4G LTE networking

The low costs of the internet and new technologies, which should be almost
free, and the ease of access to it, as well as the ease of access to
information and new types of social correlations via technology – these
are all facts that necessitate changes in our learning and teaching access.
Information and communication technologies, particularly broadband
Internet access, are critical to achieving social knowledge. This work
elaborates features of 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless
communication technologies from the standpoint of mobile learning (mlearning)
applications.

This presentation reviews 5G RAN functional decomposition along with RAN architecture evolution before exploring technical solutions for fronthaul transport. The relative techno-economics are presented along with considerations based on an evolution towards vRAN and Open RAN.

Abstrak-Makassar Town Square adalah salah satu pusat perbelanjaaan di kota Makassar. Pada mall ini telah dipasang antena LTE indoor oleh pihak provider, penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui kualitas layanan 4G LTE di pusat perbelanjaan ini. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan mengukur parameter RSRP, RSRQ, SNR dan Throughput menggunakan aplikasi G-Net Track dan Speedtest dengan metode walk test. Berdasarkan hasil analisis pengukuran parameter RSRP didapatkan persentasi total data yang memenuhi target KPI yaitu 100% pada kondisi normal dan 95,49% pada kondisi sibuk. Untuk parameter RSRQ sebesar 92,76% pada kondisi normal dan 90,99% pada kondisi sibuk. Untuk parameter SNR sebesar 82,23% pada kondisi normal dan 88,39% pada kondisi sibuk. Untuk nilai rata-rata titik pengukuran downlink throughput, jumlah titik yang memenuhi standar layanan yaitu sebanyak 10 titik pada kondisi normal dan 8 titik pada kondisi sibuk. Untuk nilai rata-rata titik pengukuran uplink throughput, jumlah titik yang memenuhi standar layanan yaitu sebanyak 19 titik pada kondisi normal dan 16 titik pada kondisi sibuk. Kata kunci : LTE, walk test, RSRP, SNR dan Throughput COVERAGE AND QUALITY ANALYSIS OF 4G LTE TELKOMSEL SIGNAL ON MAKASSAR TOWN SQUARE DEPARTMENT STORE AREA Makassar Town Square is one of the shopping malls in the city of Makassar. In this mall has been installed LTE indoor antenna by the provider, the research is done to know the quality of 4G LTE service in this shopping mall. Measurements are done by measuring the parameters of RSRP, RSRQ, SNR and Throughput using G-Net Track and Speedtest applications with the walk test method. Based on the analysis of the results of RSRP parameter measurement obtained the total percentage of data reaching the KPI target is 100% in normal conditions and 95.49% in busy conditions. For RSRQ parameters of 92.76% in normal conditions and 90.99% in busy conditions. For SNR parameters of 82.23% under normal conditions and 88.39% in busy conditions. For the average value of downlink throughput measurement, the number of points exceeding the service standard is 10 points at normal conditions and 8 points in busy conditions. For the average value of the throughput uplink, the number of points reaching the service standard is that there are 19 points under normal conditions and 16 points in busy conditions.

This presentation explores the evolution of GSM, UMTS and LTE radio access network architectures before a detailed review of the RAN architecture options for 5G. The functional decomposition of the 5G radio access network presents the network designer with many challenges with regards placement of RU, DU and CU nodes, all of which are discussed. The presentation concludes with a review of BT UK plans for 5G launch with a fully distributed RAN in support of an EN-DC architecture.

