Comparative Tax Law

Se analiza el problema de la pérdida del escudo fiscal por un reparo generado por la autoridad tributaria, sobre los intereses de un financiamiento, en particular, en el caso de las sociedades que toman deuda para apalancar el pago de dividendos. Se explica la razonabilidad de dicha estructura de financiamiento dentro de las finanzas corporativas y como es que ello satisface la causalidad del gasto para efectos tributarios. Finalmente, se expone cómo se ha resuelto esta problemática en la jurisprudencia comparada, específicamente en República Checa, Polonia, Austria e Isreael.

Les crypto-monnaies défient tous les concepts traditionnels. Les défis fiscaux sont grands : comment taxer l’économie digitale ? Comment définir le lien de rattachement de la matière imposable au territoire ? Comment déterminer la valeur d’un actif qui ne cesse de fluctuer ? Comment adapter les techniques de contrôle fiscal ? Comment former les agents de l’administration fiscale ? Comment limiter l’utilisation de la crypto-monnaie à des fins de fraude ou d’évasion fiscale ? Comment organiser la coopération entre administrations fiscales ? Quelle politique fiscale adopter ? Toutes ces questions restent ouvertes et se posent de la même façon dans de nombreux pays. Le temps est venu de trouver des réponses globales pour les acteurs privés et publics.

ÖZ

Verginin kanuniliği ilkesi hukuk devleti, idarenin kanuniliği, hukukî öngörülebilirlik gibi pek çok diğer ilke ile yakın ilişki içindedir. Ancak bu ilişki bir türeme ilişkisi değildir. Türk hukukundaki verginin kanuniliği ilkesi, sayılan diğer ilkeler ve bunların görünümlerinin doğrudan bir sonucu olarak değerlendirilemez. Bunun arkasındaki asıl sebep, her ne kadar ilişkili ilkelerin belli yönleri verginin kanuniliği ilkesinin belli yönlerini gerektirse de, verginin kanuniliği ilkesinin bir hukuk sisteminde pozitif olarak düzenlendiği kadarıyla ve o şekilde var olmasıdır. çalışmada Alman ve İngiliz hukuk sistemlerindeki verginin kanuniliği anlayışı ile Türk hukukundaki verginin kanuniliği ilkesi gerekli oldukça karşılaştırılmakta ve Türk hukukunda anayasal bir ilke konumunda bulunulan verginin kanuniliği ilkesinin kendine özgü bir varlığı olduğu ve eğer ayrıca benimsenmemiş olsaydı aynı şekilde var olamayacağı savunulmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Verginin kanuniliği, hukuk devleti, idarenin kanuniliği, hukukî öngörülebilirlik, vergisel ilkeler. ABSTRACT Principle of legality of taxes is closely related to some other principles such as state of law, legality of the administration and legal predictability. Nevertheless, this relationship is not a relationship of derivation. The principle of legality of taxes cannot be regarded as a direct result of the mentioned principles and their appearances. The true reason behind this is the fact that although certain aspects of the related principles require the existence of certain aspects of the principle of legality of taxes, the principle of legality of taxes exists in a legal system as positively regulated. In the article, understanding of the legality of taxes in German and English legal systems is compared to the principle of legality of taxes in Turkish law where necessary and it is asserted that the principle of legality of taxes which is a constitutional principle in Turkish law has a peculiar existence and that it would not exist the same way if it was not separately adopted in the constitution.

‘Taxpayer Rights: Deciphering the Indian Charter’ is an outcome of a joint project between practitioners from BMR Legal Advocates and academics from Jindal Global Law School (JGLS). It covers an extensive study of constitutional and administrative mechanisms for the protection of taxpayer rights. It carries research on the tax history related to the subject as well as a contemporary, multi-jurisdictional comparison of taxpayer rights and the related best practices recommended by international organisations such as OECD, United Nations and International Monetary Fund among others. The book examines the Taxpayer Charter of 2020 and the recent fusion of technology and tax administration. There are comparative reflections on privacy protections in several tax administrations and some insights into tax morality and taxpayer psychology as well. As a part of the project, an anonymous field survey was conducted, where a questionnaire on the efficacy of Taxpayer Charter 2020 was hosted by JGLS-BMR, in association with BloombergQuint. Undoubtedly, the survey results were a key part of our overall findings. The book finally culminates in a 20 point policy recommendations on improving the overall scope and implementation of the charter and some imperative fiscal policy reforms in the context.

