Environmetal Earth Science

Sound plays a key role in the environment from identifying to analysing. The production of sound signifies various aspects to produce a specific effect up-to a special distance till which it travels. The friction of materials leads a release of sound waves impacting a targeted zone. However, the waves produce is determined by a unit dB (decibals). Hence, a frequency of sound if crosses the level of standard dB of prescribed sound, lead in production of Noise / Sound pollution. The current research experiment is attempted to determine the sound/noise pollution by using a Digital Sound level meter in the environmental zone at Sundernagar; located in Malad (west), Mumbai, India. The research experiment successfully concludes the sound pollution produced by the vehicle with maximum and minimum limits of dB which is statistically proven and found to be significant at 0.05 and 0.01 levels by a test of One Way-ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA).

THIS IS NATURE SIGNALING THE END OF DUALITY 
THIS IS HUGE - CHANGE THE ENTIRETY OF CREATION - NO DUALITY ANYWHERE.
IT IS VERY CLEARLY A PREDETERMINED ADVANCEMENT OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS - THIS BUBBLE IS TOO WELL DESIGNED - EUPHORIA CANCELS KARMA

This paper argues that, in order to take place, space and scale more seriously in the study of our discipline, we have to complement the pervasive understanding of geography as a tradition of thought or an extended conversation with an understanding of our discipline as a tradition of practice, in which the main focus is on the becoming of geographers. It is argued that the theme of 'what it takes to be a good geographer' is a fertile way to study this process of becoming. The four main advantages of this approach are illustrated empirically in the body of the argument by the author's reflections on his socializing within two very different geographical traditions.

Abstract
Undergraduate students lack the opportunity and environment to contemplate and develop ecoliteracy skills that serve to integrate subject matter into their everyday experiences. Ecoliteracy is grounded in Capra's web of life theoretical framework and represents students' capacities to read world systems objectively with their head, heart, hands, and spirit. Contemplative pedagogy provides educators with exercises that give students time to reflect on the integration of learning. Ecoliteracy and contemplative pedagogy research has shown little quantitative data pertaining to how contemplative pedagogy affects undergraduate student ecoliteracy. To address that gap, this causal-comparative study measured the use of contemplative pedagogy exercises relative to undergraduate student ecoliteracy. A convenience sample of 150 undergraduate students who did and did not experience contemplative pedagogy exercises completed the New Ecological Paradigm Scale and Self-Compassion Scale Short Form. Independent-samples t tests measured the differences between the 2 groups. Findings indicated that students who did not experience contemplative pedagogy exercises in the classroom were more likely to self-report higher ecoliteracy. A possible interpretation of these findings is that current contemplative pedagogy exercises may focus students' attention internally and not adequately promote the world-centered view that would more readily advance student ecoliteracy skills. Results of this study provide further insight that may inform professional development and contemplative pedagogy exercises that empowers students' ecoliteracy skills by encouraging critical thinking, action, and compassion towards positive social change.

Calvert K and Simandan D (2010) Energy, space, and society: a reassessment of the changing landscape of energy production, distribution, and use Journal of Economics and Business Research XVI(1), pp. 13-37.
ABSTRACT: While geography has always mattered for the energy sector, the relative effects of location and distance on the economics of energy regimes are increasing as we begin to deploy more renewable energy technologies. This reintroduction of the friction of distance is leading to an energy landscape that is far different from fossil-based regimes. The new energy paradigm, based as it is upon the physics and the economics of renewable energy, is being reflected in the landscape as distributed, decentralized, and diversified patterns of energy generation. Because the increased use of renewable energy technologies is beginning to change the spatial patterns of political and socioeconomic activities, a thorough understanding of these patterns is crucial to increasing the socio-political acceptability of new technologies and to avoiding the socially costly unintended consequences of policy and investment decisions.  This paper proposes a theoretical foundation upon which economists and economic geographers could scaffold their analyses of the spatial characteristics of the economics of energy use.  To this end, we bring together two complementary conceptualizations of economic geography: firstly, as the study of the effects of location and distance on energy economics, and secondly, as the study of the ways in which political, economic, and technological energy-related practices give rise to particular spatial patterns of socio-economic welfare. We end the paper by developing the concept of energy rationality and showing how it relates to discussions of metarationality, common sense, and wisdom.

