Anatolian History

İ.Ö.1.binyılda, Helenistik dönem Anadolusu'nda güçlü bir krallık kuran Pergamon'un, güçlü kadınları ve kraliçelerinin kişilikleri bağlamında kısa tarihi. The Brief History of Pergamon Kingdom with the Context of Identity of Powerful Women and Queens of Pergamon.

The fact that the Achaemenids controlled Anatolia for two centuries provokes a question about the extent of Greek, Anatolian, and Persian contacts and exchange during this period. The growing
evidence for foreign domination has been accompanied by new and revised evidence of the region’s acculturation, which appears to have been a natural process. Archaeological finds from funerary contexts provide
a large amount of information and testify to the cosmopolitan art and culture. Artists and craftsmen spread their artistic styles far and wide along with iconographic norms closely connected to exchange networks, circulation of people, and common lifeways.

https://www.habelt.de
Nováková, L. 2019. Greeks who dwelt beyond the sea: people, places, monuments.  Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 333. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt. ISBN 978-3-7749-4216-5.
The Greek civilization, whose legacy remains visible to the present day, developed in several places on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. The Greeks often came into contact with different, sometimes significantly older and more developed cultures that helped them to advance in the sciences, arts and trade. One such crossroads of civilizations was Anatolia, a land that was the literal meeting place of east and west with an incredibly diverse population. This was reflected in the diversity of its cultures, languages and religions. There is a growing volume of new research – papers, articles and monographs – aimed at determining at least in part how these ancient societies defined themselves. The answer to this relatively complex question can only be sought in the written and archaeological evidence. We can get to know the Hellenes from written sources and their unique artistic heritage, while grave art helps to fill in the rich mosaic of their Anatolian neighbors. The term “Greeks dwelling beyond the sea” is a paraphrase of the name for the Greeks in foreign sources (Yaunā), which referred to the inhabitants of the distant lands beyond the western frontier of the Persian Empire. In this case, the term refers to the Greeks who crossed the Aegean Sea and settled on the Anatolian mainland and nearby islands.
https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2020/2020.09.34/

The knowledge which the students of Tourist Guiding Program have acquired on the archaeology and art history of Anatolia through the formal education process focuses basically Classical Antiquity including Hellenistic and Roman period, Eastern Roman Empire widely known as the Byzantine Empire, and Turkish and Islamic Art which centers on Anatolian Seljuks, Principalities and the Ottoman Empire. Apart from this wide range of topics, the students also learn the prehistory of Anatolia stretching from the Paleolithic period to the Middle Bronze Age, and Iron Age states after the Late Bronze Age (the collapse of the Hittite Empire) at the lesson given under different names such as ‘Prehistory of Anatolia’, ‘Anatolian Archaeology’, and ‘Anatolian Civilizations’ depending on the duration and the curriculum of the program. Besides, it is aimed with the lesson of Vocational English to give the students the knowledge that they will need in their business life and the vocabulary they will use at the tours. Lack of any books for tour guiding through readings provided strong initial prodding to prepare this book. This book was prepared to live up to such expectation by combining the professional knowledge with the language knowledge.

The Kizilbash were at once key players in and the foremost victims of the Ottoman-Safavid conflict that defined the early modern Middle East. Today referred to as Alevis, they constitute the second largest faith community in modern Turkey, with smaller pockets of related groups in the Balkans. Yet several aspects of their history remain little understood or explored. This first comprehensive socio-political history of the Kizilbash/Alevi communities uses a recently surfaced corpus of sources generated within their milieu. It offers fresh answers to many questions concerning their origins and evolution from a revolutionary movement to an inward-looking religious order.

The Marby rug, claimed by many eperts to be 15th century or earlier was discovered in a church in Sweden many decades ago and since has occupied a special place in oriental carpet history.

The author of this paper, Jack Cassin, questions this conclusion using documentary evidence which though not conclusive does create more than a shadow of doubt.

The main purpose of this article is to make a comparative interpretation of petroglyphs and rock paintings and to try to date them considering many criteria. Anatolian geography has always been the focal point with its historical culture and inventory. However, there is not much research on this subject in this geography, which is very rich in petroglyph and rock paintings. There are many similar petroglyphs and rock paintings in neighboring regions of Anatolia (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Nakhchivan). Mostly all dating and evaluations are interpreted according to their typological similarities with other geographies. In this article, we will try to create some analyzes and hypotheses from both the Anatolian and other geographies and using our data.

Mordoğan is a sea-side township in the district of Karaburun in Izmir, western Turkey. It is situated on the eastern shoreline of Karaburun Peninsula within the Gulf of Izmir at about 20 km to the south of the district center of Karaburun. In a close distant of Mordoğan there was a Greek village1920s that was called as "Tekke Köy". In this short article in Turkish language this small rural church of 19th cent. is being presented.

Dear Colleague,
We would like to thank you very sincerely for your presentation at the international symposium, entitled “Unguentarium. A terracotta vessel form and other related vessels in the Hellenistic, Roman and early Byzantine Mediterranean in Izmir, Turkey”. Between May 17 and 18, 2018 we have hosted c. 50 participants from 15 countries and 34 papers dealing with terracotta unguentaria were presented in these two days of symposium. We ask you to send us your paper, if it deals with terracotta unguentaria. The Editorial Board asks you kindly to provide an original, previously unpublished and scientific paper, dealing with unpublished materials from excavated or surveyed sites or from the museums with previously unpublished photos without copyright problems.

