WO2022220084A1 - 撮像装置 - Google Patents
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- WO2022220084A1 WO2022220084A1 PCT/JP2022/014960 JP2022014960W WO2022220084A1 WO 2022220084 A1 WO2022220084 A1 WO 2022220084A1 JP 2022014960 W JP2022014960 W JP 2022014960W WO 2022220084 A1 WO2022220084 A1 WO 2022220084A1
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- refractive index
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Images
Classifications
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Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to, for example, an imaging device capable of acquiring imaging information and parallax information.
- Patent Literature 1 in an image sensor in which one on-chip lens is arranged across a plurality of pixels, a trench is provided between adjacent pixels and in the central portion of the phase difference acquisition pixel.
- An imaging device as an embodiment of the present disclosure has a first surface and a second surface facing each other, a plurality of pixels are arranged in a matrix, and each pixel has a charge corresponding to the amount of received light. and a semiconductor substrate having a plurality of photoelectric conversion units for photoelectric conversion, and an inter-pixel separation having a first refractive index, which is provided between adjacent pixels and electrically and optically isolates the adjacent pixels. and the adjacent photoelectric conversion portions in the pixel to electrically isolate the adjacent photoelectric conversion portions and have a smaller refractive index difference from the semiconductor substrate than the first refractive index. and an intra-pixel separating portion having a refractive index.
- a pixel separating portion having a first refractive index is provided between adjacent pixels on a semiconductor substrate, and a pixel separating portion having the first refractive index is provided between adjacent photoelectric conversion portions within each pixel.
- An intra-pixel separating portion having a second refractive index with a smaller refractive index difference than the semiconductor substrate is provided.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view showing an example of the configuration of the imaging device shown in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the overall configuration of the imaging device shown in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 2 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a unit pixel shown in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 1 It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram for demonstrating the manufacturing method of the isolation
- FIG. 5B is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG.
- FIG. 5B It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing the process following FIG. 5C. It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing the process following FIG. 5D. It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing the process following FIG. 5E. It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing the process following FIG. 5F. It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing the process following FIG. 5G. It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing the process following FIG. 5H. It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing an example of a configuration of an imaging device according to Modification 1 of the present disclosure. 7A and 7B are cross-sectional schematic diagrams for explaining a method for manufacturing the inter-pixel isolation portion and the intra-pixel isolation portion shown in FIG.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic plan view illustrating the configuration of an imaging device according to Modification 2 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of an imaging device according to Modification 3 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of an imaging device according to Modification 4 of the present disclosure
- 11A and 11B are schematic cross-sectional views for explaining a method of manufacturing the inter-pixel isolation portion and the intra-pixel isolation portion shown in FIG. 10; It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing the process following FIG. 11A.
- FIG. 11B is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG.
- FIG. 11B 11 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of an inter-pixel separation unit and an intra-pixel separation unit in the imaging device shown in FIG. 10;
- FIG. FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of an imaging device according to modification 5 of the present disclosure;
- 14 is an example of an image profile of a refractive index gradient of an intra-pixel separating portion in the imaging device shown in FIG. 13;
- 14 is another example of the image profile of the refractive index gradient of the intra-pixel separating portion in the imaging device shown in FIG. 13;
- 14 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of an intra-pixel separation unit in the imaging device shown in FIG. 13;
- FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a configuration of an imaging device according to modification 6 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 14 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of an imaging device according to Modification 7 of the present disclosure
- 19 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another example of the configuration of the intra-pixel separation unit in the imaging device shown in FIG. 18.
- FIG. FIG. 20 is a schematic plan view showing an example of the shape of an intra-pixel separation section in an imaging device according to Modification 8 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 21 is a schematic plan view showing another example of the shape of an intra-pixel separating portion in an imaging device according to Modification 8 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 21 is a schematic plan view showing another example of the shape of an intra-pixel separating portion in an imaging device according to Modification 8 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 21 is a schematic plan view showing another example of the shape of an intra-pixel separating portion in an imaging device according to Modification 8 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a layout example of an intra-pixel separation portion depending on the position in the pixel portion
- FIG. 20 is a schematic cross-sectional view for explaining a method for manufacturing an inter-pixel isolation portion and an intra-pixel isolation portion according to Modification 9 of the present disclosure
- It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing the process following FIG. 22A.
- FIG. 22B is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 22B;
- FIG. 22C is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 22C
- FIG. 22D is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 22D
- FIG. 20 is a schematic plan view illustrating the configuration of an imaging device according to Modification 10 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 20 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a configuration of an imaging device according to modification 11 of the present disclosure
- 25 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a planar shape of an intra-pixel separating portion in the imaging device shown in FIG. 24
- FIG. FIG. 21 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another example of the configuration of an imaging device according to modification 11 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a layout example of an intra-pixel separation portion depending on the position in the pixel portion;
- FIG. 27 is a schematic cross-sectional view for explaining a method of manufacturing the inter-pixel isolation portion and the intra-pixel isolation portion shown in FIGS. 24 and 26; It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing the process following FIG. 28A.
- FIG. 28B is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 28B;
- FIG. 28C is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 28C;
- FIG. 28C is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 28D;
- 28E is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 28E;
- FIG. 28F is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 28F
- FIG. FIG. 28G is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 28G
- FIG. 28H is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 28H
- FIG. 21 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a configuration of an imaging device according to Modification 12 of the present disclosure
- 30A and 30B are schematic cross-sectional views for explaining a method of manufacturing the inter-pixel isolation portion and the intra-pixel isolation portion shown in FIG. 29
- It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing the process following FIG. 30A.
- FIG. 30B is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 30B
- FIG. 30C is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 30C
- FIG. 30D is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 30D
- It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing the process following FIG. 30E.
- FIG. 21 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a configuration of an imaging device according to modification 13 of the present disclosure
- 32 is a schematic plan view showing an example of the configuration of the imaging device shown in FIG. 31
- FIG. FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram illustrating another example of the planar configuration of an imaging device according to Modification 13 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram illustrating another example of the planar configuration of an imaging device according to Modification 13 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram illustrating another example of the planar configuration of an imaging device according to Modification 13 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram illustrating another example of the planar configuration of an imaging device according to Modification 13 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram illustrating another example of the planar configuration of an imaging device according to Modification 13 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 20 is a schematic plan view showing an example of a layout of a unit pixel and an on-chip lens according to Modification 14 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 20 is a schematic plan view showing another example of the layout of a unit pixel and an on-chip lens according to Modification 14 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 20 is a schematic plan view showing another example of the layout of a unit pixel and an on-chip lens according to Modification 14 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 20 is a schematic plan view showing another example of the layout of a unit pixel and an on-chip lens according to Modification 14 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 20 is a schematic plan view showing another example of the layout of a unit pixel and an on-chip lens according to Modification 14 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 20 is a schematic plan view showing another example of the layout of a unit pixel and an on-chip lens according to Modification
- FIG. 20 is a schematic plan view showing another example of the layout of a unit pixel and an on-chip lens according to Modification 14 of the present disclosure
- FIG. 21 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a configuration of an imaging device according to modification 15 of the present disclosure
- 42 is a schematic plan view showing an example of the configuration of the imaging device shown in FIG. 41
- FIG. 42 is a schematic cross-sectional view for explaining a method of manufacturing the inter-pixel isolation portion and the intra-pixel isolation portion shown in FIG. 41
- FIG. It is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing the process following FIG. 43A.
- FIG. 43B is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 43B
- FIG. 43C is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG.
- FIG. 43C is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 43D;
- FIG. 43E is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 43E;
- 43B is a schematic plan view showing an example of the pattern of the resist film shown in FIG. 43A;
- FIG. 43B is a schematic plan view showing another example of the pattern of the resist film shown in FIG. 43A;
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of an electronic device having the imaging device shown in FIG. 3;
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of a vehicle control system;
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of installation positions of an outside information detection unit and an imaging unit; 1 is a diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of an endoscopic surgery system; FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an example of functional configurations of a camera head and a CCU; FIG.
- Modification 3 (Another example of the structure of the inter-pixel separation section and the intra-pixel separation section) 2-4.
- Modification 4 (another example of the structure of the inter-pixel separation section and the intra-pixel separation section) 2-5.
- Modification 5 (another example of the structure of the inter-pixel separation section and the intra-pixel separation section) 2-6.
- Modification 6 (another example of the structure of the inter-pixel separation section and the intra-pixel separation section) 2-7.
- Modification 7 (another example of the structure of the inter-pixel separation section and the intra-pixel separation section) 2-8.
- Modification 8 (another example of the structure of the inter-pixel separation section and the intra-pixel separation section) 2-9.
- Modification 9 (Another Example of Method for Manufacturing Inter-Pixel Separation Sections and Intra-Pixel Separation Sections) 2-10.
- Modification 10 (another example of the structure of the intra-pixel separation section) 2-11.
- Modification 11 (another example of the structure of the intra-pixel separation section) 2-12.
- Modification 12 (Another example of the structure of the inter-pixel separation section and the intra-pixel separation section) 2-13.
- Modification 13 (example of applying voltage to each of the inter-pixel separation section and the intra-pixel separation section) 2-14.
- Modified Example 14 (Another Example of Unit Pixel and On-Chip Lens Layout) 2-15.
- Modification 15 (Another example of the structure of the inter-pixel separation section and the intra-pixel separation section) 3.
- FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an example of a cross-sectional configuration of an imaging device (imaging device 1) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows an example of a planar configuration of the imaging device 1 shown in FIG. 1, and
- FIG. 1 shows a cross section taken along line II shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of the overall configuration of the imaging device 1 shown in FIG.
- the imaging device 1 is, for example, a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) image sensor used in electronic devices such as digital still cameras and video cameras. portion (pixel portion 100A).
- the imaging device 1 is, for example, a so-called back-illuminated imaging device in this CMOS image sensor or the like.
- the imaging device 1 of the present embodiment has pixels (unit pixels P) capable of simultaneously acquiring imaging information and parallax information.
- the imaging device 1 of the present embodiment in the pixel section 100A in which a plurality of unit pixels P having a plurality of photoelectric conversion units 12 are arranged in a matrix, the photoelectric conversion units adjacent between adjacent pixels and within the unit pixel P An inter-pixel separation portion 13 and an intra-pixel separation portion 14 having different refractive indices are provided between the 12, respectively.
- the imaging device 1 takes in incident light (image light) from a subject through an optical lens system (not shown), and converts the amount of incident light formed on an imaging surface into an electric signal on a pixel-by-pixel basis. are output as pixel signals.
- the image pickup device 1 has a pixel portion 100A as an image pickup area on a semiconductor substrate 11, and includes, for example, a vertical drive circuit 111, a column signal processing circuit 112, a horizontal drive circuit 113, an output It has a circuit 114 , a control circuit 115 and an input/output terminal 116 .
- a plurality of unit pixels P are two-dimensionally arranged in a matrix.
- Each of the plurality of unit pixels P serves as both an imaging pixel and an image plane phase difference pixel.
- the image pickup pixel photoelectrically converts the subject image formed by the image pickup lens in the photodiode PD to generate a signal for image generation.
- the image plane phase difference pixel divides the pupil area of the imaging lens, photoelectrically converts the subject image from the divided pupil area, and generates a signal for phase difference detection.
- a pixel drive line Lread (specifically, a row selection line and a reset control line) is wired for each pixel row, and a vertical signal line Lsig is wired for each pixel column.
- the pixel drive line Lread transmits drive signals for reading signals from pixels.
- One end of the pixel drive line Lread is connected to an output terminal corresponding to each row of the vertical drive circuit 111 .
- the vertical driving circuit 111 is a pixel driving section configured by a shift register, an address decoder, and the like, and drives each unit pixel P of the pixel section 100A, for example, in units of rows.
- a signal output from each unit pixel P in a pixel row selectively scanned by the vertical drive circuit 111 is supplied to the column signal processing circuit 112 through each vertical signal line Lsig.
- the column signal processing circuit 112 is composed of amplifiers, horizontal selection switches, and the like provided for each vertical signal line Lsig.
- the horizontal drive circuit 113 is composed of a shift register, an address decoder, etc., and sequentially drives the horizontal selection switches of the column signal processing circuit 112 while scanning them. By selective scanning by the horizontal drive circuit 113, the signals of the pixels transmitted through the vertical signal lines Lsig are sequentially output to the horizontal signal line 121 and transmitted to the outside of the semiconductor substrate 11 through the horizontal signal line 121. .
- the output circuit 114 performs signal processing on signals sequentially supplied from each of the column signal processing circuits 112 via the horizontal signal line 121 and outputs the processed signals.
- the output circuit 114 may perform only buffering, or may perform black level adjustment, column variation correction, various digital signal processing, and the like.
- a circuit portion consisting of the vertical drive circuit 111, the column signal processing circuit 112, the horizontal drive circuit 113, the horizontal signal line 121 and the output circuit 114 may be formed directly on the semiconductor substrate 11, or may be formed on the external control IC. It may be arranged. Moreover, those circuit portions may be formed on another substrate connected by a cable or the like.
- the control circuit 115 receives a clock given from the outside of the semiconductor substrate 11, data instructing an operation mode, etc., and outputs data such as internal information of the imaging device 1.
