SISTEMINHA - A Social Technology To Alleviate Hunger and Poverty

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research
and Science (IJAERS)

Peer-Reviewed Journal
ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)
Vol-9, Issue-11; Nov, 2022
Journal Home Page Available: https://ijaers.com/
Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.911.40
SISTEMINHA – A social technology to alleviate hunger

and poverty
SISTEMINHA – Uma tecnologia social para aliviar a fome
e a pobreza
Henrique Pereira de Aquino, René Geraldo Cordeiro Silva Júnior, Samara Silva de Matos
Aquino, Marcia Bento Moreira, Lucia Marisy Souza Ribeiro de Oliveira.
Received: 15 Oct 2022, Abstract— This article aims to discuss the phenomena of hunger and
Received in revised form: 04 Nov 2022, poverty as social processes resulting from the absence of public policies of
the state, which assure Brazilians of food in adequate quantity and quality,
Accepted: 09 Nov 2022,
as a constitutional right. This is a bibliographical, descriptive and
Available online: 22 Nov 2022 explanatory research, which took as reference the classic and
©2022 The Author(s). Published by AI contemporary theorists who study the themes, observing the rules
Publication. This is an open access article established for this type of investigation, with the main purpose of
under the CC BY license presenting the efficiency of SISTEMINHA, a social and economic
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). technology as an alternative for the alleviation of hunger, poverty,
insufficient income, but also as an important mechanism of environmental
Keywords— Little System; social
sustainability, since all productive routing is organic, minimizing the
vulnerability; environment; sustainability;
negative impacts that agriculture and livestock bring to the nature, with
climate changes.
interference in climate change.
Palavras–chave— Sisteminha;
Resumo— Este artigo objetiva discutir os fenômenos da fome e da pobreza
vulnerabilidade social; meio ambiente;
como processos sociais resultantes da ausência de políticas públicas de
sustentabilidade; mudanças climáticas.
estado, que assegurem aos brasileiros e brasileiras alimentação em
quantidade e qualidade adequadas, como direito constitucional. Trata-se
de pesquisa bibliográfica, descritiva e explicativa, que tomou por
referência os teóricos clássicos e contemporâneos que estudam os temas,
observando as regras estabelecidas para esse tipo de investigação, tendo
como propósito principal apresentar a eficiência do SISTEMINHA, uma
tecnologia social e econômica como alternativa para a mitigação da fome,
da pobreza, da insuficiência de renda, mas também, como mecanismo
importante de sustentabilidade ambiental, já que, todo encaminhamento
produtivo é de natureza orgânica, minimizando os impactos negativos que
a agricultura e a pecuária trazem para a natureza, com interferência nas
mudanças climáticas.
I. INTRODUCTION municipality of Juazeiro – Bahia, aims to ensure the

The Demonstration Unit with SISTEMINHA production of food in a sustainable way for populations
Technology, located at Espaço Plural / UNIVASF – that have little land and few material and financial
Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, in the resources, from the perspective of food security and the
www.ijaers.com Page | 316

Aquino et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 9(11)-2022
fight against poverty, in line with the SDGs – Sustainable supply the industry, impacting soil fertility, the extinction
Development Goals of the UN 2030 Agenda – United of species of fauna and flora and, consequently, worsening
Nations. the quality of life. population (ARAÚJO FILHO, 2013).
With regard to climate change, although the Only 7.8% of the territory of the Caatinga is
ABC and ABC+ Plan prepared by MAPA – Ministry of protected by Conservation Units, and only 1.3% of the area
Agriculture, Livestock and Supply created by Law No. is covered by integral protection units, however, the
Paris Agreement to contain the rise in global average International Convention on Biological Diversity, to which
temperature by up to 1.5°C above the pre-industrial period the country is a signatory, determines that the country must
and a maximum of 2.0°C by 2100 – to tackle climate maintain at least 10% of conserved areas (BAKONY,
change (UN, 2015), it was found that it was restricted to 2012).
medium and large producers of commodities for export. More recently, experiences by family farmers
Such limitation is worrying, considering that who live in the Caatinga and invest in differentiated and
the movements and social organizations of Family sustainable soil management have shown that it is possible
Agriculture played a fundamental role in the definition of to live with the characteristics of the region, with varied
Family Agriculture as a model of agricultural production; cultivation and the creation of healthy animals. Fruits,
as a category that aggregates rights and as a political vegetables, roots in natura or processed are produced and
identity that unifies a diversity of family units in the used for family consumption and income generation.
countryside, highlighting the struggles of rural women for The Caatinga area is 844,453 km² (IBGE,
access to rights and for the construction of spaces of 2010), and covers the states of Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do
autonomy (CANO, 1998; FURTADO, 1980; LIMA; Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia,
HARFUCH; PALAURO, 2020; MAPA, 2020). Maranhão and also the northern range of Minas Gerais. It
With climate change already in the public borders three other biomes in the country - Amazon,
domain, studies by the IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Climate Change (2021) warn about the negative impacts of The climate that predominates in the Caatinga
these transformations on agricultural production and, in is semi-arid, with precipitation ranging from 200 mm to
this sense, it is necessary to adopt strategies that reconcile 800 mm/year, concentrated in a period of 3 to 5 months,
production increases with the reduction of greenhouse gas covering January to May. The average annual temperature
emissions, especially in family production, which is the varies from 25°C to 30°C and is more or less constant
one that puts food on the table of the world population, throughout the region. Most of its soils are of hard
generates jobs in the countryside, but it is the one with the crystalline origin, which does not favor the accumulation
least resources to promote such adaptations. of water, shallow and stony, with cactus and bromeliads
The great challenge, therefore, is to devise being the most present native vegetation in the biome.
strategies capable of inhibiting the effects of climate Most of its rivers are intermittent, only having water in the
change that have regional peculiarities, depending on the rainy season, which makes farming difficult. However, in
biome, on this group that represents practically 80% of the Caatinga there are approximately 5,311 plant species,
rural properties in Brazil. To this end, the Federal of which at least 1,547 are endemic (IBGE, 2010).
Government seems to show signs of collaboration in When analyzing the SDGs - Sustainable Development
promoting technologies aimed at mitigating these changes, Goals of the UN 2030 Agenda - United Nations, it is clear
with the allocation of resources to strengthen family that of the seventeen planned, Sisteminha meets at least
farming and in technologies that minimize the negative eight of them, namely:
impacts of agricultural activities on the environment, as
Goal 1 – Eradication of Poverty – End poverty in all its
stated the allocation of the largest volumes of resources in
forms, everywhere.
the Agriculture and Livestock Plan 2021/22 - PAP
(FRANCA; FREITAS, 2021). Goal 2 – Zero Hunger and Sustainable Agriculture – End
hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and
Despite climate change, it is important to point
promote sustainable agriculture.
out that the Caatinga concentrates more than 60% of the
areas susceptible to desertification due to inadequate soil Goal 3 – Health and Well-Being – Ensure a healthy life
management practices and extensive livestock farming, in and promote well-being for all, at all ages.
addition to fires. Currently, the main causes of Goal 8 – Decent Work and Economic Growth – Promote
deforestation are associated with the extraction of native sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full
forest for the production of firewood and charcoal to and productive employment, and decent work for all.

