WO2022123946A1 - 反射フィルム、ウインドシールドガラスおよびヘッドアップディスプレイシステム - Google Patents
反射フィルム、ウインドシールドガラスおよびヘッドアップディスプレイシステム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022123946A1 WO2022123946A1 PCT/JP2021/039801 JP2021039801W WO2022123946A1 WO 2022123946 A1 WO2022123946 A1 WO 2022123946A1 JP 2021039801 W JP2021039801 W JP 2021039801W WO 2022123946 A1 WO2022123946 A1 WO 2022123946A1
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- B60K35/21—Output arrangements, i.e. from vehicle to user, associated with vehicle functions or specially adapted therefor using visual output, e.g. blinking lights or matrix displays
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- G02B2027/0192—Supplementary details
- G02B2027/0194—Supplementary details with combiner of laminated type, for optical or mechanical aspects
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- G02B27/28—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising
- G02B27/286—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising for controlling or changing the state of polarisation, e.g. transforming one polarisation state into another
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- G02B5/0816—Multilayer mirrors, i.e. having two or more reflecting layers
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- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/20—Filters
- G02B5/208—Filters for use with infrared or ultraviolet radiation, e.g. for separating visible light from infrared and/or ultraviolet radiation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a reflective film that can be used as a combiner of a head-up display system, and a windshield glass and a head-up display system having this reflective film.
- head-up display or head-up display system that projects an image on the windshield glass of a vehicle or the like and provides the driver or the like with various information such as a map, a running speed, and the state of the vehicle.
- various information such as a map, a running speed, and the state of the vehicle.
- a virtual image of an image including the above-mentioned various information projected on the windshield glass is observed by a driver or the like.
- the image formation position of the virtual image is located on the front side outside the vehicle from the windshield glass.
- the image formation position of the virtual image is usually 1000 mm or more on the front side of the windshield glass, and is located on the outside world side of the windshield glass.
- the driver can obtain the above-mentioned various information while looking at the outside world in front of the driver without significantly moving his / her line of sight. Therefore, when the head-up display system is used, it is expected to drive more safely while obtaining various information.
- the head-up display system can be configured by forming a reflective film on the windshield glass using a half mirror film.
- Various half mirror films that can be used in head-up display systems have been proposed.
- Patent Document 1 describes a light reflecting layer PRL-1 having a central reflection wavelength of 400 nm or more and less than 500 nm and a reflectance of 5% or more and 25% or less with respect to normal light at the central reflection wavelength, and central reflection of 500 nm or more and less than 600 nm.
- the light reflective layer PRL-2 which has a wavelength and has a reflectance of 5% or more and 25% or less for normal light at the central reflection wavelength, and the reflectance for normal light at a central reflection wavelength of 600 nm or more and less than 700 nm.
- the light-reflecting layers PRL-3 having a value of 5% or more and 25% or less, at least two or more light-reflecting layers including one or more light-reflecting layers and having different central reflection wavelengths are laminated and laminated.
- a light-reflecting film is described in which at least two or more light-reflecting layers all reflect polarized light in the same direction.
- the light-reflecting film described in Patent Document 1 is incorporated in, for example, windshield glass to form a head-up display system.
- the windshield glass (combiner) that constitutes the head-up display system is required to have high visible light transmittance.
- the appearance color is transparent even when viewed from various angles from the viewpoint of transmittance and design, which are higher than the legal regulations.
- it has been considered to reduce the reflectance in order to maintain the transmittance of 70% or more in the regulation and make the appearance color closer to transparent.
- the reflectance is lowered too much, the brightness of the displayed image (projected image) is lowered and the visibility is deteriorated.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a reflective film having high visible light transmittance, high brightness of a display image, and good transparency of appearance color, a windshield glass using this reflective film, and a head-up display system. To do.
- the selective reflection layer has a cholesteric liquid crystal layer having a fixed cholesteric liquid crystal phase.
- the selective reflective layer is a reflective film that satisfies all of the following requirements (i) to (iii).
- the maximum value of natural light reflectance is 10% to 25%, and the difference between the maximum maximum value and the minimum minimum value of natural light reflectance is 3% or more.
- the total value of the wavelength band width in the region higher than the average value of the maximum value and the minimum value of the natural light reflectance is 20 nm to 80 nm.
- the maximum value of natural light reflectance is 10% to 25%, and the difference between the maximum maximum value and the minimum minimum value of natural light reflectance is 3% or more.
- the total value of the wavelength band width in the region higher than the average value of the maximum value and the minimum value of the natural light reflectance is 20 nm to 80 nm.
- the maximum value of natural light reflectance is 10% to 25%, and the total wavelength band width in a region higher than the average value of the maximum value and the minimum value of natural light reflectance. The value is 120 nm or more.
- the selective reflection layer has two or more cholesteric liquid crystal layers having different selective reflection center wavelengths.
- the polarization conversion layer immobilizes the spiral orientation structure of the liquid crystal compound.
- a windshield glass having a first glass plate, a reflective film according to any one of [1] to [7], and a second glass plate in this order. [9] The first glass plate and the second glass plate are curved glass, The windshield glass according to [8], wherein a reflective film and a second glass plate are provided on the convex side of the first glass plate. [10]
- the reflective film has a polarization conversion layer and has.
- the reflective film has a retardation layer and has a retardation layer.
