Chemical and Process Systems Engineering

O presente relatório objetiva explanar a respeito do tema lavanderia industrial, mais especificamente lavanderia industrial no ramo da hotelaria, mostrar a importância deste segmento de processos químicos têxteis e de controle dos parâmetros envolvidos em tais processos, apresentar os diferentes tipos de produtos que podem ser utilizados. E ainda, abordar alguns conceitos relacionados à parte química têxtil, tais como: receitas, dosagens, volumes de banho. Nas lavanderias do ramo hoteleiro, é sabida a relação intima existente entre processamento químico em roupas no âmbito da Engenharia Têxtil e neste relatório, serão apresentadas sucintamente, as atividades desempenhadas no meu período de estagio supervisionado na empresa W.T. Distribuidora, tendo como principal foco, o segmento comercial da assessoria técnica em lavanderia hoteleira e hospitalar. No período de estágio, foi realizado um acompanhamento técnico e este, será descrito neste relatório em forma de estudo de caso prático. Este estudo e acompanhamento técnicos tiveram como foco os custos de uma lavanderia hoteleira e foi realizado com o intuito de auxiliar o cliente da empresa concedente do estagio na redução de custos excessivos com lavanderia. Todas as análises foram efetuadas com a orientação de uma engenheira têxtil responsável e após a conclusão do levantamento de custos e diagnósticos do processo, foram sugeridas melhorias e otimizações dos processos da lavanderia do cliente em questão.

This project was chosen to exploit an alternative and renewable source of energy. Water was chosen as a raw material which is present in the plentiful amount on Earth to produce Hydrogen. Hydrogen is then expected to be consumed as fuel which will produce water again and the cycle will continue to move on without damaging the environment significantly.

Las presiones competitivas en la industria química y en la biotecnológica hacen cada vez más necesario contar con procedimientos que permitan escalar lo más rápido y directo posible, desde los laboratorios de investigación y desarrollo. Para poder acortar el tiempo que transcurre entre la concepción de un nuevo proceso y la puesta en marcha de la planta correspondiente, a escala industrial.
Esta tarea no puede cumplirse sin un dominio y aplicación adecuada de las técnicas de escalado y por esa razón, este texto tiene como objetivos generales:
• Presentar de forma ordenada los fundamentos de los métodos de escalado, definiendo adecuadamente ese término.
• Introducir el concepto de Ingenierización en los trabajos de Investigación y Desarrollo.
• Conocer los procedimientos de aplicación del escalado en la solución de los problemas relacionados con el desarrollo de tecnologías y procesos industriales, a partir de resultados científicos obtenidos en los laboratorios.
• Conocer algunas de las aplicaciones prácticas de los métodos estudiados.
• Conocer la teoría y los fundamentos de las plantas piloto, definiendo la naturaleza de su actividad y las opciones disponibles para la utilización de las mismas.

PLTU Tarahan merupakan PLTU dengan tipe boiler Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB). Boiler tipe CFB menggunakan bed material (pasir kuarsa) sebagai transfer panas di dalam ruang bakar/furnace boiler. Dengan teknologi yang modern dan canggih serta ramah lingkungan sehingga diperlukan Sumber Daya Manusia operator yang mampu mengoperasikan dan mengelola pembangkit dengan disiplin, mempunyai soft dan hard kompetensi serta profesional supaya pembangkit beroperasi dengan efisien dan andal serta tercapai kinerja unggul sebagai pembangkit world class. Manajemen operasi di PLTU Tarahan #3 & #4 belum tercapai sesuai target yang ditentukan dalam kontrak kinerja sektor yang ditetapkan oleh PT.PLN (Persero) Pembangkitan Sumatera Bagian Selatan sehingga diperlukan upaya-upaya perbaikan terhadap maturity level KPA maupun KPI yang masih dibawah target serta meningkatkan lagi maturity level yang sudah sesuai target sehingga mencapai kinerja yang excellent. Beberapa insiatif perbaikan yaitu mengoptimalkan managemen operasi dari Pengoperasian Chlorination Plant, dengan cara perbaikan pada jadwal change over unit chlorination plant dan juga parameter acid cleaning sebagai bentuk preventif maintenance. Setelah dilakukan inisiatif perbaikan, gangguan dan kehandalan unit chlorination menjadi lebih baik dengan dapat berkurangnya jumlah gangguan dari penumpukan scale dan dengan dapat dilihat secara visual bahwa cell generator lebih bersih.

