Corpus Stylistics

The present study draws on corpus stylistics (cf. [38]; [19]; [26]; [20], to name a few) to investigate the narrative style in Stephenie Meyer’s The Twilight Saga (2005-2008). In particular, it focuses on keywords generated using Wordsmith Tools version 7 [36], and the BNC as a reference corpus. Qualitative and quantitative analyses show that the most frequent lexical words (nouns, adjectives, and verbs) reflect the writer’s focus on carefully selected physical elements of the characters. More specifically, the nouns preferentially denote specific physical attributes of the characters, the adjectives provide a general description of the protagonists and the setting, while the verbs used present the actions of all the characters, their interaction with the other protagonists, and their position in the narrative situation.

In James Joyce’s short story, ‘Eveline’, a young woman is thinking about a new life away from an unhappy existence which involves caring for a violent father. In the story, Eveline is to elope with Frank to Buenos Aires, but Eveline fails to join him on the night boat. This story has attracted much critical attention. In particular, commentators have picked up on the faint clues throughout that Eveline is not going to leave her home. It is as though Eveline’s subconscious is communicating this while she is consciously reflecting on whether to elope with Frank. But how can such clues be identified in a systematic way whilst responding to the familiar charges made by Stanley Fish that stylistic analysis and interpretation is arbitrary and circular? In this article, I perform a corpus-informed stylistic analysis of ‘Eveline’ in order to reveal some of these subconscious intimations whilst reducing as much as possible arbitrariness and circularity in analysis and interpretation. To do so, I build on formal insights into ‘Eveline’ provided in Michael Stubbs’s corpus-informed analysis by proceeding to a more functional exploration of the story.

Foregrounding (e.g. Leech 1965, 1985; Leech and Short 1981), whereby certain linguistic elements in literary works differ consistently and systematically (Mukařovsky 1958: 44) from norms represented by a particular benchmark, has often been measured using corpus stylistics methods (e.g. Mahlberg 2013; Stubbs 2005).
While most such studies have focussed on works in their original language, ours instead compares the translation with the original text. More specifically, we explore the stylistic elements identified in Julian Barnes’ novel ‘The Sense of an Ending’ in the original and in its Italian translation. Indeed, if translators need to recreate predominant stylistic features of the Source Text in order to maintain stylistic or translational equivalence (Popovic 1976), then the functional equivalent (ibid. 1976: 6) of any significant foregrounding in the ST should be recreated in the Target Text.
Drawing on earlier studies of Barnes’ style (e.g. Shepherd and Berber Sardinha 2013), this work further explores aspects such as point of view (Simpson 1993) and the significance of memory in the novel by comparing the two parts of the ST and the TT, thus applying notions of tertiary or internal deviation (Leech 1985). Corpus stylistics methods were used to identify ‘good bets’ (Leech 2008: 164) which were then subjected to qualitative analysis. It was found for example that key clusters belonging to the category of ‘uncertain impressionistic perceptions’ (Shepherd and Berber Sardinha 2013), frequent in the ST, were minimally present in the key clusters of the TT. Instead, a number of Mental processes figured among the keywords of Part Two when compared with Part One of the TT, whereas this was not the case in the ST.

References

Leech, G.N. 1965. “‘This bread I break’: Language and Interpretation”, Review of English Literature, 6.2 London: Longmans, Green.
Leech, G.N. 1985. “Stylistics”. In T. van Dijk (ed.) Discourse and literature: new approaches to the analysis of literary genres. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Leech, G.N. 2008. Language in Literature: Style and Foregrounding. Harlow: Pearson Longman.
Leech, G. N. and Short M. H. 1981. Style in fiction: a linguistic introduction to English fictional prose. London: Longman
Mahlberg, M. 2013. Corpus stylistics and Dickens’s fiction.  New York/London: Routledge.
Mukařovsky, J.  1958. “Standard language and poetic language”. In P. L. Garvin (ed. and tr.) A Prague School Reader on Esthetics, Literary Structure and Style. Washington D.C.: American University Language Centre.
Popovic, A. 1976. A Dictionary for the Analysis of Literary Translation. Edmonton: Department of Comparative Literature, University of Alberta.
Shepherd, T.M.G. and Berber Sardinha, T. 2013. “A Rough Guide to doing Corpus Stylistics”. Matraga, rio de janeiro, v.20, n.32, Jan/Jun. 2013.
Simpson, P. 1993. Language, Ideology and Point of View. London/New York: Routledge.
Stubbs, M. 2005. “Conrad in the computer: examples of quantitative stylistics methods”, Language and Literature, 14 (1): 5-24.