Goal 10 – Reducing Inequality – Reducing inequalities basis, and they have been dedicated to formulating theories
within and between countries. that explain social, economic, political, cultural and
Goal 12 – Responsible Consumption and Production - environmental phenomena.
Ensure sustainable production and consumption patterns. In the material and methods, the methodology
Goal 13 – Action Against Global Climate Change - Take used in the research was described, as well as the way in
urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. which the selection of authors and the topics covered was
made.
Goal 17 – Partnerships and Means of Implementation -
Strengthen means of implementation and revitalize the
global partnership for sustainable development. II. JUSTIFICATION
The concern with human interference in the In recent decades Brazil has confirmed a trend
environment is old, because from industrialization in the of enormous inequality in income distribution and high
19th century, the degradation of natural resources was seen levels of poverty. An unequal country, exposed to the
as a symptom of progress, but it was only recently that this historic challenge of facing a legacy of social injustice that
situation took on greater dimensions, assuming a social excludes a significant part of its population from accessing
position as well. , given that the incentive to unbridled minimum conditions of dignity and citizenship. Inequality
consumption, a practice of a capitalist culture, has left deep is so much a part of Brazilian history that it has become a
marks on Earth and threatening the continuity of the life of natural thing. Only South Africa and Malawi have a
animal and plant species. greater degree of inequality than Brazil (World Bank,
Like plants, animals have also undergone 2020).
adaptations to overcome drought. They have adapted to This inequality manifests itself with greater
consume seasonally available food, perform seasonal intensity among the black or brown population, resulting
migrations to more humid places such as mountain ranges, from historical racial discrimination in the structuring of
accelerate the reproductive cycle during the rains or enter a Brazilian society. Over the period between 2012 and 2019,
dormant state during the drought. According to the the income of this population was about half of that
Ministry of the Environment, the Caatinga has: 178 species observed for the white population, which in 2019 was BRL
of mammals; 591 bird species; 117 species of reptiles; 79 981.00 for the black and brown population and BRL
species of amphibians; 241 species of fish; 221 species of 1,948.00 for the black and brown population. the white
bees. Faced with such a rich and diverse scenario, the population (IBGE, 2020). The permanence of this situation
caatinga needs to be preserved, as it is the cradle of several is characteristic of capitalism, which, by keeping part of
springs that supply the northeastern sertão (BRASIL, the population in a state of poverty, benefits the business
2012). class with cheap labor, which, out of necessity for survival,
This article addresses the themes of poverty, accepts the salary offered to it.
social and economic inequality and environmental The seriousness of this finding is that the
sustainability, to explain the Sisteminha as an important poorest have more difficulty in developing a critical sense,
social tool to ensure a decent life for vulnerable because they have little or no education, peacefully
populations, in the understanding that having access to accepting in their work activity to work the maximum
knowledge, technological innovations, food in quantity number of hours a day, leaving them only enough time to
and sufficient quality to increase life expectations, does not stay alive, consuming the that the media determines and,
constitute a privilege, but rights guaranteed in the Federal mistakenly, imagining themselves free (BRANCHER et
Constitution. Therefore, it is organized as follows: al., 2020).
In the justification, it addresses the reasons why According to the 2000 World Bank Report,
the theme was chosen for research, pointing out the poverty is characterized by three axes: a) the lack of
consequences that hunger and poverty bring to the life and resources and income to meet basic needs, including
health of those affected by these phenomena and pointing education and health; b) lack of voice and power in state
out the Sisteminha as a viable alternative to combat hunger institutions and in society; and c) vulnerability to adverse
and poverty. shocks and exposure to risks, combined with an inability to
The objectives define where you want to go cope with them.
and the steps to be pursued. For Aldaísa Sposat (1997), poverty anywhere
The theoretical framework was the basis for the entire in the world can be understood as deprivation or absence
investigation, using classical and modern theorists as a of basic needs, and may even include the inability to eat. In

