Dead Languages Research Papers

En este trabajo se expone las dificultades que presenta el estudio y dilucidación gramatical del puquina del Rituale seu manuale Peruanum (Oré, 1607), el único vestigio textual de importancia que ha sobrevivido de aquella lengua. Esto... more

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- by Carlos Faucet
- •
- 12
  Historical Linguistics, Linguistics, Lingüística, Dead Languages

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- by Şafak Beldan
- •
- 5
  Ancient History, Anatolian History, Luwians, Dead Languages

The paper aims to provide a comprehensive description of Hittite clause structure. The picture that emerges is quite different from both the view of Hittite clause architecture as codified in (Hoffner, Melchert 2008) and as documented in... more

The paper aims to provide a comprehensive description of Hittite clause structure. The picture that emerges is quite different from both the view of Hittite clause architecture as codified in (Hoffner, Melchert 2008) and as documented in the parallel line of research (Luraghi 1990; 2012; forthcoming).
The paper focuses on two key features of Hittite clause architecture: (a) preverbal vs clause initial vs clause second positions; (b) verb’s positions in the clause, although in-depth study of these aspects involves examination of virtually every significant feature of Hittite syntax.
Preverbal position is constituted by wh-words, subordinators, negation markers, negative, indefinite and relative pronouns as well as some adverbs, only part of these constituents can alternatively be clause initial or second. Contrastive focus is normally preverbal, contrastive topic is clause initial. Two focus positions are distinguished in a Hittite clause – high (subjects and objects) and low (adverbs, adverbials). Wh-words, subordinators and relative / indefinite pronouns can also be optionally postverbal. It is significant that only lower focus can be postverbal, never high focus, even though in the canonical word order both high and low focus is preverbal. No information structure difference is detectible between the preverbal and postverbal positions.
It is shown that non-canonical positions of the verb can be described by two movements to the left from the canonical clause final position: (a) to the clause internal position which follows subject and object, both topical and focal, on the one hand, and precedes what is in the canonical word order the preverbal position5, on the other, producing V-wh/Neg/Rel, S-O-V- wh/Neg/Rel word orders; (b) to the clause leftmost position, producing V-S-O word order. *V- wh/Neg/Rel-S-O or *wh/Neg/Rel-V-S-O word orders are not attested in my ‘diplomatic’ corpus.
The last point raises an important question of sociolinguistics of the Hittite language, namely evidence for (idio)lects.

This paper examines the problematic concept of dead language as exemplified by the Hebrew language. The first section presents a brief history of the concept of dead language in European linguistic thought. Originating in Italy of the... more

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- by Sonya Yampolskaya
- •
- 8
  History of Linguistics, Yiddish Language, Diglossia, Dead Languages

Cet article est la version approfondie et élargie de la communication présentée au colloque de sciences politiques "Les parlements en question. La permanence d'institutions subordonnées?", CESSP, Paris, les 8-9 novembre 2018. La... more

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- by Claire Maligot
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- 20
  History, Political Sociology, Sociology of Religion, Canon Law

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- by Vitaliy Simankov
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- 3
  Dead Languages, Slovo o polku Igoreve, Rhos language

This article aims to analyze everyday Hebrew dialogues, printed in the Manual of the Russian Language by Zalkind Epshteyn (1869). The status of the Hebrew language of the 19th century — whether it was a dead language or not so much —... more

This article aims to analyze everyday Hebrew dialogues, printed in
the Manual of the Russian Language by Zalkind Epshteyn (1869).
The status of the Hebrew language of the 19th century — whether it was a dead language or not so much — still remains disputable.
Within this framework, the manual represents a curious source that contradicts common knowledge on Hebrew language usage before its revival. The analysis of the manual begins with a survey on everyday Hebrew lexis (part 2) and on the dialogue topics (part 3). Enlightenment pragmatics of the book limited the possible variety of topics. Therefore dialogues describing communicative situations of a lower status, such as trade, for example, are quot ed from other sources. For a key feature of conversational speech I have chosen the system of address form, which is outlined in part 4. Honorific forms of address, detected in the manual, were compared with corresponding forms in other Hebrew sources of the period (part 5), with T-V distinction in Polish (part 6) and German (part 7) languages. The article ends with a brief overview of T-V distinction in the Hebrew language of the former and following periods.