- the retardation layer is arranged between the selective reflection layer and the second glass plate.
- the retardation layer has a front retardation of 50 nm to 160 nm at a wavelength of 550 nm, and when the direction corresponding to the vertical direction upward of the surface of the first glass plate when the windshield glass is mounted on the vehicle is set to 0 °.
- the windshield glass according to [9] or [10], wherein the angle of the slow axis is 10 ° to 50 ° or -50 ° to -10 °.
- the reflective film has a transparent base material and has a transparent base material.
- a head-up display system having a projector that irradiates the projected image light on the first glass plate side of the windshield glass. [17] The head-up display system according to [16], wherein the projector irradiates the projected image light of p-polarization.
- a reflective film a windshield glass, and a head-up display system having high visible light transmittance, high brightness of a display image, and good transparency of appearance color.
- light means visible and natural (unpolarized) light unless otherwise noted.
- Visible light is light having a wavelength visible to the human eye among electromagnetic waves, and usually indicates light in the wavelength range of 380 to 780 nm.
- Invisible light is light in the wavelength region of less than 380 nm or in the wavelength region of more than 780 nm.
- the light in the wavelength region of 420 to 490 nm is blue (B) light
- the light in the wavelength region of 495 to 570 nm is green (G) light.
- the light in the wavelength region of 620 to 750 nm is red (R) light.
- the "visible light transmittance” is the A light source visible light transmittance defined in JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) R 3212: 2015 (safety glass test method for automobiles). That is, the transmittance of each wavelength in the wavelength range of 380 to 780 nm is measured with a spectrophotometer using an A light source, and the transmittance is obtained from the wavelength distribution and wavelength interval of the CIE (International Lighting Commission) light adaptation standard luminous efficiency. It is the transmittance obtained by multiplying the transmittance at each wavelength by the weighted coefficient to be weighted and averaging.
- the term "reflected light” or “transmitted light” is used to include scattered light and diffracted light.
- P-polarization means polarization that vibrates in a direction parallel to the incident plane of light.
- the incident surface means a surface perpendicular to the reflecting surface (such as the surface of the windshield glass) and containing the incident light rays and the reflected light rays.
- the vibration plane of the electric field vector is parallel to the entrance plane.
- the front phase difference is a value measured using AxoScan manufactured by Axometrics. Unless otherwise specified, the measurement wavelength is 550 nm.
- the measurement wavelength is 550 nm.
- a value measured by KOBRA 21ADH or WR (manufactured by Oji Measuring Instruments Co., Ltd.) in which light having a wavelength within the visible light wavelength range is incident in the film normal direction can also be used.
- the wavelength selection filter can be replaced manually, or the measured value can be converted by a program or the like for measurement.
- Projection image means an image based on the projection of light from the projector used, not the surrounding landscape such as the front.
- the projected image is observed as a virtual image that appears above the reflective film of the windshield glass when viewed from the observer.
- the “screen image” means an image displayed on a drawing device of a projector or an image drawn on an intermediate image screen or the like by a drawing device.
- the image is a real image as opposed to a virtual image.
- the image and the projected image may be a monochromatic image, a multicolored image of two or more colors, or a full-color image.
- the reflective film of the present invention is It has a selective reflective layer having a cholesteric liquid crystal layer in which the cholesteric liquid crystal phase is fixed.
- the selective reflective layer is a reflective film that satisfies all of the following requirements (i) to (iii).
- the total value of the wavelength band width in the region higher than the average value of the maximum value and the minimum value of the natural light reflectance is 20 nm to 80 nm.
- the maximum value of natural light reflectance is 10% to 25%, and the difference between the maximum maximum value and the minimum minimum value of natural light reflectance is 3% or more.
- the total value of the wavelength band width in the region higher than the average value of the maximum value and the minimum value of the natural light reflectance is 20 nm to 80 nm.
- the maximum value of natural light reflectance is 10% to 25%, and the total wavelength band width in a region higher than the average value of the maximum value and the minimum value of natural light reflectance. The value is 120 nm or more.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the reflective film of the present invention.
- the reflective film 10 shown in FIG. 1 has a polarization conversion layer 14, a selective reflective layer 11, a retardation layer 16, and a transparent substrate 18 in this order.
- the selective reflective layer 11 has three cholesteric liquid crystal layers (12R, 12G, 12B).
- the three cholesteric liquid crystal layers have different selective reflection center wavelengths.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 12R having the selective reflection center wavelength in the red wavelength region
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 12G having the selective reflection center wavelength in the green wavelength region
- the selective reflection center wavelength in the blue wavelength region The cholesteric liquid crystal layer 12B and the like are provided in this order.
- each cholesteric liquid crystal layer is in direct contact with any other cholesteric liquid crystal layer.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer is a layer in which a liquid crystal compound is immobilized in an oriented state of the spiral structure of the cholesteric liquid crystal phase, and reflects light having a selective reflection center wavelength according to the pitch of the spiral structure, and has other wavelengths. Transmits light in the region. Further, the cholesteric liquid crystal layer exhibits selective reflectivity for either left or right circular polarization at a specific wavelength.
- the selective reflective layer satisfies all of the following requirements (i) to (iii).
- the maximum value of natural light reflectance is 10% to 25%, and the difference between the maximum maximum value and the minimum minimum value of natural light reflectance is 3% or more.