agreement with this conception, Adam Smith (1996) Studies for Brazil by Machado and Ribas (2010); Ribas,
argued that the true measure of a nation's wealth is not the Machado and Golgher (2011); Gonçalves (2015) and
size of its king's treasury or the possessions of the rich few, Gonçalves and Machado (2015), seek to measure the size
but the wages of the working poor. For the father of of chronic and transitory poverty existing in the country
Enlightenment economic liberalism, the main role of the and estimate the chances of entering and exiting poverty,
market was to produce such wealth, to the point that he pointing out that facing the health crisis requires that the
who feeds, clothes and produces housing for an entire economy be placed in a state of of induced coma. This
people, manages to be reasonably well fed, clothed and translates into three types of shocks that affect households
housed himself. Brazil unfortunately does not even come at the same point in time, namely:
close to this Smithian dream. The Brazilian labor market is i) health shocks directly related to contamination by the
unable to offer half of its workers social protection against virus;
market inconsistencies.
ii) unemployment shocks, which lead individuals to
The impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic in unemployment or informality;
Brazil have further enhanced the inequalities rooted in
iii) psychological shocks with impacts of varying duration.
society. While a small part of society manages to maintain
social isolation by working remotely, the poorest without These shocks, according to the scholars
access to sewerage, drinking water and living in tiny mentioned above, can determine a temporary drop in total
houses that do not allow for a minimum distance that must household income and can drive families into poverty. In
be maintained to prevent the transmission of the virus, end this process of arrival of a structural shock, families can
up contaminating themselves. in greater proportions. In use strategies to maintain their level of well-being, for
addition, the stoppage of activities to maintain the example, using additional labor, that is, when a member
protocols established by Organs competent bodies, suffers a shock of health or unemployment. , other
worsened poverty, due to the total lack of income. members may try to offer labor in the labor market, such
as adolescents who could be in a situation of inactivity and
Another point affected by the Covid-19
with exclusive dedication to studies, or even children.
pandemic was the maintenance of school meals in the
public education network, which is no longer continuous, The second strategy is the use of the set of
putting thousands of students at risk of food insecurity, physical or financial assets belonging to families, in order
since, for many of these students, school meals are the to smooth consumption over time, for example, selling
main meal of the day. The PNAE – National School items such as television, car, motorcycle, computer or
Feeding Program serves around 5,570 Brazilian some land.
municipalities, around 150,000 schools and more than 40 The third family strategy is the use of benefits arising from
million students (FNDE, 2019). According to IBGE data, public or private emergency policies, which make it
in 2018 more than 13 million people are in a state of possible to obtain a permanent or temporary income. The
extreme poverty (IBGE, 2019), aggravated by the use of this instrument depends on the size, focus, access
pandemic crisis, because even after two years of staying in and adherence of families to policies.
the country, it has been compromising years of
Finally, data from the PNADC - National
advancement in poverty reduction and human capital
Household Sample Survey released by the IBGE for the
accumulation.
first quarter of 2020, indicate the impacts of social
Brazil is among the Latin American and isolation on the labor market, showing that: i) the
Caribbean countries that have suffered the most from the unemployment rate rose 1.3 percentage points in compared
long periods of public school closures so far, which is to the last quarter of 2019; ii) there was a reduction of 2.33
expected to increase learning poverty from 48% to 70%, million workers in activity vis-à-vis what was observed in
and disproportionately affect the poor, because distance the last quarter of 2019; iii) 832 thousand informal workers
learning benefited less than 50 percent of students in less working in the private sector stopped working while iv)
developed regions, compared to 92 percent in wealthier 742 thousand self-employed people stopped working.
regions of the country (World Bank, 2020). Thus, the first data on the dynamics of the labor market in
Thus, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is the period of social isolation show a deepening of the
expected to reverse a period of steady improvement in the vulnerabilities of those workers who were already
Human Capital Index, which had increased from 0.52 to vulnerable before the pandemic. Given these realities,
0.58 between 2007 and 2019, requiring strong accelerating Sisteminha presents itself as a viable alternative for
corrective policies.

poverty reduction and food sustainability, which justifies 2) replicability;