Статья посвящена анализу ивритской части бытовых диалогов, опубликованных в «Учебнике русского языка» Эпштейна (1869). Вопрос о степени «разговорности» vs «мертвости» иврита XIX в. остается открытым. Учебник Эпштейна дает в этой связи любопытный материал, не вписывающийся в общие представления о бытовании иврита. Особое внимание уделяется системе обращений. Почтительное обращение в 3-м лице рассматривается на примере широкого круга ивритских источников, сопоставляется с аналогичным явлением в польском и немецком. Возникнув в иврите ранее XVII в., обращение в 3-м лице исчезло в израильском иврите. Однако оно до сих пор используется в некоторых коммуникативных ситуациях, что можно трактовать как рудименты традиционных речевых навыков предшествующих столетий.

ÖZET: Bu çalışma Mısır hiyerogliflerinin çözümü konusunda yaşanılan uzun ve karmaşık süreci incelemekte ve bu bağlamda, Mısır medeniyetinin gizli kalmış sırrının çözümünde dilbilimin oynadığı anahtar rolü ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.... more

ÖZET: Bu çalışma Mısır hiyerogliflerinin çözümü konusunda yaşanılan uzun ve karmaşık süreci incelemekte ve bu bağlamda, Mısır medeniyetinin gizli kalmış sırrının çözümünde dilbilimin oynadığı anahtar rolü ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Jean-François Champollion, üzerinde eski hiyeroglifler, orta kısmında o zaman bilinmeyen bir dil ve alt kısmında Yunanca olmak üzere üç farklı dil yer alan Reşit (Rosetta) Taşı'nı inceleyerek, kelimelerdeki seslerin ideografik işaretlerle olan ilişkisini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Champollion, Reşit Taşı'nda bulunan ve özel isimler içerdiği saptanan kartuşlardan, Eski Mısır Koptik dilinden, Yunanca çeviriye sahip olan Filay dikili taşından ve Mısırlı tarihçi Monetho'nun Mısır firavunlarınının soy ağacını çıkarırken anlattıklarından yola çıkarak geniş bir dilbilim çalışması yürütmüştür. Champallion'ın hiyerogliflerin çözümüne (a) çeviriyi doğru kullanma, (b) diller arasındaki etkileşimi dikkate alma ve (c) dilin yaşayan bir unsur olduğunun ayırdına varma gibi dilbilimsel özellikleri analiz ederek ulaştığı açıkça görülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Mısır Hiyeroglifleri, dilbilim, Rosetta Taşı, Jean-François Champollion

ABSTRACT: The paper examines the long and complex process of the decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphs, highlighting the decisive role that the linguistic theories played in unlocking the secret behind the Egyptian civilization. Through the three different languages on the same inscription on the Rosetta Stone with Ancient Hieroglyphs at the top, another unknown language in the middle and the Greek at the bottom, scholars such as Jean François Champollion was able to decipher the script, and showed that the Egyptian writing system was a combination of phonetic and ideographic signs through the cartouches used in the Rosetta Stone, proper names from Ancient Egyptian Coptic, Philae Obelisk on the temple island, Philae with Greek translation and an Egyptian historian Manetho who recorded the Egyptian Pharaoh lineage in Greek. It is obvious that Champollion’s solution is achieved through analyzing certain linguistic aspects of hieroglyphs, namely, (a)appropriate use of translation, (b) interaction between different languages, and (c) distinguishing between living and dead languages.
Key words: Egyptian hieroglyphs, linguistics, Rosetta Stone, JeanFrançois Champollion

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- by Ayşe Sungur and +1
  M.Naci Kayaoğlu
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- 14
  History, Translation Studies, Languages and Linguistics, Coptic (Languages And Linguistics)

Language revitalization benefits speakers of languages through acquisition as well as comprehension, community, and immersion. While the languages discussed originated from different continents, they share the common outlet of technology... more

Cuando se pierde un idioma el mundo entero se empobrece.

Languages in Symbiosis and Evolution: An Observation on an Interactive Mechanism in the Natural Development of Vernaculars, published in Tradition and Postmodernity. English and American Studies and the Challenge of the Future.... more

This article presents research on the system of T/V distinction in He- brew from the 16th to the 20th century. As the article is the first attempt to describe the phenomenon, it aims to give a general overview of the T/V distinction in... more

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