- the control circuit 115 further has a timing generator that generates various timing signals, and controls the vertical drive circuit 111, the column signal processing circuit 112, the horizontal drive circuit 113, etc. based on the various timing signals generated by the timing generator. It controls driving of peripheral circuits.
- the input/output terminal 116 exchanges signals with the outside.
- FIG. 4 shows an example of a readout circuit for the unit pixel P of the imaging device 1 shown in FIG.
- the unit pixel P includes two photoelectric conversion units 12A and 12B, transfer transistors TR1 and TR2, a floating diffusion FD, a reset transistor RST, an amplification transistor AMP, and a selection transistor SEL. and
- the photoelectric conversion units 12A and 12B are photodiodes (PD), respectively.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 12A has an anode connected to the ground voltage line and a cathode connected to the source of the transfer transistor TR1.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 12B has an anode connected to the ground voltage line and a cathode connected to the source of the transfer transistor TR2.
- the transfer transistor TR1 is connected between the photoelectric conversion section 12A and the floating diffusion FD.
- the transfer transistor TR2 is connected between the photoelectric conversion section 12B and the floating diffusion FD.
- a drive signal TRsig is applied to the gate electrodes of the transfer transistors TR1 and TR2, respectively.
- the drive signal TRsig becomes active, the transfer gates of the transfer transistors TR1 and TR2 are brought into conduction, and the signal charges accumulated in the photoelectric conversion units 12A and 12B are floated through the transfer transistors TR1 and TR2. Transferred to Diffusion FD.
- the floating diffusion FD is connected between the transfer transistors TR1, TR2 and the amplification transistor AMP.
- the floating diffusion FD converts the signal charge transferred by the transfer transistors TR1 and TR2 into a voltage signal and outputs the voltage signal to the amplification transistor AMP.
- the reset transistor RST is connected between the floating diffusion FD and the power supply.
- a drive signal RSTsig is applied to the gate electrode of the reset transistor RST.
- the drive signal RSTsig becomes active, the reset gate of the reset transistor RST becomes conductive, and the potential of the floating diffusion FD is reset to the level of the power supply.
- the amplification transistor AMP has its gate electrode connected to the floating diffusion FD and its drain electrode connected to the power supply unit, and serves as an input unit for a readout circuit for the voltage signal held by the floating diffusion FD, a so-called source follower circuit. That is, the amplification transistor AMP has its source electrode connected to the vertical signal line Lsig via the selection transistor SEL, thereby forming a constant current source and a source follower circuit connected to one end of the vertical signal line Lsig.
- the selection transistor SEL is connected between the source electrode of the amplification transistor AMP and the vertical signal line Lsig.
- a drive signal SELsig is applied to the gate electrode of the select transistor SEL.
- the selection transistor SEL becomes conductive, and the unit pixel P becomes selected.
- a readout signal (pixel signal) output from the amplification transistor AMP is output to the vertical signal line Lsig via the selection transistor SEL.
- signal charges generated in the photoelectric conversion section 12A and signal charges generated in the photoelectric conversion section 12B are respectively read.
- a signal for phase difference autofocus can be obtained.
- the signal charges read out from the photoelectric conversion units 12A and 12B are summed up in the floating diffusion FD and output to, for example, an imaging block of an external signal processing unit, whereby the photoelectric conversion units 12A and 12B are output.
- a pixel signal based on the total charge of the portion 12B can be obtained.
- the imaging device 1 is, for example, a back-illuminated imaging device, and the plurality of unit pixels P arranged two-dimensionally in a matrix in the pixel section 100A includes, for example, the light receiving section 10 and the light receiving section 10 and a multilayer wiring layer 30 provided on the side opposite to the light incident side S1 of the light receiving portion 10 are laminated.
- the light receiving unit 10 has a semiconductor substrate 11 having a first surface 11S1 and a second surface 11S2 facing each other, and a plurality of photoelectric conversion units 12 embedded in the semiconductor substrate 11.
- the semiconductor substrate 11 is composed of, for example, a silicon substrate.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 12 is, for example, a PIN (Positive Intrinsic Negative) type photodiode (PD), and has a pn junction in a predetermined region of the semiconductor substrate 11 .
- a plurality of (for example, two (photoelectric conversion units 12A and 12B)) of the photoelectric conversion units 12 are embedded in the unit pixel P as described above.
- the light receiving section 10 further has an inter-pixel separation section 13 and an intra-pixel separation section 14 .
- the inter-pixel separation section 13 is provided between the unit pixels P adjacent to each other.
- the inter-pixel separation section 13 is provided around the unit pixel P, and is provided in a grid pattern in the pixel section 100A as shown in FIG. 2, for example.
- the inter-pixel separation section 13 is for electrically and optically separating adjacent unit pixels P, and for example, extends from the first surface 11S1 side of the semiconductor substrate 11 toward the second surface 11S2 side, For example, it penetrates between the first surface 11S1 and the second surface 11S2 of the semiconductor substrate 11 .
- the inter-pixel separation section 13 has, for example, a refractive index smaller than that of the semiconductor substrate 11 .
- the material forming the inter-pixel separation section 13 include low refractive index materials such as silicon oxide (SiO x ; 1.3 to 1.5).
- the inter-pixel separation section 13 may be configured by an air gap. Note that the above materials are only examples, and the materials are not limited to these.
- the inter-pixel separation section 13 made of a low refractive index material may be covered with a thin high refractive index film such as a barrier film 17 described later, which has a higher refractive index than the low refractive index material.
- the inter-pixel separation section 13 may have a multi-layered structure including, for example, a film made of a material with a high refractive index inside, as long as it can be regarded as a member with a substantially low refractive index.
- the intra-pixel separation unit 14 is provided in the unit pixel P between the adjacent photoelectric conversion units 12A and 12B.
- the intra-pixel separation section 14 is for electrically separating the adjacent photoelectric conversion sections 12A and 12B.
- the intra-pixel separation section 14 extends from the first surface 11S1 side of the semiconductor substrate 11 toward the second surface 11S2 side. It penetrates between the surfaces 11S2.
- the intra-pixel isolation part 14 has, for example, a refractive index substantially equal to that of the semiconductor substrate 11 or higher than that of the inter-pixel isolation part 13 .
- materials forming the intra-pixel isolation section 14 include tantalum oxide (TaO x ; 2.2), diamond (2.4), titanium oxide (TiO x ; 2.4), zirconium oxide (ZrO x ; 2 .2), hafnium oxide ( HfOx ; 1.9), cerium oxide ( CeOx ; 2.2), iron oxide ( FeOx ; 2.9), aluminum oxide ( AlOx ; 1.63), silicon nitride (SiN; 1.9) and niobium oxide (NbO x ; 2.5).
- the in-pixel isolation section 14 may be formed using non-doped polysilicon (Poly-Si) or amorphous silicon. Note that the above materials are only examples, and the materials are not limited to these.
- the intra-pixel isolation section 14 may be covered with a barrier film 17 described later, similarly to the inter-pixel isolation section 13 .
- the intra-pixel separation section 14 may include a film made of a low refractive index material inside, for example. You may have a multi-layered structure containing.
- an insulating film 15 is provided around the inter-pixel isolation section 13 and the intra-pixel isolation section 14 .
- the insulating film 15 include a silicon oxide (SiO x ) film and the like.
- a fixed charge layer 16 is further provided on the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11 to prevent reflection on the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11 .
- the fixed charge layer 16 may be a film having positive fixed charges or a film having negative fixed charges.
- Examples of the constituent material of the fixed charge layer 16 include a semiconductor material or a conductive material having a bandgap wider than that of the semiconductor substrate 11 .
- the light collecting section 20 is provided on the light incident side S1 of the light receiving section 10, and selectively transmits, for example, red light (R), green light (G), or blue light (B) for each unit pixel P. It has a color filter 21, a light shielding portion 22 provided between the unit pixels P of the color filter 21, a planarizing layer 23, and a lens layer 24, which are stacked in this order from the light receiving portion 10 side.
- color filter 21 for example, two color filters 21G for selectively transmitting green light (G) are arranged diagonally with respect to four unit pixels P arranged in two rows and two columns.
- Color filters 21R and 21B that selectively transmit (R) and blue light (B) are arranged one by one on orthogonal diagonal lines (see FIG. 8, for example).
- the unit pixel P provided with each of the color filters 21R, 21G, and 21B for example, the corresponding color light is detected by each photoelectric conversion section 12.
- unit pixels P for detecting red light (R), green light (G), and blue light (B) are arranged in a Bayer pattern.
- the light shielding portion 22 is for preventing the light obliquely incident on the color filter 21 from leaking into the adjacent unit pixel P, and is provided between the unit pixels P of the color filter 21 as described above. .
- the light shielding portions 22 are provided in a grid pattern in the pixel portion 100A.
- a conductive material having a light shielding property can be used. Specifically, for example, tungsten (W), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), or an alloy of Al and copper (Cu) can be used.
- the planarization layer 23 is for planarizing the surface of the light incident side S1 formed by the color filter 21 and the light shielding portion 22 .
- the planarization layer 23 is formed using, for example, silicon oxide (SiO x ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y ), or the like.
- the lens layer 24 is provided so as to cover the entire surface of the pixel section 100A, and has a plurality of gapless on-chip lenses 24L, for example, on its surface.
- the on-chip lens 24L is for condensing the light incident from above onto the photoelectric conversion section 12, and is provided for each unit pixel P, for example, as shown in FIG. That is, the on-chip lens 24L is provided across the plurality of photoelectric conversion units 12 within the unit pixel P. As shown in FIG. Further, in a plan view, the inter-pixel separation portion 13 and the boundaries of the plurality of on-chip lenses 24L substantially match each other.
- the lens layer 24 is made of an inorganic material such as silicon oxide (SiO x ) or silicon nitride (SiN x ). Alternatively, the lens layer 24 may be formed using an organic material with a high refractive index such as an episulfide resin, a thietane compound, or a resin thereof.
- the shape of the on-chip lens 24L is not particularly limited, and various lens shapes such as a hemispherical shape and a semi-cylindrical shape can be adopted.
- the multilayer wiring layer 30 is provided on the side opposite to the light incident side S1 of the light receiving section 10, specifically, on the side of the second surface 11S2 of the semiconductor substrate 11.
- the multilayer wiring layer 30 has, for example, a structure in which a plurality of wiring layers 31, 32, and 33 are stacked with an interlayer insulating layer 34 interposed therebetween.
- a vertical drive circuit 111, a column signal processing circuit 112, a horizontal drive circuit 113, an output circuit 114, a control circuit 115, an input/output terminal 116, and the like are formed.
- the wiring layers 31, 32, 33 are formed using, for example, aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), tungsten (W), or the like. Alternatively, the wiring layers 31, 32, 33 may be formed using polysilicon (Poly-Si).
- the interlayer insulating layer 34 is, for example, a single layer film made of one of silicon oxide (SiO x ), TEOS, silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y ), or the like, or one of these. It is formed of a laminated film consisting of two or more kinds.
- the inter-pixel separation section 13 and the intra-pixel separation section 14 of the present embodiment can be formed, for example, as follows.
- STI Shallow Trench Isolation
- FFTI Full Trench Isolation
- an opening 11H1 is formed as an STI from the second surface 11S2 side of the semiconductor substrate 11, and after burying, for example, a SiOx film, an opening 11H2 is formed as an FFTI in the STI. , is likewise embedded with, for example, a SiO x film.
- openings 11H3 and 11H4 are formed between the unit pixels P and in the FFTI within the unit pixel P, respectively, and a filling material 41 such as polysilicon is buried. Subsequently, for example, a p-well is formed in the semiconductor substrate 11 by ion implantation, and an n-type photoelectric conversion section 12 is formed in this p-well.
- the semiconductor substrate 11 is turned over, and the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11 is ground by, for example, CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) to expose the FFTI and the embedding material 41.
- CMP Chemical Mechanical Polishing
- a mask 42 is formed on the first surface 11S1 side of the semiconductor substrate 11, for example, on the FFTI and the embedding material 41 where the inter-pixel isolation portion 13 is formed, and wet etching is performed, for example, as shown in FIG.
- the filling material 41 in the opening 11H4 is removed by dry etching or the like. Specifically, by using remote plasma or chemical dry etching (CDE), the embedding material 41 can be removed without damaging the semiconductor substrate 11 .
- CDE remote plasma or chemical dry etching
- the opening 11H4 is filled with, for example, a tantalum oxide film, and the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11 is planarized by, for example, CMP.
- an intra-pixel isolation portion 14 is formed.
- a mask 42 is formed on the intra-pixel isolation portion 14, and the filling material 41 in the opening 11H3 is removed by, for example, wet etching or dry etching.
- the opening 11H3 is filled with, for example, a silicon oxide film, and the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11 is planarized by, for example, CMP. Thereby, the inter-pixel isolation part 13 is formed.
- the fixed charge layer 16 is formed on the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11. Then, as shown in FIG. Next, as shown in FIG. 5H, after forming, for example, a lattice-shaped light blocking portion 22 on the fixed charge layer 16, as shown in FIG. to form Subsequently, a planarization layer 23 is formed on the color filters 21 and the light shielding portions 22 , and finally, a lens layer 24 is bonded onto the planarization layer 23 . As described above, the imaging apparatus 1 shown in FIG. 1 is completed.