this study. 3) production scaling;
4) food and nutrition security.
III. THEORETICAL REFERENCE The tank can be handcrafted or built with
Based on an idea that emerged in ancient locally available materials (wood, adobe, cardboard, straw,
Egypt, the Integrated System for Food Production was stone, tire); with masonry; pre-shaped boards or other
improved for the Brazilian reality by researcher Luiz materials and the water removed is used to irrigate the
Carlos Guilherme from EMBRAPA Meio Norte, in 2011, plants. Currently, at the UNIVASF Demonstration Unit,
with the aim of mitigating poverty and hunger in families Sisteminha has 11 modules, namely:
from the states of Piauí and Maranhão, there called 1. Fish production;
"Sisteminha Embrapa" (JÚNIOR et al., 2019).
2. Production of chicken eggs;
Sisteminha is a social technology for food
3. Production of broilers;
production, developed to generate food security and
sovereignty for poor families that have little land, having 4. Earthworm production;
as a central element the creation of fish in tanks, with a 5. Vegetable production (vegetables, spices and fruit);
recirculation and filtering system, its main advantages
6. Compost production;
being the low initial investment cost, which can be adapted
to the needs, experiences, preferences of the producer and 7. Production of quail eggs;
soil and climate conditions and the local market. It can be 8. Guinea pig production;
deployed in urban, peri-urban and rural areas, from 100m²,
9. Production of ruminants;
constituting a solution dimensioned to meet the nutritional
needs of a family of four, in compliance with the 10. Pig production;
recommendations of the World Health Organization - 11. Biodigester;
WHO (GUILHERME, 2011) By having a staggered production, the families
The technology is founded on four principles: that adhere to the Sisteminha, always have fresh,
1) miniaturization; diversified food that generates income, by selling the
surplus, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 - PLANTING SCHEDULE - 2nd HALF OF 2021
CULTURES July August september October November December
Corn 3/10/17/23/31 7/14/21/28 5/13/21/28 1/8/15/21/28 5/13/21/29 1/8/15/21/29
Green Beans 4/12/19/27 5/13/21/29 1/9/16/24 2/10/17/25/30 8/16/24/30 4/11/21/28
Cassava 3/10/17/23/31 7/14/21/28 5/13/21/28 1/8/15/21/28 5/13/21/29 1/8/15/21/29
Gherkin 4/12/19/27 5/13/21/29 1/9/16/24 2/10/17/25/30 8/16/24/30 4/11/21/28
kra 2/10/18/26 5/13/21/29 1/9/16/24 2/10/17/25/30 8/16/24/30 4/11/21/28
Sweet 3/10/17/23/31 7/14/21/28 5/13/21/28 1/8/15/21/28 5/13/21/29 1/8/15/21/29
Potatto
Carrot 6/13/21/28 5/13/21/29 1/9/16/24 2/10/17/25/30 8/16/24/30 4/11/21/28
Beetroot 7/14/21/28 2/10/17/26 1/9/16/24 2/10/17/25/30 8/16/24/30 4/11/21/28
Coriander 3/10/17/23/31 7/14/21/28 5/13/21/28 1/8/15/21/28 5/13/21/29 1/8/15/21/29
Chives 3/10/17/23/31 7/14/21/28 5/13/21/28 1/8/15/21/28 5/13/21/29 1/8/15/21/29
Lettuce 4/11/19/25 5/13/21/29 1/9/16/24 2/10/17/25/30 8/16/24/30 4/11/21/28
Green 4/11/19/25 5/13/21/29 1/9/16/24 2/10/17/25/30 8/16/24/30 4/11/21/28
Cabege
Tomato 6/13/21/28 5/13/21/29 1/9/16/24 2/10/17/25/30 8/16/24/30 4/11/21/28
Pepper 6/13/21/28 5/13/21/29 1/9/16/24 2/10/17/25/30 8/16/24/30 4/11/21/28

Arugula 3/10/17/23/31 7/14/21/28 5/13/21/28 1/8/15/21/28 5/13/21/29 1/8/15/21/29

Peppers 3/10/17/23/31 7/14/21/28 5/13/21/28 1/8/15/21/28 5/13/21/29 1/8/15/21/29
Chicory 4/12/19/27 5/13/21/29 1/9/16/24 2/10/17/25/30 8/16/24/30 4/11/21/28
Papaya 04/01/2021
Guava 05/01/2021
Acerola 07/01/2021
Pinecone 09/01/2021
Cane 10/01/2021
Banana 03/01/2021
Mango 10/01/2021
Passion Fruit 05/01/2021

Orange 11/01/2021
Lemon 02/01/2021
Source: Sisteminha/Espaço Plural
Since the beginning of the 20th century, after deprivation in which individuals cannot maintain a
the great wars, the UN – United Nations Organization, in minimum standard of living consistent with the socially
order to give convincing answers to populations that were established references in each historical context.
starving as a result of the destruction of fields, equipment The satisfied needs of a poor person in the rural
and agricultural implements, held the First Hot Springs area of northeastern Brazil may be absolutely insufficient
Food Conference. in the United States, in order to discuss for a poor person in a large city in the southern region of
strategies capable of rebuilding productive areas, ensuring the country.
the dignity of the population. At this conference, the Food
For the World Bank (1990), poverty is income
and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was created, with the
deprivation or, in another approach, the inability to achieve
objective of planning the fight against hunger at a global
a minimum standard of living. Also, it is common to
level (CASTRO, 1992; HIRAI; ANJOS, 2007).
understand poverty as the deprivation of what is necessary
Low food stocks, loss of crops and low for well-being in the material aspect, notably food,
productivity of crops, triggered the idea among scholars in clothing, housing and other assets. However, within the
the area that it was essential to modernize agriculture, with psychological aspect of poverty, this social condition
intensive use of chemical products, a process that became makes the poor elements more vulnerable to humiliation
known as the Green Revolution (MALUF; MENEZES, and more distant from any kind of participation in society,
2000). In this process, not everyone was successful. since they face difficulties in obtaining medical care,
Family farmers, for example, lacking capital and technical treated water, electricity, education. and many others
information, did not have the financial capacity to enter (DALRYMPLE, 2016).
this new form of production, nor did they have the
Myrdal (1968), when approaching the subject,
favorable conditions to compete with medium and large
talks about the circular causation of poverty. His thinking
farmers, which led many of them to migrate to the cities. in
is based on the fact that those who are born poor will have
search of work opportunities, leaving a big void in the
inadequate food, attend the worst schools, have the worst
countryside and the certainty that hunger and poverty are
opportunities, a process that will be repeated with their
the result of social inequalities and poor income
children and so on, generating a circle that feeds back and
distribution.
does not give rise to or improvement. in the living
Defining poverty is not easy, as it is a complex conditions of individuals.
phenomenon that means different things to different
According to Gonzales (2014), there is a
people, therefore, its definition cannot be unique and
relationship between climate and poverty. For him, places
universal (PAES DE BARROS et al., 1992). However, it is
where the climate is warmer and require the least amount
possible to say that poverty refers to situations of

