DM

— CVSD (continuous variable slope delta) modulation is popular effective scheme for companded delta modulation for audio signal. CVSD is best coding technique for improving receiver sensitivity. Here in this paper, we discuss brief introduction about continues variable slope delta modulation codec system and its comparison.

During the last 40 years research of causativity belonged to the central themes of the general and comparative or better typological linguistics. In this respect it is astonishing that in my opinion from the Slavic side this subject was treated if at all very marginally in the past. My interest was motivated by the fact that CC requires an analysis, which touches an interface of morphology, semantics, lexicon and syntax. Therefore it is also easy to grasp by the Minimalistic Program (with the inclusion of Distributive Morphology). Furthermore, the theme comprises important observations concerning questions of diathesis and passive which moti- vated me to choose it for the present volume.

In this article the features of externally and internally caused verbs will be described and put into context of the phenomenon of unaccusa- tivity. My approach will be the following: I will try to characterize the relationship between lexicon and syntax, namely including the concepts of Distributive Morphology and of ROOT-Semantics of verbs, which participate or rather, do not participate in Causative Alternation and unaccusativity.
The Causative Alternation (CAL) will serve as criteria to distin- guish between externally and internally caused causation; with help of the CAL the unaccusative Verbs will be divided into two sub- groups: alternating unaccusative (AU-) verbs and non-alternating unaccusative (NAU-) verbs. In the following an alternate distinction between AU- and NAU-verbs will be developed, namely the pre- sence/absence of information about how the process to be treated was caused.

The universal concept of the encyclopedic lexicon in the English, German and Czech language seems to assume four different ROOTS of verbs at base to classify the Anti-Causativity-Opposition: √agen- tive (murder, assasinate, cut), √internally caused (blossom, wilt, grow), √externally caused (destroy, kill, slay) and √cause unspecified (break, open, melt).

Moreover, it will be shown that unergative/causative pairs depict an independent phenomenon which does not affect considerations about CAL (correspondent to Alexiadou et al. 2006a, b and Marantz 1997, but dissenting Levin − Rappaport Hovav 1995 and Reinhart 2000). In 6 and 7 I will provide an exact analysis of the roots (ROOTS) and the syntactic projections which derive from them.

Falls der Euro unkontrolliert auseinanderbricht, droht Chaos. Daher lohnt es sich zu fragen: Wie ließe sich ein kontrolliertes Ende des Euro organisieren? Auf diese Frage geben zwei Denkschulen entgegengesetzte Antworten. Die Schule der Geheimniskrämer will das Ende des Euro bei Nacht und Nebel organisieren, plötzlich und ohne Vorwarnung. Bankfeiertage und geschlossene Grenzen mit Kapitalkontrollen sind fester Teil solcher Pläne. Alles das ist weder ökonomisch attraktiv noch gerecht; und es verträgt sich nicht gut mit den Grundzügen einer offenen Demokratie. Daher schlagen die Gegner der Geheimniskrämer einen lang angekündigten Ausstieg vor. In ihrem Vorschlag werden alle Euros gleich behandelt. Zu einem öffentlich festgesetzten Zeitpunkt verwandelt sich jeder Euro in einen gewichteten Mix aus seinen Nachfolgewährungen. Der Vorschlag ist einfach, und er ist schon deshalb gerecht, weil er das widerspiegelt, was die Besitzer von Euros in ihren Taschen zu haben glauben: eine Mischung aus Währungen verschiedener Länder.

A graph G   is 3-domination critical if its domination number γγ is 3 and the addition of any edge decreases γγ by 1. Let G be a 3-domination critical graph with toughness more than one. It was proved that G   is Hamilton-connected for the cases α⩽δα⩽δ [Y.J. Chen, F. Tian, B. Wei, Hamilton-connectivity of 3-domination critical graphs with α⩽δα⩽δ, Discrete Math. 271 (2003) 1–12] and α=δ+2α=δ+2 [Y.J. Chen, F. Tian, Y.Q. Zhang, Hamilton-connectivity of 3-domination critical graphs with α=δ+2α=δ+2, European J. Combin. 23 (2002) 777–784]. In this paper, we show G   is Hamilton-connected for the case α=δ+1⩾5α=δ+1⩾5.

The paper represents the first deciding of construction the Knowledge Mining concept. It illustrates the schema of translation the data into the knowledge with usage of its six formal features
Keywords: Data Mining, Knowledge Mining, Knowledge Discovery in Databases, knowledge, features of knowledge

Links:
In Russian (Original): http://www.academia.edu/4455317/_Knowledge_Mining_

Swierczkowski's Lemma - as it is usually formulated - asserts that if f is an at least quaternary operation on a finite set A and every operation obtained from f by identifying a pair of variables is a projection, then f is a semiprojection. We generalize this lemma in various ways. First, it is extended to B-valued functions on A instead of operations on A and to essentially at most unary functions instead of projections. Then we characterize the arity gap of functions of small arities in terms of quasi-arity, which in turn provides a further generalization of Swierczkowski's Lemma. Moreover, we explicitly classify all pseudo-Boolean functions according to their arity gap. Finally, we present a general characterization of the arity gaps of B-valued functions on arbitrary finite sets A.

Let (n; e) denote the class of all simple graphs on n nodes and e edges. The number of spanning trees of a graph G is denoted by t(G). A graph G0 ∈ (n; e) is said to be t-optimal if t(G0)¿ t(G) for all G ∈ (n; e). The problem of characterizing t-optimal graphs for arbitrary n and e is still open, although characterizations of t-optimal graphs for speci2c pairs (n; e) are known. We introduce a new technique for the characterization of t-optimal graphs, based on an upper bound for the number of spanning trees of a graph G in terms of the degree sequence and the number of induced paths of length two of the complement of G. The technique yields the following new results: (1) Complete, almost-regular multipartite graphs are t-optimal. (2) A complete characterization of t-optimal graphs in (n; e) for n(n − 1)=2 − 3n=26 e6 n(n− 1)=2− n is obtained for n¿ n0, where n0 can be explicitly determined. c © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Due to its parallelism property in processing the data, the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) has been gaining wide interest in recent years as a tool for processing data. Different ANN architectures have been defined for various applications. Yet, a number of difficulties existed when building an ANN like training time, over-training problem, retraining of the net for new types of data. This paper presents a new ANN architecture, which we called "MS/Ayad-Marwan Network" (MS stands for Multi-Stage), that compose of supernet and subnets ("Stage" architecture). The "Computer-Assisted" approach is used to develop this NN. Also, in this paper, a new learning algorithm has been proposed, which is required for adjusting weighting values for MS/Ayad-Marwan neural network. We called this algorithm a "hybrid unsupervised/supervised learning paradigm" This learning algorithm is used for training both supernet and subnets. Inheritance property of OOP plays an important role in the reasoning approach of MS/Ayad-Marwan Network, in that it deduces the final solution by gathering the property of the super network with the properties of its sub(s), to reach the ultimate goal. Thus, the results become more accurate. We called his reasoning approach " Deductive auto-associative recalling". MS/Ayad-Marwan ANN has been applied to an Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) application. This new network architecture is being able to recognize phonemes with >91% accuracy. We note through the results a promising advancement has been reached and hence a Multi-Stage strategy is useful in applications of "high changeable data" property, like ASR. "MS/Ayad-Marwan" Neural Network has been implemented and tested using MATLAB, as a part of the ASR system.