The article is devoted to reconstruction of the Polar Wander (i.e. changes of the rotation axis relative to the Earth’s surface) in the postglacial period based on studies of orientation of ancient cultic objects. The timespan covered by the article is 9th - 5th millennia BC. Evidence come from circular enclosures of Central Europe, whose orientation to sunrise and sunset at winter solstice makes it possible not only to determine direction to the pole, but also the ancient geographical latitude.

The paper shows how error statistical theory can be deployed to grasp the deeper epistemic logic of the peer-review process. The intent is to provide the readers with a novel lens through which to make sense of the practices of academic publishing.

The circumstances that have given rise to the Anthropocene concept require that we reassess our assumptions about human agency and human effects on the earth system. Human activities, and thus human choices, clearly lie at the root of the great environmental predicament of our age, which is not primarily an ecological crisis, though its ramifications are far reaching within ecological systems. Rather, it is a crisis of culture. If the humanities "are a unique repository of knowledge and insight into the rich diversity of the human experience" from which we learn to make sense of our "responses, motivations and actions" in the face of challenges, then it is risky to omit humanities knowledge from scientific assessment and consultation processes informing environmental policy.

The complete article is available for free viewing on the Future Earth site: bit.ly/1QoHPeC .

ABSTRACT:
There is a known bias in C/N, d13C and d15N values of organic matter (OM) due to pre-analysis acid treatment methods. We report here, for the first time, the results of a pre-analysis acid treatment method comparison of measured C/N, d13C and d15N values in bulk OM from a sedimentary sequence of samples to illustrate this bias. Here we show that acid treatment significantly reduces the accuracy (between method biases) and precision (within method bias) of C/N, d13C and d15N values of OM, suggesting a differential response of sample OM between methods and sample horizons, and in some cases inefficient removal of inorganic carbon. We show that different methods can significantly influence environmental interpretation in some of our sample horizons (i.e. interpretation of aquatic vs. terrestrial OM source; C3 vs. C4 vegetation). Specifically, there are unpredictable and non-linear differences between methods for C/N values in the range of ~ 1 – 100; d13C values in the range of 0.2 – 6.8 ‰ and; d15Nvalues in the range of 0.3 – 0.7 ‰. Importantly, these ranges are mostly much greater than the instrument precision (defined as the standard deviation of replicate analysis of standard reference materials; for this study, ± 0.5 for C/N values, ± 0.1 ‰ for d13C values and; ± 0.1 ‰ for d15N). The accuracy and precision of measured C/N, d13C and d15N values of bulk OM is not just dependent upon environmental variability, but on acid pre-treatment, residual inorganic carbon and organic matter state and composition. Collectively, this makes the correlation between samples prepared in different ways, including those from down core reconstructions, highly questionable.

Keywords: C/N ratios, δ13C, δ15N, organic matter; pre-analysis acid treatment methods, environmental interpretation, palaeoclimate.