of clothing, allow subjects to sleep in the open, because the and even the development of the country, in addition to
night does not require shelter, favoring the appearance of being a violation of rights.
tropical diseases. They can also trigger droughts that In addition to the lack of food, food insecurity
decimate crops, causing people to migrate to larger cities. also refers to the quality of what is consumed, often
The author reflects that the fact that people do not need to generating hidden hunger, which is when the subject eats
save food to face the winter makes them more carefree ultra-processed products, without nutritional value, which
about the future, resulting in a state of poverty. can even satisfy them, however. it does not nourish the
Silva (2009) defines poverty in two aspects: absolute basic needs of the organism. On the contrary, food safety
poverty, related to not meeting the minimum needs for can be defined as a group of rules for the production,
biological reproduction, and relative poverty, which transport, storage of food, following certain norms already
concerns the structure and evolution of the average income established as microbiological and sensorial issues,
of a given country, which means that the conception of determining which foods are suitable for consumption,
relative poverty is based on the idea of income inequality because food is not safe. may contain biological, chemical
and relative deprivation in relation to the dominant way of or physical hazards.
life in a given context. Biological hazards are represented by
In the perspective of relative poverty, Rocha pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins that cause
(2003), points out the phenomenon as complex, and can be foodborne diseases, which can be protozoa, viruses, fungi
defined in a generic way as the situation in which the or bacteria, such as the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes,
needs to be satisfied in function of the predominant way of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, which are pathogenic. If
life in the society in question, are not met in an adequate the consumer ingests food contaminated by pathogenic
way. proper. Relating poverty with income, the IPEA bacteria, he may develop diarrhea, vomiting, nausea,
(2010) measures absolute poverty as average household abdominal pain and fever. Chemical hazards are residues
income per capita of up to half a monthly minimum wage of pesticides used in agriculture, residues of sanitizers used
and introduces the concept of extreme poverty - average in food preparation containers, heavy metals. And physical
household income per capita of up to a quarter of the hazards are represented by the presence of foreign
monthly minimum wage. elements in food such as pieces of glass, metal, rubber,
Barros, Camargo and Mendonça (1993), sand, plastic, screws or others that can come off food
consider the phenomenon of poverty in two aspects: processing equipment or packaging, contaminating the
Structural poverty - when over a period poverty still food (FAO, 1998).
persists and the individual does not obtain sufficient Thus, food security exists when all people, at
income to meet their basic needs and conjunctural poverty all times, have physical, social and economic access to
- circumstantial causes such as temporary illness and sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary
unemployment that put people temporarily below the needs for an active and healthy life. For Tibola and Santi
poverty line. (2017), it deals with the implementation of public policies
Poverty and extreme poverty have terrible to guarantee the population's access to food in adequate
effects on people's dignity and, in the case of children and quantity and quality.
adolescents, have irreparable consequences. The situation Hanning et al., (2012), emphasizes that food
irreversibly compromises their development, condemning security is affected by climate change, as the stability of
them to a perpetual state of vulnerability. Children raised food supply can be affected by the increase in the
in an environment of deprivation and violence are unable occurrence of floods or droughts. Another factor that
to grow, study and work, which makes it difficult for them affects food security is the loss of biodiversity, as as
to become independent adults, perpetuating the cycle of biodiversity declines, the food supply becomes more
poverty. The lack of pedagogical resources, as well as the vulnerable to climate change and water scarcity. The
scarcity of information for the most needy, are some of the production of biofuels has been encouraged to alleviate the
problems that poor people face daily. effects of climate change, reduce concerns about the use of
One of the most violent impacts of poverty is fossil fuels and stimulate rural development, which is what
food insecurity, which can be characterized by the absence Sisteminha advocates.
of food on a regular and permanent basis, in adequate As can be seen, health and nutrition are two
quantity and quality for people's survival. This is a serious dependent categories on each other. There can be no health
situation that compromises individual and collective health without proper nutrition. And even if nutrition is adequate,
the human body needs to enjoy health in order to enjoy it.