- the inter-pixel separation portion 13 and the intra-pixel A separation section 14 is provided between the adjacent unit pixels P of the semiconductor substrate 11 and between the adjacent photoelectric conversion portions 12 in the unit pixels P.
- the inter-pixel isolation part 13 is formed using a material having a larger refractive index difference with the semiconductor substrate 11 than the in-pixel isolation part 14 , and the in-pixel isolation part 14 has a refractive index different from that of the semiconductor substrate 11 .
- a material having a refractive index substantially equal to or higher than that of the material forming the inter-pixel separation section 13 is used.
- each pixel has a plurality of photodiodes, and by sharing one on-chip lens with the plurality of photodiodes, imaging information and parallax information can be obtained at the same time.
- isolation portions are formed between adjacent pixels and between a plurality of photodiodes within a pixel.
- the light incident on the photodiodes originally arranged adjacently in the pixel is transmitted as it is without being reflected by the separation section between the photodiodes, and is photoelectrically converted by the adjacently arranged photodiodes.
- the image sensor configured as described above most of the light incident on the separation portion between the photodiodes at a wide angle is totally reflected. For this reason, there is a possibility that the image plane retardation characteristic may deteriorate.
- the inter-pixel separation portion 13 provided between the adjacent unit pixels P is formed using a material having a smaller refractive index than the semiconductor substrate 11, and the adjacent photoelectric conversion in the unit pixels P is performed.
- the intra-pixel isolation part 14 provided between the parts 12 is formed using a material having a refractive index substantially equal to that of the semiconductor substrate 11 or higher than that of the inter-pixel isolation part 13 . As a result, the total reflection of light incident on the in-pixel separation section 14 at a wide angle is reduced.
- the light transmittance in the intra-pixel separating portion 14 that electrically separates the adjacent photoelectric conversion portions 12 in the unit pixel P is improved, and the on-chip lens 24L is improved.
- the light condensed by is photoelectrically converted by the original photoelectric conversion unit 12 . Therefore, it becomes possible to improve the optical characteristics. For example, it is possible to improve the image plane retardation characteristic.
- FIG. 6 schematically illustrates an example of a cross-sectional configuration of an imaging device (imaging device 1A) according to Modification 1 of the present disclosure.
- the imaging device 1A is, for example, a CMOS image sensor or the like used in electronic equipment such as a digital still camera or a video camera, and is, for example, a so-called back-illuminated imaging device as in the above embodiments.
- the inter-pixel isolation part 13 and the intra-pixel isolation part 14 extend from the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11 toward the second surface 11S2, and their bottoms are formed in the semiconductor substrate 11. may have been
- the inter-pixel separation section 13 and the intra-pixel separation section 14 of this modified example can also be formed, for example, as follows.
- STI, FFTI and photoelectric conversion section 12 are formed in the same manner as in the above embodiment. Specifically, openings 11H3 and 11H4 are formed between the unit pixels P and in the FFTI within the unit pixel P, respectively, and polysilicon, for example, is embedded as the embedding material 41 .
- the embedding material 41 is etched back to a predetermined depth to embed the SiOx film. Subsequently, for example, a p-well is formed in the semiconductor substrate 11 by ion implantation, and an n-type photoelectric conversion section 12 is formed in this p-well.
- the semiconductor substrate 11 is turned over, and the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11 is ground by, for example, CMP to expose the FFTI.
- the inter-pixel isolation portion 13 and the intra-pixel isolation portion 14 are formed separately, and further, the fixed charge layer 16, the color filter 21, the light shielding portion 22, the planarizing layer 23 and the lens layer 24 are formed. are formed sequentially.
- the imaging apparatus 1A shown in FIG. 6 is completed.
- FIG. 8 schematically shows another example of the planar configuration of the imaging device 1 as a modified example (modified example 2) of the above embodiment.
- the intra-pixel separation section 14 may change the refractive index according to the wavelength photoelectrically converted in each unit pixel P, for example.
- the refractive index of the intra-pixel separating portion 14 may be changed according to the color filter 21 provided above each unit pixel P (light incident side S1).
- the intra-pixel separation section 14 preferably has a higher refractive index as the wavelength photoelectrically converted in the plurality of photoelectric conversion sections 12 in the unit pixel P becomes longer.
- two color filters 21G for selectively transmitting green light (G) are arranged diagonally with respect to four unit pixels P arranged in two rows and two columns,
- the color filters 21R and 21B that selectively transmit red light (R) and blue light (B) are arranged one by one on orthogonal diagonal lines, the pixels formed in the respective unit pixels P
- the refractive indices of the separating portions 14R, 14G, and 14B may be 14R>14G>14B.
- inter-pixel separation section 13 of the unit pixel P on which the red light (R) is incident may be formed using a material having a lower refractive index than the other inter-pixel separation sections 13 .
- red light (R), green light (G), and blue light (B) are photoelectrically converted in four unit pixels P arranged in two rows and two columns.
- four unit pixels P arranged in 2 rows ⁇ 2 columns may photoelectrically convert Y (yellow)/M (magenta)/G (green)/C (cyan), or W ( white) or IR (infrared light) may be photoelectrically converted.
- FIG. 9 schematically illustrates an example of a cross-sectional configuration of an imaging device (imaging device 1B) according to Modification 3 of the present disclosure.
- the imaging device 1B is, for example, a CMOS image sensor or the like used in electronic equipment such as a digital still camera or a video camera, and is, for example, a so-called back-illuminated imaging device as in the above embodiment.
- the inter-pixel separation portion 13 and the intra-pixel separation portion 14 are formed to have approximately the same width.
- it may be formed narrower than the width W1 of the inter-pixel separation portion 13 (W1 ⁇ W2).
- the width W1 of the inter-pixel separation portion 13 is, for example, 100 nm or more and 500 nm or less
- the width W2 of the intra-pixel separation portion 14 is, for example, 1 nm or more and less than 100 nm, more preferably 1 nm or more and 50 nm or less. be.
- the optical film becomes a film thickness range in which total reflection is less likely to occur.
- the light is photoelectrically converted by the original photoelectric conversion unit 12 .
- the decrease in sensitivity and the generation of scattered light due to the light condensed by the on-chip lens 24L striking the in-pixel separation section 14 are reduced. Therefore, in addition to the effects of the above embodiments, it is possible to further improve the optical characteristics.
- the inter-pixel separating portion 13 and the intra-pixel separating portion 14 are formed using materials having the same refractive index. You may do so.
- the inter-pixel isolation section 13 and the intra-pixel isolation section 14 may each be formed using silicon oxide (SiO x ) having a smaller refractive index than the semiconductor substrate 11, for example, or may be configured with a gap. You may do so.
- a structure in which a silicon oxide film and voids are combined may be employed.
- FIG. 10 schematically illustrates an example of a cross-sectional configuration of an imaging device (imaging device 1C) according to Modification 4 of the present disclosure.
- the imaging device 1C is, for example, a CMOS image sensor or the like used in electronic equipment such as a digital still camera or a video camera, and is, for example, a so-called back-illuminated imaging device as in the above embodiment.
- a barrier film 17 may be further formed around the inter-pixel isolation portion 13 and the intra-pixel isolation portion 14 .
- the barrier film 17 can be formed using, for example, aluminum oxide (AlO x ) or tantalum oxide (TaO x ).
- the inter-pixel separation section 13 and the intra-pixel separation section 14 of this modified example can be formed, for example, as follows.
- the filling material 41 in the opening 11H4 is removed.
- an aluminum oxide film is formed as a barrier film 17 on the side and bottom surfaces of the opening 11H4 using, for example, an ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) method.
- an aluminum oxide film is formed again as a barrier film 17 on the tantalum oxide film.
- the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11 is planarized by, for example, CMP. As a result, the in-pixel isolation part 14 whose surface is covered with the barrier film 17 is formed.
- a mask 42 is formed on the intra-pixel isolation portion 14, and the filling material 41 in the opening 11H3 is removed by, for example, wet etching or dry etching.
- the opening 11H3 is filled with, for example, a silicon oxide film.
- an aluminum oxide film is formed as a barrier film 17 on the tantalum oxide film again.
- the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11 is planarized by, for example, CMP. Thereby, the inter-pixel isolation part 13 whose surface is covered with the barrier film 17 is formed.
- the fixed charge layer 16, the color filter 21, the light shielding portion 22, the planarization layer 23 and the lens layer 24 are sequentially formed in the same manner as in the above embodiment. As described above, the imaging device 1C shown in FIG. 10 is completed.
- the in-pixel isolation portion 14 When the in-pixel isolation portion 14 is formed using, for example, iron oxide, the in-pixel isolation portion 14 may become Si impurity sites and dark current may increase.
- a barrier film 17 made of, for example, aluminum oxide is formed around the inter-pixel isolation section 13 and the intra-pixel isolation section 14 .
- diffusion of impurities from the in-pixel isolation portion 14 to the semiconductor substrate 11 can be reduced.
- a plurality of constituent materials of the above-described intra-pixel separating portion 14 may be used. (For example, two types) are selected, and films (first layer 17A and second layer 17B) made of the selected materials are formed, for example, by using the ALD method, for example, the first layer 17A and the second layer as shown in FIG. It is preferable to form a multilayer film in which layers 17B are alternately laminated.
- the film formed by the ALD method is a laminated film at the atomic level, the two cannot be separated even by physical diffraction or the like. It becomes a ternary compound structure.
- the composition ratio can be easily changed by adjusting the number of lamination times of the first layer 17A and the second layer 17B. This makes it possible to easily adjust the refractive index of the intra-pixel separating portion 14 .
- FIG. 13 schematically illustrates an example of a cross-sectional configuration of an imaging device (imaging device 1D) according to modification 5 of the present disclosure.
- the imaging device 1D is, for example, a CMOS image sensor or the like used in electronic equipment such as a digital still camera or a video camera, and is, for example, a so-called back-illuminated imaging device as in the above embodiment.
- the intra-pixel separation section 14 extends from the center toward the outer edge in the adjacent direction of the adjacent photoelectric conversion sections 12 in the unit pixel P (for example, the X-axis direction in FIG. 13). It may have a refractive index gradient in which the refractive index changes gradually. 14 shows an example of the refractive index gradient in the direction A-A' shown in FIG. Specifically, the outer edge portion close to the photoelectric conversion portion 12 has a refractive index equivalent to that of the semiconductor substrate 11 (silicon substrate), and the central portion has a lower refractive index than the outer edge portion.
- the intra-pixel separating portion 14 having a refractive index gradient as shown in FIG. 14 can be formed, for example, using silicon oxide in which the oxygen content is adjusted from the central portion to the outer edge portion. Specifically, it can be formed by using oxygen-rich silicon oxide toward the center and silicon-rich silicon oxide toward the outer edge. In this way, for example, when forming a refractive index gradient by changing the composition of a silicon oxide film, the supply amount of oxygen is increased or decreased when forming an amorphous silicon film using a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method, for example. can be formed by a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method, for example.
- CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition
- FIG. 14 shows an example of the image profile of the refractive index gradient of the intra-pixel separating portion 14, and is not limited to this.
- FIG. 14 shows an example in which the refractive index gradient of the intra-pixel separating portion 14 changes continuously. good too.
- the refractive index gradient of the intra-pixel separation section 14 can also be formed by combining different materials.
- a material forming the intra-pixel isolation portion 14 for example, hafnium oxide (HfO x ), aluminum oxide (AlO x ), zirconium oxide (ZrO x ), tantalum oxide (TaO x ), or the like with a high bandgap is used. It is preferable to select a material that has
- the intra-pixel separating portion 14 having a refractive index gradient in the adjacent direction (for example, the X-axis direction in FIG. 13) of the photoelectric conversion portions 12 adjacent in the unit pixel P has a composition or material as shown in FIG.
- Two layers (first layer 17C and second layer 17D) having different thicknesses can be formed by alternately stacking them with different film thicknesses.
- the amorphous silicon layer (first layer 17C) and the high bandgap material layer (second layer 17D) are combined into the second layer 17D at the central portion.
- Each film is formed by adjusting the film thickness so that the ratio of .
- the high bandgap material layer (second layer 17D) is formed using, for example, the ALD method.
- a refractive index gradient in which the refractive index gradually changes from the center toward the outer edge is provided in the adjacent direction (for example, the X-axis direction) of the photoelectric conversion portions 12 adjacent to each other in the unit pixel P.
- the intra-pixel separation section 14 having the same is provided.
- the outer edge portion close to the photoelectric conversion portion 12 has a refractive index equivalent to that of the semiconductor substrate 11 (silicon substrate), and the central portion has a lower refractive index than the outer edge portion.
- Optical reflection can be reduced while maintaining electrical isolation at the isolation section 14 . Therefore, in addition to the effects of the above embodiments, it is possible to further improve the optical characteristics.
- FIG. 17 schematically illustrates an example of a cross-sectional configuration of an imaging device (imaging device 1E) according to modification 6 of the present disclosure.