- the total value of the wavelength band width in the region higher than the average value of the maximum value and the minimum value of the natural light reflectance is 20 nm to 80 nm.
- the maximum value of natural light reflectance is 10% to 25%, and the difference between the maximum maximum value and the minimum minimum value of natural light reflectance is 3% or more.
- the total value of the wavelength band width in the region higher than the average value of the maximum value and the minimum value of the natural light reflectance is 20 nm to 80 nm.
- the maximum value of natural light reflectance is 10% to 25%, and the total wavelength band width in a region higher than the average value of the maximum value and the minimum value of natural light reflectance. The value is 120 nm or more.
- the wavelength to be reflected and the reflectance can be adjusted by the selective reflection center wavelength, the thickness (number of spiral pitches), etc. of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 12B that mainly reflects the light in the blue wavelength region realizes the reflection satisfying the requirement (i) and reflects the light in the green wavelength region.
- the reflection satisfying the requirement (ii) is realized by the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 12R that reflects the light in the red wavelength region, and the reflection satisfying the requirement (iii) is realized.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of a natural light reflection spectrum that satisfies the above requirements (i) to (iii).
- the graph shown in FIG. 2 is an example of the natural light reflection spectrum in the reflective film of Example 1 described later.
- the natural light reflectance becomes the maximum value (maximum maximum value) near the wavelength of 480 nm in the wavelength range of 400 nm or more and less than 500 nm, and the value is about 14.5%, which is 10% to 25%. Is in the range of. Further, in the range of the wavelength of 400 nm or more and less than 500 nm, the natural light reflectance becomes the minimum minimum value in the vicinity of the wavelength of 440 nm, and the value is about 9.5%. Therefore, the difference between the maximum maximum value and the minimum minimum value of the natural light reflectance is about 5%, which is 3% or more.
- the natural light reflectance becomes the minimum value in the vicinity of the wavelength of 440 nm, and the value is about 9.5%. Therefore, the average value of the maximum value and the minimum value of the natural light reflectance is 12%.
- the wavelength band width in the region where the natural light reflectance is higher than 12% is approximately 415 nm to 430 nm and 445 nm to 490 nm, and the total value of the wavelength band width is in the range of 20 nm to 80 nm at about 60 nm. Therefore, the spectrum shown in the graph of FIG. 2 satisfies the requirement (i).
- the natural light reflectance becomes the maximum value (maximum maximum value) near the wavelength of 555 nm in the wavelength range of 500 nm or more and less than 600 nm, and the value is about 15.5%, which is 10% to 25%. Is in the range of. Further, in the range of the wavelength of 500 nm or more and less than 600 nm, the natural light reflectance becomes the minimum minimum value in the vicinity of the wavelength of 505 nm, and the value is about 9%. Therefore, the difference between the maximum maximum value and the minimum minimum value of the natural light reflectance is about 6.5%, which is 3% or more.
- the natural light reflectance becomes the minimum value in the vicinity of the wavelength of 505 nm, and the value is about 9%. Therefore, the average value of the maximum value and the minimum value of the natural light reflectance is 12.3%.
- the wavelength band width in the region where the natural light reflectance is higher than 12.3% is approximately 520 nm to 575 nm, and the total value of the wavelength band width is in the range of 20 nm to 80 nm at about 55 nm. Therefore, the spectrum shown in the graph of FIG. 2 satisfies the requirement (ii).
- the natural light reflectance becomes the maximum value (maximum maximum value) near the wavelength of 750 nm in the wavelength range of 600 nm or more and 800 nm or less, and the value is about 18.3%, which is 10% to 25%. Is in the range of. Further, in the range of the wavelength of 600 nm or more and 800 nm or less, the natural light reflectance becomes the minimum value in the vicinity of the wavelength of 600 nm, and the value is about 11.3%. Therefore, the average value of the maximum value and the minimum value of the natural light reflectance is 14.8%.
- the wavelength band width in the region where the natural light reflectance is higher than 14.8% is approximately 650 nm to 780 nm, and the total value of the wavelength band width is 120 nm or more at about 130 nm. Therefore, the spectrum shown in the graph of FIG. 2 satisfies the requirement (iii).
- in-vehicle head-up display systems are required to have a transparent appearance color even when viewed from various angles from the viewpoint of transmittance and design that exceed legal regulations.
- it has been considered to reduce the reflectance in order to maintain the transmittance of 70% or more in the regulation and bring the appearance color closer to transparent (white).
- the reflectance is lowered too much, the brightness of the displayed image (projected image) is lowered and the visibility is deteriorated.
- the reflective film of the present invention can improve the transparency of color by setting the maximum value of natural light reflectance having a wavelength of 500 nm or more and less than 600 nm in the range of 10% to 25%.
- the reflectance of the visual sensitivity around 550 nm is important. Therefore, the transmittance can be ensured by setting the maximum value of the natural light reflectance having a wavelength of 500 nm or more and less than 600 nm to 25% or less.
- the reflective film of the present invention improves the front luminance of the displayed image by satisfying that the maximum value of the natural light reflectance having a wavelength of 600 nm or more and 800 nm or less is 10% to 25% and the width of the reflection band is 120 nm or more. It is possible to improve the transparency of color when viewed from an oblique direction (incident angle 60 °). Further, only the reflection having a wavelength of 500 nm or more and less than 600 nm and the reflection having a wavelength of 500 nm or more and less than 600 nm cause the front reflection color to become yellow to red.