These statements become even more relevant when it depriving future generations of the opportunity to live in a
comes to the relationship between health and nutritional better world.
status in childhood, the consequences of which can be The advance of the production of transgenic
devastating, compromising their growth and development foods has also caused concern, for three reasons:
potential, undermining their ability to resist diseases and
1. No studies were carried out to indicate the
reducing their own chances of developing. survival
environmental impacts caused by the use of transgenics.
(MONTEIRO, 1997).
2. It is not yet known what effects, diseases or damage to
Therefore, the realization of the Human Right
health the ingestion of genetically modified foods can
to Adequate Food requires the adoption of sustainable
cause in the medium and long term and this violates the
policies and strategies for the production, distribution,
precautionary principle.
access, consumption of safe and quality food, health
promotion and adequate and healthy food at all federative 3. Products containing genetically modified organisms are
levels. Ensuring this right becomes increasingly difficult, sold without specific labeling that indicates their presence,
due to dietary changes over the years. Traditional rice, infringing one more consumer's right to know and choose
beans and manioc flour lose space for processed and what they consume (LEÃO; RECINE, 2011).
ready-to-eat foods, such as breads, sausages, cookies, soft Human Rights here is being considered with
drinks and ready meals (IBGE, 2020). With this attitude, in those that human beings have, solely and exclusively, by
addition to the loss of diversity and cultural identity, the being born and being part of the human species. They are
new habits have caused damage to the health of Brazilians. inalienable rights, which means that they cannot be taken
The reduced consumption of in natura foods essential to away by others, nor can they be voluntarily given up by
health, such as fruits and vegetables, associated with the anyone and are independent of specific national, state or
excessive and growing consumption of processed foods municipal legislation. They must guarantee people basic
(rich in fat, sugar, salt and low in fiber and vitamins) and conditions that allow them to lead a dignified life, that is,
the sedentary lifestyle of the population, has generated with access to freedom, equality, work, land, health,
alarming numbers. overweight, obesity and chronic housing, education, quality water and food, among other
diseases. requirements. essential. The rights to life, liberty, adequate
Thus, urban populations also need to be food, health, land, water, work, education, housing,
awakened to the notion of food sovereignty, so that they information, participation, liberty and equality can be cited
are able to reflect daily on their needs, food practices and as some examples of human rights (LEÃO; RECINE,
the origin of food. As Burlandy and Maluf (2010) 2011).
emphasize, in a context in which land, health, the body and According to the author, Human Rights:
food are configured as commodities, profiles of needs are
● They are universal because they apply to all human
created and recreated around commercialization and
beings, regardless of sex and sexual orientation, age, ethnic
consumption, some of them imposed by the current
origin, skin color, religion, political opinion, ideology or
everyday life. In this context, there is no way to think
any other personal or social characteristic;
about food sovereignty treating the production system
dissociated from the nutritional dimension and the ● They are indivisible because civil, political, economic,
constraints of contemporary food practices. social and cultural rights are all equally necessary for a
dignified life. Furthermore, the satisfaction of one cannot
Environmental sustainability, the preservation
be used as a justification for the non-fulfillment of others;
of biodiversity and the commitment to future generations
need to be encouraged, because the conventional model of ● They are interdependent and interrelated because the
agriculture demands the intensive use of chemical inputs, realization of one requires the guarantee of the exercise of
such as pesticides, which have been causing damage to the others. For example: there is no freedom without food;
human health and the environment. Brazil is known to be those who do not have the right to work and education do
the largest consumer of pesticides in the world and data not fully exercise the right to vote; there is no health
from the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (2019) inform that without adequate food and so on. In this sense, the
20.42% of notifications of human intoxication are caused promotion of the realization of any human right has to be
by pesticides, which in addition to the negative impacts on developed in an interdependent and interrelated way with
human health, harm the environment. environment and the promotion of all human rights;
contaminate surface and underground water resources, ● They are inalienable, that is, they are non-transferable,
non-negotiable and unavailable rights, which means that

they cannot be taken away by others, cannot be voluntarily This research is qualitative, descriptive and
assigned by anyone, nor can their realization be subject to bibliographical and its purpose was to seek qualified
conditions (LEÃO; RECINE, 2011). information available on the topics of hunger, poverty,
Based on Amartya Sen's (1992) definition, that sustainability, environment, climate change, food security,
poverty is the inability of a person, or group of people, to organic production and agroecology to support the
transform their abilities into opportunities to live life importance of Sisteminha as a technology for combats all
according to their goals and desires, or even the inability to these phenomena mentioned, since the purpose of the
achieve the well-being due to the lack of economic means research is to find answers or solutions to the existing
and the impossibility of converting income and scarce problems, through scientific procedures that lead the
resources into the ability to function, poverty is a category process.
that encompasses many more people than those who are The option for a qualitative approach, used in
usually classified as poor, given only their location in a this bibliographic study, has been frequently used in
structure income distribution system. studies aimed at understanding the life of certain segments
In addition to the inability to meet their basic of society (DENZIN; LINCOLN, 2000). In the same
needs due to low income, in this perspective, there is a lack direction. Severino (2000) states that the methodology
of conditions to live a longer life; lack of access to must show how the research will be carried out and the
education and health facilities; the difficulty in escaping a design of the method that is intended to be adopted. In this
situation of under or chronic malnutrition; lack of access to study, the method was descriptive and exploratory and
potable water; electrical energy; decent living conditions used research in books, texts and articles that addressed the
and a healthy environment; lack of access to culture and topics relevant to the research.
leisure. For a better understanding of the trajectories
Within this vision, the right to adequate food covered by each of these themes, classical and
and the right to be free from hunger are far from the reality postmodernist theorists were sought, without making a
of many people in Brazil. The incorporation of the concept temporal selection, in the understanding that qualitative
of the Human Right to Adequate Food and Food and research is based on many approaches. In line with
Nutritional Security in the various social development exploratory research, Levy (2015) justifies that the use of
strategies is an effective way to reverse this situation. qualitative methods to investigate phenomena allows rich
interpretations that lead to the stimulation of new
discoveries; the emphasis on completeness and simplicity
IV. GOALS of procedures.
4.1 GENERAL Bibliographic research is an exclusively
Bring relevant information, based on theories theoretical procedure, understood as the junction or
formulated by classical and modernist theorists about the gathering of what exists on a given topic. It is made from
causes of hunger and poverty as political decisions with the survey of theoretical references already analyzed and
social and environmental impacts, and present Sisteminha published by written and electronic means, consisting
as an alternative for reducing these phenomena and mainly of books, magazines, publications in periodicals
improving the quality of life of vulnerable populations and scientific articles, newspapers, bulletins, monographs,
from northeast. dissertations, theses, cartographic material, internet, with
the objective of putting the researcher in direct contact
4.2. SPECIFIC
with all material already written on the subject of the
4.2.1. To analyze the situation of poverty in Brazil, research, taking care to verify the authenticity of the data
deepened by COVID-19. obtained, observing the possible inconsistencies or
4.2.2. Relate poverty with malnutrition and health. contradictions that the works may present (PRODANOV;
FREITAS, 2015).
4.2.3. To characterize the Sisteminha as an integrated
production technology aimed at poor populations with In this proposal, the research followed the
little land, capable of ensuring food in adequate quantity following steps:
and quality for the survival of these populations. 1. Definition of the topic to be researched.
2. Choice of keywords in order to facilitate the search.
V. METHODOLOGY 3. Structuring the general and specific objectives.
4. Compliance with official referral rules.

