Narwhal

Narwhal
Size comparison with a human
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Cetacea
Suborder:	Olphinesa
Family:	Monodontidae
Genus:	Monodon
Binomial name
Monodon monoceros Linnaeus, 1758

The narwhal or narwhale (Monodon monoceros) is a rarely seen Arctic whale.^[1] This social whale is known as the "unicorn of the sea" because the male has a very long tusk. Very little is known about this whale. Narwhal means "corpse whale" in Old Norse.^[2]

Large male narwhals can grow to a length of 5 m (15 ft), and weigh up to two tons.^[3] A female can give birth once every three years, after a pregnancy of 15 months.^[3] At birth, the baby narwhal is about 2 m (5 ft) long and weighs about 82 kg (180 lb).^[3]

All narwhals have two teeth in their upper jaw and a tusk. After the first year of a male narwhal's life, its left tooth grows outward, spirally. There are some narwhals that are double-tusked, but they are not as common.^[4] This long, single or double tooth projects from its upper jaw and can grow to be 3 m (8.75 ft) long.^[5] Tusks are usually twisted in a counterclockwise direction and are hollow inside. The tusk's function is uncertain, perhaps used as a formidable jousting weapon in courtship and dominance rivalry, in getting food, and/or for channeling and amplifying sonar pulses (which they emit).^[2][6] The tusk is not used in hunting. Long ago, narwhal sightings probably reinforced (or started) the unicorn legends. In fact, when people found the horn of a dead narwhal washed up on shore, they thought that they had found the horn of a unicorn.^[7]

Narwhal can dive deep into the sea to around 800 meters, but can also sometimes dive up to 1,500 meters. This makes them one of the deepest diving sea mammals.

Narwhals live in the icy waters of the Arctic seas.^[5] The Narwhal's thick skin, called blubber, keep them warm in the cold water. They do not go far away from ice. Narwhals live in groups of between 10 and 100. Narwhals are migrating animals who like to move from one place to live in another place for a while. In summer, groups of them move closer to land, where they can sometimes be seen in the estuaries, deep fjords, and bays of Greenland, Northern Canada and as far eastern Russia. In Winter they move back to the icy waters, where they breathe from small holes in the ice.

Narwhals can hunt under ice and like to eat Arctic fish such as the flatfish Greenland halibut, the polar and Arctic cod, shrimp and squid. They suck in their prey when they get close.

Narwhals are both hunted by polar bears and killer whales. The native Inuit people, sometimes called the Eskimos, are still allowed to hunt the Narwhals for their meat and for the tusks. The tusks are sold with or without carving.^[8] The annual value received from Narwhal hunts in Hudson Bay is $530,000, of which $370,000 is for meat, $150,000 for tusks, bones and teeth of males, and $10,000 for teeth and bones of females.^[9]

1. ↑ "Narwhale.org - Tusk Discoveries". Retrieved 2009-12-26.
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. and K. L. Laidre (2006). Greenland's Winter Whales: The beluga, the narwhal and the bowhead whale. Ilinniusiorfik Undervisningsmiddelforlag, Nuuk, Greenland. ISBN 978-87-7975-299-3.
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1 3.2} Ford, John and Deborah. Narwhal: Unicorn of the Arctic Sea., National Geographic, March 1986, pgs. 355-362
4. ↑ Nicklen, Paul. "Arctic Ivory." National Geographic 212.2 (2007): 110-129. Science & Technology Collection. Web. 8 May 2014.
5. ↑ ^{5.0 5.1} "National Geographic Society". Retrieved 2009-12-26.
6. ↑ Silverman, H. B.; M. J. Dunbar (March 1980). "Aggressive tusk use by the narwhal (Monodon monoceros L.)". Nature. 284 (5751): 56–57. Bibcode:1980Natur.284...57S. doi:10.1038/284057a0. S2CID 4263166.
7. ↑ Daston, Lorraine and Katharine Park. Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750. New York: Zone Books, 2001.
8. ↑ Greenfieldboyce, Nell (19 August 2009). "Inuit Hunters Help Scientists Track Narwhals". National Public Radio. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
9. ↑ "Estimating the Economic Value of Narwhal and Beluga Hunts in Hudson Bay, Nunavut". The Arctic Institute of North America. 66: 1–16. March 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)

Wikispecies has information on: Monodon monoceros.

• Biology and ecology of narwhals, NOAA
• Narwhal FAQ
• Narwhal Whales Information and images
• Narwhal general information Archived 2002-01-11 at the Wayback Machine
• Narwhal info Archived 2005-10-25 at the Wayback Machine

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monodon monoceros.

• Paul Nicklen, Canada Archived 2010-08-25 at the Wayback Machine National Geographic Magazine
• On National Geographic