Italy has in recent decades enhanced taxpayers' rights and limited tax authorities' powers during tax inspections, tax assessment, litigation before tax courts and forced tax collection mechanisms.
The introduction in 2000 of the Taxpayer's Bill of Rights represents a cornerstone in this sense, since it provides detailed rules permitting the tax authorities to carry out effective control over the correct fulfilment of tax duties and, at the same time, provides a clear legislative recognition of taxpayers' rights, while before this balance was scarcely achieved by fluctuating case law. Although the ongoing process for achieving a fair balance is still not complete, the practical enforcement of taxpayers' rights is significantly developing in case law and in recent legislation.
On 11 March 2014, Parliament approved Law No. 23 which gives power to the government to render the whole tax system more fair, transparent and growth oriented. This law sends an important signal to the whole Italian tax system, which is very complex, and where the average time for complying with the various tax duties (compliance costs) for each taxpayer is estimated at 269 hours per year (see World Bank-IFC, "Paying Taxes 2014", p. 158): this aspect is one of the main reasons for tax evasion.
Reshaping the relationships between tax authorities and taxpayers is a challenge aimed at making the latter more confident with tax rules and more relaxed during tax audits given that their rights are effectively safeguarded. In this respect, article 6 expressly mandates the government to introduce new forms of enhanced communication and cooperation between undertakings and tax authorities, in line with the cooperative compliance promoted by the OECD. The process of simplification will also involve the introduction of mechanisms aimed at helping taxpayers, especially individuals, to correctly fulfil the various duties (e.g. filing the tax return) and to facilitate the payment by instalment of taxes already determined. In line with the principle of proportionality, the government will reform the actual tax
regimes, eliminate the duties considered superfluous and extend the number of tax duties that can be completed via  the internet.
In this transition period, this report tries to highlight the various examples of effective enforcement of taxpayers’ rights by analysing the relevant norms, the case law and the approach followed by the tax authorities.

Purpose – Conventionally, participation in the informal economy has been explained by viewing citizens as rational economic actors participating when the pay-off is greater than the expected cost of
being caught and punished, and thus tackled by raising the sanctions and risks of detection. Given that many citizens do not engage even when the benefits outweigh the costs, a new social actor approach
has begun to emerge which explains the informal economy as arising when tax morality is low and seeks to foster commitment to compliance. The purpose of this paper is to provide an evidence-based evaluation of these competing policy approaches.

Design/methodology/approach – To do so, the results are reported of 1,306 face-to-face interviews undertaken during 2013 in the UK.

Findings – The finding is that raising the sanctions and risks of detection has no significant impact on the likelihood of participation in the informal sector. However, participation in the informal economy is
significantly associated with tax morality. Indeed, the only time that increasing the sanctions and risks of detection reduces the level of participation in the informal economy is amongst citizens with very
low tax morality.

Practical implications – Rather than continue with the current rational economic actor approach of increasing the penalties and risks of detection, this case study of the UK reveals that a new policy
approach is required that seeks to improve tax morality by introducing measures to reduce the acceptability of participating in the informal economy.Whether this is more widely applicable now needs to be tested, given the dominance throughout the world of this punitive rational economic actor approach.

Originality/value – This paper provides evidence supporting a new social actor approach towards explaining and tackling participation in the informal economy.

Being a South African expat myself, based in Guangzhou PR China, as well as a tax professional, I’ve found myself of course in the same position as any expat starting to work in another country. The same questions any expat has to deal with, I had also experienced first-hand, besides already possessing the technical knowledge to properly ascertain my SA Income Tax obligations. Added to that, due diligence requires that any expat should, on a regular basis, re-examine the tax treaty between the country they are working in, and SA, as well as monitor (via their professional tax consultant) any potential changes in the SA Income Tax Act.