Kata Kunci : Operation Management, Chlorination Plant, scale, acid cleaning

La raffinerie de Skikda est l'une des plus importantes industries pour Economie nationale car elle couvre la région centre du pays avec ces différents produits finis ou semi finis, elle repose essentiellement sur la distillation atmosphérique l'unité de platforming et l'unité de Gas-plant. Cette unité a pour rôle la valorisation de propane et de
butane.L’installation est située dans la zone industrielle de Skikda d’environ 120 km à partir de l’aéroport le plus proche (Annaba/Constantine) en Algérie. La raffinerie est en opération depuis 1979.
Sonatrach s’est engagé à rénover et améliorer leur raffinerie existante à Skikda en Algérie, sous “le Projet de Réhabilitation et Adaptation de Raffinerie de Skikda”. 
Dans le cadre de “Projet de Réhabilitation et Adaptation” de la Raffinerie de Skikda, certaines unités ont été modernisées et quelques nouvelles unités ont été ajoutées.

Magnesium sulfate is a complex fertiliser. This simple salt is a source of two nutrients – magnesium and sulfur. Magnesium sulfate occurs naturally as the mineral kieserite, MgSO 4 .H 2 O. This is dissolved in water (usually hot) and the purified sulfate is obtained by crystallisation from solution. Industrially, the crystals are centrifuged, dried and sieved. It is also prepared from magnesium oxide. This is obtained by the thermal decomposition of:  magnesium hydroxide (obtained from sea water): Mg(OH) 2 (s)  MgO(s) + H 2 O(g)  magnesium carbonate (from the ore magnesite): MgCO 3 (s)  MgO(s) + CO 2 (g) In either case, the oxide is reacted with sulfuric acid to produce magnesium sulphate: MgO(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq)  MgSO 4 (aq)

Chemical engineers develop, design, and operate processes that are vital to our society. Hardigg* states: "I consider engineering to be understandable by the general public by speaking about the four great ideas of engineering: structures, machines, networks, and processes." Processes are what distinguish chemical from other engineering disciplines. Nevertheless, designing chemical plants requires contributions from other branches of engineering. Before taking process design, students' thinking has been compartmentalized into several distinct subjects. Now, they must be trained to think more globally than before. This is not an easy transition. One of my students said that process design is a new way of thinking for him. I have found it informative to read employment ads to keep abreast of skills required of process engineers. An ad from General Dynamics* in San Diego, CA, states, "We are interested in chemical engineers with plant operations and/or process engineering experience because they develop the total process perspective and problem-solving skill we need."

This technical report cut across the experience, knowledge, technical knowledge, procedures, and general information gained from my industrial attachment at PLANT-GERIA Company limited. It entails the following; brief history about SIWES and PLANT-GERIA Company limited, description of daily and routine work activities. Detailed description of industrial experience as per tools and equipment’s encountered, detailed description of technical skills acquired,(mostly in the case of oilfield tools, equipment’s and its maintenance), industrial challenge faced, conclusion and expatiation on theoretical application of valve sizing calculation in valve selection as a point of recommendation and some marine equipment.

During the Capstone II project reactor, distillation columns, and heat exchanger system were designed separately, on the basis of the preliminary mass balance obtained from the Capstone I. By theoretical assumptions 80% of maximum conversion was decided to be used leading to 0.66 conversion in the reactor and the units were designed and optimized on that initial mass balance.

However, when all units were optimized basing on the economic evaluation it was decided to optimize the whole process to maximally decrease the cost of installation and maintenance of the DME plant.