The spreading impact of development in the world today is leading to a dynamic change in areas, from rural to urban. This places Engineers in a tougher situation in knowing how to install their networks in specific zones on the globe. With the growing application for of wireless services, and the capacity of 2G networks and 3G is reaching saturation point [3]. Over the last decade, the world of communication has experienced a tremendous increase in mobile data traffic due to the growing popularity of mobile internet, mobile TV, IP telephony, multimedia online gaming, etc… This phenomenon has revealed the inadequacy of 2G networks (GSM, GPRS, and EDGE) and 3G UMTS to support these requirements in order to remain competitive in the near future, thus forcing mobile communication industries to engage in the discovery of new technologies that will enhance user experience by increasing bandwidth and reducing cost per bit usage with higher QoS [4]. In order to address the high speed data and multimedia transport needs of operators, the 3GPP, a collaborative group of international standards bodies and telecommunications companies, has introduced a new high-speed and low latency radio access method for mobile communications systems-Long Term Evolution (LTE)/LTE-Advanced [5]. Thanks to Long Term Evolution network (LTE), the "area change" is solved: by considering adequate parameters and carrying out careful work and planning, the installation of networks in towns is easier, and they do not suffer loss of money or equipment. LTE can be designed for every sector: open country, rural, suburb, urban, metropolitan and Cosmo metropolitan, depending on the density. LTE networks are intended to bridge the functional data exchange gap between very high data rate fixed WLANs and very high mobility cellular networks. For LTE network to experience its full functional capabilities it must be well-planned and deployed effectively. The dimensioning phase which comprises of two fundamental processes namely the coverage planning and the capacity planning is a very crucial step in the deployment of any LTE network [6]. With 3GPP freezing Release 8 in 2008, LTE standards are now in a mature state. LTE systems adopt advanced radio link technologies in the air interface, including OFDM, AMC, and HARQ. From the perspective of LTE network design, these technologies and algorithms improve network performance but increase system complexity as well [7].

L’histoire des réseaux mobiles est jalonnée par trois étapes principales, auxquelles on donne couramment le nom de génération. On parle des première, deuxième et troisième générations de réseaux mobiles, généralement abrégées respectivement en 1G, 2G et 3G. Ces trois
générations diffèrent principalement par les techniques mises en œuvre pour accéder à la ressource radio. L’évolution de ces techniques est guidée par la volonté d’accroître la capacité ainsi que les débits offerts par le système dans une bande de fréquences restreinte. En effet,
les fréquences sont des ressources très rares car convoitées par de multiples applications (télévision, radio, faisceaux hertziens, liaisons satellites, réseaux privés, communications militaires, etc.).

Operators and service providers continue to look for ideas to monetize their networks while trying to provide maximum satisfaction to their customers. Allocate resources to users that can support high flow rates can monetize the network, but abandon users in poor conditions, which reduces the quality of service and user experience. An algorithm that manages the different classes of services, associated with the implementation of the differentiation of user categories proves to be an interesting compromise since flows are prioritized according to the services and user subscription.

In this research, the fifth generation 5G NR network planning was conducted at a frequency of 2.6 GHz and simulated using the Software Mentum Planet 7.3.0 with a planning method in terms of coverage with a case study in the Golden Triangle of Jakarta with a planning area of 7.2km2. The planning in this study used the 5G NR planning method with a propagation model suitable for planning, namely the UMa (Urban Macro - Street canyon) model based on the standards of 3GPP TR 38,901, and used 2 planning scenarios for downlink: outdoor-to-outdoor (O2O) line of sight (LOS) and outdoor-to-outdoor (O2O) non line of sight (NLOS). The results of the parameter (SS-RSRP) observation showed that Scenario 2 (Downlink-O2O-NLOS) had the highest average SS-RSRP, namely −65.873dBm while the lowest average SS-RSRP was obtained by Scenario 1 (Downlink-O2O-LOS), i.e. −95.94dBm. The results of the parameter (data rate) observation showed that Scenario 2 (Downlink-O2O-NLOS) had the lowest average Data Rate i.e. 126.4Mbps while the highest average Data rate was obtained by Scenario 1 (Downlink-O2O-LOS), namely 179.078Mbps. The results of the parameter (SS-SINR) observation showed that Scenario 2 (Downlink-O2O-NLOS) had the lowest average SS-SINR, namely 2,153dB while the highest average SS-SINR was obtained by scenario 1 (Downlink-O2O-LOS), i.e. 4.71dB

A recurring topic in LTE radio planning pertains to the maximum acceptable LTE radio interface load, up to which a targeted user data rate can be maintained. We explore this topic by using Queuing Theory elements to express the downlink user throughput as a function of the LTE Physical Resource Block (PRB) utilization. The resulting formulas are expressed in terms of standardized 3GPP KPIs and can be readily evaluated from network performance counters. Examples from live networks are given to illustrate the results, and the suitability of a linear decrease model is quantified upon data from a commercial LTE network.

