Long Term Evolution (LTE)

El libro consta de dos partes. En la primera se analizan las transformaciones de los cinco regímenes de bienestar que agrupan a la mayoría de los países europeos y de América del Norte así como del denominado Modelo Social Europeo y los sistemas de protección social de América Latina, Asia y África. En la segunda parte del libro, se estudian los sectores de política tradicionalmente considerados como del ámbito social (en concreto: sanidad, educación, pensiones, políticas de lucha contra la pobreza, de atención a los dependientes, de familia y género, de protección por desempleo y los servicios sociales) además de las políticas activas de empleo y la política fiscal. Respecto a los regímenes como a las diferentes políticas, los autores analizan sus características más relevantes para después estudiar sus principales trayectorias de cambio en los últimos cuarenta años. Se exploran, en concreto, los desafíos que los sistemas y políticas de protección social han tenido que afrontar, la forma en que lo han hecho y los resultados de tales cambios, siempre desde una perspectiva comparada.

Saat ini situs 4G dikerahkan dengan berbagai strategi pengaturan & parameter yang berbeda
Beberapa area menerapkan 4G terlalu agresif, yang dapat membuat pengalaman pengguna yang buruk pada 4G
Beberapa area menerapkan 4G kurang agresif, yang membuat pemanfaatan 4G rendah
Dari sampling sinyal sebagian besar hasil pengamatan UE vs RSRP, mayoritas UE tidak memiliki sinyal pada level -124 dBm. Jadi perlu pemetaan juga untuk pengaturan parameter layering terkait.
Objectives:
-Optimalkan pemanfaatan jaringan 4G
-Jaminan Kualitas Layanan 4G baik
-Menjamin pengalaman throughput pengguna
Studi dan analisis untuk menentukan persyaratan minimum throughput LTE dengan menggunakan perhitungan metodologi dari sampel uji drive
Berdasarkan trendline di samping, RSRP sejalan dengan Throughput. RSRP yang tinggi, maka semakin tinggi juga Throughputnya.

n the future standardization of the 5G networks, in Long Term Evolution (LTE) Release 13 and beyond, Device- to-Device communications (D2D) is recognized as one of the key technologies that will support the 5G architecture. In fact, D2D can be exploited for different proximity-based services (ProSe) where the users discover their neighbors and benefit form different services like social applications, advertisement, public safety, and warning messages [1]. In such a scenario, the aim is to manage in a proper way the radio spectrum and the energy consumption to provide high Quality of Experience (QoE) and better Quality of Services (QoS). To reach this goal, in this paper we propose a novel D2D-based uploading scheme in order to decrease the amount of radio resources needed to upload to the eNodeB a certain multimedia content. As a further improvement, the proposed scheme enhances the energy consumption of the users in the network, without affects the content uploading time. The obtained results show that our scheme achieves a gain of about 35% in term of mean radio resources used with respect to the standard LTE cellular approach. In addition, it is also 40 times more efficient in terms of energy consumption needed to upload the multimedia content.