The optimization process was repeated for four different conversions (80%, 90%, 95% & 98%) and economic analysis showed that conversion of 0.7822, matching to 95% of maximum conversion is the best choice. Therefore all further calculations were done basing on that conversion. To make comparison calculations for 80%, 90% and 98% of maximum conversion cases were listed in appendix. As a part of Capstone II project, detailed economic analysis, material and energy balance were done and the safety study was conducted focusing on each unit in details. Controllers were installed around the plant to provide a process control that was simulated using Aspen Dynamics. Looking for a realistic scenario, feed input was changed by 10% higher and lower conditions. The process control efficiently eliminated the fluctuations during a short period of time.

Moreover, the scenario of catalyst deactivation was investigated and the outcomes were observed. Summing up it can be said that the process of dimethyl ether was designed and optimized considering economical side and moreover, it has a great potential to become a sustainable plant which will not harm the environment by providing clean biofuel and releasing low amount of pollution.

Concern has increased about climate change caused by carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions through human activities in recent years. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts a 1.9°C rise in temperature by the year 2100, and this means a reduction in CO2  is vital for human beings and all other life on earth. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of CO2 separation processes to mitigate this potential problem.
Post-combustion power plants can employ various types
of separation technology. Among them, chemical absorption
using aqueous amine is more developed and more
reliable. The conventional solvents used in the chemical
absorption process together with the use of absorbents,
ionic liquid, alkanolamines and their blended aqueous
solutions are reviewed in this work. Different ionic liquid based
solvents for CO2 absorption and the most effective
parameters on mass transfer phenomena between CO2  and
solvent are reviewed. The major concerns for this technology,
including the physiochemical properties of ionic liquid-based solvents, Henry’s constant and mass transfer coefficient and their correlations, and various factors for effective CO2 absorption, are addressed.

Enzyme significantly can speed up the rate of reaction and activity. The main objective of this experiment is to investigate the enzyme activity and kinetics based on parameters of pH, temperature and concentration of substrate. From Michaelis-Menten equation, a Michaelis constant, Km is determined by double reciprocal method. Amylase solution is mixed with starch solution after being let to sit in water bath for period of time. The absorbance value then determined by using spectrophotometer. The optimum condition for amylase enzyme is at pH 6, temperature 50°C and substrate concentration 2.5%. From that, Vm value is 1.7834 x 10-4 and Km value obtained is-0.0433 min-1 .

This is the complete finalized format for plant design and economic analysis mini project which emphasized on the phosphoric acid production. There are differences in terms of production since we split the 1st reactor into two separate reactors for better efficiency. This is as suggested by our respective lecturer since accumulating two different reactions in a single reactor will burden our calculations and produce a very complicated reactions and production.

Conductivity is observed to study the effect of the pulse input and step change input against residence time in a tubular flow reactor. The flowrate of de-ionized and salt solution is adjusted at constant flowrate of approximately at 700 mL/min in the reactor. The residence time distribution acquired is 1 for both experiments. Meanwhile, variance and skewness obtained are 0.631 and 25.328 for variance, 0.669 and 1109.5 for skewness for experiment 1 and 2, respectively.

The steel industry is the main generator of CO2 among the different industrial sectors. That is why efforts are being made to reduce or avoid CO2 emissions by process optimisation or by Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) processes. In the steel production by blast furnace technology, three main off-gases are generated, namely the Blast Furnace Gas (BFG), the Coke-Oven Gas (COG) and the Basic Oxygen Furnace Gas (BOFG). Many processes and technologies can be identified for their use, depending on the volume and composition of the steelwork off-gases. In the present work, a review and an analysis of several alternatives proposed during last years to use these off-gases are carried out, with a particular focus on thermochemical processes. Three main alternatives are considered: the thermal use of the gases, the recovery of valuable compounds for selling and the synthesis of a high-added value product. The possible implementation of these alternatives may conduct to improvements in energy efficiency of the steel making process with subsequent reduction of CO2 emissions.