- the reflective film of the present invention has a maximum value of natural light reflectance of 10% to 25% at a wavelength of 400 nm or more and less than 500 nm, so that the color is transparent when viewed from the vicinity of the front surface (incident angle of 5 °). Can be improved. Further, in each of the bands having a wavelength of 400 nm or more and less than 500 nm and a wavelength of 500 nm or more and less than 600 nm, the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the natural light reflectance is set to 3% or more, and the maximum value and the minimum value of the natural light reflectance are set to 3% or more.
- the reflectance is increased in each band of the wavelength of 400 nm or more and less than 500 nm and the wavelength of 500 nm or more and less than 600 nm. Since a low wavelength range is created, the transmittance is improved.
- the natural light transmittance of the windshield glass in which the reflective film is sandwiched between green glass can be set to 70% or more (80% or more when the clear glass is sandwiched).
- the reflectance of the displayed image with respect to the wavelength of light can be set to 25% or more, and the brightness of the displayed image can be improved.
- the transparency of color when viewed from various directions can be improved.
- the maximum value of the natural light reflectance at 400 nm or more and less than 500 nm is preferably 11% to 20%, more preferably 12% to 20%.
- the maximum value of the natural light reflectance at 500 nm or more and less than 600 nm is preferably 11% to 20%, preferably 12% to 20%. More preferred.
- the maximum value of the natural light reflectance at 600 nm or more and 800 nm or less is preferably 15% to 23%, more preferably 16% to 23%. preferable.
- the difference between the maximum maximum value and the minimum minimum value of the natural light reflectance at 400 nm or more and less than 500 nm is 4% or more and 20% or less. It is preferable, 4% or more and 12% or less is more preferable.
- the difference between the maximum maximum value and the minimum minimum value of the natural light reflectance at 500 nm or more and less than 600 nm is 4% or more and 20. % Or less is preferable, and 4% or more and 12% or less is more preferable.
- the wavelength band width of the region where the reflectance is higher than the average value of the maximum and minimum reflectances of 400 nm or more and less than 500 nm is 30 nm or more. It is preferably 78 nm or less, and more preferably 35 nm or more and 75 nm or less.
- the wavelength band width of the region where the reflectance is higher than the average value of the maximum value and the minimum value of the reflectance of 500 nm or more and less than 600 nm is set.
- the wavelength band width at 400 nm or more and less than 500 nm and the wavelength band width at 500 nm or more and less than 600 nm are more advantageous for transmittance as the width is narrower. If the wavelength band width below 500 nm and / or the wavelength band width below 500 nm and less than 600 nm is too narrow, the reflected tint may be deteriorated. From this point, the wavelength band width at 400 nm or more and less than 500 nm and the wavelength band width at 500 nm or more and less than 600 nm are preferably in the above range. Further, the transmittance is greatly affected by the wavelength band width at 500 nm or more and less than 600 nm.
- the wavelength band width of the region where the reflectance is higher than the average value of the maximum and minimum reflectances of 600 nm or more and 800 nm or less is 120 nm or more. It is preferably 200 nm or less.
- the selective reflection layer has two or more cholesteric liquid crystal layers having different selective reflection center wavelengths. Further, it is preferable that each cholesteric liquid crystal layer is in direct contact with any other cholesteric liquid crystal layer.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 12R having the selective reflection center wavelength in the red wavelength region and the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 12G having the selective reflection center wavelength in the green wavelength region are in contact with each other, and also.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 12G having the selective reflection center wavelength in the green wavelength region and the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 12B having the selective reflection center wavelength in the blue wavelength region are in contact with each other.
- the film thickness between the layers becomes thick and it becomes difficult to obtain the effect of the interference of the light reflected by each cholesteric liquid crystal layer.
- the wavelength band width can be narrowed by the effect of the interference of the light reflected by each cholesteric liquid crystal layer.
- the film thickness of each cholesteric liquid crystal layer is thinner than the wavelength of light (visible light 380 nm to 780 nm), the effect of interference becomes more remarkable.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layers are not limited to the structure in which they are in direct contact with each other, and are laminated via an adhesive layer or the like. May be good.
- each cholesteric liquid crystal layer may have at least one selective reflection center wavelength, but at least one layer of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer may have two or more selective reflection center wavelengths.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer having two or more selective reflection center wavelengths is achieved by a spiral structure in which the spiral pitch changes in the thickness direction.
- the selective reflection layer 11 has a configuration having three cholesteric liquid crystal layers having different selective reflection center wavelengths, but the present invention is not limited to this, and the selective reflection layer 11 is a one-layer cholesteric liquid crystal display. It may have a layer, or may have two or four or more cholesteric liquid crystal layers.
- the total thickness of the selective reflection layer 11 is preferably 0.4 ⁇ m to 2.0 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.6 ⁇ m to 1.8 ⁇ m, and even more preferably 0.8 ⁇ m to 1.4 ⁇ m. If the total thickness of the selective reflective layer 11 is too thin, the natural light reflectance of the selective reflective layer 11 may be too low to increase the brightness of the displayed image. On the other hand, if the total thickness of the selective reflective layer 11 is too thick, the transmittance may decrease.
- the reflective film of the present invention preferably reflects linearly polarized light.
- the projected image light is preferably p-polarized, that is, linearly polarized light in order to suppress reflection on the surface of the windshield glass.
