Entomologia

he investigations were carried out from 1989 till 1992 in 11 communes of the Pila Province which occur in the Valley of the Noted River. The plant composition was studied as a source of bee flows in meadow, forest and scrub plant communities.
It was ascertained that the flora of Noted River meadows in the period from April to June could be a rich source of commercial honey.
Numerous conglomerations of willows and alder buckthorn, raspberry bush and blackberry bush in the forest and scrub communities were a valuable source of developmental flow for apiaries on the commune premises of Noted River Valley.

Revista sobre entomología y aracnología ibérica, de descarga libre y gratuita a través de nuestra web www.mundoartropodo.com. Esta publicación es la primera revista de divulgación sobre esta temática en español, dirigida a aficionados, entusiastas y, en general, a todo aquel interesado por esta rama de la zoología.

RESUMO O Simpósio de Entomologia do Rio de Janeiro (EntomoRio) é um evento científico bianual que congrega professores, pesquisadores e estudantes de diferentes áreas do estudo dos insetos, para a divulgação de pesquisas e troca de experiências. A análise cienciométrica dos trabalhos apresentados nas três edições (2011, 2013 e 2015) já realizadas do evento pode representar um breve retrato da pesquisa entomológica no estado. Um total de 447 pesquisadores participaram da autoria de resumos de temas livres, representando 52 instituições, algumas de outros estados e até do exterior. Três ordens de insetos se destacam entre as mais estudadas: Coleoptera, Diptera e Hemiptera. Fica clara a vocação do Estado do Rio de Janeiro para estudos taxonômicos, o que explica a grande quantidade de novos táxons propostos nos resumos. Somando-se as três edições do evento, foram apresentados trabalhos versando sobre quatro gêneros e 130 espécies novos, número bastante significativo. Também se destacam os inventários faunísticos, tão importantes no mapeamento da distribuição das espécies.
ABSTRACT
SCIENTOMETRICS OF ENTOMORIO – A BRIEF PORTRAIT OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN RIO DE JANEIRO STATE The Entomological Symposium of Rio de Janeiro (EntomoRio) is a biannual scientific event that brings together professors, researchers and students from different areas of the study of insects, for the dissemination of research and exchange of experiences. The scientometric analysis of the papers presented in the three editions (2011, 2013 and 2015) have made the event may represent a brief picture of entomological research in the state. A total of 447 researchers participated in the authoring of free themes summaries, representing 52 institutions, some from other states and even abroad. Three orders of insects stand out among the most studied: Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera. It is clear Rio de Janeiro State vocation for taxonomic studies, which explains the large amount of new taxa proposed in the summaries. Adding to the three editions of the event, papers were presented dealing on four new genera and 130 new species, quite a significant number. Also highlight the faunal inventories so important in mapping the distribution of species.

El objetivo del trabajo fue el implementar la crianza, aprovechamiento y comercialización de
mariposas diurnas previamente identificadas como potencialmente útiles para estos fines, en el
Ejido Niños Héroes de Chapultepec, Tenosique, y evaluar su impacto en la población local, así
como aproximar los objetivos de la comunidad científica de Tabasco con aquellos de los
comunitarios.

Resumen: El presente seguimiento al ciclo de vida de Antiteuchis tripterus (Fabricius, 1787) se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de Bucaramanga, Santander, con una altura de 1000 msnm, durante los meses de julio a octubre, bajo condiciones no controladas en laboratorio (temperatura máxima: 27 °C, temperatura mínima: 21 °C, temperature promedio: 24 °C; humedad relativa promedio: 60 %; 12: 12 h Luz: Oscuridad). Se describen características morfológicas de cada instar fenológico, el tiempo que duraron los individuos en cada estado ninfal, de las ninfas de la uno a la cuatro, su sobrevivencia, y etiología. La crianza se dio en recipiente plástico traslúcido sobre ramas tiernas de aguacatero (Persea americana Mill). El tiempo de duración de las ninfas I, II, III, y IV fue de 5,3 ± 0,5, 17,3 ± 1,5, 14,7 ± 2,3, 21,7 ± 6,6 días respectivamente, la duración total de las ninfas I a IV fue de 59,0 ± 10,9 días. Se presenta registro fotográfico de la totalidad del ciclo de vida de A. tripterus, así como una clave dicotómica para la identificación de las diferentes fases de desarrollo fenológico de este insecto, tanto las ninfas como el adulto macho y hembra. El presente estudio en el marco de un proyecto curricular de la asignatura entomología del programa de ingeniería agronómica de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia.
Palabras clave: Chinche negra del cacao. Morfología. Ciclo de vida. Antiteuchus.