- the imaging device 1E is, for example, a CMOS image sensor or the like used in electronic equipment such as a digital still camera or a video camera, and is, for example, a so-called back-illuminated imaging device as in the above embodiment.
- the width W2 of the intra-pixel separation portion 14 is formed narrower than the width W1 of the inter-pixel separation portion 13 (W1 ⁇ W2).
- the width W2 is made sufficiently small and the in-pixel isolation portion 14 is formed using, for example, polysilicon or amorphous silicon
- the film thickness of the barrier film 17 is, for example, one atomic layer or more and less than 5 nm, preferably one atomic layer or more and 3 nm or less.
- generation of an interface state between the in-pixel isolation portion 14 and the semiconductor substrate 11 is reduced while suppressing a decrease in transmittance due to the barrier film 17 .
- the insulating film 15 around the intra-pixel isolation portion 14 can be omitted.
- the width W2 of the in-pixel isolation portion 14 is made sufficiently small, and the barrier film 17 is formed around the in-pixel isolation portion 14, so that the gap between the semiconductor substrate 11 and the in-pixel isolation portion 14 is reduced. is reduced. Therefore, in addition to the effects of Modification 2, electrical characteristics can be improved.
- the in-pixel isolation portion 14 is formed using, for example, impurity-doped polysilicon or amorphous silicon, the diffusion of impurities from the in-pixel isolation portion 14 to the semiconductor substrate 11 is reduced by the barrier film 17. can do.
- FIG. 18 schematically illustrates an example of a cross-sectional configuration of an imaging device (imaging device 1F) according to modification 7 of the present disclosure.
- the imaging device 1F is, for example, a CMOS image sensor or the like used in electronic equipment such as a digital still camera or a video camera, and is, for example, a so-called back-illuminated imaging device as in the above embodiment.
- the in-pixel separation portion 14 has a gap with the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11, and the width in the in-plane direction (eg, the X-axis direction) of the semiconductor substrate 11 is A tapered shape that widens from the first surface 11S1 toward the second surface 11S2 may be employed.
- a barrier film 17 is formed around the tapered intra-pixel isolation portion 14 as in the sixth modification.
- the width W2 of the intra-pixel isolation portion 14 is less than 100 nm as in Modification 3 and the like, the area and volume of the intra-pixel isolation portion 14 with respect to the unit pixel P occupies, for example, around 10%. Therefore, light close to that ratio is absorbed in the in-pixel separating portion 14 in terms of probability.
- a tapered intra-pixel isolation portion 14 whose width W2 is narrowed from the second surface 11S2 side of the semiconductor substrate 11 toward the first surface 11S1 is provided. and the intra-pixel separation portion 14 are provided with a gap.
- the blue light (B) is absorbed in the vicinity of the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11 because Si has a high absorption rate. Therefore, the absorption of blue light (B) by the intra-pixel separating portion 14 is reduced.
- Red light (R) and green light (G) have a lower absorptivity than blue light (B) and reach a deep portion of the semiconductor substrate 11 (on the side of the second surface 11S2). Since 14 has a tapered shape, the probability of light passing through the first surface 11S1 side of the semiconductor substrate 11 being absorbed is low. Therefore, in addition to the effects of Modifications 3 and 6, it is possible to improve the light absorption efficiency.
- the image plane phase difference is the same regardless of which of the adjacent photoelectric conversion portions 12 absorbs the light. small impact on performance. Therefore, the light may be reflected without being transmitted through the in-pixel separation section 14. For example, as shown in FIG. 19, a gap G may be formed inside the in-pixel separation section 14. As a result, the absorption loss due to the intra-pixel separation section 14 is further reduced, making it possible to further improve the light absorption efficiency.
- FIGS. 20A to 20D schematically show other examples of the shape of the intra-pixel separation section 14 in the imaging device 1 as a modification (modification 8) of the embodiment of the present disclosure.
- an example of the intra-pixel separating portion 14 extending between a pair of opposing sides of the inter-pixel separating portion 13 surrounding the unit pixel P is shown, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the intra-pixel separation section 14 may have a gap between it and the inter-pixel separation section 13 surrounding the unit pixel P, for example, as shown in FIG. 20A. Further, as shown in FIG. 20B, for example, the intra-pixel separating portion 14 extends from each of the pair of opposing sides of the inter-pixel separating portion 13 surrounding the unit pixel P toward the center of the unit pixel P, and It may be composed of two intra-pixel separating portions 14A and 14B having a gap. Furthermore, even if the intra-pixel separation section 14 has a gap between the inter-pixel separation section 13 surrounding the unit pixel P and the two intra-pixel separation sections 14A and 14B, as shown in FIG. 20C, for example, good. Furthermore, FIG. 20C shows an example in which the rectangular intra-pixel separating portions 14A and 14B are provided in plan view, but as shown in FIG. It may have a circular shape containing.
- two intra-pixel separating portions 14A You may make it change the formation position of 14B. This makes it possible to reduce the difference in characteristics such as sensitivity to obliquely incident light due to lens shift or the like.
- the inter-pixel separation section 13 may be composed of gaps as described in the above embodiments.
- the inter-pixel separation section 13 configured by the gap can be formed, for example, as follows.
- the STI, FFTI, and photoelectric conversion section 12 are formed in the same manner as in the above embodiment. Specifically, openings 11H3 and 11H4 are formed between the unit pixels P and in the FFTI within the unit pixel P, respectively, and polysilicon, for example, is embedded as the embedding material 41 .
- an oxide film 18 is formed over the opening 11H2.
- the material of the oxide film 18 for example, a material that is not etched when the semiconductor substrate 11 is turned over and the embedded material 41 is removed by etching is selected. Thereafter, for example, a p-well is formed in the semiconductor substrate 11 by ion implantation, and an n-type photoelectric conversion section 12 is formed in this p-well.
- the semiconductor substrate 11 is turned over, and the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11 is ground by, for example, CMP to expose the FFTI and the embedding material 41.
- a mask 43 is formed on the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11, and the opening is formed.
- a continuous barrier film 17 is formed on the side and bottom surfaces of 11H4 and the mask 43, and a tantalum oxide film, for example, is embedded in the opening 11H4 as the intra-pixel isolation section .
- the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11 is planarized by, for example, etch back, the filling material 41 in the opening 11H3 is removed, and the side and bottom surfaces of the opening 11H3 and the semiconductor are removed.
- a barrier film 17 is formed continuously on the first surface 11S1 of the substrate 11 .
- the openings 11H3 are closed by using, for example, non-conformal film formation conditions, and the inter-pixel separation portions 13 made of voids are formed. .
- the fixed charge layer 16, the color filter 21, the light shielding portion 22, the planarization layer 23 and the lens layer 24 are sequentially formed in the same manner as in the above embodiment. As described above, the imaging apparatus 1 shown in FIG. 1 is completed.
- FIG. 23 schematically shows another example of the planar configuration of the imaging device 1 as a modified example (modified example 10) of the modified example 8.
- the two in-pixel separation sections 14A and 14B may change the distance l between the two in-pixel separation sections 14A and 14B according to the wavelength photoelectrically converted in each unit pixel P.
- the refractive index of the intra-pixel separating portion 14 is changed so that the distance between the two intra-pixel separating portions 14A and 14B is changed according to the color filter 21 provided above each unit pixel P (light incident side S1).
- the distance between the two in-pixel separating portions 14A and 14B is longer as the wavelength photoelectrically converted in the plurality of photoelectric conversion portions 12 in the unit pixel P is longer.
- two color filters 21G for selectively transmitting green light (G) to four unit pixels P arranged in two rows and two columns are provided on a diagonal line.
- the color filters 21R and 21B which are arranged and selectively transmit red light (R) and blue light (B) are arranged one by one on orthogonal diagonal lines, each unit pixel P is formed with a
- the distances lr, lg, and lb between the two intra-pixel separating portions 14A and 14B are assumed to be lr>lg>lb. This makes it possible to further improve the optical characteristics in addition to the effects of Modification 8 above.
- FIG. 24 schematically illustrates an example of a cross-sectional configuration of an imaging device (imaging device 1G) according to modification 11 of the present disclosure.
- the imaging device 1G is, for example, a CMOS image sensor or the like used in electronic equipment such as a digital still camera or a video camera.
- the intra-pixel separation section 14 has an FFTI structure
- the in-pixel separation section 14 may have an RDTI structure extending from the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11 toward the second surface 11S2.
- a diffusion region 19 in which impurities are diffused is formed between the bottom of the in-pixel isolation portion 14 and the second surface 11S2 of the semiconductor substrate 11 . That is, in the imaging device 1 ⁇ /b>G of this modified example, adjacent photoelectric conversion sections in the unit pixel P are electrically separated by the in-pixel separation section 14 having the RDTI structure and the diffusion region 19 .
- the intra-pixel separation unit 14 of this modified example may be combined with the above-described modified example 2 so that the constituent material is changed according to the wavelength photoelectrically converted in each unit pixel P. Further, as shown in FIG. 25, the planar layout of the intra-pixel separating portion 14 may be changed according to the wavelength photoelectrically converted in each unit pixel P. FIG. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 26, the width (W1, W1') and the depth of the intra-pixel separating portion 14 may be changed according to the wavelength photoelectrically converted in each unit pixel P. Furthermore, the substantially cross-shaped intra-pixel separating portion 14 provided in the unit pixel P on the right side of the paper surface shown in FIG. And, depending on the amount of offset of the on-chip lens 24L with respect to the central portion of the unit pixel P, the formation position and the cross position of the substantially cross-shaped intra-pixel separating portion 14 in the unit pixel P may be changed.
- the intra-pixel separation unit 14 of this modified example can also be formed, for example, as follows.
- an opening 11H3 is formed in the FFTI, and , for example polysilicon.
- the diffusion region 19 and the photoelectric conversion section 12 are formed at the formation position of the intra-pixel isolation section 14 by, for example, implantation activation.
- the semiconductor substrate 11 is turned over, and the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11 is ground by, for example, CMP to expose the FFTI.
- an opening 11H4 to be the RDTI is formed from the first surface 11S1 side of the semiconductor substrate 11 to the formation position of the intra-pixel isolation section 14 by using, for example, reactive ion etching (RIE). do.
- RIE reactive ion etching
- an insulating film 15 is formed on the side and bottom surfaces of the opening 11H4.
- a predetermined material is deposited in the opening 11H4 as the intra-pixel separation section 14.
- FIG. Magnetic A
- the surface is flattened by, for example, CMP.
- the materials are produced in the following manner.
- FIG. 28F after forming the fixed charge layer 16 and embedding the material for forming the intra-pixel isolation section 14 in the opening 11H4, for example, at positions other than the positions where the intra-pixel isolation section 14X2 is formed.
- a mask is formed on the intra-pixel isolation portion 14 (14X1), and as shown in FIG. 28G, the material A buried in the opening 11H4' is removed by wet etching or dry etching, for example.
- FIG. 28H after a mask 43 is formed on the fixed charge layer 16 formed on the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11, a predetermined material is formed in the opening 11H4' as the intra-pixel separation section 14X2. (Material B) is buried.
- the mask 43 is removed by, for example, CMP, and the surface of the fixed charge layer 16 is planarized.
- the color filter 21, the light shielding portion 22, the planarizing layer 23 and the lens layer 24 are sequentially formed in the same manner as in the above embodiment. As described above, the imaging device 1G shown in FIGS. 24 and 26 is completed.
- FIG. 29 schematically illustrates an example of a cross-sectional configuration of an imaging device (imaging device 1H) according to modification 12 of the present disclosure.
- the imaging device 1H is, for example, a CMOS image sensor or the like used in electronic equipment such as a digital still camera or a video camera, and is, for example, a so-called back-illuminated imaging device as in the above embodiment.
- both the inter-pixel separation section 13 and the intra-pixel separation section 14 may have the RDTI structure.
- the inter-pixel separation section 13 and the intra-pixel separation section 14 having the RDTI structure can be formed in the same manner as the intra-pixel separation section 14 (14X1, 14X2) of Modification 11 above.
- the diffusion regions 19 are formed at the positions where the inter-pixel isolation portions 13 and the intra-pixel isolation portions 14 are to be formed, and the photoelectric conversion portions 12 are formed by, for example, implantation activation.
- the semiconductor substrate 11 is turned over, and the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11 is ground and thinned by, for example, CMP.
- an opening 11H4 to be the RDTI is formed from the first surface 11S1 side of the semiconductor substrate 11 to the formation position of the intra-pixel isolation section 14 by using RIE, for example.
- FIG. 30B after forming the insulating film 15 on the side and bottom surfaces of the opening 11H4, the opening 11H4 is filled with a predetermined material as the intra-pixel isolation section 14, and the surface is planarized by, for example, CMP. do.
- a mask is formed on the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11, and as shown in FIG. 30C, an opening 11H5 to be the RDTI is formed at the formation position of the inter-pixel isolation section 13 using RIE, for example.
- a predetermined material is deposited in the opening 11H5 as the inter-pixel separation section 13.
- the surface is planarized by, for example, CMP.
- the inter-pixel separation section 13 is composed of the gap G, for example, as shown in FIG. film to form a gap G in the opening 11H5.