According to Merriam-Webster, the act of leaving out one or more words that are not necessary for a phrase to understood a sign used in printed text to show that words have left out. Ellipsis as an index style of literary text is a challenge for literary translators since they supposed to reveal the style of original author in both form and meaning faithfully. In the article, the researcher investigated the strategies used by Persian translator to render elliptical patterns in Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms and their effectiveness regarding the target texts linguistic features. To this end, five categories out of Quirk's (1985) eight categories are considered for discussing. His strategy would be effective since both English and Persian have quite similarity in these features, beside this expansion would be helpful where the two languages are different. The results proved that keeping the original style as closely as feasible a few loyal translations have talked the two linguistic systems in terms of elliptical pattern. Although, Persian translator, careless to the style of the text has tended to explain the pattern and expand the text, or simply deleted the elliptical element whereby bereaving the target reader from enjoying the authors actual art.

In recent years, many of George MacDonald’s narrative, poetic, critical and theological works have been made available in digital formats — which has opened up new possibilities for investigating these works. The aim of the present paper is to explore some of the new possibilities by approaching George MacDonald’s literary works using a quantitative method of stylistic research that has recently been termed “corpus stylistics”.

The aim of this paper is to detect the linguistic construction of fe/male characters in a specialised literary corpus. The corpus (GHANEM) consists of Qais Ghanem's three novels Final Flight from Yemen (2011), Two Boys from Aden College (2012) and Forbidden Love in the Land of Sheba (2014), which are respectively referred to as FFFS, TBAC and FLLS henceforth. The collocations of major Yemeni characters as well as their shared collocates are analysed using collocational networks created by the GraphColl function in the corpus analytical tool LancsBox. The quantitative collocation analysis aids in extracting concordance lines for the in-depth qualitative analysis at the lexical level investigating adjectives and nouns collocates, and at the lexico-grammatical level through looking at transitivity processes (e.g. material, mental, relational) as set out in Burton (1982) and adapted later by Mills (1995). The analysis results in the following: not all characters belonging to the same gender are equally represented. All the male characters along with one female character (Hana) are evaluated as cheerful and playful. These are lively characters who are able to express feelings and thoughts and relate to others. On the other hand, the other female characters Salma and Muna are depicted as sufferers who are indifferent, unimportant and dependent.

This article explores how the phrase 'mad woman' is used to construct gendered face-threatening actions in Early Modern dramatic writing. Although literary scholars are familiar with the more canonical mad women, I show that feminine madness in Early Modern dramatic writing is not always described so bluntly. Using the simple quantitative technique of counting instances of lexical realizations of 'mad woman' in the Shakespeare His Contemporaries corpus (Mueller 2015), this article shows that while we can easily recognize the so-called mad women in drama, the characters we expect to find are not always named as such. Finally, I suggest that accusations of madness in women can be used to identify a variety of politeness strategies in use in Early Modern drama.

Η παρούσα μελέτη ασχολείται με τις υφολογικές εκφάνσεις των μηνυμάτων του Έλληνα Πρωθυπουργού, υπό τη μορφή διαγγελμάτων, κατά τη διάρκεια της καθολικής απαγόρευσης κυκλοφορίας στην ελληνική επικράτεια την περίοδο της πανδημίας του κορονοϊού. Μεθοδολογικά υιοθετήθηκε κυρίως ο όρος σωματοκειμενικά καθοδηγούμενη ποσοτικοποίηση των δεδομένων (αλλά χρησιμοποιήθηκε μερικώς και ο όρος κειμενικά καθοδηγούμενη ποσοτικοποίηση), αναδεικνύοντας ενδιαφέροντα στοιχεία ύφους και γλώσσας, φωτίζοντας ιδιαίτερες πτυχές του πολιτικού λόγου στις πρωθυπουργικές δηλώσεις προς τους Έλληνες πολίτες σε μία ιδιαιτέρως κρίσιμη κατάσταση, που εξελισσόταν ραγδαία παγκοσμίως. Η ποσοτικοποίηση των αποτελεσμάτων και η ανάλυσή τους, σε μία πρώτη προσέγγιση σύμφωνα με τις αρχές της υπολογιστικής υφομετρίας, επικεντρώθηκε κυρίως στη μελέτη συχνότητας εμφάνισης λέξεων στο σώμα κειμένων. [CITATION: Μαθιουδάκης Ν. 2021. «“Μένουμε σπίτι”: Υφογλωσσικές προσεγγίσεις των διαγγελμάτων του Πρωθυπουργού». Στο Ν. Τσιτσανούδη-Μαλλίδη & Δ. Βαρδαβάς (επιμ.), Γλώσσα, ηθική και ιδεολογία στα ΜΜΕ, σσ. 135-180. Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις Πεδίο.]

