its development acted more like a team of collaborative artists rather than a true, by-the-book engineering team. This allowed them to develop the first computer that sold over one million units and created the home computing market. This analysis also demonstrates that this form of development no longer has a place in today's computer development world.

Computing machines, today, seems both ubiquitous and on the verge of disappearing. They evolve and metamorphose in everyday objects, from slates and phones to cars and watches, often, they become just part of the landscape. However, il was not always so; maybe, it not always be.

The Third Conference on the History and Philosophy of Computing (HaPoC 2015), held in the Museum of Computing Machinery of University of Pisa, is the most apt event for addressing such musings.

This volume contains the abstracts of the thalks presented during the symposium, and the polymorphism of computing is well displayed in the variety of contributes from the partecipants. The interest of the reseachers in this field display amazing variety and ingenuity, and HaPoc 2015 offers a rare opportunity to survey the current state of the art. Indeed, the conference brings together those researchers interested in the historical developments of computers as well as those reflecting on the sociological and philosophical issues related to computing. From the Middle Ages to the theoretical tendencies, the ground covered here is a large swath, ranging from logics and computability questions to the modelling of reality, from the historical antecedents of computing to topics related to the humanities and the arts.

Die Beiträge dieses Bandes basieren zum Teil auf einer Tagung, die im Oktober 2016 am Institut für Musikwissenschaft und Medienwissenschaft stattfand, und versammeln Autoren aus den Bereichen Informatik, Philosophie, Medienwissenschaft und Mediendramaturgie. In den einzelnen Kapiteln werden die Ursprünge des ersten Chatbots ELIZA, den Joseph Weizenbaum 1966 am AI-Lab des MIT entwickelte, noch einmal nachvollzogen, Weizenbaums Programmiersprache SLIP vorgestellt und eine erste deutschsprachige Übersetzung seiner Publikation zu ELIZA präsentiert. In Erweiterung des Themas fragen die Autoren, welchen Einfluss ELIZA auf die Computerkultur, die KI-Forschung, die Kulturkritik des Computers und die Kunst hatte. Mit »Hello, I’m ELIZA« liegt die erste interdisziplinäre Veröffentlichung über die Geschichte und Gegenwart der künstlich-intelligenten Sprachassistenzprogramme vor.

This study provides a new answer to a long-standing puzzle in the history of the computing. Namely, as to why John Atanasoff was reluctant to claim credit and accompanying large benefits for his invention of the electronic computer until Honeywell lawyers discovered his pioneering work in this area and approached him in the end of the 1960s. John Atanasoff, professor of mathematics and physics at Iowa State University, invented and built the electronic digital computer in 1937-1942. Clifford Berry, his graduate student, assisted him in building the computer, which is now known as the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). Atanasoff’s testimony in one of the largest federal trials in the US history not only successfully backed Honeywell challenge to the ENIAC computer patent held by Sperry Rand but it also resulted in an uncontested decision by a US Federal Judge Earl R. Larson that declared Atanasoff as the inventor of the electronic computer. Previous studies explain this puzzle by Atanasoff’s modesty and his switch to war related and non-academic work. However, Atanasoff received several dozen of patents for his other inventions, as well as major honors and awards. My hypothesis is that John Atanasoff did not publicize his work on the computer because he suspected that his contacts with Mykhailo Krawtchouk had led to the political persecution of the Ukrainian mathematician. Materials that I discovered in the National Museum of American History and Iowa State University archives show that John Vincent Atanasoff used Mykhailo Krawtchouk’s works and translated his book when he invented and build the electronic computer.

A personal archive of material related to formal methods has been deposited at Swansea University by the author in 2018. This paper documents the contents of the archive and includes associated publications. The archival material forms part of a larger History of Computing Collection founded by Prof. John Tucker at Swansea in 2007 and held at the University. It is hoped that this paper can aid future archivists with placing the material in context.

... and no one else. Sadly, composer Karen Wimhurst's session could have bene-fited from a different slot in the schedule. What she said ... mail HiArtPress@aol.com. Reviewed by alcides lanza Montreal, Quebec, Canada FIB and PHI ...

Despite their temporal proximity, the technologies of the early computers are far from us. Yet, they are part of the history of science and technology, and they deserve to be studied and popularized. Being machines made to run software programs, they should be exhibited running. Unfortunately, old machines still in working condition are extremely rare. Restoring or rebuilding an old computer is a hard, expensive task: the original components are rare, and the technology is forgotten and sometimes lost. The research needed to re-understand those computers has to adopt experimental archaeology methods: rebuilding old hardware/software requires proceeding by hypotheses and experiments. However, a rebuilt or restored computer is a unique exemplar and a precious specimen: it is not suitable to let people interact with it. A more flexible solution is to use software simulations. First of all, simulation is a valuable tool to carry out the experiments needed to study past technology. Second, the simulators are virtual replicas that let people fully understand the old machines by interacting with them without jeopardizing those precious relics of the past. This article presents the virtual rebuilding of the first computer made in Italy: the Macchina Ridotta (MR) of the University of Pisa. The MR was dismantled after few months of intensive usage to cannibalize the materials for a second computer. As a consequence, the MR disappeared from later chronicles and for many years was ignored by historians. When we attempted to reconstruct the MR history, we found that the survived documentation was far from complete. Simulation proved to be the key tool to support the experimental approach adopted for understanding the MR technology, rebuilding it, and assessing its achievements. The MR simulator is now used at the Museum of Computing Machinery of Pisa as a mean to truly experience a working session on the MR—a typical computer from the 1950s. The exhibit and the workshops, by exploiting the accurately reproduced characteristics of the MR, address popularization of computer science from several perspectives: from technological mechanisms to scientific foundations, passing through the representation of computers in popular culture.