- the selective reflection layer has a cholesteric liquid crystal layer and reflects circularly polarized light. Therefore, it is preferable that the reflective film of the present invention has a layer that converts linearly polarized light incident on the reflective film into circularly polarized light. Examples of the layer that converts the polarization state of light include a polarization conversion layer and a retardation layer.
- the polarization conversion layer exhibits optical rotation and birefringence with respect to visible light, and converts the polarization state of incident light.
- the polarization conversion layer is composed of a layer in which a material having birefringence such as a liquid crystal compound is oriented with a twist amount of 360 ° or less.
- the retardation layer changes the state of incident polarization by adding a phase difference (optical path difference) to two orthogonal polarization components.
- the retardation layer is a layer formed by arranging materials having birefringence such as a liquid crystal compound facing in the same direction, and does not have optical rotation.
- the reflective film By configuring the reflective film to have a polarization conversion layer or a retardation layer on the side where the light of the selective reflection layer is incident, the linear polarization incident on the reflection film is converted into circular polarization, and the selective reflection layer is circularly polarized. Is reflected, and the reflected circular polarization can be converted into linear polarization by the polarization conversion layer or the retardation layer and emitted.
- the reflective film 10 has a polarization conversion layer 14 on one surface side of the selective reflection layer 11 and a retardation layer 16 on the other surface side.
- the polarization conversion layer 14 is on the side of the first glass plate 28 on the inside of the vehicle, and the retardation layer 16 is used. Is arranged so as to be on the side of the second glass plate 30 which is the outside of the vehicle.
- the polarization conversion layer 14 has a function of converting the projected p-polarization (linear polarization) into circular polarization reflected by the cholesteric liquid crystal layer of the selective reflection layer 11.
- the retardation layer 16 has a function of optically compensating for light incident from the outside of the windshield glass.
- the s-polarization incident from the outside of the windshield glass changes its polarization state when passing through the polarization conversion layer 14, and the p-polarization component is mixed. Since polarized sunglasses cut s polarization, this p-polarized component passes through polarized sunglasses.
- the function of the polarized sunglasses that cuts the glare of the reflected light whose main component is s-polarization is impaired, which hinders driving.
- the aptitude for polarized sunglasses can be improved by having the configuration having the retardation layer 16 and optically compensating with the retardation layer 16.
- the reflective film 10 is such that the polarization conversion layer 14 is on the side of the first glass plate 28 on the inside of the vehicle, and the retardation layer 16 is on the side of the second glass plate 30 on the outside of the vehicle.
- the configuration is such that it is arranged, but it is not limited to this.
- the reflective film 10 may be arranged so that the polarization conversion layer 14 is on the side of the second glass plate 30 on the outside of the vehicle, and the retardation layer 16 is on the side of the first glass plate 28 on the inside of the vehicle.
- the retardation layer 16 has a function of converting the projected p-polarization (linear polarization) into circular polarization reflected by the cholesteric liquid crystal layer of the selective reflection layer 11.
- the polarization conversion layer 14 has a function of optically compensating for light incident from the outside of the windshield glass, and the optical compensation by the polarization conversion layer 14 can improve the suitability of polarized sunglasses.
- the reflective film of the present invention may have a configuration having polarization conversion layers on both sides of the selective reflection layer 11, or may have a configuration having retardation layers on both sides.
- the polarization conversion layer or the retardation layer arranged inside the vehicle has a function of converting the projected p-polarization (linear polarization) into circular polarization reflected by the cholesteric liquid crystal layer of the selective reflection layer 11. do it.
- the polarization conversion layer or the retardation layer arranged on the outside of the vehicle may be configured to have a function of optically compensating for the light incident from the outside of the windshield glass. The polarization conversion layer and the retardation layer will be described in detail later.
- the windshield glass of the present invention is It is a windshield glass having a first glass plate, the above-mentioned reflective film, and a second glass plate in this order.
- Windshield glass means windows and windshields for vehicles such as cars and trains, airplanes, ships, two-wheeled vehicles, and general vehicles such as play equipment.
- the windshield glass is preferably used as a windshield, a windshield, or the like in front of the vehicle in the traveling direction.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of windshield glass.
- the windshield glass 24 shown in FIG. 3 has a first glass plate 28, an interlayer film 36, a reflective film 10, a heat seal layer 38, and a second glass plate 30 in this order.
- the reflective film 10 has the same configuration as the reflective film 10 shown in FIG. 1, and the polarization conversion layer 14 is on the first glass plate 28 side, and the retardation layer 16 (transparent base material 18). Is arranged so as to be on the second glass plate 30 side.
- first glass plate 28 When the windshield glass of the present invention is used for a vehicle, curved glass is often used as the first glass plate 28 and the second glass plate 30.
- first glass plate 28 is on the inside of the vehicle and the second glass plate 30 is on the outside of the vehicle, the first glass plate 28 is arranged with the convex side facing the second glass plate 30, and the second glass plate 30 is The concave side is arranged toward the first glass plate 28.
- the example shown in FIG. 3 is arranged in the order of the polarization conversion layer 14 and the selective reflection layer 11 from the convex surface side of the first glass plate 28. There is. Further, the retardation layer 16 is arranged between the selective reflection layer 11 and the second glass plate 30.
- the visible light transmittance of the windshield glass is preferably 70% or more, more preferably 70% or more, further preferably 75% or more, and particularly preferably 80% or more.