This article discusses ways that dramatic structure can be analyzed through the use of social titles in Shakespeare's plays. Freytag's (1863) pyramid of dramatic structure is based on patterns he found in Shakespearean and Greek tragedy; more recently, computational methods are being employed to model narrative structure at scale. However, there has not yet been a study which discusses whether or not specific lexical items can be indicative of dramatic structure. Using Shakespeare's plays as an example, this essay fills the gap by observing how social titles can be used to explore the viability of narrative structure. The nineteenth-century playwright, Gustav Freytag, argues that a clear division of action exists across the five acts from Shakespearean and Greek tragedy, based on repeated close readings of dramatic writing. 1 In this essay, I ask if this theory of dramatic structure can be tracked or otherwise measured using linguistic evidence. Focusing my attention on the linguistic class of vocatives, which include status terms (your majesty, madam, sir) to identify specific features of social identity, I hypothesize that the evocation of social class through the use of social referents paired with a name may regularly cluster around specific moments and aid in the construction of narrative, such as through act and scene divisions. 2 In this essay I test this assumption by observing simple frequencies at scale: I trace how the use of vocatives for social status are used in a bigram with a name occur in the whole of Shakespeare's plays and subsequently by genre (following conventions laid out by the First Folio). This essay begins by describing Freytag's approach to dramatic structure, then discusses why the identification of class status can be a useful model for thinking about how to identify specific moments in narrative structure where status is explicitly mentioned. In section 3, I suggest that vocatives as ways of linguistically

Several tools are developed to facilitate the quantitative analysis of interpretation style, a matter that has hitherto been discussed only in vague terms. These tools can allow the investigation of questions such as: How does an interpreter divide up a source language input, to what extent does he mirror a source language speaker, and to what degree does he practise reformulation? Furthermore, an adaptive monitoring instrument is devised to facilitate the graphic representation of the linear developments of a source language discourse and its simultaneous interpretation equivalent. Not only does it allow the assessment of convergence and divergence between the two discourses, but this also permits commenting on an interpreter’s tempo by characterising the narrow and broad periodicity within his discourse, and on his composure and tribulation by describing his consistency and fluency in the discourse.

Bang, Minhee. 2016. " A Corpus Analysis of Representation of Mothers in the South Korean Press: collocates of 엄마 (mom) ". The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(3). 157~189. This study analyses the main lexical collocates of 엄마 (eomma: mom) in the corpus of the South Korean newspapers from 1990 to 2015. The collocates are grouped to see what semantic themes can be found in constructing discourse on motherhood, Firstly, 엄마 collocates most frequently with 아이 (ai: child) accounting for average 10.44% of all occurrences of eomma, while only 1.38% of the instances of the English counterpart mom(s) occurs with the English equivalents of 아이 in the COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English). Secondly, there is a host of collocates referring to body parts and denoting physical closeness, conveying a sense of emotional intimacy and bond between a mother and a child. Thirdly, there are collocates denoting motherly love and care, juxtaposed with collocates denoting absence and suffering of mothers. Portraying mothers as a sacrificing caregiver while problematising their absence as a threat to children's welfare positions women as having sole responsibility for child care. Lastly, there is a group of collocates related to education, reflecting the Korean zeal for education. The analysis of the collocate 엄마표 (eommapyo: mom-made) reveals how the responsibility of childcare and education is reduced to the personal and individual issue, with mothers being construed as a main agent of facilitating children's academic success.

