Audition

Dans la vie de tous les jours, nous interagissons avec notre environnement grâce a nos sens. Plusieurs situations de la vie impliquent en effet l’exploitation de plusieurs sens. Par exemple, lors de la lecture d’un livre, nous pouvons, sans deplacer notre regard, saisir le telephone qui sonne a cote de nous; pourvu que ce dernier soit a portee de main. Ce qu’il y a de plus interessant dans cette situation est lie au fait que nous sommes en mesure de localiser le telephone grâce au retour sonore (la sonnerie) sans exploiter la vision. Ceci est en effet possible du fait du retour binaural qui peut se resumer par la difference de temps d’arrivee du son a nos deux oreilles. Depuis notre enfance, nous avons appris a deceler avec plus ou moins de precision la direction d’un son par le biais du retour binaural. Toutefois, il est a noter que les capacites a evaluer correctement la direction d’un son varient fortement d’une personne a l’autre. Dans le cadre de cette recherche nous nous inter...

English Abstract:
The study of non-canonical Maṣāḥif and readings of the Quran is now necessary for knowing not only the collection of the Quran but also the history of the formation of readings and syntactic opinions around them, and in this regard, Ibn Mas'ud's Muṣḥaf is more important. According to historical reports, this Muṣḥaf has been known as a source for readings to Kufis for more than two centuries. It has had a great influence not only on the Kufi reciters but also on the formation of the opinions of the grammarians of Kufa. It has sometimes brought about conflicts between Kufi and Basri grammatical schools. Using the descriptive-analytical method, this research investigates the effect of Ibn Mas'ud's reading on the creation of the idea of "Wāw Muqḥamah" in the opinion of the Kufi grammarians. The results show that Al-Farrāʼ, influenced by Ibn Mas'ud's reading of verse Q:12/70, first used the idea of "Wāw al-Muqḥamah" in the discussion of the answer to the condition "Lammā" and "Ḥattā idhā" in the verses Q:12/15, Q:37/104, Q:39/73, and Q:21/97, and then "al-Waṣf" in the verses Q:2/177 and Q:3/162; This development should be sought in another reading of Ibn Mas'ud from Q:33/50. Finally, it must be acknowledged that the most important factor in establishing this idea in the Kufi grammarians is the commitment and attention of this school to Ibn Mas'ud's Muṣḥaf as a grammar reference, while Basri grammarians did not consider such a great position for it.

چکیده فارسی:
مطالعۀ مصاحف و قرائات غیر رسمی قرآن، اکنون، نه تنها برای شناخت تاریخ جمع قرآن، بلکه برای شناخت چگونگی شکل‌گیری قرائات و آرای نحوی حول آن‌ها ضرورتی بایسته دارد و در این راستا مصحف و قرائت ابن‌مسعود، حائز توجهی دوچندان است. مطابق گزارشات تاریخی، این مصحف تا بیش از دو قرن به عنوان مرجعی در قرائت، برای اهالی کوفه شناخته می‌‌شده است. مصحف ابن‌مسعود، نه تنها بر قاریان کوفی پس از او، بلکه بر شکل‌گیری آرای نحویان مکتب کوفه نیز تأثیر شایانی داشته و گاه سبب ایجاد منازعاتی میان دو مکتب نحوی کوفه و بصره گشته است. این پژوهش با بهره‌گیری از روش توصیفی – تحلیلی، در جستجوی تأثیر قرائت ابن‌مسعود بر شکل‌گیری ایدۀ «واو مقحمة» در نزد نحویان کوفه است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که فرّاء نحوی با تأثیرپذیری از قرائت ابن‌مسعود از آیۀ 70 یوسف، ایدۀ «واو مقحمة» را نخست، در بحث جواب شرطِ «لمّا» و «حتّی إذا» در آیات 15 یوسف، 104 صافات، 73 زمر و 97 انبیاء طرح و سپس آن را به مبحث وصف در آیات 177 بقره و 162 نساء تسرّی می‌دهد که این توسعه را باید در ضمن قرائتی دیگر از ابن‌مسعود از آیۀ 50 احزاب جستجو کرد. در نهایت باید اذعان نمود که مهم‌ترین عامل تثبیت ایدۀ «واو مقحمة» در مکتب نحوی کوفه، التزام و توجه این مکتب به مصحف و قرائت ابن‌مسعود به عنوان یک مرجع نحوی است؛ منبعی که بصریان چنین جایگاهی را برای آن قائل نیستند.