LTE is an emerging wireless communication technology to provide high-speed data service for the mobile phones and data terminals. To improve indoor coverage and capacity Femtocells are included in 3GPP since Release 8. There is no common simulation platform is available for performance justification of LTE-Femtocells. LTE-Sim is an object-oriented open source simulator which incorporates a complete protocol stack can be used for simulating two-tier macro-femto scenarios. To the best of our knowledge no paper provides the guideline to perform system level simulation of Femtocell networks. Here, in this paper Femtocells performance is evaluated in multi-Macrocells and multi-Femtocells environment with interference from Microcells and Macrocell users along with the scripting. KEYWORDS Channel quality indicator (CQI), Femto Access Point (FAP), Macro eNodeB (MeNB), Macrocell User Equepment (MUE), Moblity Management Entity(MME), Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio(SINR), Physical Layer(PHY)

3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (3GPP-LTE) is focusing towards aggressive frequency reuse i.e. reuse of 1 so that we can get maximum number (all available spectrum) within a cell. Now, the major hindrance is co-channel interference which increases dramatically due to nearby adjacent
co-channel cell and most especially for cell edge users. Traditional frequency reuse concept for
interference management doesn’t provide satisfactory coverage and rate. In this paper, FFR is purposed as
a candidate for interference management and its comparative evaluation over Traditional frequency reuse
on the basis of two parameter metrics viz. probability of coverage and probability of acceptance rate is
done. We observe that FFR has relatively better performance in 3GPP-LTE downlink.

Abstract—A novel miniature microstrip UWB antenna centered
at 0.65 GHz called Breath antenna is presented. The
antenna novelty is both due to its shape and functionality. It has
a very compact size of 5 x 2 x 0.16 cm3. The presented antenna
has extremely small dimensions compared to a wavelength

Network technology and mobile technologies are two essential and booming technologies in today's scenario that have emerged and quickly evaluated in terms of hardware, communication media, and architecture. Based on the communication system there are massive developments in underlying devices with hardware, software, and entire architecture. All we experienced with 2G, 3G, and 4G communication system, and in the future, we will be going to experience next-generation communication system 5G. In underlying technology there have been many improvements and advances, mainly with data transfer speed and unlimited bandwidth that we have never experienced before. Not only is this technology limited to voice and data, but we also expect some IoT revolutions, a system for mobile communication, automated vehicles, industrial and manufacturing automation, human-machine interface, logistics and warehousing, etc. So this 5G technology gives the opportunity for researchers to perform research in related technologies. Here we analyzed the need, concept, service, and features of fifth-generation communication technologies in this paper. It was proposed the core technology incorporated with 5G and their architecture. Future trends and applications influenced by the 5G communication system were analyzed.

As a consequence of the proliferation of smart phones and tablets, data traffic is growing significantly, both on the radio access links and the backhaul infrastructure of mobile operators’ networks. And although LTE and LTE Advanced offer higher data traffic throughput than that of 3G, given to their wider allocated bandwidths, the combined capacities of even these networks is not sufficient to meet projected future capacity demands.
The conventional solution to increasing the capacity of LTE mobile networks includes splitting macro-cells and/or adding more sites. Both of these solutions require high CAPEX and OPEX, so mobile operators are seeking new and cost effective ways of increasing their network capacity. One solution is to deploy small-cell base stations (BSs) within their existing macro-cellular networks, an approach referred to as Heterogeneous Networks.
It is well known that a HetNet not only increases the network capacity, but also provides better coverage and enhances the user’s experience. These benefits are achieved by offloading data traffic dynamically from MCBSs to SCBSs using an algorithm based on several parameters such as the characteristics of the traffic, the required QoS and network