- the above-mentioned visible light transmittance is preferably satisfied at any position of the windshield glass, and particularly preferably the above-mentioned visible light transmittance is satisfied at the position where the reflective film is present.
- the reflective film of the present invention has a high visible light transmittance, so that the above-mentioned visible light transmittance is satisfied regardless of which glass is generally used for the windshield glass. be able to.
- FIG. 4 shows an example of a natural light reflection spectrum in a windshield glass in which a reflective film having a natural light reflection spectrum shown in the graph of FIG. 2 is sandwiched between two glass plates.
- This example is the windshield glass of Example 1.
- FIG. 4 it can be seen that even if the reflective film of the present invention is sandwiched between thick glasses, the unevenness of the natural light reflection spectrum due to the reflective film remains.
- the windshield glass may be, for example, a flat surface or a three-dimensional shape having a curved surface such as a concave surface or a convex surface.
- the upward direction during normal use, the observer side, the driver side, and the visible side surface such as the inside of the vehicle can be specified.
- the reflective film may be provided at the projected image display portion (projected image reflecting portion) of the windshield glass. Further, in the windshield glass, the reflective film may be provided between the glass of the windshield glass having a laminated glass structure, or may be provided on the outer surface of the glass plate of the windshield glass. ..
- the reflective film of the present invention When the reflective film of the present invention is provided on the outer surface of the glass plate of the windshield glass, the reflective film may be provided inside the vehicle or the like (on the incident side of the projected image) or outside, but inside. It is preferable that it is provided.
- the reflective film of the present invention has lower scratch resistance than the glass plate. Therefore, when the windshield glass has a laminated glass structure, it is more preferable that the reflective film is provided between the two pieces of glass constituting the laminated glass in order to protect the reflective film.
- the reflective film is a member for displaying the projected image by reflecting the projected image. Therefore, the reflective film may be provided at a position where the projected image projected from the projector or the like can be visually displayed. That is, the reflective film of the present invention functions as a combiner for a head-up display (hereinafter, also referred to as HUD).
- the combiner can visually display the image projected from the projector, and when the combiner is observed from the incident surface side of the projected image, the surface opposite to the incident surface of the projected light such as a landscape. It means an optical member that can simultaneously observe information on the side. That is, the combiner has a function as an optical path combiner that superimposes and displays the external light and the light of the projected image.
- the reflective film may be provided on the entire surface of the windshield glass, or may be provided on a part of the windshield glass in the surface direction, but it is preferable that the reflective film is provided on a part of the windshield glass.
- the reflective film may be provided at any position on the windshield glass, but when used as a HUD, a virtual image is easily visible to an observer such as a driver. It is preferably provided as shown.
- the position where the reflective film is provided on the windshield glass may be determined from the relationship between the position of the driver's seat in the vehicle on which the HUD is mounted and the position where the projector is installed.
- the reflective film may be a flat surface having no curved surface, but may have a curved surface. Further, the reflective film may have a concave or convex shape as a whole, and the projected image may be enlarged or reduced for display.
- the selective reflection layer has a cholesteric liquid crystal layer and reflects the above-mentioned requirements (i) to (iii).
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer means a layer in which the cholesteric liquid crystal phase is fixed.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer may be a layer in which the orientation of the liquid crystal compound which is the cholesteric liquid crystal phase is maintained.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer is typically polymerized and cured by ultraviolet irradiation, heating, or the like after the polymerizable liquid crystal compound is placed in the oriented state of the cholesteric liquid crystal phase to form a non-fluid layer, and at the same time. Any layer may be used as long as it is a layer that has changed to a state in which the orientation form is not changed by an external field or an external force.
- the optical properties of the cholesteric liquid crystal phase are maintained in the layer, and the liquid crystal compound in the layer does not have to exhibit liquid crystal property anymore.
- the polymerizable liquid crystal compound may have a high molecular weight due to a curing reaction and may no longer have liquid crystallinity.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal phase selectively reflects the circular polarization of either the right circular polarization or the left circular polarization, and exhibits the circular polarization selective reflection that transmits the circular polarization of the other sense. ..
- a film containing a layer in which a cholesteric liquid crystal phase exhibiting circularly polarized selective reflectivity is fixed many films formed from a composition containing a polymerizable liquid crystal compound have been known conventionally, and the cholesteric liquid crystal layer has been conventionally known. You can refer to the technology.
- the pitch P (one spiral pitch) of the spiral structure is, in other words, the length in the direction of the spiral axis for one winding of the spiral, that is, the director of the liquid crystal compound constituting the cholesteric liquid crystal phase (whether it is a rod-shaped liquid crystal). For example, in the long axis direction) is the length in the spiral axis direction rotated by 360 °.
- the spiral axis direction of the normal cholesteric liquid crystal layer coincides with the thickness direction of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer.
- the selective reflection center wavelength and the full width at half maximum of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer can be obtained as an example as follows.
- a spectrophotometer manufactured by JASCO Corporation, V-670
- a decrease peak in transmittance is observed in the selective reflection band.
- the value of the wavelength on the short wavelength side is ⁇ l (nm)
- the value of the wavelength on the long wavelength side is ⁇ h (nm)
- the selective reflection center wavelength ⁇ and the half-value width ⁇ can be expressed by the following equations.