District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. Abstract The concept of energy from waste is getting popular nowadays across the globe, as being capable of producing multi fuels and value-added products from different fractions of municipal solid waste (MSW). The energy recovery technologies under this concept are anaerobic digestion (AD), pyrolysis, transesterification, refuse derived fuel (RDF) and incineration. This concept is very relevant to implementation in countries like Saudi Arabia, who wants to cut their dependence on oil. Moreover, the waste to energy becomes the imperative need of the time because of new governmental policy 'Vision 2030' that firmly said to produce renewable energy from indigenous sources of waste, wind and solar and due to given situations of Hajj and Umrah with massive amounts of waste generation in a short period. This study focused on two waste to energy technologies, AD and pyrolysis for food (40% of MSW) and plastic (20% of MSW) waste streams respectively. The energy potential of 1409.63 and 5619.80 TJ can be produced if all of the food and plastic waste of the Madinah city are processed through AD and pyrolysis respectively. This is equivalent to 15.64 and 58.81 MW from biogas and pyrolytic oil respectively or total 74.45 MW of continuous electricity supply in Madinah city throughout the whole year. It has been estimated that the development of AD and pyrolysis technologies will also benefit the economy with net savings of around US $63.51 and US $53.45 million respectively, totaling to an annual benefit of US $116.96 million. Therefore, in Saudi Arabia and particularly in Holiest cities of Makkah and Madinah the benefits of waste to energy are several, including the development of renewable-energy, solving MSW problems, new businesses, and job creation and improving environmental and public health. Abstract The concept of energy from waste is getting popular nowadays across the globe, as being capable of producing multi fuels and value-added products from different fractions of municipal solid waste (MSW). The energy recovery technologies under this concept are anaerobic digestion (AD), pyrolysis, transesterification, refuse derived fuel (RDF) and incineration. This concept is very relevant to implementation in countries like Saudi Arabia, who wants to cut their dependence on oil. Moreover, the waste to energy becomes the imperative need of the time because of new governmental policy 'Vision 2030' that firmly said to produce renewable energy from indigenous sources of waste, wind and solar and due to given situations of Hajj and Umrah with massive amounts of waste generation in a short period. This study focused on two waste to energy technologies, AD and pyrolysis for food (40% of MSW) and plastic (20% of MSW) waste streams respectively. The energy potential of 1409.63 and 5619.80 TJ can be produced if all of the food and plastic waste of the Madinah city are processed through AD and pyrolysis respectively. This is equivalent to 15.64 and 58.81 MW from biogas and pyrolytic oil respectively or total 74.45 MW of continuous electricity supply in Madinah city throughout the whole year. It has been estimated that the development of AD and pyrolysis technologies will also benefit the economy with net savings of around US $63.51 and US $53.45 million respectively, totaling to an annual benefit of US $116.96 million. Therefore, in Saudi Arabia and particularly in Holiest cities of Makkah and Madinah the benefits of waste to energy are several, including the development of renewable-energy, solving MSW problems, new businesses, and job creation and improving environmental and public health.

This paper discusses the advance of the speleothem luminescence
research.  Potential,  resolution  and  limitations  of  high  resolution  luminescence  speleothem  proxy  records  of
Paleotemperature, Solar Insolation, Solar Luminosity, Glaciations, Sea Level advances, Past Precipitation, Plants
Populations, Paleosoils, Past Karst Denudation, Chemical Pollution, Cosmic Rays Flux variations, Cosmogenic
Isotopes production and Supernova Eruptions in the Past, Advances of Hydrothermal Waters, and Techtonic Uplift are
discussed. It is demonstrated that speleothems allow extremely high resolution (higher than in any other paleoclimatic
terrestrial archives) and long duration of records. Some speleothems can be used as natural climatic stations for
obtaining of quantitative proxy records of Quaternary climates with annual resolution.

When in the Course of human events, that humankind with all its ingenuity is able to go to the moon and to send messages through the air at the speed of light, but for millenniums is unable to bring world peace, unable to feed millions that still die from hunger every year, and unable to save our planet from certain ecological disasters caused by human activities, it becomes necessary for the people of mother Earth to come together in unity to take drastic actions and think outside the box. We the people of planet Earth hereby joyously declare the formation of IMAGINE NATION, a borderless nation based on the laws of peace and for the benefit of all the inhabitants of planet Earth. IMAGINE NATION hereby further adopts the UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MOTHER EARTH, the UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS and the SACRED PRINCIPLES OF THE EARTH CONSTITUTION as part of its constitution. The people of the Earth have banded together for the common purpose of making the world a better place for ourselves, for our families, for our friends, and for all the inhabitants of planet Earth. We believe that we are all connected economically, socially, ecologically, and spiritually; we all breathe the same air and drink the same water, so the well being of mother Earth and its inhabitants benefit all of us in one way or another. IMAGINE NATION is a borderless nation that exists everywhere on planet Earth and beyond. The new nation is not based on geo-political borders, but based on common shared values: of peaceful coexistence , the protection of Mother Earth for future generations and on a shared purpose to help one another. Anyone can become a citizen of IMAGINE NATION that shares the abovesaid values by simply signing up to become a citizen. IMAGINE NATION declares that it will be issuing its own passports to citizens of the nation, which are mainly symbolic. Holders of the IMAGINE NATION passport will be able to travel to lands friendly to the nation, gain access to exclusive events and be endowed with VIP

We studied the earliest version of the Deluge story, which were found on two clay tablets excavated from the Older Nippur library in “Tablet Hill”, Nippur by H. Hilprecht. These two tablets with cuneiform inscriptions were written by the tsar (emperor) of Kutians Erridu- pizir after he conquered the whole Sumer and Akkad in 2478 B.C. (accordingly the Nippur chronology). They state that the house-boat of the Ut- napishtim (the Babylonian Noah) landed on the mount Nisir in the land of Kuti (Guti).