- a protective layer 26 made of, for example, silicon oxide is formed on the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11, and the upper portion of the opening 11H5 (gap G) forming the inter-pixel separation section 13 is covered. occlude.
- the color filter 21, the light shielding portion 22, the planarizing layer 23 and the lens layer 24 are sequentially formed in the same manner as in the above embodiment. As described above, the imaging device 1H shown in FIG. 29 is completed.
- FIG. 31 schematically illustrates an example of a cross-sectional configuration of an imaging device (imaging device 1I) according to modification 13 of the present disclosure.
- the imaging device 1I is, for example, a CMOS image sensor or the like used in electronic equipment such as a digital still camera or a video camera, and is, for example, a so-called back-illuminated imaging device as in the above embodiment.
- an electrode 25 may be formed above the inter-pixel isolation section 13 and the intra-pixel isolation section 14, as shown in FIG. Specifically, for example, an electrode 25 is provided on the fixed charge layer 16, and the electrode 25, the inter-pixel separation section 13 and the intra-pixel separation section 14 are connected through the opening 16H provided in the fixed charge layer 16. Connect electrically.
- the electrode 25 extends, for example, in the Y-axis direction above the inter-pixel isolation portion 13 and the intra-pixel isolation portion 14, as shown in FIG. 32, for example.
- the electrode 25 is preferably made of a light-transmitting conductive material, but it is not limited to this depending on the layout of the electrode 25 .
- the electrode 25 extending in the Y-axis direction formed above the intra-pixel separation section 14 is extended in the X-axis direction so as to cover substantially the entire surface of the unit pixel P.
- the electrode 25 extending in the X-axis direction formed above the intra-pixel isolation section 14 is extended in the Y-axis direction so as to cover substantially the entire surface of the unit pixel P. You may let
- the pixel performance can be optimized.
- the number of knobs increases, making it possible to improve pixel characteristics.
- Modification 14 36 to 40 show other examples of the layout of the unit pixel P and the on-chip lens 24L as a modification (modification 14) of the above embodiment.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 12 in the unit pixel P has a layout in which two photoelectric conversion units are arranged in parallel as shown in FIG. 12 may be arranged in 2 rows by 2 columns. Also, for this unit pixel P, one on-chip lens 24L may be arranged for each of two adjacent photoelectric conversion units 12 in the unit pixel P, as shown in FIG. good.
- the number of photoelectric conversion units 12 provided in the unit pixel P does not necessarily have to be the same for all pixels.
- the unit pixel P that photoelectrically converts G two photoelectric conversion units are arranged in two rows and one column, and in the unit pixel P that photoelectrically converts blue light (B) with a relatively short wavelength, four photoelectric conversion units 12 are arranged. may be arranged in 2 rows ⁇ 2 columns.
- color filter 21R, 21G, and 21B are, for example, as shown in FIG. 39, a plurality of unit pixels P (for example, four unit pixels P) may be arranged one by one.
- unit pixels P capable of simultaneously acquiring imaging information and parallax information are arranged two-dimensionally in a matrix in the pixel section 100A.
- unit pixels Py capable of acquiring parallax information are arranged in part of a pixel section 100A in which unit pixels Px for acquiring imaging information are two-dimensionally arranged in a matrix. may have been
- FIG. 41 schematically illustrates an example of a cross-sectional configuration of an imaging device (imaging device 1I) according to modification 15 of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 42 schematically shows an example of the planar configuration of the imaging device 1 shown in FIG. 41, and
- FIG. 41 shows a cross section taken along line IV-IV shown in FIG.
- the imaging device 1I is, for example, a CMOS image sensor or the like used in electronic equipment such as a digital still camera or a video camera, and is, for example, a so-called back-illuminated imaging device as in the above embodiment.
- Modified Example 3 shows an example in which the width of the intra-pixel separating portion 14 is formed narrower than the width of the inter-pixel separating portion 13, and Modified Example 12 shows an example in which the gap G is formed in the inter-pixel separating portion 13. , which can be combined.
- the inter-pixel separation section 13 and the intra-pixel separation section 14 of this modified example can be formed, for example, as follows.
- a hard mask 44 is formed on the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11. Then, as shown in FIG. Next, using a photolithography technique, the line width within the unit pixel P where the intra-pixel isolation section 14 is formed is larger than the line width between adjacent unit pixels P where the inter-pixel isolation section 13 is formed on the hard mask 44 . A resist film 45 is formed which is patterned so as to narrow the line width. Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 43B, the hard mask 44 is processed by dry etching, for example.
- the semiconductor substrate 11 is processed by, for example, dry etching to form an opening 11H6 forming the inter-pixel isolation section 13 and an opening 11H7 forming the intra-pixel isolation section .
- hard mask 44 is removed.
- an aluminum oxide film is deposited to form the insulating film 15 covering the first surface 11S1 of the semiconductor substrate 11 and the side and bottom surfaces of the openings 11H6 and 11H7.
- a titanium oxide film is formed using, for example, the ALD method.
- the inter-pixel isolation portion 13 including the gap G is formed in the opening 11H6, and the intra-pixel isolation portion 14 closed by the titanium oxide film is formed in the opening 11H7.
- FIG. 42 shows the intra-pixel separation section 14 having a certain width
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- the intra-pixel separation section 14 extending in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction has a wider line width at the intersection and its vicinity. It can be formed to be narrow.
- the imaging apparatus 1 and the like can be applied to any type of electronic equipment having an imaging function, such as a camera system such as a digital still camera or a video camera, or a mobile phone having an imaging function.
- FIG. 46 shows a schematic configuration of the electronic device 1000. As shown in FIG.
- the electronic device 1000 includes, for example, a lens group 1001, an imaging device 1, a DSP (Digital Signal Processor) circuit 1002, a frame memory 1003, a display unit 1004, a recording unit 1005, an operation unit 1006, and a power supply unit 1007. and are interconnected via a bus line 1008 .
- a lens group 1001 an imaging device 1
- a DSP (Digital Signal Processor) circuit 1002 a frame memory 1003, a display unit 1004, a recording unit 1005, an operation unit 1006, and a power supply unit 1007. and are interconnected via a bus line 1008 .
- DSP Digital Signal Processor
- a lens group 1001 captures incident light (image light) from a subject and forms an image on the imaging surface of the imaging device 1 .
- the imaging apparatus 1 converts the amount of incident light, which is imaged on the imaging surface by the lens group 1001 , into an electric signal for each pixel and supplies the electric signal to the DSP circuit 1002 as a pixel signal.
- the DSP circuit 1002 is a signal processing circuit that processes signals supplied from the imaging device 1 .
- a DSP circuit 1002 outputs image data obtained by processing a signal from the imaging device 1 .
- a frame memory 1003 temporarily holds the image data processed by the DSP circuit 1002 because of the number of frames.
- the display unit 1004 is, for example, a panel type display device such as a liquid crystal panel or an organic EL (Electro Luminescence) panel. to record.
- a panel type display device such as a liquid crystal panel or an organic EL (Electro Luminescence) panel. to record.
- the operation unit 1006 outputs operation signals for various functions of the electronic device 1000 in accordance with user's operations.
- the power supply unit 1007 appropriately supplies various power supplies to the DSP circuit 1002, the frame memory 1003, the display unit 1004, the recording unit 1005, and the operation unit 1006 as operating power supplies.
- the technology (the present technology) according to the present disclosure can be applied to various products.
- the technology according to the present disclosure can be realized as a device mounted on any type of moving body such as automobiles, electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, motorcycles, bicycles, personal mobility, airplanes, drones, ships, and robots. may
- FIG. 47 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration example of a vehicle control system, which is an example of a mobile control system to which the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied.
- a vehicle control system 12000 includes a plurality of electronic control units connected via a communication network 12001.
- vehicle control system 12000 includes drive system control unit 12010 , body system control unit 12020 , vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 , vehicle interior information detection unit 12040 , and integrated control unit 12050 .
- integrated control unit 12050 As the functional configuration of the integrated control unit 12050, a microcomputer 12051, an audio/image output unit 12052, and an in-vehicle network I/F (interface) 12053 are illustrated.
- the drive system control unit 12010 controls the operation of devices related to the drive system of the vehicle according to various programs.
- the driving system control unit 12010 includes a driving force generator for generating driving force of the vehicle such as an internal combustion engine or a driving motor, a driving force transmission mechanism for transmitting the driving force to the wheels, and a steering angle of the vehicle. It functions as a control device such as a steering mechanism to adjust and a brake device to generate braking force of the vehicle.
- the body system control unit 12020 controls the operation of various devices equipped on the vehicle body according to various programs.
- the body system control unit 12020 functions as a keyless entry system, a smart key system, a power window device, or a control device for various lamps such as headlamps, back lamps, brake lamps, winkers or fog lamps.
- the body system control unit 12020 can receive radio waves transmitted from a portable device that substitutes for a key or signals from various switches.
- the body system control unit 12020 receives the input of these radio waves or signals and controls the door lock device, power window device, lamps, etc. of the vehicle.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 detects information outside the vehicle in which the vehicle control system 12000 is installed.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 is connected with an imaging section 12031 .
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 causes the imaging unit 12031 to capture an image of the exterior of the vehicle, and receives the captured image.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 may perform object detection processing or distance detection processing such as people, vehicles, obstacles, signs, or characters on the road surface based on the received image.
- the imaging unit 12031 is an optical sensor that receives light and outputs an electrical signal according to the amount of received light.
- the imaging unit 12031 can output the electric signal as an image, and can also output it as distance measurement information.
- the light received by the imaging unit 12031 may be visible light or non-visible light such as infrared rays.
- the in-vehicle information detection unit 12040 detects in-vehicle information.
- the in-vehicle information detection unit 12040 is connected to, for example, a driver state detection section 12041 that detects the state of the driver.
- the driver state detection unit 12041 includes, for example, a camera that captures an image of the driver, and the in-vehicle information detection unit 12040 detects the degree of fatigue or concentration of the driver based on the detection information input from the driver state detection unit 12041. It may be calculated, or it may be determined whether the driver is dozing off.
- the microcomputer 12051 calculates control target values for the driving force generator, the steering mechanism, or the braking device based on the information inside and outside the vehicle acquired by the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 or the vehicle interior information detection unit 12040, and controls the drive system control unit.
- a control command can be output to 12010 .
- the microcomputer 12051 realizes the functions of ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) including collision avoidance or shock mitigation, follow-up driving based on inter-vehicle distance, vehicle speed maintenance driving, vehicle collision warning, or vehicle lane deviation warning. Cooperative control can be performed for the purpose of ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) including collision avoidance or shock mitigation, follow-up driving based on inter-vehicle distance, vehicle speed maintenance driving, vehicle collision warning, or vehicle lane deviation warning. Cooperative control can be performed for the purpose of ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) including collision avoidance or shock mitigation, follow-up driving based on inter-vehicle distance, vehicle speed maintenance driving, vehicle collision warning, or vehicle
- the microcomputer 12051 controls the driving force generator, the steering mechanism, the braking device, etc. based on the information about the vehicle surroundings acquired by the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 or the vehicle interior information detection unit 12040, so that the driver's Cooperative control can be performed for the purpose of autonomous driving, etc., in which vehicles autonomously travel without depending on operation.
- the microcomputer 12051 can output a control command to the body system control unit 12020 based on the information outside the vehicle acquired by the information detection unit 12030 outside the vehicle.
- the microcomputer 12051 controls the headlamps according to the position of the preceding vehicle or the oncoming vehicle detected by the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030, and performs cooperative control aimed at anti-glare such as switching from high beam to low beam. It can be carried out.
- the audio/image output unit 12052 transmits at least one of audio and/or image output signals to an output device capable of visually or audibly notifying the passengers of the vehicle or the outside of the vehicle.
- an audio speaker 12061, a display unit 12062 and an instrument panel 12063 are illustrated as output devices.
- the display unit 12062 may include at least one of an on-board display and a head-up display, for example.
- FIG. 48 is a diagram showing an example of the installation position of the imaging unit 12031.
- the vehicle 12100 has imaging units 12101, 12102, 12103, 12104, and 12105 as the imaging unit 12031.
- the imaging units 12101, 12102, 12103, 12104, and 12105 are provided at positions such as the front nose of the vehicle 12100, the side mirrors, the rear bumper, the back door, and the upper part of the windshield in the vehicle interior, for example.
- An image pickup unit 12101 provided in the front nose and an image pickup unit 12105 provided above the windshield in the passenger compartment mainly acquire images in front of the vehicle 12100 .
- Imaging units 12102 and 12103 provided in the side mirrors mainly acquire side images of the vehicle 12100 .
- An imaging unit 12104 provided in the rear bumper or back door mainly acquires an image behind the vehicle 12100 .
- Forward images acquired by the imaging units 12101 and 12105 are mainly used for detecting preceding vehicles, pedestrians, obstacles, traffic lights, traffic signs, lanes, and the like.
- FIG. 48 shows an example of the imaging range of the imaging units 12101 to 12104.