Utilization of an integrated forward osmosis-solar powered membrane distillation system can provide a promising method for brackish water desalination. In this study, the brackish water feed and fertilizer draw solutions were operated in a forward osmosis process to generate irrigation water for agriculture. Forward osmosis was also selected as membrane distillation pre-treatment to avoid fouling and wetting of the membrane distillation membrane. Subsequently, the diluted draw solutions were treated in the membrane distillation system to recover the initial osmotic pressure and to obtain a final distillate permeate. The experimental results revealed that the modified forward osmosis membrane exhibited slightly better performance in terms of maximum water flux, minimum reverse solute flux and high water recovery of 53.5%. In the membrane distillation process, an optimum water flux of about 5.7 L/m2.hr and high rejection rate of about 99.55% were achieved at an optimum temperature of 60 °C. Modelling was applied to investigate the feasibility of using a solar collector to power the membrane distillation system and hence limit energy costs. By using renewable energy, we calculate that the energy consumption of the hybrid system could be reduced by 67%. Membrane distillation-solar powered system can achieve optimum energy consumption recorded as 1.1 kWh. We concluded that the diluted fertilizer draw solution can be used as an irrigation water after further dilution by an available water source. By using forward osmosis prior to membrane distillation process, the membrane distillation membrane showed less fouling and
wetting leading to excellent rejection rate and acceptable distillate permeate. The energy consumption of the forward osmosis-solar powered membrane distillation system was lower than that for reverse osmosis standalone system. The findings of this work could be used to develop guidelines for the optimal design of industrial forward osmosis-membrane distillation system.

This paper presents a novel hybrid process combining thermally coupled reactive distillation with membrane-based pervaporation for enhanced production of n-butyl acetate. A conventional reactive distillation process was used as the base case and first optimized for the transesterification of methyl acetate with n-butanol to produce n-butyl acetate. It was observed that methyl acetate recovered in the recycle stream significantly affects the con-version in the reactive distillation column and overall energy efficiency of the whole process. The existing and proposed configurations were evaluated and optimized by simulation in Aspen Plus. The integration of thermally coupled reactive distillation and pervaporation improved the energy efficiency of the reactive distillation process by preventing remixing effect in the reactive distillation column and eliminating the azeotropic nature of the methanol and methyl acetate in the recycle stream, respectively. Finally, integration of the thermally coupled reactive distillation with a commercial pervaporation membrane was explored to take synergistic advantage of the thermally coupled reactive distillation and pervaporation hybrid configuration. As a result, the proposed hybrid design showed remark-ably improved energy efficiency and economics. The total reboiler duty and total annual cost reduced to 63 and 43%, respectively, compared to those of the base case.

The following is the material that I created for MT training which contains concrete technology and the concrete hydration reaction which produces heat. I explained a little bit of concrete trialmix, concrete technology (SCC, Air Etrained Concrete, Shringkage concrete , Bleeding concrete, setting time) and how the concrete produces the thermal, what the effect and how to handle. Thanks

This paper presents a novel Bottleneck Tree Analysis (BOTA) to cope with the increasing capacities within industrial refineries. BOTA is a clear and concise heuristic graphical debottlenecking method that can accurately pinpoint the process capacity bottlenecks. Coupled with BOTA, four multiple criteria decision-making methods are used for an ensemble with Spearman's correlation to assess the Green and Lean Index (GLI) of industrial processes. The decision-making tool is formulated to improve operational performance with the consideration for environmental conditions. Empirically, BOTA demonstrated a debottleneck stopping mechanism which can be theoretically explained with the reversed onion model. An additional advantage is that retrofit projects can be guided by BOTA with effective scheduling. From an industrial case study, BOTA improved normalized Global Warming Potential by 94.43 %, normalized energy consumption by 93.09 % and return on investment by 58.36 %. Project implementation by scheduling also reduced payback period from 85 to 66 months.