We studied the history of people of Kuti and demonstrated that national name Kuti is older version of the Kutiguri (the biggest branch of ancient Bulgarians living in the Great Bulgar in VI- VII-th century AD). The affix guri means people in ancient Bulgarian language, i.e. Kutiguri means “people of Kuti”. This result links the ancient Bulgarians with the land of Kuti where landed the house-boat of Ut- napishtim. Therefore we studied the locations of the Kuti by toponims and hydronames they left in Iran. We placed them on the map of Iran to obtain a map of their settlements. We studied the ceramic fragments left by Kutians found at these locations and compared them with ceramics found in Bulgaria. Using the drawing patterns on these artifacts we found that Kutians were leaving in Bulgaria in the first half of the 6-th millennium B.P. and letter migrated south perhaps in result of the Flood. They established settlements in Zagros Mts in Iran in the beginning of the 4-th millennium B.P. Probably Erridu- pizir considered these territories under (land of Kuti).

We found in Iran 210 toponims and hydronames formed on the base of Kuti. We studied the morphology of these ancient Bulgarian ethnonims. They are compared with Bulgarian ethnonims in Bulgaria and in the ancient states of Volga Bulgar and the Great Bulgar, and with synthetic toponims formed from the same base with the same suffixes as these forming the toponims in Bulgaria. This way we determined the different Bulgarian toponims in Iran, which coincide with the theoretical (synthetic) Bulgarian toponims. 68 of them still exist not only in Iran, but also in Bulgaria, the Great Bulgar or Volga Bulgar territories (now in Ukraine and Russia).

We found also many toponims in Iran, which coincide with the names of the major cities and peaks in Bulgaria, which were named by ancient Bulgarians (Varna, Burgas, Madara, etc.). Some of them form the name of up to 43 different places in Iran each (they are repeated in up to 43 toponims each).
related papers:http://uni-sofia.academia.edu/YavorShopov/Papers/1297634/Genetic_Research_on_the_Origin_of_Bulgarians_and_their_Relations_with_other_Nations_Y._Y._Shopov_Avant-garde_Research_of_Ancient_Bulgarians_v.1_2_pp._3-47_2007_http://uni-sofia.academia.edu/YavorShopov/Papers/964542/The_first_paper_on_the_Noahs_Flood_in_the_Black_Sea_Basinhttp://uni-sofia.academia.edu/YavorShopov/Papers/131501/Noahs_Flood_and_the_Associated_Tremendous_Rainfall_as_a_Possible_Result_of_Collision_of_a_Big_Asteroid_with_the_Sunhttp://uni-sofia.academia.edu/YavorShopov/Papers/131526/The_Oldest_Written_Version_of_the_Flood_Story_and_its_Relevance_to_the_Migrations_of_the_Ancient_Bulgarianshttp://uni-sofia.academia.edu/YavorShopov/Papers/131478/POTENTIAL_AND_LIMITATIONS_OF_THE_ARCHAEO-GEOPHYSICAL_TECHNIQUEShttp://uni-sofia.academia.edu/YavorShopov/Papers/1297685/Potential_and_Limitations_of_the_Archaeo-_geophysical_Techniques-_Golyamata_Kosmatka_In_honour_of_Dr.George_Kitov_Yavor_Y._Shopov_in_Along_the_Path_of_the_Past_-_Jubilee_book_in_honour_of_65-th_anniversary_of_Dr.George_Kitov._Edited_by_D.Dimitrova_IK_Aros_pp._204-209http://uni-sofia.academia.edu/YavorShopov/Papers/1297651/Similar_and_Equal_Toponims_Hydronames_and_Ethnonims_in_Bulgaria_India_Bangladesh_Pakistan_and_Iran_Shopov_Y._L._Tsankov_._Yalamov_._utafova_H._Azady_G._Hnkanosyan_20_._2009_-_29_2_2004_._.311-_324http://uni-sofia.academia.edu/YavorShopov/Papers/1294895/Bulgarian_State_Tradition_and_its_Delivery_to_Europe._The_Deluge_Oldest_Written_Evidences_and_Migrations_of_Bulgarians._Yavor_Y._Shopov_Petko_Dimitrov_Dimitar_Dimitrov_and_Bono_Shkodrov