Abstract: The present monitoring study of the life cycle of de Antiteuchis tripterus (Fabricius, 1787) took place in Bucaramanga city, Santander, at 1000 meters above sea level, along the months July to October, under uncontrolled conditions in the laboratory (maximum temperature: 27 °C, minimum temperature: 21 °C, average temperature: 24 °C; average relative humidity: 60 %; 12:12 h Light: Dark). Morphological characteristics of each phenological state, the time that the individuals lasted in each nymphal stage, of nymphs one to four, their survival, and etiology are described. The breeding took place within a translucent plastic container using tender branches of avocado tree (Persea americana Mill) as substrate. The duration of nymphs I, II, III, and IV was 5,3 ± 0,5, 17,3 ± 1,5, 14,7 ± 2,3, 21,7 ± 6,6 days
respectively. The total duration of nymphs I to IV was 59,0 ± 10,9 days. photographic record of the entire life cycle of A. tripterus is presented, as well as a dichotomous key to identify the different phases of phenological development of this insect, of both the nymphs and the male and female adult. The present study was performed within the framework of a curricular project of the entomology subject of the agronomic engineering program of the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia.
Key words: Cacao bug. Morphology. Life cycle. Antiteuchus.

El siguiente apunte corresponde a un trabajo individual realizado para la materia Entomología de la Escuela Argentina de Naturalistas, que se dicta de manera intensiva en Concordia, Entre Ríos, República Argentina.
El trabajo, que presenta algunos cambios respecto al original, fue corregido por el Dr. Luis Fernando Fortich, entomólogo y profesor de la cátedra.

Se armaron las “fichas” de cada especie siguiendo una metodología similar, intentando que el formato de éstas se respete en cada una, para darle coherencia a los textos. Foto. Frecuencia. TABLA. Datos ecológicos y observaciones directas. Ciclo biológico, morfología, características distintivas. Dieta. Coloración. Todas las especies citadas y fotografiadas fueron encontradas en jardines urbanos, en la ciudad de Santo Tomé, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina

Part I. Characteristics of ecological requirements of cambio- and xylophagous insects in chosen oak stands in southern Poland