Book Title: Bioprocess engineering Kinetics, Sustainability, and Reactor Design by Shijie Liu

This is an interesting but arduous effort of a single author to address all the main areas of biochemical/bioprocess engineering in one printed volume. The book is physically humongous , constituting its reading cumbersome in any other setting than an office space or a library. It is comprised of 18 chapters covering in a rather brief and often overly succinct way , a wide array of subjects relevant to chemical, biochemical and bioprocess engineering . These include sustainability, basic microbiology, biochemistry, reactor design and others. Regardless of the title of the book being bioprocess engineering , references on actual bioprocess relevant to chemical engineers for example biological wastewater treatment are limited.
Each chapter has been written as a stand alone document rather as a part of a complete book (doi at each chapter). The author often guides the reader to information stated in other chapters (former or later) constituting the reading and study of the book difficult and tedious  as there are breaks in flow and continuity of the presented information. Practical examples (solved problems) are limited and in certain chapters even absent. There are plenty of  "check your understanding" questions at the end of each chapter plus a comprehensive summary but there are no solutions at the end of the book. Therefore the book could not be easily used as an academic textbook or as aid while preparing teaching material. Regarding the audience the book is addressing to are most possibly specialised, experienced and seasoned professionals in the field.
Certain good features do exist such as demonstration of problem solving in Excel (certain chapters) and a well written chapter in Biochemical Engineering Safety.
Overall this book could be better serving its purpose if it was reduced in size focusing predominantly in Bioprocess engineering.  than expanding massively to all the relevant areas.
Overall rating : 3 stars out of five (***)
Best feature: Problem solving step by step in Excel including screenshots in certain chapters that could be helpful for professionals dealing with modelling and forecasting of chemical processes.
Worst feature: Written in a heavily dense manner, expanding overly to a very wide array of subjects constituting its reading and studying difficult

The separation of 2-Methoxyethanol-toluene azeotropic mixture has high practical significance in both industry and the laboratory because of their multipurpose solvating properties. However, both 2ME and toluene have adverse effects on human and animal health; therefore, researchers have become interested in their separation. A significant amount of 2-methoxyethanol-toluene forming a minimum-boiling azeotrope is discharged by the electrochemical industry. The presence of this azeotrope renders separation a challenging task. Separation techniques, namely pressure swing distillation (PSD) and azeotropic distillation (AD), have not yet been explored. In this study, these separation techniques are evaluated economically and dynamically using a wellknown commercial simulator Aspen Plus®. This study includes the development of process schematics for these alternative separation processes and economic analysis involving total annual cost (TAC) calculations. It is concluded that the heat-integrated PSD technique leads to 21.35% savings in TAC compared to previously reported techniques. Furthermore, a decentralized plant-wide control structure for a suitable separation technique is also developed and tested for ±10% throughput manipulations in fresh feed flow rate and ±5% disturbances in feed composition. This study will significantly help the process engineers overcome the challenges of handling the electrochemical industry's hazardous effluent in environmentally and economically ways.

A strategy for adaptive control and energetic optimization of aerobic fermentors was implemented, with both air flow and agitation speed as manipulated variables. This strategy is separable in its components: control, optimization, estimation. We optimized parameter’s estimation (from the usual KLa correlation) using sinusoidal excitation of air flow and agitation speed. We have implemented parameter’s estimation trough recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. We carried separate essays on control, optimization and estimation algorithms. We carried our essays using an original computational simulation environment, with noise and delay generating facilities for data sampling and filtering.

Our results show the convergence and robustness of the estimation algorithm used, improved with use of both forgetting factor and KLa dead-band facilities. Control algorithm used in our work compares favorably with PID using the integrated area criteria for deviation between oxygen molarity and critical molarity (set point). Optimization algorithm clearly reduces energetic consumption, respecting critical molarity. Integration of control, optimization and adaptive algorithms was implemented, but future work is needed for stability. Methods were defined and implemented for stability improvement. We have implemented data acquisition and computer manipulation of air flow and agitation speed for actual fermentors.

'' Preparation and Catalytic Properties of Zeolites Derived from Waste Glass ''

by Stanislav A. Milevskiy BSc (Hons) Chemistry

Submitted to Dr. Nichola J. Coleman

Medway School of Science,
University of Greenwich,
Medway Campus
Central Avenue,
Chatham Maritime
Kent ME4 4TB
U.K.