In the midst of performing my own bi-annually due diligence Income Tax status check, and at the same time noticing some posts regarding expats and their SA Income Tax obligations that seemed to cause some confusion, I proceeded to compile this brief analysis (and guide, if you like) of the following obligations of every SA expat that leaves the RSA to start working in another country :

• The obligation to register for SA Income Tax, or not ;
• The obligation on whether an annual income tax return must be filed, or not ;
• The liability, if any, for paying tax on employment income earned by a South African person working in another country (hereafter “expat”).

The XV BEPS action identifies multilateral treaties as innovative approach to face challenges of globalization and base erosion phenomenon. Moving from the multilateral experience in tax field,  an "integrated" multilateral treaty will be analyzed: the latter is planned by OECD for coexisting within current bilateral treaties. Therefore, effectiveness and implementation of such an action will be evaluated. However, the political will to support and strengthen multilateralism cannot be separated from the acceptance of a democratic background which is strictly linked to taxpayer protection profiles.

Kamu hizmetlerinin finansmanında en verimli kamu gelir türünün vergiler olduğu öteden beri bilinmektedir. Vergiler içerisinde ise özel tüketim vergisi önemli bir yere sahiptir. Ancak özel tüketim vergisinin mali amacı dışında özellikle alkol ve tütün mamullerinde tüketimi kısma amacı gibi bazı mali olmayan amaçları da bulunmaktadır.

Çalışmada vergi oranları, satış miktarları ve kaçakçılık miktarlarından yararlanılarak, tütün mamulleri ve alkollü içkilerde özel tüketim vergisinin tüketimi azaltmadaki başarısı incelenmektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, vergi oranlarında yapılan artısın, bireyleri kaçak tüketime yöneltmesi nedeniyle, talebi azaltmada beklenen etkiyi yaratamadığını ortaya koymaktadır.

It has been long known that taxes are the most efficient type of public revenue. And excise duty has an important place in taxes. But, besides fiscal purposes, excise duty has some extra fiscal purposes such as reducing the consumption of alcohol and tobacco products especially.

In this study the success of excise duty on reducing the consumption of tobacco products and alcoholic beverages was examined, by using tax rates, sale, trafficking and bootlegging amounts. The obtained results reveal that, the increase of tax rates, couldn’t have expected impact on decreasing the demand because of prompting people to trafficking and bottleging.

This article focuses on the comparisons of the tax exemption schemes in the US and China through a threefold discussion. Despite the tremendous development of China's nonprofit sector, not many comprehensive studies have been completed on such reforms. The tax treatment of Chinese nonprofit organizations, as a crucial component to constructing a nonprofit sector, is unsophisticated and short of practical significance. The expansion of the nonprofit sector in the past decades has resulted in many problems concerning its tax framework: incoherently defined public benefit or charity purpose of nonprofit organizations; the unavailability of an enforceable fiscal incentive system to promote charitable donations, arduous and discouraging administrative procedure of obtaining the tax exemption, burdensome requirements for the application and registration of nonprofit organizations, such as dual management, high threshold of capital endowment for foundations, and prohibition on cross-region development. Moreover, from a jurisprudential perspective, in the Chinese tax context two cautions are methodologically identified. First, the scarcity of decent comparative legal tax scholarship in general does not support quality comparison. A shortage of paradigmatic discourse shows the simultaneous existence of bluntly conflicting arguments, parallel courses, and irregularities in analysis. Second, the tax cultural traditions as well as social, political, and legal settings of a systematic tax governance framework should be included in tax comparatists' theorizations. A tax study ultimately has to be conducted from a "big-picture" perspective, in which a tax system is embedded. Otherwise, a comparative study may easily turn into a descriptive, mechanical, and perfunctory analysis. It argues that a comprehensive tax transplant effort of valued ideas and practices, although bold and uncomfortable for the recipient country at the beginning, is what China needs to build a robust nonprofit sector.