ชุดรหัสคดีเรียงตามล าดับอักษรของซู กราฟตัน (Sue Grafton) เป็นที่
แพร่หลายในหมู่นักอ่านชาวอเมริกันเป็นเวลาหลายทศวรรษแต่การศึกษาในแง่
ภาษาศาสตร์และวรรณคดียังไม่เป็นที่แพร่หลายมากนัก การวิจัยนี้ต้องการศึกษาวัจนลีลาของผู้เขียนโดยกระบวนการทางภาษาศาสตร์คลังข้อมูลโดยประยุกต์ใช้โปรแกรมที่ชื่อว่าWordSmith และ Wmatrix เพื่อทำาการค้นหาโครงเรื่องและศึกษาความแตกต่างทางรูปแบบภาษาในตัวละครเพศชายและหญิงผ่านวงความหมาย (key semantic fields) และคำาปรากฏร่วมชี้เฉพาะ (collocations) ผลของการวิจัยพบว่าโครงเรื่องของชุดรหัสคดีนั้นเน้นประเด็นเรื่องการติดต่อสื่อสารและการขนส่งเพื่อใช้ในการสร้างปมปริศนา ความตระหนก และการพัฒนาความเข้มข้นของเรื่อง นอกจากนี้ยังพบความแตกต่างของภาษาผ่านมุมมองผู้เล่าเรื่องในบริบทเพศชายและหญิงอย่างมีนัยยะส าคัญ โดยเพศชายถูกมองว่าเป็นเพศที่ก้าวร้าวและหัวแข็งในขณะที่เพศหญิงนั้นมีภาษาล้อมรอบบริบทที่เกี่ยวข้องกับรูปลักษณ์ภายนอกและการเจรจา

Μαθιουδάκης, Ν. (2015). Η γλωσσική ποιητική ταυτότητα του Καβάφη και του Καζαντζάκη: μια συγκριτική μελέτη. Στο Κ. Α. Δημάδης (επιμ.), Πρακτικά του Ε΄ Ευρωπαϊκού Συνεδρίου Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών/ Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Modern Greek Studies. Θεσσαλονίκη, 2-5 Οκτωβρίου 2014. τομ. Γ΄, σσ. 319-341. Αθήνα: Ευρωπαϊκή Εταιρεία Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών (ΕΕΝΣ).

The present study draws on corpus stylistics (cf. [38]; [19]; [26]; [20], to name a few) to investigate the narrative style in Stephenie Meyer’s The Twilight Saga (2005-2008). In particular, it focuses on keywords generated using Wordsmith Tools version 7 [36], and the BNC as a reference corpus. Qualitative and quantitative analyses show that the most frequent lexical words (nouns, adjectives, and verbs) reflect the writer’s focus on carefully selected physical elements of the characters. More specifically, the nouns preferentially denote specific physical attributes of the characters, the adjectives provide a general description of the protagonists and the setting, while the verbs used present the actions of all the characters, their interaction with the other protagonists, and their position in the narrative situation.

This paper examines the fragmentation of the fe/male characters in a one-novel corpus (henceforth, FFFS Corpus). The text is Final Flight From Sanaa, a Yemeni novel written by Qais Ghanem and published in 2011. The paper unfolds how the fe/male characters are introduced and talked about as anatomical parts in order to describe differences or similarities in gender representation, and to explore power relations and cultural differences between the eastern and western men and women. The analysis is done qualitatively using the feminist stylistic approach set out in Mills (1995) and quantitatively with the help of the corpus linguistic tool Wmatrix. Results have demonstrated that although the female and male bodies are almost equally fragmented, they are depicted differently. For example, female characters are introduced in terms of their physical attractiveness and sexuality while their male counterparts are focalized via their colors, physical deficiencies, skills, personality traits and the level of power they possess (whether physical or social).

This study is an exploratory investigation into lexico-grammatical items specific to a large corpus of English-language postwar novels, as compared to corpora of conversation, news and academic English. Its overall aim is threefold: first, to show how the subjective impression of 'literariness' arising from fictional works is at least partly based on the statistically significant use of highly specific words and lexico-grammatical configurations; second, to attempt a broad classification of key words and patterns; third, to illustrate the fiction-specific patterns formed by three key words. Analysis proceeded in three steps. First, a key word analysis was performed. In the second step, all two-to-five word strings contained in the English corpus were generated. In the third step, multi-word strings, collocations and colligations associated with three English key words ('thought' , 'sun' and 'jerk') were analysed. Results indicate that postwar fiction is characterized by the dense use of specific sets of key words and key patterns, such as multi-word strings (must have been), phrase frames (like a + NP, there was a + NP) colliga-tions (PossDet thoughts were on NP), collocations (the strengthening sun) and lexically specific narrative patterns (PossDet thoughts were interrupted when/ as + time clause). The patterns in question are shown to be interconnected through a complex web of analogical creations. Implications are discussed for theories of literature, lexicology and translation.