- the selective reflection center wavelength obtained as described above substantially coincides with the wavelength at the center of gravity of the reflection peak of the circularly polarized reflection spectrum measured from the normal direction of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer.
- the reflectance on the surface of the glass plate on the projected light incident side can be lowered by using the light so that the light is obliquely incident on the windshield glass.
- light is also obliquely incident on the cholesteric liquid crystal layer constituting the selective reflective layer 11 of the reflective film 10.
- light incident on the normal line of the reflective film 10 in the air having a refractive index of 1 at an angle of 45 ° to 70 ° causes a cholesteric liquid crystal layer having a refractive index of about 1.61 at an angle of about 26 ° to 36 °.
- the reflected wavelength shifts to the short wavelength side.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer having the center wavelength of selective reflection in the range of 650 to 780 nm can reflect the projected light in the range of 520 to 695 nm. Since such a wavelength range is a wavelength range having high visual sensitivity, the contribution to the brightness of the projected image is high, and as a result, it is possible to realize a projected image with high brightness.
- the spiral pitch of the cholesteric liquid crystal phase depends on the type of chiral agent used together with the polymerizable liquid crystal compound and the concentration thereof added, a desired pitch can be obtained by adjusting these.
- a desired pitch can be obtained by adjusting these.
- each cholesteric liquid crystal layer a cholesteric liquid crystal layer having a spiral sense of either right or left is used.
- the sense of circular polarization (the swirling direction of circular polarization) reflected by the cholesteric liquid crystal layer corresponds to the sense of spiral.
- the spiral senses of each cholesteric liquid crystal layer may be the same or may include different ones. However, it is preferable that the plurality of cholesteric liquid crystal layers all have the same sense of spiral.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer exhibiting selective reflection in the same or overlapping wavelength regions does not include the cholesteric liquid crystal layers having different spiral senses. Is preferable. This is to prevent the transmittance in a specific wavelength range from dropping to less than, for example, 50%.
- the ⁇ n can be adjusted by adjusting the type or mixing ratio of the polymerizable liquid crystal compound, or by controlling the temperature at the time of fixing the orientation.
- a plurality of cholesteric liquid crystal layers having the same pitch P and the same spiral sense may be laminated. By stacking cholesteric liquid crystal layers having the same pitch P and the same spiral sense, it is possible to increase the circular polarization selectivity at a specific wavelength.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer separately prepared may be laminated by using an adhesive or the like, or the above-mentioned cholesteric liquid crystal formed by the method described later may be laminated.
- a liquid crystal composition containing a polymerizable liquid crystal compound or the like may be directly applied to the surface of the layer, and the steps of orientation and fixing may be repeated, but the latter is preferable.
- the thickness of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer is preferably 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m, more preferably 1.0 to 8.0 ⁇ m, and even more preferably 1.5 to 6.0 ⁇ m.
- cholesteric liquid crystal layer a material and a method for producing the cholesteric liquid crystal layer
- the material used for forming the above-mentioned cholesteric liquid crystal layer include a liquid crystal composition containing a polymerizable liquid crystal compound and a chiral agent (optically active compound).
- the above-mentioned liquid crystal composition which is further mixed with a surfactant, a polymerization initiator and the like and dissolved in a solvent or the like, is applied to a support, an alignment layer, a cholesteric liquid crystal layer as an lower layer and the like, and cholesteric orientation. After aging, the liquid crystal composition can be immobilized by curing to form a cholesteric liquid crystal layer.
- the polymerizable liquid crystal compound may be a rod-shaped liquid crystal compound or a disk-shaped liquid crystal compound, but is preferably a rod-shaped liquid crystal compound.
- Examples of the rod-shaped polymerizable liquid crystal compound forming the cholesteric liquid crystal layer include a rod-shaped nematic liquid crystal compound.
- rod-shaped nematic liquid crystal compound examples include azomethines, azoxys, cyanobiphenyls, cyanophenyl esters, benzoic acid esters, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid phenyl esters, cyanophenylcyclohexanes, cyano-substituted phenylpyrimidines, and alkoxy-substituted phenylpyrimidines.
- Phenyldioxans, trans, and alkenylcyclohexylbenzonitriles are preferably used. Not only low molecular weight liquid crystal compounds but also high molecular weight liquid crystal compounds can be used.
- the polymerizable liquid crystal compound is obtained by introducing a polymerizable group into the liquid crystal compound.
- the polymerizable group include an unsaturated polymerizable group, an epoxy group, and an aziridinyl group, and an unsaturated polymerizable group is preferable, and an ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable group is particularly preferable.
- the polymerizable group can be introduced into the molecule of the liquid crystal compound by various methods.
- the number of polymerizable groups contained in the polymerizable liquid crystal compound is preferably 1 to 6 in one molecule, and more preferably 1 to 3.
- Examples of polymerizable liquid crystal compounds include Makromol. Chem. , 190, 2255 (1989), Advanced Materials 5, 107 (1993), US Pat. No.
- the amount of the polymerizable liquid crystal compound added to the liquid crystal composition is preferably 80 to 99.9% by mass, preferably 85 to 99.5% by mass, based on the solid content mass (mass excluding the solvent) of the liquid crystal composition. % Is more preferable, and 90 to 99% by mass is particularly preferable.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer may have a low ⁇ n.
- the low ⁇ n cholesteric liquid crystal layer can be formed by using a low ⁇ n polymerizable liquid crystal compound.