5. Survey of available content. approach encourages the researcher to reflect on the way
6. Organization of found materials. of researching and analyzing data, since the understanding
and interpretation of phenomena is a crucial activity to
7. Critical analysis of the localized material.
produce non-measurable knowledge, however, the same
8. Synthesis of the selected material. rigor and obedience to the stages of research are important.
The benefits of using bibliographic research are qualitative and ethical commitment.
the low cost, considering that in this modality the In this way, it is considered that the qualitative
researcher does not need to go to field activities, because approach in scientific research is promising for the
with the internet there are numerous researches already development of academic investigations, especially in the
carried out, as long as the search is done in reliable data, scope of lato sensu postgraduate studies, in order to
both in primary sources, such as articles, theses, annals, provide the production of relevant knowledge for the
dissertations and periodicals, and in secondary sources, advancement of science itself and of society.
such as encyclopedias, dictionaries, bibliographies,
With regard to the themes of hunger and
databases and books, and in tertiary sources, such as
poverty, it was observed that poverty is a state of misery
library catalogs, literature reviews and others (SOUSA ;
that causes suffering due to insufficient food, which in turn
OLIVEIRA; ALVES, 2021).
generates health problems, and these two factors influence
In qualitative research, the approach is more the quality of life of the population for a long time. these
reflective, reality is verbalized and data receive phenomena affected.
interpretive treatment, with greater interference from the
In Brazil, poverty has a structural origin, derived from a
researcher's subjectivity. In being exploratory, it is
colonization process guided by the slave society, which
characterized by the deepening of the available data,
remains today, where blacks and browns are the most
explaining the factors that determine the occurrence of the
affected, especially in the COVID-19 pandemic, given that
phenomena, opening spaces for new researches based on
the most vulnerable have lost all the income that was
experiments.
obtained in the informal market, deepening social
inequalities.
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Poverty is a social phenomenon that is difficult
As this is a bibliographic, exploratory and to define, because in each context it has a face, however, it
explanatory research, the results presented here are can be said that the deprivation of the minimum conditions
qualitative and are characterized by the conceptual of life, such as food, housing, access to health, income,
development of the topics addressed, based on the data drinking water, information, participation in public life
found. As a methodology for this study, the analysis with opinions, are significant indicators of poverty.
through literature review was used, pointing out what On food security, the discussions point to the
authors such as Sousa, Oliveira and Alves (2021); Denzin realization of the right of everyone to regular and
and Lincoln (2000); Sen (1992); Gonzales (2014); permanent access to food, which in the case of Brazil is a
Gonçalves and Machado (2015); Bikoni (2012); Ribas, reality far from being implemented, given the fragility of
Machado and Golgher (2011); Guilherme (2011); Junior et public policies. The laws exist and, if practiced, would be
al., (2019); Leão and Racine (2011); Burlandy and Maluf able to give legal support to populations in a state of
(2011); Hanning et al., (2012); Tiboli and Santi (2017); poverty, however, today there are more than 13,000,000
Rocha (2003), among others, address the themes of people starving in the country.
hunger, poverty, food and nutrition insecurity,
According to the Organic Law on Food and
environmental sustainability and climate change, in
Nutrition Security - LOSAN (Law nº 11.346, of September
addition to research with intergovernmental bodies such as
15, 2006), by Food and Nutrition Security - SAN is
the UN, IPCC, FAO, World Bank and national audiences
understood the realization of the right of everyone to
such as MAPA, IBGE and Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. As a
regular and permanent access to quality food, in sufficient
result, the theories formulated by the main authors are
quantity, without compromising access to other essential
discussed in order to explain the social phenomena studied.
needs, based on health-promoting dietary practices that
The results of qualitative research are intended respect cultural diversity and are environmentally,
to explain only the phenomenon or the context in which culturally, economically and socially sustainable.
the research was applied, not being able to generalize the
The commitments assumed by the Federal
results to a population or to other different contexts, which
Government since 2003, in order to combat hunger and
is perhaps its greatest weakness. However, the qualitative

