Croatian Dialectology

This paper deals with the maritime lexicon of Kali (Central Čakavian dialect), one of the most important fishing centres on the Croatian side of Adriatic, in a broader geolinguistic context of Dalmatia and Kvarner. The material was collected within the project JAPRK – Linguistic Atlas of the Maritime Culture in Dalmatia and Kvarner. The analyses of the specific lexicon proceeds from broader lexical areas (Kvarner and Norther Dalmatia) to narrower ones (Zadar archipelago; Kali and surroundings).

This article analyzes phrasemes with a German constituent in the dialect of the town of Križevci, collected during dialectology field research. Although Germanisms have been exhaustively investigated in standard and substandard Croatian, perhaps even better than other loanwords in Croatian, phraseological units with one or more German constituents have often been only sporadically and fragmentarily studied and described in articles dealing with language contact. Phrasemes with a German constituent, just like Germanisms themselves, comprise important lexical heritage that is increasingly disappearing due to generational differences or is becoming part of passive language
knowledge, which is a compelling reason for more exhaustive investigations to gather and analyze this disappearing lexical stock before it is too late. This article analyzes 187 collected phrasemes with regard to their structural and semantic features. Because detailed dialectology field studies of local dialects of the Prigorje area have not been conducted until now, this article is a contribution to future comprehensive investigations of the entire phraseological corpus of that area, which would in effect show its own lexical and phraseological features in comparison to other Croatian dialects, and to standard Croatian as well.

Keywords: dialectal phraseology, Kajkavian dialect, contact linguistics, German

This monograph, 'A linguistic landscape of Rijeka', provides a visual account of Rijeka through public signage. The preliminary sections of the book provide a theoretical and methodological appraisal of the current research literature on linguistic landscapes, both internationally as well as domestically in Croatia. The central sections of the book are structured in a way that is popular-scientific and in these sections there is a rich and wide variety of visual material accompanied by comments. Through an examination of public signage, the identity of a city itself is also examined.

U radu se iz odabranih tekstova pisanih splitskim idiomom izdvajaju konsonantske značajke. Riječ je o tekstovima poznatih splitskih autora: Miljenka Smoje i Ljube Plenkovića, kao i o nekim manjim tekstovima i rječniku Tonka Radišića. Ekscerpirani podatci jasno pokazuju da uz prisuće nekih čakavskih osobina cirkulira i stanovit broj štokavskih, kao i nekih drugih importiranih značajki. Tekstovi su potvrdom da je splitski govor, ne samo u posljednje vrijeme, već u posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća, zahvaćen osjetnim jezičnim promjenama.

Knjiga Riječki jezični krajolik donosi urbanu sliku Rijeke kroz javne natpise. Uvodni su dijelovi teorijski i metodološki te donose pregled literature o jezičnome krajoliku u svijetu i u Hrvatskoj. Središnji su dijelovi strukturirani kao znanstveno-popularni, donose bogatu slikovnu dokumentaciju s popratnim komentarima. Kroz istraživanja javnih natpisa istražuje se identitet grada.

The language of ‘Dragi kamen’ by M. Balota: A linguistic analysis
Abstract
The poems by Mijo Mirković (Mate Balota) gathered in the collection ‘Dragi kamen’ have already been linguistically analysed in works by Iva Lukežić and Petar Šimunović. The aim of this paper is a somewhat deeper linguistic analysis of these poems, which includes a more detailed description of the features of the dialectal basis of their language (i. e. the dialect of the author’s birthplace, the village of Rakalj) and the definition of elements originating in other dialects or in the standard language. The analysis, carried out at the phonological and morphological levels, has comprised all the poems in the collection. This paper also addresses briefly certain accentual problems. The poems were not accentuated originally, but although they sound most natural if read according to the accentual rules of the Rakalj dialect, this sometimes violates their poetic structure.