Jaringan 4G ini adalah suatu pengembangan teknologi dari generasi sebelumnya (3G) yang mempunyai kelebihan kecepatan data yang jauh lebih cepat. Teknologi telekomunikasi 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) sudah menjadi standar dalam layanan seluler di Indonesia tahun 2017 pada frekuensi 1800 MHz. Semua operator seluler di dalam negeri telah menerapkan teknologi yang disebut-sebut mampu memberikan kecepatan transfer data hingga 300 Mbps kepada para penggunanya ini.
Meski telah menerapkan standar telekomunikasi yang serupa, penerapan dan kemampuan jaringan 4G yang dimiliki tiap operator seluler tidaklah sama. Sebenarnya kecepatan 4G di Indonesia yang ada sekarang masih belum masuk kriteria 4G sesungguhnya. Jika dibandingkan dengan negara lain, kecepatan downlink layanan 4G LTE di Indonesia bisa dibilang masih lambat. Sebagai perbandingan, kecepatan 4G LTE di Singapura bisa menembus 75 Mbps untuk downlink, sementara di Indonesia rata-rata hanya 30-35 Mbps[1]. Kecepatan koneksi internet bergantung pada beberapa faktor, Antara lain adalah sumber daya spektrum yang dimiliki operator seluler, jumlah pengguna, jumlah BTS, dan faktor geografis serta performansi sinyal dimana pengguna internet berada.
Dengan rendahnya kecepatan data downlink layanan 4G LTE di Indonesia, operator dipaksa harus kreatif memanfaatkan setiap frekuensi yang mereka miliki agar dapat berkompetisi memberikan jaringan broadband yang lebih handal sehingga dapat memenuhi kenaikan permintaaan pasar untuk dapat selalu aktif dan terhubung dengan internet yang cepat.
Berdasarkan masalah diatas, penulis bermaksud menganalisa bagaimana mengoptimalkan performansi jaringan LTE agar dapat menjadi lebih optimal dengan cara menganalisa parameter Kekuatan sinyal yang diterima user yaitu Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) dan kualitas sinyal yang diterima user yaitu Signal to Interference Noise Ratio (SINR) sehingga dapat mencapai kecepatan data Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) Throughput Download yang maksimal

Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) can be deployed
in OFDMA systems to preserve the cell capacity while mitigating
the inter-cell interference (ICI) for cell-edge users. In the uplink
of such systems, power control can also be used to control ICI.
The problem of determining the joint optimal power control
settings and the optimal configuration of the FFR algorithm is
of a great interest to the operators deploying LTE systems and
their evolutions. In this study, we apply the fluid model to reuse
factor 3 and use the result to find the optimum FFR parameters
(distance to switch between reuse 1 and 3 and the bandwidth
allocation between the two reuse plans) and the optimum power
control path-loss compensation factor while maximizing the
average cell throughput. The result shows that FFR performs
better than ordinary reuse plans in the uplink with power
control for cell edge and cell centre but lower on the cell average.

For many years, the continuous proliferation of mobile devices and their applications generate a surge of signaling traffic in the control plane of the mobile packet core network. As a consequence, the control plane will potentially become a bottleneck if not properly managed. We focus on the load balancing of a virtualized and distributed Mobility Management Entity (vMME), which is the key control plane element in the 4G and 5G non standalone cores. Most of existing works use the simple and static load balancing approaches such as round robin and consistent hashing, which do not work well in a heterogeneous environment. In this paper, we developed three adaptive algorithms in which the balancing decision takes into account the dynamics of the system such as the vMME load, the completion time of a request served by a vMME, and the number of pending requests queued at a vMME. The evaluation of our three proposed load-balancing algorithms in an Open5GCore testbed suggests that the latency-aware scheme helps shorten the completion time of the signaling requests by up to five times the static and dynamic schemes in those cases the link delay between the load balancer and the vMMEs differ significantly.

Effective and efficient network planning for appropriate area coverage can use the standard propagation model (SPM) calibrating or tuning method. SPM functions to increase the accuracy of predictions from the appropriate coverage planning results in field implementation. This study uses a calibration method resulting from field measurements with 4G LTE 1800 MHz technology. The results of the simulation found that the percentage of SPM propagation model for Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) is above-80 dBm, the difference is 4.30%, RSRP values range from-80 dBm to-95 dBm at 21.52%,-95 to-110 dBm at 25.45%, and RSRP is smaller than-110 dBm at 0.37% by measuring field signal distribution. Coverage prediction of Calibrated SPM propagation model has the higher accuracy than COST 231, it represents the accuracy of SPM about 87% and COST 231 about 79%. The improvement of RSRP in the simulation is caused by changes in the correction values K1 to K7 which are in accordance with the criteria of the Purwokerto City area after calibrating. 1. Introduction Telecommunications technology changes the human life trends that make the telecommunication services to be the primary needs. Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the fourth generation mobile technology designed to improve information access services to the internet network (mobile broadband) which can fulfill the human needs for telecommunication services. LTE technology has criteria like latency less than 10 ms, the data rate reached 100 Mbps when users were moving and 1 Gbps when users were static. LTE Bandwidth is flexible and has a better efficiency spectrum than 3.5 G technology from release 6. LTE can work in a variety of frequency spectrum and this technology can collaborate with non-3GPP systems that already exist [1][2]. LTE Network Service criteria in Indonesia now is still not optimal. It needs optimal network coverage planning to make this technology can cover all area network. Coverage planning is a method of network planning for predicting and simulating the coverage of each eNodeB in close to real conditions. eNodeB is the transceiver station to connect the user equipment with the LTE network. The first step in the coverage planning process is calculating the link budget. This Link budget calculation estimates the value of the Maximum Allowed Path Loss (MAPL) between a transmitter and a receiver on the downlink and uplink communication. The output of the link budget calculation is the number of eNodeB to cover all area by we know the cell radius. The cell radius can be estimated based on a review of the area and the propagation model used. This process needs the accurate