The pruning of the Pauline Canon is considered one of the signal achievements of contemporary New Testament studies. Quite intriguingly, however, no such consensus on the Pauline Canon exists among researchers who have actually executed quantitative studies of style in the Greek New Testament (GNT). Perhaps even more tellingly, from the perspective of functional linguistics, no study in the GNT has been executed that uses a linguistically comprehensive set of measures for either the syntagmatic structures, paradigmatic systems, multiple strata or multiple metafunctions of the GNT. In this study we will pursue an approach that, for the first time, visually compares and contrasts these three dimensions in some depth. The advantages of such an approach are its (1) comprehensive selection of linguistic measures across six representative syntagmatic ranks in the GNT, (2) use of two data-driven (rather than ad hoc) feature-selection methods, (3) use of multiple extractive multivariate techniques (correspondence analysis and multiple correspondence analysis) which provide highly interpretable visualizations of the data, and (4) use of a formal experimental design methodology that explores each level of linguistic rank. This study proposes a) an approach that serves as a meaningful next step building upon the work of Neumann and Mealand in particular, and b) that the tighter integration of linguistics and multivariate visualization combines to provide new insights into the textual boundaries of the Pauline Canon.

Despite a growing awareness of methodological issues, the literature on APPRAISAL has not so far provided adequate answers to some of the key challenges involved in reliably identifying and classifying evaluative language expressions. This article presents a step-wise method for the manual annotation of APPRAISAL in text that is designed to optimize reliability, replicability and transparency. The procedure consists of seven steps, from the creation of a context-specific annotation manual to the statistical analysis of the quantitative data derived from the manually-performed annotations. By presenting this method, the article pursues the twofold purpose of (i) providing a practical tool that can facilitate more reliable, replicable and transparent analyses, and (ii) fostering a discussion of the best practices that should be observed when manually annotating APPRAISAL.

Studying the stylistic aspects of literary works in fact began since the Safavid dynasty, when many biographers in Iran and in India attempted to study and criticize the poems of Iranian and Indian poets. Although biographers were more or less studying the stylistic issues from earlier periods, they were not deeply involved and mainly attempted to criticize the works. This study concerns to determine to what extent the biographers in the past have addressed and studied stylistics in its current meaning. The study has employed the stylistic approach to literary works proposed by Cyrus Shamisa in his book General Stylistics including linguistic (at phonological, lexical, and syntactic levels), intellectual, and literary levels. Each biography is analyzed according to the linguistic levels. The study primarily aimed to address and study the stylistic aspects of selected biographies, from Lubab ul-Albab to Sokhan Va Sokhanvaran. These biographies were compared in terms of the three linguistic, intellectual, and literary levels. The results showed that before the contemporary period, most of these biographies had many similarities in addressing these three levels and only the contemporary biographies have paid more attention to stylistics issues. In addition, the literary level of the poems has been studied more than their intellectual level. It indicates that the figures of speech used in poems have been more important to biographies than their intellectual context.

Bir corpus bir yazarın niyetlerini nasıl açıklayabilir? Bir Osmanlı tarihçisi bir eser yazarak kendi düşüncelerini anlatabilir miydi? Bu sorular kapsamında ‘‘Tarih-i Naima’’ diğer Osmanlı Türkçesi metinlerine kıyasla belirsiz bir şekilde değişiklik göstermektedir. Ancak bu değişiklik Mustafa Naima’nın tarihine ünlü Evliya Çelebi’nin ‘Seyahatname’ adlı eserinin aksine Osmanlı Edebiyatında iki yüzyıl boyunca unutulmamış ve yeterince meşhur bile olmaya izin vermişti.

An Ottoman prose work “Tarih-i Naima” (“Naima’s History”) for a long time has been the subject of special interest for literary critics, historians, and linguists due to its stylistic features. The general comparison of the chronicle frequency lexical parameters with other Ottoman prose texts by corpus approach demonstrated that it had been created according to the canons of Ottoman Prose Literature and rules of its language norm. However, at the same time, “Tarih-i Naima” differs from other texts in some obscure, inexpressive form, which let the annalist work stay quite famous in Ottoman Literature for two centuries and not be forgotten as was the chronicle “Seyahatname” of the famous traveler Evliya Chelebi.