This thesis describes the sounds and morphology of the dialect spoken in the village of Kukljica on the island of Ugljan. The dialect of Kukljica is compared to other local dialects spoken on Ugljan as well as to those of the neighbouring island of Pašman. This work is envisaged as constituting two initial parts of a future study, which would (along with sounds
and morphology) also include syntax.
The introductory section comprises a reference to the material and methodology, and presents the dialectological and sociolinguistic context of the Kukljica dialect. Its first part deals with the phonological and prosodic system, the phonetics of the sound system and prosody, as well
as sound changes and prosodic changes.
The description of sound changes is divided in two parts which deal with the consonantal and vocalic sound changes respectively.
The part on the consonantal sound changes presents some archaisms with respect to the Standard Croatian, the specific results of the iotation and first palatalisation, reflex of the sound l between velars and front vowels, specific reflexes of the sound v, rhotacisation, reflex of h, reflex of the sound j adjacent to i, reflex of syllable-final l, reflex of syllable-final nasals,
the simplification of consonant clusters, dissimilation according to the place and manner of articulation, assimilation according to place of articulation, consonant changes in individual words, and morphophonological consonant changes.
Within the part on vowel changes, the following is elaborated: reflexes of the old ě, regular and analogical reflexes of the old yer-vowels, reflexes of vowels in syllables closed by nasal sonorants, fluctuations in vocalism, closing of long vowels, elision of vowels, contraction of vowels, prothetic v before vowels, as well as morphophonological vowel changes.
The part on prosodic changes deals with the lengthening in nouns ending in -ьje; lengthening in closed stressed syllables and exceptions to both phenomena; vowel shortening and lengthening of the stressed a.
An appendix is to be found at the end of the first part of this work which gives a short overview of the sounds of other dialects found on the island of Ugljan, as well as of some of those spoken on the island of Pašman.
The second part of this work presents the morphology of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals and verbs. Concerning nouns, both their forms and formation are covered in detail, whilst the other parts of speech have been analyzed mostly with respect to their forms.

U radu se raspravlja o pridjevskim sintagmama tipa "gol golcat". Istražuje se njihov položaj unutar norme hrvatskoga standardnog jezika i način obrade u raznim jezičnim priručnicima (pravopisima, gramatikama, frazeološkim radovima te u općim, frazeo-loškim i dijalektnim rječnicima). Proučavaju se i dosadašnji nazivi toga tipa pridjevskih sintagmi. Istraživanje se temelji na primjerima iz priručnika i rječnika hrvatskoga standardnog jezika i na onima iz čakavskoga narječja, a pokazalo se je da je njihova obrada često nesustavna i da se upotrebljava više naziva za istu pojavnost. Predlaže se da se sintagme tipa gol golcat nazivaju elativima te da se u gramatikama obrađuju na tvorbenoj razini, a u rječnicima unutar vlastite natuknice. Ključne riječi: pridjevske sintagme tipa gol golcat; elativi; jezični priručnici; hrvatski standardni jezik; čakavsko narječje

Ljubo Plenković (1926. – 1998.) produktivan je splitski književnik. Posebno su zapažena njegova književna ostvarenja napisana splitskim govorom. U članku se prezentiraju jezične posebnosti romana ''Splićanin'' iz 2005. godine, koji je također pisan splitskim idiomom. Premda je riječ o autoru starijega naraštaja, a uz to potječe iz stare splitske četvrti Veli varoš koja je dugo zadržala svoju jedinstvenost u pogledu jezika, analizom se jezičnoga materijala pokazuje da je uz dio čakavskih osobina prisutan i stanovit broj štokavskih karakteristika.


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Ljubo Plenković (1926 – 1998) is a fertile writer from Split. Especially valuable are his novels written in local speech of Split. The author presents here linguistic characteristics found in his novel Splićanin ('Person from Split') from 2005, written in local speech of Split. Plenković is an author of the older generation, his roots going back to the old Split quarter called Veli Varoš which kept its identity of the dialect spoken there. Although Plenković’s idiom shows the basic Čakavian characteristics of the region we, nevertheless, still find a number of Štokavian infiltrations.

This paper describes the speech of Babina Greda which belongs to the so-called Slavonian speech. Babina Greda is located on the west of Vukovar-Sirmium County. It was first mentioned in 12th century. Described the speech kept the old Slavonic dialect features at all linguistic levels, phonological, morphological, lexical, syntactic. Preserving the traditions from oblivion, the people of Babina Greda so guarded and his speech.