To maximize the benefits of LTE cellular networks, careful and proper planning is needed. This requires the use of accurate propagation models to quantify the path loss required for base station deployment. Deployed LTE networks in Ghana can barely meet the desired 100Mbps throughput leading to customer dissatisfaction. Network operators rely on transmission planning tools designed for generalized environments that come with already embedded propagation models suited to other environments. A challenge therefore to Ghanaian transmission Network planners will be choosing an accurate and precise propagation model that best suits the Ghanaian environment. Given this, extensive LTE path loss measurements at 800MHz and 2600MHz were taken in selected urban and suburban environments in Ghana and compared with 6 commonly used propagation models. Improved versions of the Ericson, SUI, and ECC-33 developed in this study predict more precisely the path loss in Ghanaian environments compared with commonly used propagation models.

Forth Generation (4G) network support for wide geographical locations proves its use as a more advanced wireless technology. The Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G mobile communications standard set by International Communication Union (ITU), specifically ITU Radio communication Sector (ITU-R). At the moment, video traffic and telecommunications grow under the expansion of LTE, which is considered as the actual motivating access technology of 4G network. Throughout the deployment of LTE, various transport protocols are advised and broadly experimented, for instance, TCP, SCTP, DCCP and UDP that may execute differently on 4G networks subject to the network scenarios and parameter settings. Even though the deployment of LTE is swiftly enhanced, there is a lack of performance evaluation of its protocols. Hence, a widespread scrutiny is required for the evaluation of the operation of numerous protocols for high-end applications such as multimedia. Adopting these applications with flexible quality of service constraints with improved usage of resources is a challenging task. In this paper, the output results of different transport protocols for multimedia streaming applications, e.g., video, through extensive simulations are analyzed. The performance of an MPEG-4 video streaming is evaluated using NS-3. The performance metrics used are delay, jitter, throughput, and packet loss. These metrics are evaluated at the base station via TCP, SCTP, DCCP and UDP protocols over the 4G-LTE technology. The obtained results show that the DCCP performs the best in throughput improvement with the minimization of delay and jitter as compared to UDP, TCP, and SCTP. Abstract Forth Generation (4G) network support for wide geographical locations proves its use as a more advanced wireless technology. The Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G mobile communications standard set by International Communication Union (ITU), specifically ITU Radio communication Sector (ITU-R). At the moment, video traffic and telecommunications grow under the expansion of LTE, which is considered as the actual motivating access technology of 4G network. Throughout the deployment of LTE, various transport protocols are advised and broadly experimented, for instance, TCP, SCTP, DCCP and UDP that may execute differently on 4G networks subject to the network scenarios and parameter settings. Even though the deployment of LTE is swiftly enhanced, there is a lack of performance evaluation of its protocols. Hence, a widespread scrutiny is required for the evaluation of the operation of numerous protocols for high-end applications such as multimedia. Adopting these applications with flexible quality of service constraints with improved usage of resources is a challenging task. In this paper, the output results of different transport protocols for multimedia streaming applications, e.g., video, through extensive simulations are analyzed. The performance of an MPEG-4 video streaming is evaluated using NS-3. The performance metrics used are delay, jitter, throughput, and packet loss. These metrics are evaluated at the base station via TCP, SCTP, DCCP and UDP protocols over the 4G-LTE technology. The obtained results show that the DCCP performs the best in throughput improvement with the minimization of delay and jitter as compared to UDP, TCP, and SCTP.