poverty in the country, have guided the construction of the As can be seen, these actions are integrated and
Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) agenda as a State range from the field of production promotion, to the
policy, in a broad intersectoral process and with the marketing, distribution and consumption of healthy foods
participation of civil society. , defining the legal and as a way of guaranteeing the Human Right to Adequate
institutional frameworks for this agenda – such as the Food and the fight against all forms of malnutrition.
creation of the National Food and Nutrition Security However, in the case of Brazil, currently most of these
System (SISAN); the recreation of the National Council policies are either inactive or do not provide the material
for Food and Nutrition Security (CONSEA); the conditions for their implementation, hence the Sisteminha
installation of the Intersectoral Chamber for Food and has been placed as an option to reduce the levels of hunger
Nutrition Security (CAISAN); and the elaboration of the and poverty, especially in the Northeast, where the greater
National Plan for Food and Nutrition Security (PLANSAN number of vulnerable are concentrated.
2012/2015).
Starting in the 1940s, specifically in 1945, the VII. RESULTS
government of Getúlio Vargas installed the National Food
The literature consulted that served as the basis
Commission (CNA), whose function was to study the
for this research was satisfactory for the proposed
nutritional status of Brazilians. Going through periods of
objectives, which were the technical foundations for a
donations that came from international aid, through the
better knowledge of the Sisteminha, as a mechanism to
International Childhood Relief Fund (FISI), currently
combat hunger and poverty, respecting the environment
UNICEF, after the elaboration of the National Food and
and encouraging the implementation in the Northeast
Nutrition Plan that made it possible to structure and adapt
region of agriculture with low carbon emissions, in order
the program to reach the entire Brazilian territory (MELO ,
to contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gases in the
2021; FERREIRA; ALVEZ; MELLO, 2019). This initial
atmosphere; better understanding of the evidence of
milestone demonstrates how much school feeding has
hunger and poverty in a country like Brazil, which is
changed, going through several changes in the name, in the
among the world's largest food producers; Brazil's level of
structure, until reaching the current definition of PNAE -
commitment to the responsibilities assumed in
National School Feeding Program.
international forums with the control of climate change,
Some considerations about the need to be through the implementation of strategies made available in
concerned with clean food production, without the use of the ABC Plan of MAPA – Ministry of Agriculture,
pesticides, were made, as this issue is related to food Livestock and Supply.
security and environmental preservation.
From this perspective, this bibliographic work
The execution of the National Food and will enable greater socialization of this information for as
Nutrition Security Policy (PNSAN) involves the many as are interested in the subject.
integration of efforts between government and civil society
and strategic actions and programs such as:
VIII. SOME CONSIDERATIONS
● Access to Water (Cisternas);
Hunger and food insecurity are products of
● Rural promotion to the productive activities of family social inequalities generated by capitalist logic, so since
agriculture; 2016, and more strongly today, public policies aimed at
● Food Acquisition Program (PAA); combating hunger in Brazil are threatened, in a regrettable
● Support for Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture; setback, considering the advances made in this area since
2003, during the government of President Luiz Inácio Lula
● Food Distribution;
da Silva, where new opportunities arose from the
● Rural Productive Inclusion of Traditional Peoples and perspective of building references capable of strengthening
Communities and/or Traditional and Specific Groups and the food security of poor families, but also, with the
Populations; concern of empowering them. with training for work and
● Support for the structuring of Public Food and Nutrition income generation. The Zero Hunger Program was from
Equipment, such as a Network of Food Banks, Popular that time, based on the following diagnosis of the Brazilian
Restaurants and Community Kitchens; reality at the time:
● Actions to support Food and Nutrition Education, etc. i) the insufficiency of demand resulting from the low
(PNSAN, 2006). purchasing power of the population, associated with the

concentration of income and the situation in the labor training for this, which UNIVASF has done with farmers
market (high unemployment and informality); in the municipalities, providing technical and
ii) the difference between food prices and the purchasing accompanying production, so that the small initial
power of the majority of the population; enterprise can be transformed, in addition to food and
nutritional security, into a form of income generation.
iii) the precariousness of the social protection network,
incapable of serving the contingent of unemployed and The training of those interested by UNIVASF
other citizens in need of protection by the State, including has taken into account, as a methodological principle, the
emergency care (FONSECA; MONTEIRO, 2010). existing knowledge of the populations involved, but
emphasizing the importance of making an organic
These governmental initiatives were considered
production, which respects nature and integrates people
by the World Bank and other development agencies as
with the environment in a symbiosis where one depends on
very important for the reduction of social inequalities,
the other. , resulting in an important balance. With regard
because, although poverty is characterized by a set of
to the application of academic concepts, there are
needs, the acquisition of income makes it possible to fulfill
opportunities to confront and adapt them to the realities of
certain needs.
populations, starting from the following phases:
Studies by Myrdal (1997) already pointed out
A. The Diagnosis – Based on the culture of the
that poverty causes diseases, which increases early
participants, in order to know their real demands and the
mortality, impacting productivity at work, which makes
possibilities that exist in their communities.
the State directly responsible for the implementation of
policies capable of promoting development. B. Planning - based on the diagnosis developed in a
participatory manner, interested parties will choose the
Therefore, reducing food and nutritional
modules they wish to implement on their properties, based
insecurity among the most vulnerable populations is
on their vocations. However, as a suggestion of technical
essential to comply with the Federal Constitution, which
feasibility, it is preferable to start with the construction of
places access to food in adequate quantity and quality for
the pond for raising the fish;
all Brazilian citizens as a right.
C. Training and Instrumentation – From there, the
In order to face hunger and food insecurity,
participants go to the Demonstration Unit of the Plural
among so many alternatives available, emphasis was given
Space, in order to verify how the process is carried out,
in this text to the Integrated Production System for its
establishing a praxis there, between theory and practice. At
fundamentals that prioritize those who have little land, few
the end of the fieldwork, the participants return to the
material resources, being able to use family labor to
classroom, where they will have their doubts clarified.
produce the their own healthy food, free of pesticides and
still sell the surplus to generate income. D. Consolidation - Upon returning to their location, at the
time of implementing the Sisteminha, the UNIVASF
In this process, the central element of the
professional, if requested, goes to the field in order to
technological solution is the creation of fish in tanks, with
assist the farmer in installing the fish tank, as well as, in
a recirculation and filtration system, the main advantages
the implementation of the other modules (JÚNIOR, 2019).
of which are the low initial investment cost, which can be
adapted to the needs, experiences, preferences of the In addition, participants receive guidance on
producer and soil and climate conditions. and local market. the principles of agroecology, the importance of valuing
It is suitable for small spaces (from 100 m2), in peri-urban the environment, the solidarity economy as a mechanism
and/or rural areas, constituting a solution dimensioned to for integration and participation and citizenship as a right.
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SISTEMINHA - A Social Technology To Alleviate Hunger and Poverty

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SISTEMINHA – A social technology to alleviate hunger

I. INTRODUCTION municipality of Juazeiro – Bahia, aims to ensure the

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poverty reduction and food sustainability, which justifies 2) replicability;

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[71] PRODANOV, Cleber Cristiano; FREITAS, Ernani Cesar.

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