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is a promising solution for telecom operators and service providers to improve business agility, by enabling a fast deployment of new services, and by making it possible for them to cope with the increasing traffic volume and service demand. NFV enables virtualization of network functions that can be deployed as virtual machines on general purpose server hardware in cloud environments, effectively reducing deployment and operational costs. To benefit from the advantages of NFV, virtual network functions (VNFs) need to be provisioned with sufficient resources and perform without impacting network quality of service (QoS). To this end, this paper proposes a model for VNFs placement and provisioning optimization while guaranteeing the latency requirements of the service chains. Our goal is to optimize resource utilization in order to reduce cost satisfying the QoS such as end- to-end latency. We extend a related VNFs placement optimization with a fine-grained latency model including virtualization overhead. The model is evaluated with a simulated network and it provides placement solutions ensuring the required QoS guarantees.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
In dieser Arbeit wird die biologische Evolution aus einer Sicht beleuchtet, die Begriffen und Ideen sowohl strukturelle als auch konstitutive Funktionen für die Wirklichkeit zuspricht. Aus dieser Perspektive ist ein biologischer Organismus eine sich gesetzmässig und aktiv selbst gestaltende und erhaltende Einheit («Gesetz der inneren Natur»), die in einem robusten, d.h. flexibel-stabilen Verhältnis zu ihrer Umgebung («Gesetz der äusseren Umstände») steht. Die in einem Organismus gesetzmässig wirkenden Kräfte werden zusammenfassend als «Organismusgesetz» bezeichnet, im Sinne des von Goethe und Steiner postulierten Typus als allgemeinstem Gesetz des organismischen Daseins.
Die auf dem Hintergrund der darwinistischen Evolutionstheorie gewonnenen Ergebnisse der Fachwissenschaften, die konkrete Evolutionsverläufe und –mechanismen beschreiben, werden hier als Tatsachen vorausgesetzt und als Entwicklung der erscheinenden Manifestationen des Organismusgesetzes angesehen.
In jedem biologischen Individuum wird durch die konkrete Geschichte seiner Ahnenreihe über die Vererbung das Erscheinungsspektrum des allgemeinen Gesetzes eingeschränkt; gleichzeitig gehen wir davon aus, dass das Organismusgesetz im Rahmen dieser Disposition in jeder einzelnen Erscheinung aktiv wirkend anwesend ist. Daraus ergibt sich eine komplementäre Evolutionstheorie, die offen ist für einen konstitutiven Beitrag aller Lebewesen zu ihrer eigenen Entwicklung.
Allgemeine Entwicklungsprinzipien werden in Teil zwei auf dem Hintergrund des Konzeptes eines allgemeinen Organismusgesetzes auf die biologische Evolution hin spezifiziert und im Blick auf die gemeinsame Abstammung und die Entwicklung von Arten, Gattungen und anderen taxonomischen Hierarchien angewendet. Die organismische Diversität, bzw. die Erscheinungsvielfalt des Organismusgesetzes gestaltet sich im konkreten Wechselspiel von konstituierenden Bestimmungen und von modifizierenden Umgebungs- oder Erscheinungsbedingungen. Im dritten Teil wird anhand von Beispielen dargestellt, wie das Organismusgesetz im Falle der Modifikation rezeptiv mit Anpassung oder mit Variation auf sein Erscheinungsmedium reagieren kann. Gleichzeitig agiert es produktiv und gesetzmässig konstituierend nach den Prinzipien der Aneignung oder der Öffnung. Eine weitere Differenzierung des Begriffs der Anpassung oder Aneignung im Blick auf die äusseren und inneren Umgebungsbedingungen wird in Teil vier anhand von Beispielen aus der Evolutionsbiologie ins Bild gebracht. Die in jedem konkreten Organismus gleichzeitig interagierenden Prozesse, die nach diesen Prinzipien verlaufen, werden um der Übersicht willen in einer Tabelle getrennt dargestellt. Teil fünf befasst sich mit den Gestaltungsfreiräumen, die dem Organismusgesetz innerhalb der einschränkenden, aber gleichzeitig auch ermöglichenden äusseren und inneren Umweltbedingungen gegeben sind. Im Kontext dieser Untersuchungen gehört das Genom zur inneren Umwelt des sich in Einzelorganismen verwirklichenden Organismusgesetzes, also zu denjenigen Bedingungen seines Erscheinens, mit denen sich dieses Gesetz auseinandersetzen muss. Indem es diese Auseinandersetzung kreativ ergreifen kann, bieten sich Innovationsmöglichkeiten, die aus dem umfassenden Potential des Organismusgesetzes neue Gesetzmässigkeiten zur Erscheinung bringen können. Stellt man – wie einige moderne EvolutionsbiologInnen – den Einzelorganismus als aktive Instanz ins Zentrum des Evolutiongeschehens, lassen sich auch makroevolutive Schritte erklären.
Die Frage, ob es in der biologischen Evolution Ziele gibt, erhält mit dem Konzept des Organismusgesetzes eine neue Beleuchtung. Evolution ist aus dieser Sicht das Resultat eines aktiven und wechselseitigen Zusammenspiels des in den Individuen verkörperten Organismusgesetzes und innerer sowie äusserer Umwelt, das sich durch Variation (Öffnung) und durch Anpassung zunehmend vollkommener zum Ausdruck bringt. Somit handelt es sich um eine gesetzmässig strukturierte Entwicklungsrichtung, die jedoch in ihren konkreten Zielen nicht vorherbestimmt ist.
Die Menschwerdung als Teil und Fortsetzung der biologischen Evolution wird in Teil acht angesprochen. Insofern der Mensch sich nicht in neue Arten spezifizieren kann, ist er an ein natürliches Ende seiner biologischen Entwicklung gekommen. Mit einer Kulmination an Automorphie und Autoregulation hat jede individuelle menschliche Organisation den Keim zur Verwirklichung der Autonomie entwickelt. Sie ist nicht nur Ausdruck des Organismusgesetzes, sondern auch einer nicht durch die Grenzen dieses Gesetzes behinderten Selbstbestimmung und Selbstgestaltung.