This paper in progress describes two experiences carried out in the Argentine provinces of San Juan and Mendoza during the months of July and August 2016. The first aim is to determine the current state of the 4G mobile telephone networks in the national route 40, more specifically, in the route between the cities of San Juan and Mendoza. The second aim is to identify the connectivity problems and their possible causes, according to the reports published by GSMA, ITU and OpenSignal®, among others. Finally, the future work will be specified, which will allow the presentation of a formal proposal to the telephone operators, in order to contribute to the improvement of 4G networks. Resumen. Este trabajo en desarrollo describe dos experiencias realizadas en las provincias argentinas de San Juan y Mendoza, durante los meses de julio y agosto de 2016. El primer objetivo es determinar el estado actual de las redes de telefonía móvil 4G en la ruta nacional 40, más específicamente, en el trayecto comprendido entre las ciudades de San Juan y Mendoza. El segundo objetivo es identificar los problemas de conectividad y sus posibles causas, en función de los informes publicados por GSMA, ITU y OpenSignal®, entre otros. Finalmente, se especificará el trabajo futuro a realizar, el cual permitirá la presentación de una propuesta formal ante los operadores telefónicos, a fin de contribuir en el mejoramiento de las redes 4G.

This paper deals with the transmission of group-oriented services, considered as the main value-added for the future 4G broadband wireless systems. In this scenario, the design of proper resource allocation strategies is a key issue in order to offer high quality services to involved users and to efficiently exploit the available radio resources. In this paper we extend the works existing in literature by evaluating the impact of frequency selectivity on the performance in terms of spectral efficiency achieved when group-oriented services are provided in Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems. We conducted exhaustive simulation campaigns in order to define the scenarios that could benefit of the exploitation of frequency selectivity in multicast resource allocation. We investigated single- and multi-group scenarios with different application profiles, such as real time video flows, and we considered several deployment cases addressing different channel bandwidth and user configurations.

– This paper proposes the application of a quantum inspired reinforcement learning technique for spectrum assignment of wireless communication networks. The proposed technique aims to enhance the speed of learning convergence through the dependence of the decision process on a well ranked action desirability table which is updated based on the success or failure of an action. In addition, the exploration process is exclusively induced by the failure of the channel choice and directs to the next best channel. The quantum technique is compared with traditional reinforcement learning, random assignment reinforcement learning, and random dynamic channel assignment algorithms. This quantum technique is shown to increase the speed of learning convergence of traditional reinforcement learning by up to 40 times. Thus, system capacity can be improved in terms of the number of users by (9-84) %, and provides a significant average file delay reduction of 26% on average, and throughput improvement of up to 2.8%.

Multicast services over Long Term Evolution (LTE) have recently attracted the interest of the research community. Particular attention has been put on handling fairness requirements of multicast users and experienced channel quality. Conventional Multicast Scheme (CMS), Opportunistic Multicast Scheme (OMS), and multicast subgroup formation are the principal policies adopted to address this research issue. Little attention has been given so far to multicarrier systems like LTE-Advanced although the need for solutions appropriate to this system is strongly felt. In this paper we design radio resource management policies for the efficient delivery of multicast services in multicarrier LTE-Advanced systems and show how the relation between fairness and system efficiency can be controlled. Concerning the system resource management, game theoretic bargaining solutions are considered to best model fairness and efficiency (expressed in terms of throughput).

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the emerging 4G wireless technology developed to provide high quality services in mobile environments. It is foreseen that multimedia services and mobile TV will assume an important role for the LTE proliferation in mobile market. However, several issues are still open and meaningful improvements have to be introduced for managing physical resources when group-oriented services should be supplied. To this end, we propose a Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling (FDPS) algorithm for efficient radio resource management of Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services (MBMS) in LTE networks. The proposed scheduler exploits an optimization process to organize multicast subscribers in subgroups according to channel quality feedbacks provided by users. Optimization is driven by the aim of minimizing the ”user dissatisfaction” with a consequent improvement in the network capacity. The effectiveness of the proposed scheduling algorithm is evaluated through simulation; obtained results demonstrate significant improvement in the multicast traffic performance.