Изучение авторского идиолекта и его эволюции осуществимо только на основе текстологически корректного и хронологически дифференцированного корпуса текстов, отражающего историю каждого авторского произведения путем учета существовавшей в исторической реальности хронологической последовательности текстов — письменных или печатных фиксаций разных редакций и вариантов одного произведения (его авантекста). Существующие лингвистические корпуса и электронные библиотеки для решения подобных задач непригодны. В докладе на примере текстов Батюшкова обсуждаются проблемы, встающие при создании корпусов, пригодных для нужд авторской лексикографии.

The Corpus-stylistic Approach: Ways and Means In recent years, many of George MacDonald’s narrative, poetic, critical and theological works have been made available in digital formats —which has opened up new possibilities for investigating these works. The aim of the present paper is to explore some of the new possibilities by approaching George MacDonald’s literary works using a quantitative method of stylistic research that has recently been termed “corpus stylistics” (Sinclair 2007; Mahlberg 2007b). This paper’s main inspiration is drawn from examples such as Stubbs’s (2005) and Mahlberg’s (2007a) corpus-stylistic analyses of works by Joseph Conrad and Charles Dickens, respectively. Corpus stylistics itself is a relatively young discipline that is based on the analysis of literature and literary style by means of tools originally developed by linguists for empirical language research. The most important of these tools are large collections of texts or parts of texts in computer-...

The amount of surviving inscriptions from the Ottoman Times in Greece is astonished. This paper is the first ever study
announces these inscriptions throughout Greece in a quantitative approach. Through statistical methods, this research surveys the
building inscriptions, proper to each region or in Greece as a whole. This article surveyed 684 inscriptions belong to 343 Ottoman
buildings all-over Greece. Considering the language and the content of these 684 inscriptions, they comprise 1788 different texts. It
shows with the help of two tables along with their charts with type, building function and region indexes the criteria of classification
of these inscriptions considering the most common approaches comprising language, function, content, patron, stylistic features
and region. It is also analyzing the surviving inscriptions of the Ottoman buildings in Greece considering these criteria with statistic
evidences. The paper concludes with a suggested methodology in cataloguing the corpus of the inscriptions of Ottoman buildings
in Greece.

Great advances in Corpus Linguistics have led to new approaches in Literary Studies. This paper applies these new tools to the analysis of Golden Age Spanish poetry written by Fernando de Herrera, the author of Anotaciones a Garcilaso de la Vega (1580) and one of the greatest poets of his time. Through a keyword method combined with lexical concordances, we will try to overview principal characteristics and differences between subgenres in Herrera's poetry, dealing with the poems he published in life (known as H) and getting results which help in the academic debate about this poet's works and style.

In spite of the highly beneficial applications of corpus linguistics in language pedagogy, it has not found its way into mainstream EFL. The major reasons seem to be the teachers' lack of training and the unavailability of resources, especially computers in language classes. Phrasal verbs have been shown to be a problematic area of learning English as a foreign language due to their semantic opacity and structural differences between English and learners' first languages. To examine the pedagogic potentiality of the use of corpus linguistics in the context of EFL, the present study aimed at comparing the effect of paper-based data-driven learning (DDL) activities, as a substitute for online DDL activities, with the activities designed based on dictionary entries in terms of their effect on learning phrasal verbs in both short and long run. To this end, the study adopted a quasi-experimental pretest posttest control group design. The analysis of the data collected through an ...

A novel distinction is proposed between two types of closed similes: the standard and the non-standard. While the standard simile presents a ground that is a salient feature of the source term (e.g. meek as a lamb), the non-standard simile somewhat enigmatically supplies a non-salient ground (e.g. meek as milk). The latter thus violates a deep-seated norm of similes and presents interpreters with unexpected difficulty, whereby the concept set up to be an exemplar of a quality is actually less than ideal to fulfil this role. The main question addressed here is how these two simile types are relatively distributed across poetic and non-poetic corpora. We elaborate the criteria for what constitutes the non-standard simile, including separating it out from adjacent phenomena like the ironic simile (e.g. brave as a mouse), and go on to explain our operational criteria for salience. Then, we report culling 329 closed similes from an anthology of poetry and 350 closed similes from two corpora of non-poetic discourse, the Corpus of Historical American English and the British National Corpus. An independent judge rated the salience of each ground-and-source pair of each of the similes, presented in randomized order. Results show that while the standard simile is found in both types of discourse, the non-standard kind is only marginally present in the non-poetic corpora but makes up over 40% of the similes in the poetic corpus. We conclude by discussing the implications of these results for theories of poetic language and literariness.