Music education in Spain is suffering different setbacks since the figure of the specialist in the university was lost, added to the modifications of the Wert Law, which left freedom to the different autonomous communities so that they could increase, decrease or even eliminate music education in the educational system� The SEM-EE (Society for Musical Education in Spain), together with other associations, has been organizing events, reports and other documents that have been presented to the Ministry of Education, demanding an educational model throughout the Spanish territory, which consider music education as a core subject, within the official primary and secondary curriculum� It is also necessary to train teachers with greater relevance in music education and training, especially in didactics and pedagogy� On the other hand, the recovery of the figure of the specialist is key for educational quality, not only for music� Regarding music conservatories, both in professional and higher education, a curricular revision is necessary, which meets the new demands and employability, with a major revision of degrees and a greater offer of professional itineraries, ranging from musical instrument builders to health, through cultural management or professional training

Since the so-called Hopf-type amplifier has become an established element in the modeling of the mammalian hearing organ, it also gets attention in the design of nonlinear amplifiers for technical applications. Due to its pure sinusoidal response to a sinusoidal input signal, the amplifier based on the normal form of the Andronov-Hopf bifurcation is a peculiar exception of nonlinear amplifiers. This feature allows an exact mathematical formulation of the input-output characteristic and thus deeper insights of the nonlinear behavior. Aside from the Hopf-type amplifier we investigate an extension of the Hopf system with focus on ambiguities, especially the separation of solution sets, and double hysteresis behavior in the input-output characteristic. Our results are validated by a DSP implementation.

INTRODUÇÃO: A melatonina, reconhecida por sua influência na regulação do sono, desperta crescente interesse devido às suas propriedades antioxidantes. Embora ainda em estudo, sugere-se que essa substância possa desempenhar um papel benéfico na prevenção da perda auditiva. REVISÃO: Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados BIREME, PUBMED E SCIELO por meio da combinação dos termos: melatonina, audição, zumbido, presbiacusia, ototoxicidade, e seus respectivos termos em inglês. DISCUSSÃO: A partir das pesquisas nas bases de dados foram recuperados 272 artigos, dos quais foram selecionados, por meio dos critérios de exclusão, 17 artigos que abordavam o tema proposto. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Verificou-se por meio dessa revisão que a melatonina pode auxiliar na prevenção das perdas auditivas causadas pelo estresse oxidativo, devido sua capacidade de eliminação de radicais livres gerados na cóclea.

Au cours des dernières années, de nombreuses études de la perception ont utilisé l'écoute d'un signal de parole comme tâche pour étudier l'attention sélective en audition. Dans les tâches d'écoute de voix concurrentes, l'auditeur doit diriger sélectivement son attention vers l'une des voix présentes. Ces tâches supposent que l'auditeur maintient une attention constante sur la voix cible, tandis qu'en situation réelle, l'attention des auditeurs peut rapidement varier d'une voix à une autre. Pour s'approcher de situations plus réalistes, il est donc important de disposer de nouvelles méthodes permettant d'inférer où se situait l'attention auditive de l'auditeur dans ces tâches d'écoute de parole, isolée, ou en concurrence.<br><br>Nous avons donc développé un paradigme et un set de matériel permettant de contrôler l'attention sélective au cours du temps. Après avoir écouté de brèves histoires, les participants ...

An observer's inference that multimodal signals originate from a common underlying source facilitates cross-modal binding. This 'unity assumption' causes asynchronous auditory and visual speech streams to seem simultaneous (Vatakis & Spence, Perception & Psychophysics, 69(5), 744-756, 2007). Subsequent tests of non-speech stimuli such as musical and impact events found no evidence for the unity assumption, suggesting the effect is speech-specific (Vatakis & Spence, Acta Psychologica, 127(1), 12-23, 2008). However, the role of amplitude envelope (the changes in energy of a sound over time) was not previously appreciated within this paradigm. Here, we explore whether previous findings suggesting speech-specificity of the unity assumption were confounded by similarities in the amplitude envelopes of the contrasted auditory stimuli. Experiment 1 used natural events with clearly differentiated envelopes: single notes played on either a cello (bowing motion) or marimba (striki...

On definit le cadre contextuel actuel de la reconnaissance de l'identite de la personne a travers sa voix, on esquisse les concepts de base methodologiques et de nature informatique. On tente ensuite une investigation des sources de variabilites de la voix et on propose des formalisations abstraites de la verification et de l'identification. On detaille les diverses methodologies existantes et on propose leur comparaison, on introduit la reconnaissance par ordinateur. Enfin, on s'interesse a l'aspect temporel du signal et on fait une selection fondee sur la relation entre les segments acoustiques mesures et des considerations physiologiques.