BBR is a promising new congestion control algorithm (CCA) that has been shown to result in significantly lower latency compared to conventional loss-based CCAs. However, in cellular networks, where there is a high variability in the available rate, BBR does not perform as well as expected. In such scenarios, BBR tends to overestimate the available capacity and create queues that cause longer packet delays. In this work, we propose Receiver-driven BBR (RBBR), a modified version of BBR that uses rate estimates made at the receiver side rather than at the sender side. We employ a Kalman filter to make a more accurate estimate of the available bandwidth, and we implement the algorithm in QUIC. An evaluation of the proposed CCA is done through extensive 4G trace-based emulations, real 4G network tests and mmWave trace-based emulations representing a 5G scenario. The results show that RBBR is able to achieve an RTT reduction of up to 80% with a worst-case throughput loss of about 30%. The results also show that in real 4G networks, RBBR flows experience a more predictable and consistent RTT than what BBR flows do.

In this paper, we propose a new traffic flow model of the Long Term Evaluation (LTE) network for the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN). Here only one Evolve Node B (eNB) nearest to the Mobility Management Entity (MME) and Serving Gateway (S-GW) will use the S1 link to bridge the E-UTRAN and Evolved Packet Core (EPC). All the eNBs of a tracking area will be connected to each other by the X2 link. Determination of capacity of a links of such a network is a challenging job since each node offers its own traffic and at the same time conveys traffic of other nodes. In this paper, we apply maximum flow algorithm including superposition theorem to solve the traffic flow of radio network. Using the total flow per subcarrier, a new traffic model is also developed in the paper. The relation among the traffic parameters: 'blocking probability', 'offered traffic', 'instantaneous capacity', 'average holding time', and 'number of users' are shown graphically under both QPSK and 16-QAM. The concept of the network will be helpful to improve the SINR of the received signal ofeNBslocated long distance relative to MME/S-GW.

—Before establishing a communication link in a cellular network, the user terminal must activate a synchronization procedure called initial cell search in order to acquire specific information about the serving base station. To accomplish this task, the primary synchronization signal (PSS) and secondary synchronization signal (SSS) are periodically transmitted in the downlink of a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. Since SSS detection can be performed only after successful identification of the primary signal, in this work we present a robust scheme for joint PSS detection, sector index identification and integer frequency offset (IFO) recovery in an LTE system. The proposed algorithm relies on the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation criterion and exploits a suitable reduced-rank representation of the channel frequency response to take multipath distortions into account. We show that some PSS detection methods that were originally introduced through heuristic reasoning can be derived from our ML framework by selecting an appropriate model for the channel gains over the PSS subcarriers. Numerical simulations indicate that the proposed scheme can be effectively applied in the presence of severe multipath propagation, where existing alternatives provide unsatisfactory performance. Index Terms—LTE, cell search, sector index identification, integer frequency offset recovery.

Broadband mobile networks have rapidly evolved over the last years. The unique environment they operate, however, sets new challenges for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). In this paper, we study the impact of Long Term Evolution (LTE) handover on TCP performance with different TCP congestion control algorithms and in a wide range of networks settings, including different handover types, random channel errors and support of error correction at lower layers. Our results suggest that the congestion control algorithms employed by TCP variants during the LTE X2 handover have different impacts on TCP performance. In particular CUBIC, Scalable TCP and BIC-TCP achieve high goodput and fast window convergence in available channel capacity after LTE X2 handover. In environments involving packet drops that are not corrected at lower layers and single errors with high probability, all TCP variants exhibit very low performance levels. Finally, in terms of fairness, our results identify fairness issues among TCP flows with different Bandwidth Delay Products (BDP), with CUBIC offering the best results.

The goal for improved wireless communication between interconnected objects in a network has been long anticipated. The present Long Term Evolution (LTE) fourth-generation (4G) network does not allow the variety of services for the future need, as the fifth-generation (5G) network is faster,  efficient,  reliable,  and  more flexible.  The  5G  network and  call  admission control  (CAC) are best certainty that defines the elementary principles of the smart cities of the upcoming 5G network  technology.  It  is  predicted  that  substantial  CAC  in  the  smart  cites  environment  where millions  of  wireless  devices  are  connected,communication  will  be  granted  based  on  latency, speed, and cost. Furthermore, the present CAC algorithm suffers from performance deteriorates under the 4G network because of the adaptive threshold value used to determine the strength of the network. In this paper, a novel CAC algorithm that uses dynamic threshold value for smart cities in the 5G network to address performance deterioration is proposed. Simulation is used to evaluate  the efficacy  of  the  proposed  algorithm,  and  results  show  that it  significantly  performs better than do other algorithm based on the metrics measured.