Abstract. The study was carried out in the years 1991–1993 and 2006–2008 (complementary observations) within selected oak stands or those with oak dominance – located in southern Poland, where increased oak decline has been observed (Forest Districts Niepołomice and Dębica, as well as the urban forest situated in Kraków – Uroczysko „Las Wolski”). The main objective of the study was to perform comprehensive ecological research on oak cambio- and xylophagous insects, with the aim to determine their participation and role in the decline of oak stands and to develop more effective methods of forecasting the occurrence and limiting excessive abundance of oak cambio- and xylophagous insects. Field studies were conducted on 26 permanent and temperature observation plots. For detailed qualitative and quantitative entomological analyzes, there were selected weakened, dying and dead oak trees colonized by cambio- and xylophagous insects and their entomophages. Entomological analyzes were carried out over the entire length of trees – within 1-meter sections. The field experiments were supplemented by laboratory cultures of tree sections with feeding cambio- and xylophagous larvae. On the basis of detailed entomological analyzes of 220 weakened, dying and dead oaks, 40 cambio- and xylophagous insect species were found, including 19 secondary pest insect species, that played an important role in the process of breaking weakened oak trees, as well as fragments of oak stands of various age classes. They were characterized by high values of ecological indices (stability, domination and density of occurrence, the synthetic index Q, Agrell’s index, indicator of trunk length colonization and density of feeding sites) and significant size of damage caused as well as leading position in micro-succession chains on weakened trees.It was found that as the age of oak stands increased, there changed the species composition and quantitative structure of communities and micro-environmental-trophic associations of cambio- and xylophagous insects. There was demonstrated the dependence of some cambio- and xylophagous species on the type and condition of breeding material, tree age, height and DBH, as well as tree trunk diameter and thickness of the bark. Among the factors limiting the population size of the most frequently and numerously occurring secondary pest insects, parasitoids from the Ichneumonidae family (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) and woodpeckers were the most important. There were listed the species that played a critical role in the process of breaking weakened oaks and/or in the depreciation of wood (Leiopus spp., Saperda scalaris, Scolytus intricatus, Agrilus biguttatus, A. angustulus, A. sulcicollis, Plagionotus arcuatus, P. detritus, Phymatodes testaceus, Rhagium mordax, Pogonocherus hispidulus, Elateroides dermestoides, Xyleborus monographus, Xyleborus dispar, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Trypodendron domesticum). In order to limit the size of damage caused by secondary pest insects, and thus, the intensity of dieback of the studied oak stands and mixed stands with oak predominance, prophylactic and protective measures were proposed.

Part II. Biology, forecasting and limiting the excessive occurrence of jewel beetles in oak stands

Abstract. The aim of the study was to investigate the biology and ecology of jewel beetles Agrilus spp. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), specifically to fill gaps in knowledge about their habitat requirements. A particularly important issue was the determination of the role of these insects in the decline of oak stands and the evaluation of possibilities to control their populations. An attempt was also made to develop methods for forecasting the threat to oak stands due to jewel beetle mass occurrence, and also for using feeding and/or sexual attractants to control these pests. Data on the use of attractants and traps for trapping the oak buprestid beetle Agrilus biguttatus (Fabr.), its habitat preferences, tree colonization and killing, as well as on the methods of pest control was collected on permanent research plots and during numerous field inspections carried out in the forest districts from which jewel beetle effects were reported. In the years 2006–2009 and earlier, the following Forest Districts were inspected: Białowieża, Browsk, Brzeg, Chojnów, Czarna Białostocka, Hajnówka, Jabłonna, Jarocin, Karczma Borowa, Krotoszyn, Łochów, Piaski, Pińczów, Puławy, Pułtusk, Rudka, Wołów and Żmigród. Based on the results obtained, the causes of oak dieback were determined, above all – the role played by jewel beetles in this process. Dispensers containing compounds derived from bark and leaf extracts as well as eucalyptus oil were tested in the context of their suitability for attracting adult jewel beetles. Different types of traps designed for catching adult jewel beetles were also tested. The analysis of feeding sites performed in forest stands and the observations carried out under laboratory conditions (on colonized oak bark and wood cuttings) enabled the determination of jewel beetle species composition and population numbers as well as the species of accompanying insects, including other pest insects, parasitoids and predators. In the stands with visible effects of jewel beetle damage, the possibility to efficiently control pest populations by the removal of colonized trees was evaluated. Due to the fact that the greatest difficulty is the identification of colonized trees, an attempt was made to verify the features that confirm tree colonization by jewel beetles. During field inspections, about 200 trees with various symptoms considered characteristic of colonization by jewel beetles were checked. Recommended prophylactic methods contributing to oak jewel beetle control include: limiting the activity of foliophages and fungal pathogens; improving site water conditions; maintaining appropriate stand density and structure, as well as sustaining natural enemies, such as woodpeckers, insect parasitoids and insect predators. Summing up the crucial research results, it was found that the oak jewel beetle is the most important pest of oak stands, causative to mass oak dieback when its population reaches outbreak level. Then this species starts colonizing not only so far preferred old, weakened oak trees growing in sunny sites, but may cause the decline of oak trees (even several-year-old), growing in sunny and shadowed sites, on the edges and inside stands, both dominant and those in regression. The increase in oak jewel beetle population density is observed more than ever in the stands on fertile forest sites, in the years following the prolonged periods of drought for several successive growing seasons.