El objetivo de este artículo es la formación de criterio a favor de la música como ámbito de educación. Dentro del sistema educativo actual distinguimos tres ámbitos relacionados con la educación musical que no siempre se han diferenciado: la formación musical profesional, la formación docente y la música como parte de la formación general. Es importante mantener estas distinciones para el desarrollo curricular y para la identidad de las competencias de formación de docentes y educandos. Con objeto de formar criterio, abordaremos estas cuestiones en tres apartados, el primero dedicado a la educación «por» la música, donde se desarrollan las posibilidades de la música como instrumento de educación y como forma de educación artística. El siguiente epígrafe contempla la educación «para» la música, orientada al desarrollo profesional y vocacional. Y, por último, nos aproximamos a la formación de los docentes de educación musical de los diferentes niveles educativosThe aim of this articl...

The Yucatec Maya language has a highly complex deictic system with interesting typological differences that in addition to demonstratives and locative adverbs also includes ostensive evidentials and modal adverbs. Given that deictic words are among the first that children produce, the aim of this study is to identify the early acquisition that Yucatec Mayan children follow to map out each deictic form. Deictic words taken from spontaneous, longitudinal, transversal corpora and Gaskins's (1990) field work annotations were labeled and analyzed. The results show that children begin by uttering protoforms mapped with prototypical functions of locative and modal adverbs, but the functions of both demonstratives and ostensive evidentials are expressed mostly with the same protoform, which is similar to the deictic organizations of other languages. When children become productive, they overextend functions, which demonstrates a reanalysis of the system before acquisition is complete.

Forty-four Western-enculturated musicians completed two studies. The first group was asked to judge the relative sadness of forty-four familiar Western instruments. An independent group was asked to assess a number of acoustical properties for those same instruments. Using the estimated acoustical properties as predictor variables in a multiple regression analysis, a significant correlation was found between those properties known to contribute to sad prosody in speech and the judged sadness of the instruments. The best predictor variable was the ability of the instrument to make small pitch movements. Other variables investigated included the darkness of the timbre, the ability to play low pitches, the ability to play quietly, and the capacity of the instrument to “mumble.” Four of the acoustical factors were found to exhibit a considerable amount of shared variance, suggesting that they may originate in a common underlying factor. It is suggested that the shared proximal cause of ...

This article seeks to unveil quantitative relations between the patterns of movement recurrence of a group of expert clarinetists and expressive sonic manipulations they employ during their performances. The main hypothesis is that the recurrent ancillary gestures of musicians are closely related to their sounded expressive intentions, and that the expressive content imposed by them according to the music structure is reflected in their movement patterns. To conduct this multimodal investigation of expressiveness in music, movement and audio analyses of several clarinet performances of excerpts in the classical repertoire are presented and discussed in conjunction. The results show strong correlations between the recurrence pattern of clarinetists’ ancillary movements and expressive manipulations of timing, timbre, and loudness associated with melodic phrasing and harmonic and dynamic transitions in the performed music excerpts.

Attention is a hypothetical mechanism in the service of perception that facilitates the processing of relevant information and inhibits the processing of irrelevant information. Prediction is a hypothetical mechanism in the service of perception that considers prior information when interpreting the sensorial input. Although both (attention and prediction) aid perception, they are rarely considered together. Auditory attention typically yields enhanced brain activity, whereas auditory prediction often results in attenuated brain responses. However, when strongly predicted sounds are omitted, brain responses to silence resemble those elicited by sounds. Studies jointly investigating attention and prediction revealed that these different mechanisms may interact, e.g. attention may magnify the processing differences between predicted and unpredicted sounds. Following the predictive coding theory, we suggest that prediction relates to predictions sent down from predictive models housed ...

Taxonomy of philosophical theories of Sound: proximal theories; medial theories; distal theories. A distal theory: The Located Event Theory (LET) of sound – Understanding sound and the cognition of sounding objects; ontology of sound according to the LET; epistemology of the perception of sound and sounding objects; auditory images according to the LET; conceptual revisions entailed by distal theories and the LET; replies to objections.

Taxonomy of philosophical theories of Sound: proximal theories; medial theories; distal theories. A distal theory: The Located Event Theory (LET) of sound. Understanding sound and the cognition of sounding objects; ontology of sound according to the LET; epistemology of the perception of sound and sounding objects; auditory images according to the LET; conceptual revisions entailed by distal theories and the LET; replies to objections.

Misophonia is a neurobehavioral syndrome phenotypically characterized by heightened autonomic nervous system arousal and negative emotional reactivity (e. g., irritation, anger, anxiety) in response to a decreased tolerance for specific sounds. The aims of this review are to (a) characterize the current state of the field of research on misophonia, (b) highlight what can be inferred from the small research literature to inform treatment of individuals with misophonia, and (c) outline an agenda for research on this topic. We extend previous reviews on this topic by critically reviewing the research investigating mechanisms of misophonia and differences between misophonia and other conditions. In addition, we integrate this small but growing literature with basic and applied research from other literatures in a cross-disciplinary manner.