ABSTRACT
In this paper we look at biological evolution from a viewpoint that assumes concepts and ideas are structural as well as constitutive real causes. From this perspective, a biological organism is a lawful and active automorphic unit (law of inner nature) displaying a robust – i.e. stable-flexible – relation with its environment (law of outer circumstances). We call the lawfully acting forces inside an organism ‘law of organism’, referring to Goethe’s and Steiner’s archetype as the universal law of organismic existence.
We presuppose the concrete evidence for defined evolutionary processes and mechanisms acquired by evolutionary science under the Darwinian paradigm as facts and as a development of the manifestations of the law of organism. In each biological individual the range of the law’s appearance is constrained by the history of its predecessors via heredity; at the same time within this setting we assume the law of organism to be actively present in each living being. Out of this view, a complementary evolutionary theory arises yielding the possibility of constitutive inputs of all organisms into their own development.
In part two, based on a universal law of organism we specify general principles of development with reference to biological evolution. These are applied to common descent and the origin of species, genus and other taxonomic hierarchies.
Organismic diversity, and accordingly the multiplicity of appearances of the law of organism, is shaped in factual interaction of constituting instructions and modifying environmental conditions, or conditions of appearance, respectively. As exemplified in part three, concerning modification, the law of organism has the potential to react receptively to the medium of appearance by adaptation or variation. At the same time it productively operates in a constituting manner following the principles of acquisition or opening. A further differentiation of the concept of adaptation concerning the inner and outer conditional context is presented in part four by giving examples from evolutionary biology. For the sake of epistemic distinction, the simultaneously interacting processes governed by these principles are presented separately in a table. Part five deals with the degrees of freedom given to the law of organism while being constrained yet at the same time enabled by inner and outer conditions. In the context of these investigations, the genome belongs to the inner environmental conditions that the law of organism has to deal with when it self-actualises in each individual. Innovations can be realised by creative interventions of the law of organism which allow for the manifestation of novel principles from its universal potential. To attribute to the individual organism a driving force of evolution – as also some modern evolutionary biologists do – opens new explanatory ways for macroevolution.
The concept of the law of organism sheds new light on the question of purpose in evolution. From this perspective, evolution is the result of an interactive communication between the law of organism incorporated in each individual, and inner as well as outer environmental conditions. By means of opening (variation) and adaptation, the law manifests itself towards increasing perfection. This displays a lawful but not precisely determined directiveness.
The evolution of mankind as part and as a consequence of biological evolution is addressed in part eight. In view of the fact that no further speciation is possible,the human being has arrived at the end of its biological evolution. Each single human organism has developed the seed of autonomy by a culmination of automorphy and autoregulation. It is not only a manifestation of the law of organism but also of a being not constrained by the limits of this law, with the potential of selfdetermination and self-embodiment.

[EN]​ —Improvements on next generation networks are expected to be deployed on technology stack named as 5G. In this paper we sum up definitions about 5G technologies, predicted usage scenarios of these technologies, millimeter wave radio access, small cell architecture, massive mimo, beamforming and full-duplex communication which are components of 5G technology, workshops about 5G and works about this area till today, respectively.