- the imaging range 12111 indicates the imaging range of the imaging unit 12101 provided in the front nose
- the imaging ranges 12112 and 12113 indicate the imaging ranges of the imaging units 12102 and 12103 provided in the side mirrors, respectively
- the imaging range 12114 The imaging range of an imaging unit 12104 provided on the rear bumper or back door is shown. For example, by superimposing the image data captured by the imaging units 12101 to 12104, a bird's-eye view image of the vehicle 12100 viewed from above can be obtained.
- At least one of the imaging units 12101 to 12104 may have a function of acquiring distance information.
- at least one of the imaging units 12101 to 12104 may be a stereo camera composed of a plurality of imaging elements, or may be an imaging element having pixels for phase difference detection.
- the microcomputer 12051 determines the distance to each three-dimensional object within the imaging ranges 12111 to 12114 and changes in this distance over time (relative velocity with respect to the vehicle 12100). , it is possible to extract, as the preceding vehicle, the closest three-dimensional object on the course of the vehicle 12100, which runs at a predetermined speed (for example, 0 km/h or more) in substantially the same direction as the vehicle 12100. can. Furthermore, the microcomputer 12051 can set the inter-vehicle distance to be secured in advance in front of the preceding vehicle, and perform automatic brake control (including following stop control) and automatic acceleration control (including following start control). In this way, cooperative control can be performed for the purpose of automatic driving in which the vehicle runs autonomously without relying on the operation of the driver.
- automatic brake control including following stop control
- automatic acceleration control including following start control
- the microcomputer 12051 converts three-dimensional object data related to three-dimensional objects to other three-dimensional objects such as motorcycles, ordinary vehicles, large vehicles, pedestrians, and utility poles. It can be classified and extracted and used for automatic avoidance of obstacles. For example, the microcomputer 12051 distinguishes obstacles around the vehicle 12100 into those that are visible to the driver of the vehicle 12100 and those that are difficult to see. Then, the microcomputer 12051 judges the collision risk indicating the degree of danger of collision with each obstacle, and when the collision risk is equal to or higher than the set value and there is a possibility of collision, an audio speaker 12061 and a display unit 12062 are displayed. By outputting an alarm to the driver via the drive system control unit 12010 and performing forced deceleration and avoidance steering via the drive system control unit 12010, driving support for collision avoidance can be performed.
- At least one of the imaging units 12101 to 12104 may be an infrared camera that detects infrared rays.
- the microcomputer 12051 can recognize a pedestrian by determining whether or not the pedestrian exists in the captured images of the imaging units 12101 to 12104 .
- recognition of a pedestrian is performed by, for example, a procedure for extracting feature points in images captured by the imaging units 12101 to 12104 as infrared cameras, and performing pattern matching processing on a series of feature points indicating the outline of an object to determine whether or not the pedestrian is a pedestrian.
- the audio image output unit 12052 outputs a rectangular outline for emphasis to the recognized pedestrian. is superimposed on the display unit 12062 . Also, the audio/image output unit 12052 may control the display unit 12062 to display an icon or the like indicating a pedestrian at a desired position.
- the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied to the imaging unit 12031 among the configurations described above.
- the imaging device 100 can be applied to the imaging unit 12031 .
- the technology according to the present disclosure it is possible to obtain a high-definition captured image with little noise, so that highly accurate control using the captured image can be performed in the moving body control system.
- the technology (the present technology) according to the present disclosure can be applied to various products.
- the technology according to the present disclosure may be applied to an endoscopic surgery system.
- FIG. 49 is a diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of an endoscopic surgery system to which the technology (this technology) according to the present disclosure can be applied.
- FIG. 49 shows an operator (physician) 11131 performing surgery on a patient 11132 on a patient bed 11153 using an endoscopic surgery system 11000 .
- an endoscopic surgery system 11000 includes an endoscope 11100, other surgical instruments 11110 such as a pneumoperitoneum tube 11111 and an energy treatment instrument 11112, and a support arm device 11120 for supporting the endoscope 11100. , and a cart 11200 loaded with various devices for endoscopic surgery.
- An endoscope 11100 is composed of a lens barrel 11101 whose distal end is inserted into the body cavity of a patient 11132 and a camera head 11102 connected to the proximal end of the lens barrel 11101 .
- an endoscope 11100 configured as a so-called rigid scope having a rigid lens barrel 11101 is illustrated, but the endoscope 11100 may be configured as a so-called flexible scope having a flexible lens barrel. good.
- the tip of the lens barrel 11101 is provided with an opening into which the objective lens is fitted.
- a light source device 11203 is connected to the endoscope 11100, and light generated by the light source device 11203 is guided to the tip of the lens barrel 11101 by a light guide extending inside the lens barrel 11101 to reach the objective. Through the lens, the light is irradiated toward the observation object inside the body cavity of the patient 11132 .
- the endoscope 11100 may be a straight scope, a perspective scope, or a side scope.
- An optical system and an imaging element are provided inside the camera head 11102, and the reflected light (observation light) from the observation target is focused on the imaging element by the optical system.
- the imaging element photoelectrically converts the observation light to generate an electric signal corresponding to the observation light, that is, an image signal corresponding to the observation image.
- the image signal is transmitted to a camera control unit (CCU: Camera Control Unit) 11201 as RAW data.
- CCU Camera Control Unit
- the CCU 11201 is composed of a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), etc., and controls the operations of the endoscope 11100 and the display device 11202 in an integrated manner. Further, the CCU 11201 receives an image signal from the camera head 11102 and performs various image processing such as development processing (demosaicing) for displaying an image based on the image signal.
- CPU Central Processing Unit
- GPU Graphics Processing Unit
- the display device 11202 displays an image based on an image signal subjected to image processing by the CCU 11201 under the control of the CCU 11201 .
- the light source device 11203 is composed of a light source such as an LED (Light Emitting Diode), for example, and supplies the endoscope 11100 with irradiation light for photographing a surgical site or the like.
- a light source such as an LED (Light Emitting Diode), for example, and supplies the endoscope 11100 with irradiation light for photographing a surgical site or the like.
- the input device 11204 is an input interface for the endoscopic surgery system 11000.
- the user can input various information and instructions to the endoscopic surgery system 11000 via the input device 11204 .
- the user inputs an instruction or the like to change the imaging conditions (type of irradiation light, magnification, focal length, etc.) by the endoscope 11100 .
- the treatment instrument control device 11205 controls driving of the energy treatment instrument 11112 for tissue cauterization, incision, blood vessel sealing, or the like.
- the pneumoperitoneum device 11206 inflates the body cavity of the patient 11132 for the purpose of securing the visual field of the endoscope 11100 and securing the operator's working space, and injects gas into the body cavity through the pneumoperitoneum tube 11111. send in.
- the recorder 11207 is a device capable of recording various types of information regarding surgery.
- the printer 11208 is a device capable of printing various types of information regarding surgery in various formats such as text, images, and graphs.
- the light source device 11203 that supplies the endoscope 11100 with irradiation light for photographing the surgical site can be composed of, for example, a white light source composed of an LED, a laser light source, or a combination thereof.
- a white light source is configured by a combination of RGB laser light sources
- the output intensity and output timing of each color (each wavelength) can be controlled with high accuracy. It can be carried out.
- the laser light from each of the RGB laser light sources is irradiated to the observation object in a time division manner, and by controlling the driving of the imaging device of the camera head 11102 in synchronization with the irradiation timing, each of RGB can be handled. It is also possible to pick up images by time division. According to this method, a color image can be obtained without providing a color filter in the imaging element.
- the driving of the light source device 11203 may be controlled so as to change the intensity of the output light every predetermined time.
- the drive of the imaging device of the camera head 11102 in synchronism with the timing of the change in the intensity of the light to obtain an image in a time-division manner and synthesizing the images, a high dynamic A range of images can be generated.
- the light source device 11203 may be configured to be able to supply light in a predetermined wavelength band corresponding to special light observation.
- special light observation for example, the wavelength dependence of light absorption in body tissues is used to irradiate a narrower band of light than the irradiation light (i.e., white light) used during normal observation, thereby observing the mucosal surface layer.
- narrow band imaging in which a predetermined tissue such as a blood vessel is imaged with high contrast, is performed.
- fluorescence observation may be performed in which an image is obtained from fluorescence generated by irradiation with excitation light.
- the body tissue is irradiated with excitation light and the fluorescence from the body tissue is observed (autofluorescence observation), or a reagent such as indocyanine green (ICG) is locally injected into the body tissue and the body tissue is A fluorescence image can be obtained by irradiating excitation light corresponding to the fluorescence wavelength of the reagent.
- the light source device 11203 can be configured to be able to supply narrowband light and/or excitation light corresponding to such special light observation.
- FIG. 50 is a block diagram showing an example of functional configurations of the camera head 11102 and CCU 11201 shown in FIG.
- the camera head 11102 has a lens unit 11401, an imaging section 11402, a drive section 11403, a communication section 11404, and a camera head control section 11405.
- the CCU 11201 has a communication section 11411 , an image processing section 11412 and a control section 11413 .
- the camera head 11102 and the CCU 11201 are communicably connected to each other via a transmission cable 11400 .
- a lens unit 11401 is an optical system provided at a connection with the lens barrel 11101 . Observation light captured from the tip of the lens barrel 11101 is guided to the camera head 11102 and enters the lens unit 11401 .
- a lens unit 11401 is configured by combining a plurality of lenses including a zoom lens and a focus lens.
- the imaging unit 11402 is composed of an imaging element.
- the imaging device constituting the imaging unit 11402 may be one (so-called single-plate type) or plural (so-called multi-plate type).
- image signals corresponding to RGB may be generated by each image pickup element, and a color image may be obtained by synthesizing the image signals.
- the imaging unit 11402 may be configured to have a pair of imaging elements for respectively acquiring right-eye and left-eye image signals corresponding to 3D (Dimensional) display.
- the 3D display enables the operator 11131 to more accurately grasp the depth of the living tissue in the surgical site.
- a plurality of systems of lens units 11401 may be provided corresponding to each imaging element.
- the imaging unit 11402 does not necessarily have to be provided in the camera head 11102 .
- the imaging unit 11402 may be provided inside the lens barrel 11101 immediately after the objective lens.
- the drive unit 11403 is configured by an actuator, and moves the zoom lens and focus lens of the lens unit 11401 by a predetermined distance along the optical axis under control from the camera head control unit 11405 . Thereby, the magnification and focus of the image captured by the imaging unit 11402 can be appropriately adjusted.
- the communication unit 11404 is composed of a communication device for transmitting and receiving various information to and from the CCU 11201.
- the communication unit 11404 transmits the image signal obtained from the imaging unit 11402 as RAW data to the CCU 11201 via the transmission cable 11400 .
- the communication unit 11404 receives a control signal for controlling driving of the camera head 11102 from the CCU 11201 and supplies it to the camera head control unit 11405 .
- the control signal includes, for example, information to specify the frame rate of the captured image, information to specify the exposure value at the time of imaging, and/or information to specify the magnification and focus of the captured image. Contains information about conditions.
- the imaging conditions such as the frame rate, exposure value, magnification, and focus may be appropriately designated by the user, or may be automatically set by the control unit 11413 of the CCU 11201 based on the acquired image signal. good.
- the endoscope 11100 is equipped with so-called AE (Auto Exposure) function, AF (Auto Focus) function, and AWB (Auto White Balance) function.
- the camera head control unit 11405 controls driving of the camera head 11102 based on the control signal from the CCU 11201 received via the communication unit 11404.
- the communication unit 11411 is composed of a communication device for transmitting and receiving various information to and from the camera head 11102 .
- the communication unit 11411 receives image signals transmitted from the camera head 11102 via the transmission cable 11400 .
- the communication unit 11411 transmits a control signal for controlling driving of the camera head 11102 to the camera head 11102 .
- Image signals and control signals can be transmitted by electric communication, optical communication, or the like.
- the image processing unit 11412 performs various types of image processing on the image signal, which is RAW data transmitted from the camera head 11102 .
- the control unit 11413 performs various controls related to imaging of the surgical site and the like by the endoscope 11100 and display of the captured image obtained by imaging the surgical site and the like. For example, the control unit 11413 generates control signals for controlling driving of the camera head 11102 .
- control unit 11413 causes the display device 11202 to display a captured image showing the surgical site and the like based on the image signal that has undergone image processing by the image processing unit 11412 .
- the control unit 11413 may recognize various objects in the captured image using various image recognition techniques. For example, the control unit 11413 detects the shape, color, and the like of the edges of objects included in the captured image, thereby detecting surgical instruments such as forceps, specific body parts, bleeding, mist during use of the energy treatment instrument 11112, and the like. can recognize.
- the control unit 11413 may use the recognition result to display various types of surgical assistance information superimposed on the image of the surgical site. By superimposing and presenting the surgery support information to the operator 11131, the burden on the operator 11131 can be reduced and the operator 11131 can proceed with the surgery reliably.
- a transmission cable 11400 connecting the camera head 11102 and the CCU 11201 is an electrical signal cable compatible with electrical signal communication, an optical fiber compatible with optical communication, or a composite cable of these.
- wired communication is performed using the transmission cable 11400, but communication between the camera head 11102 and the CCU 11201 may be performed wirelessly.
- the technology according to the present disclosure can be preferably applied to the imaging unit 11402 provided in the camera head 11102 of the endoscope 11100 among the configurations described above.