Part III. Habitat preferences of jewel beetles from the genus Agrilus Curtis (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) in oak stands of the Krotoszyn Forest District

Abstract. Research on jewel beetles (Agrilus spp.) associated with oak stands were carried out in 2008–2009, in the Krotoszyn Forest District – both in a managed forest stand and in that with restricted forest management activities, situated in the buffer zone of the Smoszew Nature Reserve. The aim of the study was to examine the habitat preferences of species from the genus Agrilus, as well as the comparison of the structure of their communities in the studied stands. Moericke (yellow pan) traps, installed in oak crowns at the height of 20–25 meters, were used to catch jewel beetle adults. In total, 2338 adults of six Agrilus species were collected. The comparison of the structure of jewel beetle communities in the two studied stands did not show any significant differences. However, there were clear differences in the preferences of individual species. Excluding A. sulcicollis Lac., all the observed species preferred the forest stand growing in the buffer zone of the Nature Reserve. Based on the observation of jewel beetle phenology, it was found that adult activity may begin as early as the second decade of April and end even in September (e.g. A. olivicolor Kies.). Among the jewel beetle species caught in oak crowns, there were distinguished two main groups, characterized by different dates of adult emergence. The first phenological group comprised the so-called early spring species: A. sulcicollis, A. laticornis (Ill.) and A. angustulus (Ill.). The remaining observed species, i.e. A. olivicolor, A. obscuricollis Kies. and A. graminis Kies. were included in the group of the so-called late spring jewel beetles. The culmination of the occurrence of all the jewel beetle species observed in the canopy of oak stands ranged from the beginning of June to the end of July, which coincides with the duration of A. biguttatus (Fabr.) swarming.

Este trabajo recogen y aclaran confusiones acerca de la grana cochilla (Dactylopius coccus Costa) en la Historia Colonial de México,
tomadas de textos actuales y confrontados con las fuentes.
This paper collects and explains confusions about the grana cochineal (Dactylopius coccus Costa) in the Colonial History of Mexico,
taken from current texts and confronted with the sources.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi entender por que um trabalho fotográfico como a macrofotografia de pequenos invertebrados, principalmente de insetos e aracnídeos, largamente difundida e utilizada em diversos ambientes como o educacional, acadêmico e artístico, pode causar emoções tão distintas quanto o medo ou o encantamento em diferentes observadores. Além de explicar a sua definição, citar equipamentos necessários e seus diversos usos, o foco da pesquisa se deu em relação às emoções geradas por esse tipo de fotografia, principalmente as negativas como as fobias, que foram estudadas e confrontadas por meio de características culturais e evolutivas da espécie humana, de modo a entender suas origens e questionar se esse tipo de fotografia pode ser uma ferramenta eficaz no seu tratamento. Foi proposto também que, a partir do momento que uma macrofotografia pode gerar uma experiência estética, a
mesma pode ser classificada como arte, mesmo fugindo das definições formais de beleza. Além disso, como objeto educacional, é uma excelente ferramenta que pode apresentar ao observador um novo e rico mundo, sendo que muitas pessoas que se dedicam a esse tipo de fotografia passam, com o tempo, a
estudar mais a fundo os temas que costumam fotografar.

The objective of the present research was to understand why a photographic category, such as macro photography of small invertebrates, especially insects and arachnids, widespread and used in various environments, such as educational, academic and artistic, can cause emotions as diverse as fear or enchantment to
different observers. In addition to explain its definitions, mention the necessary equipment and its various uses, the focus of this study was about the feelings triggered by this type of photography, mostly negative ones like phobias. Those reactions were studied and compared by means of cultural features and evolution of the human species, in order to understand its origins and question whether this type of photography can be an effective tool in their treatment. Also, it was proposed that, from the moment that a macro photograph can generate an aesthetic experience, it can be classified as art, even if it is out of the formal concept of beauty. Besides, as an educational object, it can be used as an excellent tool to be presented to the viewer as a new and rich world, since many people who engage in this type of photography start, over time, studying deeper the subjects that are usually photographed by them.