Habitamos e protagonizamos, como cidadãos, empreendedores ou agentes públicos, o curso do regionalismo econômico contemporâneo, embora sejam eventualmente escassas em nossa compreensão cotidiana as dinâmicas subjacentes moventes das decisões políticas, negociais ou de consumo que nos afetam na forma, p.ex. como podemos negociar os bens ou a garantia do que compramos, a maneira como as empresas devem prestar informações comerciais, contábeis e fiscais, ou como precisamos atender o controle migratório de outros países, se viajamos. Assim também os requisitos para a transferência de empresas ou de oportunidades de emprego e salário em nosso país ou para outro. É dizer que a intensidade com que percebemos alterarem-se nossas alternativas de consumo, crédito, serviços, emprego ou empreendimento, não é correspondida usualmente de imediato por nossa capacidade de compreender-lhes as causas subjacentes, nós que hoje convivemos situados no regionalismo contemporâneo. Mas o que está mudando, se já antes do regionalismo econômico também havia regras que se modificavam como acontece hoje? O que se pode até aqui indicar é que as modificações nas relações econômicas e sociais que nos afetam hoje e nos afetarão doravante tendem já agora a originar-se em menor medida nas fontes de direito político estatal, e não mais necessariamente serem mediadas somente pelos estados nacionais. Procuramos neste ensaio investigar a atuação da administração fazendária no regionalismo econômico contemporâneo, identificando-a num modelo dinâmico de espaço público, que será o método de identificação de tal atuação. Palavras-chave: Regionalismo econômico, espaço público contemporâneo, administração fazendária.

abstract
OECD guidelines, whose aim is to improve cooperation between tax administration and taxpayers, have been followed by the implementation, in member Countries, of cooperation systems with large enterprises as they have internal tax control systems and they are usually faced with complex tax issues. Cooperative compliance systems implementation requires a careful analysis of the reasons that influence taxpayers' behaviour, that is more complex if it is referred to small and medium enterprises. These latter may often benefit from simplification tax measures but, excluding the Netherlands tax legal system here analysed , they are not included in cooperative compliance systems, because of the high costs deriving from them. Nevertheless, they should represent a breeding ground for the development of good practices regarding cooperation with tax administration. keywords Tax compliance – Small and Medium Enterprises – Tax morale – Tax risk – Italian and Spanish tax regime-Netherlands tax regime. abstract Le linee guida fornite dall'OCSE col fine di miglio-rare la collaborazione fra fisco e contribuente sono state seguite dall'implementazione nei Paesi membri di sistemi cooperativi con le grandi imprese in quanto dotate di si-stemi di controllo interno del rischio fiscale e normalmen-te tendenti a confrontarsi con temi complessi. La defini-zione di tali meccanismi richiede una attenta analisi di quelle che sono le ragioni che orientano il comportamento del contribuente che diventa più difficile allorché sia rife-rita ad una piccola e media impresa. Queste ultime, se si esclude il sistema legislativo olandese qui analizzato, sono sovente destinatarie al più di misure di semplificazione tributaria e non di veri e propri meccanismi di coope-razione, in ragione dei costi elevati che ne deriverebbero ma potrebbero costituire terreno fertile per la diffusione di modelli di impresa socialmente responsabili sotto il profilo della cooperazione con l'amministrazione finanziaria. parole chiave Adempimento tributario – Piccole e medie imprese – Morale tributaria – Rischio tributario – Sistema tribu-tario italiano e spagnolo – Sistema tributario olandese.

Income tax is invented before the joint stock company. Currently, neither UK, nor Bulgarian companies pay income tax. Nowadays, both Bulgarian and UK companies pay corporation tax (or as called in Bulgaria “corporate income tax”).

Corporate taxation, as an integral part of the direct taxation system, is distinguished from every other form of taxation and is applied in almost all countries around the world. The corporation tax is a charge on the “profits” of a company. Both in the UK and Bulgaria “profits” include income and chargeable gains and are subject to different adjustments.

How exactly are “profits” adjusted by the British and Bulgarian legislators in order for the corporation tax base to be formed? How a “company” is defined for tax purposes in both jurisdictions? Which incomes and expenses are included and which are excluded from the taxation of companies? What are the social and political reasons for taxing companies? And mainly - What tax incentives, allowances, deductions and reliefs are available in Bulgaria and the UK? These are among the main issues to be analysed in the present comparative research.