(Uploaded to Acedmia.Edu resource on behalf of Mr. S. Milevskiy by his brother, a mathematician, Mr. V. Milevskiy.
(c)
All reasearch, usage of and author/intellectual rights to this scientific publication belong to Mr. Stanislav A. Milevskiy, BSc Hons Chemistry)

Biogas production is one of the most promising pathways toward fully utilizing green energy within a circular economy. The anaerobic digestion process is the industry standard technology for biogas production due to its lowered energy consumption and its reliance on microbiology. Even in such an environmental-friendly process, liquid digestate is still produced from the remains of digested bio-feedstock and will require treatment. With unsuitable treatment procedure for liquid digestate, the mass of bio-feedstock can potentially escape the circular supply chain within the economy. This paper recommends the implementation of evaporator systems to provide a sustainable liquid digestate treating mechanism within the economy. Studied evaporator systems are represented by vacuum evaporation in combination with ammonia scrubber, stripping and reverse osmosis. Nevertheless, complex multi-dimensional decisions should be made by stakeholders before implementing such systems. Our work utilizes a novel techno-economics model to study the techno-economics robustness in implementing recent state-of-art vacuum evaporation systems with exploitation of waste heat from combined heat and power (CHP) units in biogas plants (BGP). To take into the account the stochasticity of the real world and robustness of the analysis, we used the Monte-Carlo simulation technique to generate more than 20,000 of different possibilities for the implementation of the evaporation system. Favourable decision pathways are then selected using a novel methodology which utilizes the artificial neural network and a hyper-optimized decision tree classifier. Two pathways that give the highest probability of providing a fast payback period are identified. Descriptive statistics are also used to analyse the distributions of decision parameters that lead to success in implementing the evaporator system. The results highlighted that integration of evaporation system are favourable when transport costs and incentives for CHP units are large and while feed-in tariffs for electricity production and specific investment costs are low. The result of this work is expected to pave the way for BGP stakeholders and decision makers in implementing liquid digestate treating technologies within the currently existing infrastructure.

L’utilisation de techniques avancées de synthèse et d’optimisation de systèmes chimiques et industriels basées sur les Principles de la Thermodynamique est indispensable pour la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, la consommation de combustibles fossiles et la conception de équipements plus efficaces et ansi plus économiques

PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND  PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING LINE DIAGRAMS PROCESS
CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION

2 DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGY
2.1 Philosophy of the Design Process
2.2 Outline of Methodology
2.3 Additional Aspects of Methodology

3 WORKBOOK

4  EXAMPLE: BATCH NEUTRALIZATION AND STRIPPING PROCESS
4.1 Start of Stage 1
4.2 Stage 1
4.3 Stage 2
4.3 Stage 3

5 REFERENCES

TABLES
1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES
2 OUTPUT FROM EACH STAGE
3 STEP BY STEP APPROACH
4 FUNCTION
5 OPERATION
6 FAILURES
7 STAGE 3 PROMPTS (DATA SHEET)
8 PRELIMINARY MASS BALANCE
9 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT LIST
10 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
11 STAGE 2: DEVELOPMENT OF OPERATING STATES AND TRANSMISSIONS
12 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

FIGURES
1 DESIGN PROCESS
2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY.
3 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY
4 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES FROM A KEYWORD PROMPT
5 OPERATING STATES
6 OPERATING STATES/TRANSITIONS
7 EXAMPLE: OVERALL BLOCK DIAGRAM
8 EXAMPLE: “PRIMITIVE PFD”
9 EXAMPLE: STAGE 1 “WORKING DIAGRAM”.
10 EXAMPLE: MAIN OPERATING STATES AND TRANSITIONS
11 EXAMPLE: DETAILED PFD (END OF STAGE 1)
12 EXAMPLE: STAGE 2 “WORKING DIAGRAM”
13 EXAMPLE: STAGE 3 “REV 0” ELD