This paper collects and evaluates all available data from the Byzantine and Eastern (Armenian, Arabic, Syrian, Turkish) sources that demonstrate that the Battle of Mantzikert (August 26, 1071 AD) was not, at least in diplomatic terms, a great disaster for the Byzantine state, as is usually supported. During the negotiations and in the official peace treaty that followed at the Turkish military camp near the area of the battlefield (late August - early September), the concessions of the defeated and captured Byzantine emperor Romanos ΙV Diogenes to the victor Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan were rather limited. Consequently, Byzantium did not officially concede or lost lands of considerable size to its eastern border in 1071 AD.

Buharlı makinelerin sanayide kullanılmaya başlanması hem üretim hem de ulaşımda bir devrim niteliğindeydi. Bu devrim, üretim ve satış için yeni pazar ve yeni hammadde alanlarının açılması demekti. Dünyanın bakir her noktası gibi demiryolları, kömür madenleri, el değmemiş ormanları ve bataklıkları ile yatırımcıların iştahını kabartan Osmanlı toprakları, 19. yüzyıldan itibaren birçok yatırımcı için fırsat kapısı haline geldi. Bu dönemde koca koca devletler, büyük bir yatırım hamlesine girişilen Osmanlı topraklarından imtiyaz alabilmek için adeta sefirlerini seferber etmişlerdi. (Koloğlu, 2010, 301 – 306) Şirketler kendi menfaatlerine uygun sahaların keşfi için seyyahlar, askeri temsilciler ve özel elemanlar göndererek etütler yaptırıp veri tabanları oluşturuyordu. Bu araştırmalar için nitelikli insanlar seçiliyordu. Bu insanlar coğrafya, tarih, dil, arkeoloji ve topografya bilgisine sahip çok yönlü araştırmacılardı. Kimi zaman bir seyyah kimi zaman diplomatik temsilci kimi zaman bilim adamı sıfatıyla izin alıp dolaştıkları Anadolu coğrafyasında elde edebildikleri bütün bilgileri derliyorlardı. 1905 yılı haziran ayında Alman vatandaşı Hans Hermann Schweinitz ve eşinin Anadolu'nun ortasında Konya Vilayeti ve civarında at sırtında gerçekleştirdikleri seyahat de yeni yerler görüp farklı simalar tanıma arzu ve iştiyakından öte bir amaç taşıyordu. Esrarı gittikçe aralanmış olan Doğu'nun yapılan birtakım yatırımlarla ne seviyeye geldiği, bölge halkının mevcut vaziyeti, devam eden yatırımlarla ilgili genel bir kanaat edinmek gayesi güttüğünü anladığımız bu seyahat, devri için dikkate değer bilgiler arz etmektedir.

Chapter III (55)

How Roman Arms Came to Conquer the Successors of Alexander (55)

How Much More Successful Was the Roman Legion than the Macedonian Phalanx? (57)

The Best Soldiers versus the Best Formation (59)

Why the Greeks Were Shocked after Rome’s Domination of Macedon (60)

Final Thoughts on the Impact of Alexander on Polybius’ Work (63)

Our study opened as a window to an understanding of the process of Christianity in Early ages. The process of being a religion recognized by universal empire which Romans rather than an individual communion of Christianity seems to be explained in our article. Our research shows that religions are influenced by political and social events. As a result, Christianity, which we all know today, has become a global religion, passing through certain stages. Finally, . this article was prepared for Hıstory of Medieval Europe (HIST 305) lecture which given by Assistant Professor Merih Erol at Istanbul Şehir University.

The palace complex of Kubadabad near Beyşehir - regarding its good state of preservation - provides an ideal object for the study of palace architecture and the (courtly) rhetoric under the reign of the Rum-Seljuk Sultan ʿAlaʾ al-Din Kaykubad I (r.1219-1237).
This thesis offers a new perspective to the existing studies by identifying common rhetorical methods, and tools that were used by the Sultan and Seljuk courtiers to articulate courtly/ royal messages on power and kingship. It argues that - in facing the process of renewal - nature has become a key element of the courtly/ imperial of rhetoric in the thirteenth century Seljuk Anatolia as far as the palace architecture –i.e. the choice of architectural form, composition, and materials – and court literature – i.e. historical narratives/ dynastic histories and advice literature – took nature as a major model of thought and organization along with religion and legends. The assumed influence of nature on architectural and literary rhetoric of palaces will be examined based on two different sources on the extraordinary example of Kubadabad: The first part of the study investigates the archaeological data gathered from forty years of excavation at Kubadabad. The second part discusses the work Al-Awamir al-Alaiyya fi’l-umr’ al-Alaiyya written by the contemporary Seljuk courtier Ibn Bibi regarding architectural references and rhetorical elements.

Summary

In 546 BC, the Lydian King Croesus launched a military campaign against the Persian King Cyrus, who threatened his country. During the campaign, narrated by Herodotus in detail, passing over the Halys River was only possible thanks to a method devised by Thales, the renowned philosopher of Miletos. The army was transferred to the east of the river by digging an alternative s-shaped riverbed in order to divide the water. The water tunnel, which suits to the depiction of Herodotus, discovered in Sarıhıdır village of Avanos compels one to think about the reality of the incident. Therefore, it will be possible to be able detect, from which part of the Halys River Croesus crossed, only if one knows the route he used. The route, which is not studied enough by modern researchers, is significant to elucidate whether the incident narrated by Herodotus could be possible. In this article, the route that Croesus used, whether Thales participated in this campaign and the relation of Sarıhıdır Tunnel with the event will be discussed.