Resumen: Se presenta el listado de arañas (Araneae) conocidas de la provincia de Alicante (sureste de España). Se incluyen las citas del catálogo ibérico de arañas (Morano et al., 2019) de dicha provincia, complementando su información, así como nuevos registros procedentes de la colección del autor y que suponen la adición de una familia, 24 géneros y 38 especies a la araneofauna alicantina. El total de especies conocidas de la provincia asciende así a 170, pertenecientes a 116 géneros y 36 familias. Palabras clave: Araneae, catálogo, España, Alicante.

Preliminary catalogue of the spiders (Araneae) of Alicante province (south-eastern Spain) Abstract : A list of the spiders (Araneae) known from Alicante province (south-eastern Spain) is presented. Included are records from the Iberian spider catalogue (Morano et al., 2019) from this province, with complementary information, as well as new records from the author's collection that involve the addition of one family, 24 genera and 38 species to Alicante's spider fauna. The total of species known from Alicante province thus amounts to 170, in 116 genera and 36 families.

Serangga insecta merupakan salah satu kelas invertebrata di dalam filum arthropoda yang memiliki exoskeleton berkitin , tubuh yang terbagi tiga bagian (kepala, thorax, dan abdomen), tiga pasang kaki yang pangkalnya menyatu, mata majemuk, dan sepasang antena. Serangga termasuk salah satu kelompok hewan yang paling beragam, mencakup lebih dari satu juta spesies dan menggambarkan lebih dari setengah organisme hidup yang telah diketahui. Jumlah spesies yang masih ada diperkirakan antara enam hingga sepuluh juta dan berpotensi mewakili lebih dari 90% bentuk kehidupan hewan yang berbeda-beda di bumi. Serangga seperti lalat, belalang, atau kumbang mempunyai cara melihat suatu benda dengan cara yang sangat berbeda dengan manusia. Apabila manusia hanya memiliki dua buah mata untuk melihat, serangga memiliki banyak sekali mata untuk melihat, sehingga mata serangga disebut dengan " mata majemuk ". Mata manusia paling tidak dapat melihat 7 warna dan itu warna yang biasa terlihat pada pelangi, dan warna lainnya adalah gabungan dari warna-warna tersebut. Warna yang tidak dapat ditangkap oleh mata manusia mestinya warna yang mempunyai panjang gelombang kurang dari 380 nm dan lebih dari 750 nm, warna-warna tersebut antara lain: ultraviolet, X-rays dan sinar Gamma yang mempunyai panjang gelombang kurang dari 380 nm, sedangkan panjang gelombang yang melebihi 750 nm tidak didefinisikan sebagai cahaya tetapi hanya merupakan gelombang saja yaitu: gelombang radio, microwave, infrared. Banyak spesies yang dapat melihat panjang gelombang di luar jendela optik manusia. Diantaranya yaitu Lebah dan serangga yang dapat melihat warna cahaya ultraviolet, yang membantu mereka mencari nektar di bunga. Spesies tanaman bergantung pada penyerbukan yang dilakukan oleh serangga sehingga yang berkontribusi besar pada keberhasilan reproduksi

Parasites (ectoparasites or endoparasites) are a major cause of diseases in man, his live‐ stock and crops, leading to poor yield and great economic loss. To overcome some of the major limitations of chemical control methods such as rising resistance, environmen‐ tal and health risks, and the adverse effect on non‐target organisms, biological control (biocontrol) is now at the forefront of parasite (pests) control. Biocontrol is now a core component of the integrated pest management. Biocontrol is defined as " the study and uses of parasites, predators and pathogens for the regulation of host (pest) densities ". Considerable successes have been achieved in the implementation of biocontrol strate‐ gies in the past. This chapter presents a review of the history of biocontrol, its advantages and disadvantages; the different types of biological control agents (BCAs) including predators, parasites (parasitoids) and pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses and virus‐like particles, protozoa and nematodes); the effect of biocontrol on native biodiversity; a few case studies of the successful implementation of biocontrol methods and the challenges encountered with the implementation of biocontrol and future perspectives.