U leksiku je brojnih čakavskih idioma prisutan sloj riječi romanskoga postanja, po čemu ne odudara ni govor naselja Ložišće na otoku Braču. U članku se podastiru termini romanskoga podrijetla koji pripadaju semantičkoj sferi odjevnih predmeta, obuće te modnih i drugih dodataka, zabilježeni za terenskih istraživanja. Premda se, općenito uzevši, može opaziti polagano nestajanje romanizama zbog modernijega načina života, prodora nove terminologije i drugih čimbenika, potonji su u promatranome govoru u osjetnoj mjeri frekventni, posebice kod starijega svijeta. //

There is a layer of words of Roman origin present in the lexicon of numerous chakavian idioms, and the speech of the town of Ložišće on the island of Brač is no exception. The article contains various terms of Roman origin which belong to the semantic sphere of garments, footwear, fashion and other accessories, recorded during field research. Even though we can, broadly speaking, observe a gradual recession of Romanism in the wake of a more modern way of life, the penetration of new terminologies, and other factors, the aforementioned terms still appear with some frequency within the studied speech, particularly among senior folk.//

Nel lessico di molte parlate locale ciacave sono presenti le parole di origine neolatina e non risalta anche dalla parlata di Ložišće sull’isola di Brazza. In questa ricerca si esiminano i prestiti d’origine neolatina che ap¬partengono al campo semantico dell’abbigliamento, della calzatura e degli accessori. Il materiale esaminato è stato raccolto dalle indagini condotte sul terreno con i parlanti nativi. Nonostante il fatto che i termini registrati sono per la maggior parte in uso, specialmente nella partlata degli anziani, essi gradualmente scompaiono dal sistema – a causa della penetrazione della nuova terminologia, a causa di uno stile di vita moderno etc.

U radu se na temelju autorova terenskog rada obrađuju novoštokavski ijekavski govori u Neretvanskoj krajini i Donjoj Hercegovini s osobitim naglaskom na promjene koje su posljedica migracijskih kretanja. Izno-se se bilježite naglasne, fonološke i morfološke značajke mjesnih govora upotpunjene istraživanjem povijesnih vrela kako bi se pokušalo rekon-struirati predmigracijsku dijalektnu sliku obrađenog područja. Iznose se i neke sociolingvističke činjenice bitne za razumijevanje suvremenog stanja.

Cilj je ovoga rada na korpusu tekstova Ivana Kovačića, Ljube Plenkovića, Miljenka Smoje, Marka Uvodića Splićanina i časopisa "Duje Balavac" napisanih splitskom čakavštinom 20. stoljeća analizirati odrednice koje indiciraju vokativne posebnosti splitskoga govora, jedninske vokativne oblike imenica muškoga roda na nenepčane suglasnike "r", "n" i "t" te vokativna sintagmatska obilježja s osvrtom na vokativne komunikacijske funkcije, kako bi se rekonstruirala distribucija vokativnih nastavaka za imenice muškoga roda s nenepčanim suglasnikom i sintagmatski modeli vokativnih izraza splitske čakavštine. Rezultati morfološkog istraživanja upućuju na alterniranje gramatičkih morfema -e i -u, no i ništičnoga morfema (-Ø). Apozitivne sintagme pojavljuju se kao sinkretizirani vokativni izrazi, a atributne sintagme s postponiranim atributima, posvojnom zamjenicom "moj" i posvojnim pridjevom "božji" izražavaju lokalne vokativne specifičnosti splitskoga idioma u pragmatičko-semantičkome kontekstu.

The paper discusses the book Bizovačko narječje written by Adolf Bratoljub Klaić which was originally his PhD dissertation written as early as 1939. Having been revised, the dissertation was ready to be published in 1959, however it took more than 60 years for a publication to appear. Klaić's work was inspired by Ivšić’s works on the speeches of Šaptinovci and the Posavina region. Ivšić dealt in detail with the synchrony in a part of the Štokavian speeches in Eastern Croatia but also addressed an important issue of the pre-migration state of the Slavonian part of the Croatian language area. The present paper deals with the methodology of Klaić's study on the speech of Bizovac and compares it with the study of the speeches of the Slavonian dialect, in particular of the speech of Šaptinovci in the Podravina region.

The accentual system of the Pomer dialect: Analogical processes
This paper presents the results of recent analogical processes in the accentual system of the dialect spoken in the village of Pomer, southern Istria. This idiom belongs to the SW Istrian dialect group but a number of accentual features set it apart from other related dialects. They include various examples of accentual levelling and mergers of accentual types which are not observed elsewhere in SW Istrian.

Распоряжение о подчинении жителей Задара венецианской юрисдикции от 1762 г. – двуязычный документ, написанный параллельно латиницей на итальянском и глаголицей на хорватском языках. Один из двух известных списков этого памятника хранится в коллекции РНБ (Берчич 9). В настоящем исследовании на материале петербургского списка рассматриваются языковые особенности хорватской части. Как показывает анализ, язык распоряжения демонстрирует исторически закономерное смешение элементов чакавского и штокавского наречий.