[TR]​ —Yeni nesil hücresel ağlar konusundaki gelişmelerin, 5G adı verilen bir teknolojiler topluluğu çerçevesinde hayata geçirilmesi beklenmektedir. Bu makalede sırasıyla 5G teknolojileri hakkındaki tanımlamalar, bu teknolojilerin öngörülen kullanım alanları, 5G'yi oluşturan millimeter wave radio access, small cell architecture, massive mimo, beamforming ve full-duplex communication gibi teknolojiler ile şu ana kadar bu alanda yapılmış çalıştaylar ve teknoloji şirketleri tarafından bu alanda yapılmış çalışmalar özetlenmiştir.

This paper presents an architecture of the LTE signal receiver system to acquire the physical cell identity (PCI). The PCI plays an important role to determine other reference signals, which are further used in channel estimation, cell selection/reselection, and handover procedures. The information required to determine the PCI is carried by two LTE synchronization signals: Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). This paper describes an architecture of PSS and SSS Synchronizer Blocks for LTE-FDD 4G Baseband Receiver System. The synthesis results using Altera Quartus software show that the proposed design of each block consumes 5895 logic gates with the maximum frequency of 114.97 MHz for PSS Synchronizer block and 1332 logic gates with the maximum frequency of 375.09 MHz for SSS Synchronizer block. Both designs have been successfully implemented and verified on Altera DE4 FPGA board.

The aggressive introduction of new smart devices for households is considered today as one of the most challenging issues in the Internet of Things (IoT) world. According to the wide variety of radio technologies used for communication between smart devices, there is a growing need to answer the question of which communication standard can be used to drive communication in smart homes and intelligent buildings as part of the emerging 5G ecosystem. To this end, we provide in this paper a performance analysis of Wireless M-BUS communication protocol which has recently increased its popularity especially in smart-metering domain in Western Europe. First, the developed WM-BUS module in Network Simulator 3 (NS-3) is described. Further, we investigate in detail the obtained simulation results which are compared with the real data from Kamstrup smart metering devices. Especially, the attention is focused on the packet delivery ratio and interference between smart devices. In particular, we demonstrate that our constructed module provides adequate correlation between the results obtained from the simulation and those from real-world measurements.

Indoor Building Coverage (IBC) is one of solution that can be applied to solve blank spot problem inside the building. Blank spot problem is caused by when the radio wave is propagated through multipath environment and experiences various loss such as building constituent material. Blank spot tunnel in MRT Tunnel can be solved by means of Distributed Antenna System (DAS) by distributing a number of antennas inside the tunnel. The simulation was done using Radio wave Propagation Simulator (RPS) to simulate the coverage inside the tunnel and Network Simulator 3 (NS3) to simulate and analyze the user mobility effect toward network performance, respectively. From the result of link budget calculation based on coverage it obtained 6 bi-directional antennas to cover the entire tunnel area with EIRP 29.255 dBm. Coverage overlapping was made at 10% to maintain UE connectivity with the network, thus the UE between antennas would be separated by 1026 meters. From the coverage planning simulation using Radio wave Propagation Simulator (RPS), it obtained the average value of RSRP in the designed area with RSRP value of-73.35dBm with PDF value of 1.5% and CDF value of 52%. The averaged SIR value was obtained in the designed area with SIR value of 8.43 dB with PDF value of 1.2% and CDF value of 50%. In user mobility simulation the UE velocity would be varied by 10km/h, 40km/h, and 80km/h. The first scenario with UE velocity 10 km/h obtained the averaged RSRP of-122.39 dBm, averaged RSRQ of-9.548 dB, and averaged SINR of 30.869 dB. The second scenario with UE velocity 40 km/h obtained the averaged RSRP of-122.375 dBm, averaged RSRQ of-9.561 dB, and averaged SINR of 30.864 dB. The third scenario with UE velocity of 80 km/h obtained the averaged RSRP of-122.388 dBm, averaged RSRQ of-9.587 dB, and averaged SINR of 30.851 dB.