Los Diptera adultos son de vida libre (voladores terrestres) y los estados inmaduros han colonizado exitosamente todos los hábitats acuáticos, excepto el océano abierto, aunque los adultos de algunas familias (Ephydridae), pueden ser capturadas sobrevolando en él. Las larvas están presentes en costas marinas, agua salada, y de estuarios; lagos de poco a muy profundos; posas; fuentes de agua fría o caliente; aperturas naturales de petróleo crudo (Ephydridae); ríos con corrientes lentas o rápidas y cavidades de las plantas. Algunas larvas, habitan en aguas extremadamente contaminadas (p.ej. Syrphidae); mientras que otras están restringidas a aguas limpias (p.ej. Blephariceridae) (Courtney & Merritt 2008, McCafferty 1998, Usinger 1956). Los hábitats lóticos (aguas que fluyen) para las larvas, incluyen ríos con corrientes lentas hasta rápidas. Dentro de las especializaciones que presentan para habitar en dicho hábitat están: carencia de espiráculos (intercambian oxígeno a través del integumento), cuerpo compacto y deprimido; cabeza, tórax y primer segmento abdominal fusionados (cefalotórax), los cuales, en conjunto con los restantes segmentos abdominales, poseen discos de succión en la parte ventral, usados para adherirse a las rocas (Blephariceridae). Otros poseen estructuras en forma de propatas que poseen con “crochets” (pequeños ganchos curvados) como en Deuterophlebiidae o con un par de propatas y crochets y con una almohadilla de seda para adherirse al sustrato (Simuliidae). Otras larvas se refugian bajo las rocas, dentro o sobre vegetación (Courtney & Merritt 2008, McCafferty 1998). Los hábitats lénticos (aguas estancadas) para Diptera incluyen lagos, nacimientos de agua y hoyos en los troncos de árboles. Algunas larvas llevan una vida activa y expuesta, usualmente en o cerca de la superficie y, aunque dentro de estas hay nadadores eficientes que pueden alcanzar profundidades considerables, generalmente permanecen cerca de la superficie del agua, debido a su dependencia a la respiración atmosférica. Las larvas de Chironomidae y Ceratopogonidae son nadadores libres y no dependen de la respiración atmosférica, pudiendo colonizar cuerpos de agua más grandes y profundos. Se sabe de una especie de Chironomidae que habita el Lago Baikal (Rusia) a una profundidad de 1,300 metros. Como en los hábitats lóticos, la mayoría de Diptera lénticos están asociados a sustratos bentónicos (del fondo). Las larvas de muchas familias que respiran a través de espiráculos que habitan sedimentos bentónicos (Tabanidae y Dolichopodidae), deben permanecer en la interfase aire-agua; en otros casos como Syrphidae, existe un sifón respiratorio terminal extensible, que les permite mantenerse sumergidas y obtener el oxígeno del aire (Courtney & Merritt 2008, McCafferty 1998, Pennak 1978). Las larvas de Diptera acuáticas tienen un amplio rango de hábitos alimenticios, como herbívoros (Tipulidae), colectores-recolectores (Psychodidae), colectores-filtradores (Simuliidae), filtradores (Syrphidae), depredadores (Dolichopodidae) y parasitoides (aunque es muy raro, como en Sciomyzidae) (Courtney & Merritt 2008).
La pupa, puede ser activa y es variable en cuanto a su duración. Puede ser activa ó quiescente y muchas son acuáticas. Algunas están contenidas dentro de un “Puparium” que protege el desarrollo de patas y alas, el cual posee un par agallas o cuernos respiratorios. Otras son de vida libre o viven dentro de un capullo, el cual posee un aparato respiratorio terminal (McCafferty 1998).