The order for the inhabitants of Zadar to subordinate to the Venetian jurisdiction from 1762 is a bilingual document, written in parallel in Italian and Croatian in Latin and Glagolitic script respectively. One of the two known copies of the text is kept in the National library of Russia (No. 9 in the collection of Ivan Berčić) in Saint-Petersburg. The present study examines the linguistic features (orthographic, phonetic, morphological and lexical) of the Croatian part of the monument on the basis of the copy from the NLR. As the analysis shows, the language of the order demonstrates a historically logical mixture of elements of the Čakavian and Štokavian dialects. Further research tasks include analysis of the Italian text, comparison of the remaining copies and comparative analysis of the Italian and Croatian parts.

U tekstu su izdvojeni neki od romanizama što su ovjereni u sklopu novijega terenskoga dijalektološkoga istraživanja dolivaškoga govora, a u okviru nevezanoga razgovora s konzultantima, te im se navodi podrijetlo i značenje. Analizirani se romanizmi uspoređuju s istima iz drugih idioma južnočakavskoga područja (nekih čiovskih, bračkih, hvarskih, korčulanskih idioma, kao i iz splitskoga govora.)

Na temelju dvadesetak djela slavonskih pisaca 18. stoljeća, rad ukazuje na postojanje jezičnih odlika slavonskoga dijalekta u djelima nabožne tematike. Naglašava se svijest slavonskih pisaca o razlikovanju tadašnjega književnog jezika i dijalekta, a na primjeru  refleksa jata, odnosu šćakavizam / štakavizam, razjednačivanju, glasu h, komparativu i superlativu pridjeva, infinitivu, gramatičkom morfemu instrumentala jednine imenica i-vrste, gramatičkom morfemu dativa, lokativa i instrumentala množine imenica i glagolskom pridjevu trpnom.

U članku se, na temelju novih terenskih istraživanja u šest bračkih čakavskih naselja (Milna, Ložišće, Donji Humac, Postira, Dol, Pučišća), ističu osobitosti govora mlađih Bračana, to jest neke razlike u odnosu na starije govornike. Pozornost je usmjerena na mjesni govor Milne, cakavskoga mjesta na zapadu otoka, gdje su inovacije u govoru potonjih izrazitije. Usporedbom jezičnih karakteristika govora mlađih i starijih, utvrdit će se koje su se čakavske posebnosti u mlađih sačuvale, a koje su na tragu nestajanja ili su sasvim nestale.

Premda se premoćan broj značajki mjesnoga govora Pražnica na otoku Braču može iščitati iz prošlostoljetnih sintetskih opisa bračkih čakavskih idioma, ovaj govor do sada nije samostalno opisan ni na jednoj jezičnoj ravni, a o njemu postoje tek poneki parcijalni podatci. U članku se na temelju recentnih terenskih istraživanja prikazuju fonološke posebnosti pražničkoga govora. Analizom se pokazalo da je mjesni govor Pražnica čvrst sustav koji je sačuvao svoju strukturu i da novije promjene i inovacije, koje su dotaknule pojedine bračke idiome, nisu zadrle u ovaj govor.

Pored bitnih osobina čakavskoga narječja u članku se iznose temeljne informacije o čakavštini u hrvatskoj pismenosti i književnosti od srednjovjekovnoga razdoblja do današnjih dana. Posebna je pažnja usmjerena na fenomen dijalektalne književnosti i pisanju na čakavštini danas.

Dialectology as a linguistic discipline
In this paper, basic concepts of dialectology are defined, and this field of linguistic research is related to the basic linguistic disciplines, especially typology, sociolinguistics, and genetic linguistics. The correct usage of dialectological terms, such as diasystem, dialect group, and dialect is established, and the relationships between standard languages and dialects are illustrated with examples from the Central South Slavonic diasystem.

U radu su podastrti neki rezultati dvaju dijalektoloških terenskih istraživanja govora Grohota na otoku Šolti sredinom XX. stoljeća, koji se uspoređuju s nekim vokalskim i konsonantskim posebnostima zastupljenih u domaćim tekstovima pisanih na grohoćanskome idiomu, upravo u vrijeme između potonjih istraživanja.