Front-haul networks is undergoing rapid advances and many of the D-ROF interfaces now support Ethernet technologies. This white paper examines D-ROF technologies and explores the potential for white-box to be deployed in front-haul mobile networks.

A presentation from a workshop at EuMW 2016 which reviews the current uses of microwave and millimetre wave radio systems in mobile backhaul networks. The presentation goes on to review new use cases associated with 5G ultra-dense networks and the new millimetre wave opportunities in W and D bands.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is considered the most promising cellular system able to support the growing demand of multicast services (e.g., IPTV, video streaming) over mobile terminals. The design of effective strategies for the management of these applications is still an open issue, especially in scenarios where several multicast streams are simultaneously transmitted in a cell. In this paper we propose different resource allocation policies for the delivery of multicast scalable video flows. Such policies  efficiently exploit the multi-user diversity and the frequency selectivity in order to match the requirements of both users and providers. The performance of the proposed strategies is analyzed through simulations by evaluating different cell deployment and  user load environments and by focusing on spectral efficiency, throughput, fairness, and amount of resources needed for multicast service delivery. The last parameter is important in practical scenarios where multicast services share the available resources with other flows, e.g., unicast services.

"This paper addresses the design of an adaptive resource allocation policy for the efficient delivery of multicast services in Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems.
The proposed approach overcomes the intrinsic inefficiencies of Conventional Multicast Scheme (CMS) related to the different channel quality experienced by the involved users.
The basic idea is to split any multicast group into subgroups and apply subgroup-based adaptive modulation and coding schemes, which enable a more efficient exploitation of multi-user diversity.
The distribution of users into subgroups is determined by the solution of an optimization problem, aiming to improve the network throughput while guaranteeing fairness among multicast members."

This paper focuses on the design of radio resource management olicies for efficient delivery of multicast services in Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems. In order to find alternative solutions to the Conventional Multicast Scheme (CMS), an effective framework is proposed that splits multicast destinations into different subgroups, depending on the User Equipments (UEs) channel quality, and applies a subgroup based Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) scheme. This approach allows a more efficient spectrum exploitation. Game theoretic notions are used for the multicast subgroups formation and the resource allocation problems. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is evaluated and four different bargaining solutions are compared in terms of data rate, fairness, and subgroup configurations.

El tráfico de datos en 2021 será equivalente a x122 el de 2011. Para absorber este crecimiento de forma eficiente, será imprescindible 5G. Es más, la 5G ofrecerá anchos de banda que la convertirán en una alternativa real al cable o la fibra óptica en áreas rurales o poco pobladas. Sin embargo, el principal interés en 5G está en su capacidad para soportar una nueva ola de servicios, destacando las aplicaciones entre máquinas o M2M (Machine To Machine), para telemedida, telecontrol, tecnologías para vestir (wearables), ciudades inteligentes (smart cities), casas inteligentes (smart homes), alarmas, sensores, coche conectado, etc.

In this paper we discuss and compare methods to analyse the influence inter-cell interference will have on coverage/outage probabilities in cellular networks. The framework is based on a common method to find the Laplace transform of the distribution of interference from neighbouring cells. It turns out that for Suzuki distributed fading the analysis is highly simplified. In case of Rayleigh faded channels only, the analysis is even more simplified. The modelling approach, which is based on classical probability methods, rather than on modern measure theory for point processes, allows for both fixed and stochastic locations of base stations. The different models are applied to quantify the effect of inter-cell interference on coverage/outage probabilities and on spectrum efficiencies in LTE networks. We consider several scenarios ranging from fixed hexagonal layout of base station to stochastic location of based on uniform distribution of base stations. We also extend the coverage/outage analysis for the Ginibre Point Process to Suzuki faded environment. Numerical examples show large differences in both spectrum efficiency and coverage/outage probabilities for the different network scenarios considered.

Today was a lot of technology with a range of innovative services developed to meet human needs so that Reviews These technologies can provide for human benefit when used either individually or in groups. One of the development of the technology is at its highest is a mobile a data communications technology that Allows users to access the Internet using a variety of access different media options. From a wide selection of media internet access, mobile data
communications on the network selulerlah most used Instant confirmation it is due to the development of
mobile data communications in the mobile network has covered the communication technology
of the network, handset, and content that now supports high-speed data access on the fourth
generation 4G.