This conference paper advocates a method of translating literary style which combines traditional close reading with computer-assisted literary analysis, or ‘distant reading’, to use a term coined by Franco Moretti in his studies of 19th century English literature. I see this as a new way in which translation scholars, students and professional literary translators can interact with technology as part of the translation process -- a way which neither dilutes nor deskills the art of translation, but actually enhances it by revealing information about a text which even close reading is unlikely to detect or measure. In a nutshell I will be putting forward the argument that this approach can in principle, and in my limited experience in practice, result in a better informed translation than one which relies on close reading alone, and has three specific uses:
• analysing the source text
• comparing source text and draft translation
• analysing one’s own translation style.

There is a long history of stylometric approaches to questions of authorship of the Íslendingasögur, most particularly the question of whether Snorri Sturluson wrote Egils saga. Wieselgren (1927) used the frequencies of a series of syntactic features to substantiate the argument that Egils saga shared an author with Snorri’s Edda. Although the value of the particular features Wieselgren used was undermined (Nordal 1933), later researchers—van den Toorn (1959) and particularly Hallberg (1962) and West (1980)—have demonstrated conclusively that Egils saga is closer to Snorri’s known works than the other Íslendingasögur are, and closer than to Snorri’s known works than it is to the other Íslendingasögur. Outside the Old Norse-Icelandic sphere, such methods, particularly in the form proposed by Mosteller & Wallace (1964), have had many successes, settling the case of disputed authorship of the Federalist Papers, the Junius letters (Ellegård 1962), proving that Robert Galbraith is really J.K. Rowling (Juola 2013), and confirming that Shakespeare authored Double Falsehood (Boyd & Pennebaker 2015). In this paper, rather than attempt to answer a single question of shared or distinct authorship for some pair of texts, I use statistical methods to map the stylistic geography of the Íslendingasögur. Are there any other clusters of texts as similar as Egils saga and Snorri’s works? Can we see stylistic change over time, or stylistic differences between different types of narrative?

This article demonstrates how studies which work on the interface between language and literature can resort to Corpus Linguistics to develop evidence-based analyses. In this sense, they avoid – to a certain extent – the subjectivism of hermeneutic interpretations. From the notions of foregrounding and defamiliarization and from the description of language proposed by Corpus Linguistics, the studies here described indicate but a few paths to be taken by those who intend to work on the meeting-ground between Literature and Corpus Linguistics.

In linguistics, the term deixis is used to describe the use of general words
and phrases by speakers to point to persons, objects, specific place and time
from their physical or psychological positions while communicating their
messages. Such words and phrases are considered deictic when their
denoted meaning becomes context-dependent. The present study used
AntConc v.3.5.9 corpus analysis toolkit to find out the frequent occurrence
of the types of deixis used in the English translation of the short story The
Doum-tree of Wad Hamid, and then utilized the useful information obtained
along with examples manually derived from the story to discuss the extent
to which this use of deixis reflects the author's style and the story's point of
view. The results indicated that the common five types of deixis were used
in the short story with a different degree of frequency and usage, but
personal deixis was the most dominant with 653 examples represented
54.10% out of the total of 1207 deictic instances found in the corpus. Social
deixis ranks second with 242 examples represented 20.05%. The study
deduced that the dominant use of person pronouns as personal deixis or
relational social deictic words reflects the author's style and point of view in
the narration line via which the narrator recounts the events from his own
perspective.
Keywords: deixis, corpus linguistics, stylistics, style, personal deixis, spatial deixis, social, temporal deixis, spatial deixis.

In spite of the highly beneficial applications of corpus linguistics in language pedagogy, it has not found its way into mainstream EFL. The major reasons seem to be the teachers' lack of training and the unavailability of resources, especially computers in language classes. Phrasal verbs have been shown to be a problematic area of learning English as a foreign language due to their semantic opacity and structural differences between English and learners' first languages. To examine the pedagogic potentiality of the use of corpus linguistics in the context of EFL, the present study aimed at comparing the effect of paper-based data-driven learning (DDL) activities, as a substitute for online DDL activities, with the activities designed based on dictionary entries in terms of their effect on learning phrasal verbs in both short and long run. To this end, the study adopted a quasi-experimental pretest posttest control group design. The analysis of the data collected through an immediate posttest as well as a delayed posttest showed that the DDL activities led to greater improvements by the participants. Based on the results of the study, it is argued that paper-based DDL activities can be used effectively in EFL classes to enhance learning and help learners to become more autonomous in their learning efforts.