These three early "technological poems" each have a unique history, which I will touch on elsewhere, but here they were published together in one of the first online journals, Postmodern Culture (Vol 1: No 3), and may still be available at: https://muse.jhu.edu/article/27306.  Recently they have been written about--a fact I accidentally discovered through the wonders of the Internet, #8 at: file://localhost/Users/stevenkatz/Desktop/My%20Documents%202/Web%20Press/The%20Indian%20Review%20of%20World%20Literature%20in%20English%20-%20January,%202013.html. 

All three poems were begun (and as you will see to some extent situated) in the early to late 1980s, when I was a doctoral student at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Partendo da una definizione d'autore sono proposte alcune considerazioni sulla didattica dell'informatica in una società che, spinta dallo sviluppo tecnologico, ma costretta dai pro-blemi di una crisi forse epocale, pone obiettivi contraddittori a chi si cimenta nell'insegnamento. Senza pretesa di dare soluzioni certe e collaudate, sono proposte alcune riflessioni nate raccontando la Storia dell'Informatica.

Una de las perspectivas interesantes que no suelen abordarse en los  estudios académicos y  en general a las visiones de "producto-experiencia", es el tema de los vídeo juegos como "software",  siendo relativamente sencillo encontrar quienes apelan a vender los vídeo juegos como nuevas formas de servicios,  algún tipo de arte pos-moderno y en el peor de los casos "tecno-magia", sin razón aparente acerca de su funcionamiento.

Con esto en mente y partiendo de la base de que el vídeo juego es software y de la idea del  "video-game computer" esta entrada atiende a la pregunta:  ¿Cómo es el vídeo juego desde la perspectiva de la ciencia clásica de la computación,  teoría de autómatas?

The attempt to establish a unified taxonomy for the field of Information Ethics is both unattainable and unwarranted. The categorization of Information Ethics as a defined discipline, an applicable practice, a philosophy and a worldview remains constantly in flux due to, what Luciano Floridi terms, ‘philosophical naturalism’. As such, a broadening understanding of the field will only serve to further collapse categorization. The following paper will outline, using a discourse analysis methodology, how the nature of the field of Information Ethics at a foundational level must necessarily defy classification. The assumptions behind the current classifications of the field will be questioned. Beginning with the history of the inception of the field through Librarianship and Cybernetics and questioning the yet unresolved ontological debates between information philosophers such as Rafael Capurro and Floridi, this paper will explicate how any such attempt to develop an agreed upon taxonomy will and should always remain incomplete.

This article positions the vogue for cybernetics as a key driver of the transformation of the institutional structures and epistemic order of Soviet technoscience that occurred in the 1950s and 1960s. Inseparable from the rapid growth of Soviet military science, Soviet cybernetics was both the result and medium of surprising recombinations of different forms of scientific and engineering expertise to create novel military technologies. Military computing was the point of entry for cybernetics, while its focal tasks—the bomb, rocketry, and radar—in turn shaped cybernetic understandings. The rapid growth and cyberneticization of these new areas of militarily driven science caused a tectonic transformation of the Stalinist articulation of science, technology, and politics. A crucial moment of these latter shifts, the article further suggests, was the transformation of Soviet economics into a properly mathematical economics. In a series of analogical transfers, mathematicians and engineers derived a radical vision of cybernetic communism from their specific military engineering tasks. Their encounter with reformist economics, mediated by computational utopias, enabled the transfer of advanced mathematical techniques, metaphors, and personnel from military science to the social sciences. This complex process constituted Soviet mathematical economics. Soviet cybernetics’ challenge to the Stalinist order of knowledge and its attendant institutional reconfigurations thus opened up a critical space for political reflection for the Cold War era “scientific-technical intelligentsia” at the heart of the party-state.

The mobile phones are becoming now an irreplaceable utility of every household. It serves as wall clock, alarm clock, calculator, calendar, timer and many more, but have this multi-functionality overloaded the interface of the new generation of the mobile phones. The youth have adapted well to these multiple functionalities graphical user interface, but the interface has now haunting effects for usage by the two age groups i.e. elderly and kids. The interface may end up leading the new generation mobiles in the market useless or of very little use to the elderly and kids. This leads towards the need of age based user interface in the mobile operating system which will consist of interface selection home screen which further directs to age oriented interfaces.

A sociedade brasileira passou a incorporar os
computadores eletrônicos no final dos anos 1950. Embora
realizado com certo atraso se comparado aos países
desenvolvidos, não significou desconhecimento sobre
potencialidades da novidade tecnológica e trouxe o Estado
como orientador e executor de políticas de incentivo ao uso
destes artefatos. Levando-se em conta o contexto
desenvolvimentista do governo JK (1956-1960), que
influenciou na forma de proposição de uso do computador,
dois grupos técnicos (Grupo de Trabalho sobre Aplicação de
Computadores – GTAC e Grupo Executivo para Aplicação
de Computadores Eletrônicos - GEACE) colocaram em
prática ações tecnopolíticas que culminaram na fundação do
Centro de Processamento de Dados de Governo. Neste artigo
serão discutidas algumas ideias e limites da atuação destes
órgãos para o nascente campo da Informática brasileira.