- the imaging unit 11402 can be made smaller or have higher definition, so the endoscope 11100 can be provided with a small size or high definition.
- a pixel separating portion having a first refractive index is provided between adjacent pixels on a semiconductor substrate, and a pixel separating portion having a first refractive index is provided between adjacent photoelectric conversion portions within each pixel.
- An intra-pixel separating portion having a second refractive index with a small difference in refractive index from that of the semiconductor substrate is provided.
- a plurality of photoelectric conversion units having a first surface and a second surface facing each other, a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix, and a plurality of photoelectric conversion units for generating electric charges according to the amount of received light for each of the pixels by photoelectric conversion.
- a semiconductor substrate having Between the inter-pixel separating portion having a first refractive index and the photoelectric conversion portion provided between the adjacent pixels to electrically and optically separate the adjacent pixels; and an intra-pixel separation section provided to electrically separate the adjacent photoelectric conversion sections and have a second refractive index having a smaller difference in refractive index from the semiconductor substrate than the first refractive index.
- the intra-pixel separating portion has a refractive index gradient in which the refractive index changes continuously or intermittently from the center portion toward the outer edge portion in the adjacent direction of the photoelectric conversion portions adjacent to each other in the pixel;
- the imaging device according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the outer edge has a higher refractive index than the central portion.
- the center portion of the intra-pixel isolation portion is formed to contain a material having a bandgap higher than that of the outer edge portion.
- the in-pixel isolation part separates a first layer and a second layer having different band gaps from each other, which extend between the first surface and the second surface of the semiconductor substrate, and separates them from each other.
- the imaging device according to (5) or (6) above, wherein the film thickness of the outer edge portion and the outer edge portion are alternately laminated with different film thicknesses.
- (8) any one of the above (1) to (7), wherein the in-pixel isolation section is composed of amorphous silicon or polysilicon embedded in the semiconductor substrate and a barrier film covering the periphery thereof.
- the imaging device described. (9) The imaging device according to (8), wherein the barrier film is a metal oxide film.
- the imaging device 1.
- the in-pixel separation section has a gap with the first surface of the semiconductor substrate; Any one of (1) to (10) above, wherein the width of the in-pixel separation portion in the in-plane direction of the semiconductor substrate widens from the first surface side toward the second surface side. 1.
- the imaging device according to claim 1. (12) The imaging device according to (11), wherein the intra-pixel separation section has a gap inside.
- the intra-pixel separation section extends from each of the pair of opposing sides of the inter-pixel separation section surrounding the pixel to the center of the pixel, and comprises a first separation section and a second separation section that are independent of each other.
- the imaging device according to any one of (1) to (12), wherein the first separation section and the second separation section have a gap between them and the inter-pixel separation section.
- a distance between the first separating portion and the second separating portion in the pixel differs according to wavelengths photoelectrically converted in the plurality of photoelectric conversion portions in the pixel, and the wavelength is a long wavelength.
- the imaging device according to (13) above, which is as wide as the above.
- the barrier film is an aluminum oxide film.
- each of the plurality of pixels has four photoelectric conversion units arranged in two rows and two columns;
- the intra-pixel separation section extends in a first direction and in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction so as to separate the four adjacent photoelectric conversion sections, and at the intersection and in the vicinity of the intersection
- a plurality of photoelectric conversion units having a first surface and a second surface facing each other, a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix, and a plurality of photoelectric conversion units for generating electric charges according to the amount of received light for each of the pixels by photoelectric conversion.
- a semiconductor substrate having Between the inter-pixel separating portion having a first refractive index and the photoelectric conversion portion provided between the adjacent pixels to electrically and optically separate the adjacent pixels; and an intra-pixel separation section provided to electrically separate the adjacent photoelectric conversion sections and have a second refractive index higher than the first refractive index.
- a plurality of photoelectric conversion units having a first surface and a second surface facing each other, a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix, and a plurality of photoelectric conversion units for generating electric charges according to the amount of received light for each of the pixels by photoelectric conversion.
- An imaging device comprising: an intra-pixel separator; (25) A plurality of photoelectric conversion units having a first surface and a second surface facing each other, a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix, and a plurality of photoelectric conversion units for generating electric charges according to the amount of received light for each of the pixels by photoelectric conversion.
- an imaging device comprising: an intra-pixel separation section that electrically separates between sections, and has a width in the in-plane direction of the semiconductor substrate that is narrower than a width in the in-plane direction of the semiconductor substrate of the inter-pixel separation section. .
- a plurality of photoelectric conversion units having a first surface and a second surface facing each other, a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix, and a plurality of photoelectric conversion units for generating electric charges according to the amount of received light for each of the pixels by photoelectric conversion.
- a semiconductor substrate having an inter-pixel separation section provided between the adjacent pixels to electrically and optically separate the adjacent pixels; and an adjacent photoelectric conversion section provided between the adjacent photoelectric conversion sections in the pixel. and an intra-pixel isolation portion that electrically isolates between the portions and that the width in the in-plane direction of the semiconductor substrate gradually widens from the first surface side toward the second surface side.
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- Solid State Image Pick-Up Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
1.実施の形態(互いに屈折率の異なる画素間分離部と画素内分離部とを有する撮像装置の例)
2.変形例
2-1.変形例1(画素間分離部および画素内分離部の構造の他の例)
2-2.変形例2(画素内分離部の構造の他の例)
2-3.変形例3(画素間分離部および画素内分離部の構造の他の例)
2-4.変形例4(画素間分離部および画素内分離部の構造の他の例)
2-5.変形例5(画素間分離部および画素内分離部の構造の他の例)
2-6.変形例6(画素間分離部および画素内分離部の構造の他の例)
2-7.変形例7(画素間分離部および画素内分離部の構造の他の例)
2-8.変形例8(画素間分離部および画素内分離部の構造の他の例)
2-9.変形例9(画素間分離部および画素内分離部の製造方法の他の例)
2-10.変形例10(画素内分離部の構造の他の例)
2-11.変形例11(画素内分離部の構造の他の例)
2-12.変形例12(画素間分離部および画素内分離部の構造の他の例)
2-13.変形例13(画素間分離部および画素内分離部のそれぞれに電圧を印加する例)
2-14.変形例14(単位画素およびオンチップレンズのレイアウトの他の例)
2-15.変形例15(画素間分離部および画素内分離部の構造の他の例)
3.適用例
4.応用例
図1は、本開示の一実施の形態に係る撮像装置(撮像装置1)の断面構成の一例を模式的に表したものである。図2は、図1に示した撮像装置1の平面構成の一例を模式的に表したものであり、図1は図2に示したI-I線における断面を表している。図3は、図1に示した撮像装置1の全体構成の一例を表したものである。撮像装置1は、例えば、デジタルスチルカメラ、ビデオカメラ等の電子機器に用いられるCMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)イメージセンサ等であり、撮像エリアとして、複数の画素が行列状に2次元配置された画素部(画素部100A)を有している。撮像装置1は、このCMOSイメージセンサ等において、例えば所謂裏面照射型の撮像装置である。
撮像装置1は、光学レンズ系(図示せず)を介して被写体からの入射光(像光)を取り込んで、撮像面上に結像された入射光の光量を画素単位で電気信号に変換して画素信号として出力するものである。撮像装置1は、半導体基板11上に、撮像エリアとしての画素部100Aを有すると共に、この画素部100Aの周辺領域に、例えば、垂直駆動回路111、カラム信号処理回路112、水平駆動回路113、出力回路114、制御回路115および入出力端子116を有している。
図4は、図3に示した撮像装置1の単位画素Pの読み出し回路の一例を表したものである。単位画素Pは、例えば、図4に示したように、2つの光電変換部12A,12Bと、転送トランジスタTR1,TR2と、フローティングディフュージョンFDと、リセットトランジスタRSTと、増幅トランジスタAMPと、選択トランジスタSELとを有している。
撮像装置1は、上記のように、例えば裏面照射型の撮像装置であり、画素部100Aに行列状に2次元配置された複数の単位画素Pは、それぞれ、例えば、受光部10と、受光部10の光入射側S1に設けられた集光部20と、受光部10の光入射側S1とは反対側に設けられた多層配線層30とが積層された構成を有している。
本実施の形態の画素間分離部13および画素内分離部14は、例えば、次のようにして形成することができる。
本実施の形態の撮像装置1では、半導体基板11の隣り合う単位画素P間および単位画素P内において隣り合う光電変換部12の間に、それぞれ互いに屈折率の異なる画素間分離部13および画素内分離部14を設けるようにした。具体的には、画素間分離部13は、半導体基板11との屈折率差が画素内分離部14よりも大きな材料を用いて形成し、画素内分離部14は、半導体基板11の屈折率と略同じか画素間分離部13を構成する材料よりも屈折率の高い材料を用いて形成するようにした。これにより、各単位画素Pに対して入射した光、換言すると、画素間分離部13および画素内分離部14に対して広角に入射した光を隣り合う単位画素P間では全反射させつつ、単位画素P内での隣り合う光電変換部間では光の反射を抑える。以下、これについて説明する。