We proposed a corpus approach to the study of the poetics of related Indo-European folklore traditions. Since in folk poetics, lines’ clausules play a primary role in organizing the text, acting as "nests" of formulas and syntactic organizers of lines, we proposed to focus on the reconstruction of the class of words that could be used in the string clausule in the Common Slavic, and probably the common Indo-European period. In this way, we can come to the reconstruction of the core of the thesaurus of formulas. Elsewhere we have given a list of common Slavic clause words. The task of the present publication is to trace the development of the discovered formulas against the common Indo-European  background.  For  this  purpose,  the  following  texts  were  annotated according to the same principle (with double slash // the boundaries of lines were marked): “Iliad” and “Odyssey”, “Rig Veda”, Latvian mythological songs. Then these texts were processed with a free software tool AntConc. As a result, for each tradition, its own classes of clausule words were found, which were compared with the Proto-Slavic ones.The next stage involves comparing the main formulaic phrases found in the clauses of different Slavic traditions with etymologically related or semantically equivalent words of the ancient Greek, Latvian, and Vedic traditions, which also have a high frequency in the clausules.The presence of etymologically related words in different traditions in the clausule provides valuable material for a comparative and historical study of poetic syntax, and more broadly – syntactic distribution and compatibility of proto-language units, since most syntactic patterns were lexically related, that is, they could only be filled with certain classes of vocabulary (Stepanov 6 ). Therefore, the comparison of clauses is a kind of databank for finding out the 100distribution of certain words in a sentence, namely at the beginning and at the end, in two poetically most significant positions.Slavic clausules *gordъ, *konь, *mati, *slovo, *govoriti, *moldъ, *golva, *godъ, *polje, *vino, *lĕto, *gospodь, *morje, *dvorъ, and *zemja were analysed.

An Ottoman prose work Tarih-i Naima (Naima’s History) for a long time has been the subject of special interest for literary critics, historians and linguists due to its stylistic features. The general comparison of the chronicle frequency lexical parameters with other Ottoman prose texts by corpus approach demonstrated that it had been created according to the canons of Ottoman Prose Literature and rules of its language norm. Yet at the same time Tarih-i Naima differs from other texts in some obscure, inexpressive form which let the annalist work stay quite famous in Ottoman Literature for two centuries and not be forgotten aswas the
chronicle “Seyahatname” of the famous traveler Evliya Chelebi.

A popular interest in Shakespeare has been matched in recent years by an increasing number of computer-assisted analyses of the plays. Although not without their critics, corpus stylistic studies have offered scope and reliability in the study of literary texts, particularly through key word analyses. In this paper, I show how Wmatrix, a web-based corpus processing environment (Rayson, 2003, 2007), in conjunction with other corpus tools, can systematically extend such key analyses from words, to parts of speech and semantic fields. By so doing, a greater understanding of linguistic aspects of an author’s
literary output may be achieved. This study is based on a key word, grammatical category and semantic field analysis of soliloquies and asides in 12 Shakespeare plays. An investigation of the linguistic characteristics of soliloquies/asides as opposed to dialogic speech reveals the overuse of the interjection O and words related to the body. Comparisons of soliloquies across genres tend to match intuitive assumptions. Finally, soliloquies written in the later period (1596-1606) tend to have a far greater proportion of ‘the (noun) of (noun phrase)’ structures. The paper ends by suggesting that more empirical work of this nature is needed to underpin qualitative literary judgements.

In about 350 BC Aristotle committed to writing in one of his major works (Metaphysics) what may well be judged today to be the most enduring linguistic and philosophical paradox of all time. He states it as follows: 'The objects of mathematics are not substances in any higher sense than things. They are only logically prior, not prior in being, to sensible things. Mathematical entities can in no way exist on their own. But since they cannot exist in perceivable objects either, they must therefore not exist at all, or exist in some special way which does not imply independent existence. For 'to exist' can mean many different things.' (Aristotle, Metaphysics, 1077b 12-17). This paragraph demonstrates that the link between logic and metaphysics in natural language was not only sufficient to leave Aristotle confused to the point of reductio ad absurdum ('they must therefore not exist at all'), but it is only satisfactorily solved 2360 years later by means of corp...