(2-1.変形例1)
図6は、本開示の変形例1に係る撮像装置(撮像装置1A)の断面構成の一例を模式的に表したものである。撮像装置1Aは、例えば、デジタルスチルカメラ、ビデオカメラ等の電子機器に用いられるCMOSイメージセンサ等であり、上記実施の形態と同様に、例えば所謂裏面照射型の撮像装置である。
図8は、上記実施の形態の変形例(変形例2)としての撮像装置1の平面構成の他の例を模式的に表したものである。一般に、長波長ほど混色が発生しやすいため、画素内分離部14は、例えば、それぞれの単位画素Pにおいて光電変換される波長に応じて屈折率を変えるようにしてもよい。換言すると、画素内分離部14の屈折率は、それぞれの単位画素Pの上方(光入射側S1)に設けられるカラーフィルタ21に応じて屈折率を変えるようにしてもよい。
図9は、本開示の変形例3に係る撮像装置(撮像装置1B)の断面構成の一例を模式的に表したものである。撮像装置1Bは、例えば、デジタルスチルカメラ、ビデオカメラ等の電子機器に用いられるCMOSイメージセンサ等であり、上記実施の形態と同様に、例えば所謂裏面照射型の撮像装置である。
図10は、本開示の変形例4に係る撮像装置(撮像装置1C)の断面構成の一例を模式的に表したものである。撮像装置1Cは、例えば、デジタルスチルカメラ、ビデオカメラ等の電子機器に用いられるCMOSイメージセンサ等であり、上記実施の形態と同様に、例えば所謂裏面照射型の撮像装置である。
図13は、本開示の変形例5に係る撮像装置(撮像装置1D)の断面構成の一例を模式的に表したものである。撮像装置1Dは、例えば、デジタルスチルカメラ、ビデオカメラ等の電子機器に用いられるCMOSイメージセンサ等であり、上記実施の形態と同様に、例えば所謂裏面照射型の撮像装置である。
図17は、本開示の変形例6に係る撮像装置(撮像装置1E)の断面構成の一例を模式的に表したものである。撮像装置1Eは、例えば、デジタルスチルカメラ、ビデオカメラ等の電子機器に用いられるCMOSイメージセンサ等であり、上記実施の形態と同様に、例えば所謂裏面照射型の撮像装置である。
図18は、本開示の変形例7に係る撮像装置(撮像装置1F)の断面構成の一例を模式的に表したものである。撮像装置1Fは、例えば、デジタルスチルカメラ、ビデオカメラ等の電子機器に用いられるCMOSイメージセンサ等であり、上記実施の形態と同様に、例えば所謂裏面照射型の撮像装置である。
図20A~図20Dは、本開示の上記実施の形態の変形例(変形例8)としての撮像装置1における画素内分離部14の形状の他の例を模式的に表したものである。上記実施の形態では、単位画素Pを囲む画素間分離部13の対向する一対の辺の間を延在する画素内分離部14の例を示したがこれに限らない。
図22A~図22Eは、本開示の変形例9に係る画素間分離部13および画素内分離部14の製造方法の他の例を表したものである。画素間分離部13は、上記実施の形態で述べたように、空隙によって構成されていてもよい。空隙によって構成される画素間分離部13は、例えば以下のようにして形成することができる。
図23は、上記変形例8の変形例(変形例10)としての撮像装置1の平面構成の他の例を模式的に表したものである。2つの画素内分離部14A,14Bは、それぞれの単位画素Pにおいて光電変換される波長に応じて2つの画素内分離部14A,14Bの距離lを変えるようにしてもよい。換言すると、画素内分離部14の屈折率は、それぞれの単位画素Pの上方(光入射側S1)に設けられるカラーフィルタ21に応じて2つの画素内分離部14A,14Bの距離を変えるようにしてもよい。
図24は、本開示の変形例11に係る撮像装置(撮像装置1G)の断面構成の一例を模式的に表したものである。撮像装置1Gは、例えば、デジタルスチルカメラ、ビデオカメラ等の電子機器に用いられるCMOSイメージセンサ等であり、上記実施の形態と同様に、例えば所謂裏面照射型の撮像装置である。
図29は、本開示の変形例12に係る撮像装置(撮像装置1H)の断面構成の一例を模式的に表したものである。撮像装置1Hは、例えば、デジタルスチルカメラ、ビデオカメラ等の電子機器に用いられるCMOSイメージセンサ等であり、上記実施の形態と同様に、例えば所謂裏面照射型の撮像装置である。
図31は、本開示の変形例13に係る撮像装置(撮像装置1I)の断面構成の一例を模式的に表したものである。撮像装置1Iは、例えば、デジタルスチルカメラ、ビデオカメラ等の電子機器に用いられるCMOSイメージセンサ等であり、上記実施の形態と同様に、例えば所謂裏面照射型の撮像装置である。
図36~図40は、上記実施の形態の変形例(変形例14)としての単位画素Pおよびオンチップレンズ24Lのレイアウトの他の例を表したものである。
に亘って1つずつ配置されていてもよい。
図41は、本開示の変形例15に係る撮像装置(撮像装置1I)の断面構成の一例を模式的に表したものである。図42は、図41に示した撮像装置1の平面構成の一例を模式的に表したものであり、図41は図42に示したIV-IV線における断面を表している。撮像装置1Iは、例えば、デジタルスチルカメラ、ビデオカメラ等の電子機器に用いられるCMOSイメージセンサ等であり、上記実施の形態と同様に、例えば所謂裏面照射型の撮像装置である。
上記撮像装置1等は、例えば、デジタルスチルカメラやビデオカメラ等のカメラシステムや、撮像機能を有する携帯電話等、撮像機能を備えたあらゆるタイプの電子機器に適用することができる。図46は、電子機器1000の概略構成を表したものである。
(移動体への応用例)
本開示に係る技術(本技術)は、様々な製品へ応用することができる。例えば、本開示に係る技術は、自動車、電気自動車、ハイブリッド電気自動車、自動二輪車、自転車、パーソナルモビリティ、飛行機、ドローン、船舶、ロボット等のいずれかの種類の移動体に搭載される装置として実現されてもよい。
本開示に係る技術(本技術)は、様々な製品へ応用することができる。例えば、本開示に係る技術は、内視鏡手術システムに適用されてもよい。
(1)
対向する第1の面および第2の面を有し、複数の画素が行列状に配設されると共に、前記画素毎に、受光量に応じた電荷を光電変換により生成する複数の光電変換部を有する半導体基板と、
隣り合う前記画素間に設けられ、隣り合う前記画素の間を電気的且つ光学的に分離する、第1の屈折率を有する画素間分離部と
前記画素内の隣り合う前記光電変換部の間に設けられ、隣り合う前記光電変換部の間を電気的に分離すると共に、前記第1の屈折率よりも前記半導体基板との屈折率差の小さな第2の屈折率を有する画素内分離部と
を備えた撮像装置。
(2)
前記第2の屈折率は、前記第1の屈折率よりも高い屈折率を有する、前記(1)に記載の撮像装置。
(3)
前記画素内分離部の前記第2の屈折率は、前記画素内の前記複数の光電変換部において光電変換される波長に応じて前記画素毎に異なる、前記(1)または(2)に記載の撮像装置。
(4)
前記画素内分離部の前記第2の屈折率は、前記画素内の前記複数の光電変換部において光電変換される波長が長波長ほど高い屈折率を有する、前記(3)に記載の撮像装置。
(5)
前記画素内分離部は、前記画素内において隣り合う前記光電変換部の隣接方向において、中心部から外縁部に向かって屈折率が連続的または断続的に変化する屈折率勾配を有し、
前記外縁部の屈折率は前記中心部よりも高い、前記(1)乃至(4)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の撮像装置。
(6)
前記画素内分離部の前記中心部は、前記外縁部よりもバンドギャップの高い材料を含んで形成されている、前記(5)に記載の撮像装置。
(7)
前記画素内分離部は、前記半導体基板の前記第1の面との前記第2の面との間を延在する、互いにバンドギャップの異なる第1の層と第2の層とを、前記中心部と前記外縁部とでそれぞれの膜厚を変えて交互に積層した積層膜からなる、前記(5)または(6)に記載の撮像装置。
(8)
前記画素内分離部は、前記半導体基板に埋設されたアモルファスシリコンまたはポリシリコンと、その周囲を覆うバリア膜とから構成されている、前記(1)乃至(7)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の撮像装置。
(9)
前記バリア膜は金属酸化膜である、前記(8)に記載の撮像装置。
(10)
前記画素内分離部の前記半導体基板の面内方向の幅は、前記画素間分離部の前記半導体基板の面内方向の幅よりも狭い、前記(1)乃至(9)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の撮像装置。
(11)
前記画素内分離部は、前記半導体基板の前記第1の面との間に隙間を有し、
前記画素内分離部の前記半導体基板の面内方向の幅は、前記第1の面側から前記第2の面側に向かって広くなっている、前記(1)乃至(10)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の撮像装置。
(12)
前記画素内分離部は内部に空隙を有している、前記(11)に記載の撮像装置。
(13)
前記画素内分離部は、前記画素を囲む前記画素間分離部の対向する一対の辺のそれぞれから前記画素の中央に延伸すると共に、互いに独立した第1の分離部および第2の分離部からなり、
前記第1の分離部および前記第2の分離部は、前記画素間分離部との間に隙間を有する、前記(1)乃至(12)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の撮像装置。
(14)
前記画素内における前記第1の分離部と前記第2の分離部との距離は、前記画素内の前記複数の光電変換部において光電変換される波長に応じて異なり、前記波長が長波長であるほど広い、前記(13)に記載の撮像装置。
(15)
前記画素間分離部および前記画素内分離部は、周囲をバリア膜によって覆われている、前記(1)乃至(14)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の撮像装置。
(16)
前記バリア膜は酸化アルミニウム膜である、前記(15)に記載の撮像装置。
(17)
前記画素間分離部および前記画素内分離部は、それぞれ、前記半導体基板の前記第1の面から前記第2の面に向かって延伸している、前記(1)乃至(16)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の撮像装置。
(18)
前記画素間分離部および前記画素内分離部の底部と前記第2の面との間には、不純物拡散層が形成されている、前記(17)に記載の撮像装置。
(19)
前記半導体基板の前記第1の面に、前記画素間分離部および前記画素内分離部のそれぞれに電圧を印加可能な電極がさらに設けられている、前記(1)乃至(18)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の撮像装置。
(20)
前記画素間分離部および前記画素内分離部は、それぞれ、前記半導体基板の前記第1の面と前記第2の面との間を貫通している、前記(1)乃至(19)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の撮像装置。
(21)
前記画素内分離部の前記半導体基板の面内方向の幅は、前記画素間分離部の前記半導体基板の面内方向の幅よりも狭く、
前記画素間分離部は内部に空隙を有している、前記(1)乃至(20)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の撮像装置。
(22)
前記複数の画素は、それぞれ、2行2列に配置された4つの光電変換部を有し、
前記画素内分離部は、隣り合う前記4つの光電変換部を分離するように第1の方向および前記第1の方向と直交する第2の方向に延伸すると共に、その交点および前記交点の近傍において前記半導体基板の面内方向の幅がより狭くなっている、前記(21)に記載の撮像装置。
(23)
対向する第1の面および第2の面を有し、複数の画素が行列状に配設されると共に、前記画素毎に、受光量に応じた電荷を光電変換により生成する複数の光電変換部を有する半導体基板と、
隣り合う前記画素間に設けられ、隣り合う前記画素の間を電気的且つ光学的に分離する、第1の屈折率を有する画素間分離部と
前記画素内の隣り合う前記光電変換部の間に設けられ、隣り合う前記光電変換部の間を電気的に分離すると共に、前記第1の屈折率よりも屈折率の高い第2の屈折率を有する画素内分離部と
を備えた撮像装置。
(24)
対向する第1の面および第2の面を有し、複数の画素が行列状に配設されると共に、前記画素毎に、受光量に応じた電荷を光電変換により生成する複数の光電変換部を有する半導体基板と、
隣り合う前記画素間に設けられ、隣り合う前記画素の間を電気的且つ光学的に分離する画素間分離部と
前記画素内の隣り合う前記光電変換部の間に設けられ、隣り合う前記光電変換部の間を電気的に分離すると共に、前記画素内において隣り合う前記光電変換部の隣接方向において、中心部から外縁部に向かって屈折率が連続的または断続的に変化する屈折率勾配を有する画素内分離部と
を備えた撮像装置。
(25)
対向する第1の面および第2の面を有し、複数の画素が行列状に配設されると共に、前記画素毎に、受光量に応じた電荷を光電変換により生成する複数の光電変換部を有する半導体基板と、
隣り合う前記画素間に設けられ、隣り合う前記画素の間を電気的且つ光学的に分離する画素間分離部と
前記画素内の隣り合う前記光電変換部の間に設けられ、隣り合う前記光電変換部の間を電気的に分離すると共に、前記半導体基板の面内方向の幅が、前記画素間分離部の前記半導体基板の面内方向の幅よりも狭い画素内分離部と
を備えた撮像装置。
(26)
対向する第1の面および第2の面を有し、複数の画素が行列状に配設されると共に、前記画素毎に、受光量に応じた電荷を光電変換により生成する複数の光電変換部を有する半導体基板と、
隣り合う前記画素間に設けられ、隣り合う前記画素の間を電気的且つ光学的に分離する画素間分離部と
前記画素内の隣り合う前記光電変換部の間に設けられ、隣り合う前記光電変換部の間を電気的に分離すると共に、前記半導体基板の面内方向の幅が、前記第1の面側から前記第2の面側に向かって徐々に広くなる画素内分離部と
を備えた撮像装置。
Claims (20)
- 対向する第1の面および第2の面を有し、複数の画素が行列状に配設されると共に、前記画素毎に、受光量に応じた電荷を光電変換により生成する複数の光電変換部を有する半導体基板と、
隣り合う前記画素間に設けられ、隣り合う前記画素の間を電気的且つ光学的に分離する、第1の屈折率を有する画素間分離部と
前記画素内の隣り合う前記光電変換部の間に設けられ、隣り合う前記光電変換部の間を電気的に分離すると共に、前記第1の屈折率よりも前記半導体基板との屈折率差の小さな第2の屈折率を有する画素内分離部と
を備えた撮像装置。 - 前記第2の屈折率は、前記第1の屈折率よりも高い屈折率を有する、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記画素内分離部の前記第2の屈折率は、前記画素内の前記複数の光電変換部において光電変換される波長に応じて前記画素毎に異なる、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記画素内分離部の前記第2の屈折率は、前記画素内の前記複数の光電変換部において光電変換される波長が長波長ほど高い屈折率を有する、請求項3に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記画素内分離部は、前記画素内において隣り合う前記光電変換部の隣接方向において、中心部から外縁部に向かって屈折率が連続的または断続的に変化する屈折率勾配を有し、
前記外縁部の屈折率は前記中心部よりも高い、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記画素内分離部の前記中心部は、前記外縁部よりもバンドギャップの高い材料を含んで形成されている、請求項5に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記画素内分離部は、前記半導体基板の前記第1の面との前記第2の面との間を延在する、互いにバンドギャップの異なる第1の層と第2の層とを、前記中心部と前記外縁部とでそれぞれの膜厚を変えて交互に積層した積層膜からなる、請求項5に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記画素内分離部は、前記半導体基板に埋設されたアモルファスシリコンまたはポリシリコンと、その周囲を覆うバリア膜とから構成されている、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記バリア膜は金属酸化膜である、請求項8に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記画素内分離部の前記半導体基板の面内方向の幅は、前記画素間分離部の前記半導体基板の面内方向の幅よりも狭い、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記画素内分離部は、前記半導体基板の前記第1の面との間に隙間を有し、
前記画素内分離部の前記半導体基板の面内方向の幅は、前記第1の面側から前記第2の面側に向かって広くなっている、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記画素内分離部は内部に空隙を有している、請求項11に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記画素内分離部は、前記画素を囲む前記画素間分離部の対向する一対の辺のそれぞれから前記画素の中央に延伸すると共に、互いに独立した第1の分離部および第2の分離部からなり、
前記第1の分離部および前記第2の分離部は、前記画素間分離部との間に隙間を有する、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記画素内における前記第1の分離部と前記第2の分離部との距離は、前記画素内の前記複数の光電変換部において光電変換される波長に応じて異なり、前記波長が長波長であるほど広い、請求項13に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記画素間分離部および前記画素内分離部は、周囲をバリア膜によって覆われている、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記バリア膜は酸化アルミニウム膜である、請求項15に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記画素間分離部および前記画素内分離部は、それぞれ、前記半導体基板の前記第1の面から前記第2の面に向かって延伸している、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記画素間分離部および前記画素内分離部の底部と前記第2の面との間には、不純物拡散層が形成されている、請求項17に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記半導体基板の前記第1の面に、前記画素間分離部および前記画素内分離部のそれぞれに電圧を印加可能な電極がさらに設けられている、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記画素間分離部および前記画素内分離部は、それぞれ、前記半導体基板の前記第1の面と前記第2の面との間を貫通している、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。
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WO2024154590A1 (ja) * | 2023-01-18 | 2024-07-25 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 光検出装置 |
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