- the low ⁇ n polymerizable liquid crystal compound will be specifically described.
- a narrow-band selective reflective layer can be obtained by forming a cholesteric liquid crystal phase using a low ⁇ n polymerizable liquid crystal compound and using this as a fixed film.
- the low ⁇ n polymerizable liquid crystal compound include the compounds described in WO2015 / 115390, WO2015 / 147243, WO2016 / 035773, JP-A-2015-163596, and JP-A-2016-053149.
- the description of WO2016 / 047648 can also be referred to for a liquid crystal composition that provides a selective reflection layer having a small full width at half maximum.
- the liquid crystal compound is also preferably a polymerizable compound represented by the following formula (I) described in WO2016 / 047648.
- A represents a phenylene group which may have a substituent or a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group which may have a substituent
- L is a single bond, -CH 2 .
- Sp 1 and Sp 2 are independent, single-bonded, linear or branched alkylene groups with 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and linear or branched alkylene groups with 1 to 20 carbon atoms, respectively.
- the phenylene group in the formula (I) is preferably a 1,4-phenylene group.
- the substituent when "may have a substituent" for the phenylene group and the trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group is not particularly limited, and is, for example, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkoxy group, or an alkyl ether. Examples thereof include a substituent selected from the group consisting of a group consisting of a group, an amide group, an amino group, and a halogen atom, and a group composed of a combination of two or more of the above-mentioned substituents.
- the phenylene group and the trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group may have 1 to 4 substituents. When having two or more substituents, the two or more substituents may be the same or different from each other.
- the alkyl group may be either linear or branched.
- the number of carbon atoms of the alkyl group is preferably 1 to 30, more preferably 1 to 10, and even more preferably 1 to 6.
- alkyl groups include, for example, methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, isobutyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, n-pentyl group, isopentyl group and neopentyl.
- Examples include a group, a 1,1-dimethylpropyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a linear or branched heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, a decyl group, an undecyl group, or a dodecyl group.
- the above description regarding the alkyl group is the same for the alkoxy group containing the alkyl group.
- Specific examples of the alkylene group when referred to as an alkylene group include a divalent group obtained by removing one arbitrary hydrogen atom in each of the above-mentioned examples of an alkyl group.
- Examples of the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom.
- the number of carbon atoms of the cycloalkyl group is preferably 3 to 20, more preferably 5 or more, more preferably 10 or less, still more preferably 8 or less, still more preferably 6 or less.
- Examples of the cycloalkyl group include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, and a cyclooctyl group.
- X 3 represents a single bond, -O-, -S-, or -N (Sp 4 -Q 4 )-, or a nitrogen atom forming a ring structure with Q 3 and Sp 3 . show.
- Sp 3 and Sp 4 are independently one or more in a single bond, a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- the linking group selected from the group consisting of substituted groups is shown.
- the replacement position is not particularly limited. Of these, the tetrahydrofuranyl group is preferable, and the 2-tetrahydrofuranyl group is particularly preferable.
- the m-1 Ls may be the same or different from each other.
- Sp 1 and Sp 2 are independently one or more in a single bond, a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- the linking group selected from the group consisting of substituted groups is shown.
- Q 1 and Q 2 each independently represent a polymerizable group selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom or a group represented by the above formulas Q-1 to Q-5, where Q 1 and Q 2 have. Either one shows a polymerizable group.
- a polymerizable group an acryloyl group (formula Q-1) or a methacryloyl group (formula Q-2) is preferable.
- m represents an integer of 3 to 12.
- an integer of 3 to 9 is preferable, an integer of 3 to 7 is more preferable, and an integer of 3 to 5 is further preferable.
- the polymerizable compound represented by the formula (I) has at least one phenylene group which may have a substituent as A and a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group which may have a substituent. It is preferable to include at least one.
- the polymerizable compound represented by the formula (I) preferably contains 1 to 4 trans-1,4-cyclohexylene groups which may have a substituent as A, and preferably contains 1 to 3 of them. Is more preferable, and it is further preferable to contain 2 or 3 of them.
- the polymerizable compound represented by the formula (I) preferably contains 1 or more phenylene groups that may have a substituent as A, and more preferably 1 to 4 phenylene groups. It is more preferable to include 3 pieces, and it is particularly preferable to contain 2 or 3 pieces.
- polymerizable compound represented by the formula (I) in addition to the compounds described in paragraphs 0051 to 0058 of WO2016 / 047648, JP-A-2013-112631, JP-A-2010-07543, Examples thereof include the compounds described in Japanese Patent No. 4725516, WO2015 / 115390, WO2015 / 147243, WO2016 / 035873, JP-A-2015-163596, and JP-A-2016-053149.
- the chiral agent has the function of inducing the helical structure of the cholesteric liquid crystal phase. Since the chiral compound has a different sense or spiral pitch of the spiral induced by the compound, it may be selected according to the purpose.
- the chiral agent is not particularly limited, and known compounds can be used. Examples of chiral agents include liquid crystal device handbook (Chapter 3, 4-3, TN, chiral agent for STN, page 199, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 142, ed., 1989), Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-287623, Japan. Examples thereof include compounds described in JP-A-2002-302487, JP-A-2002-080478, JP-A-2002-08851, JP-A-2010-181852, and JP-A-2014-034581.
- the chiral agent generally contains an asymmetric carbon atom, but an axial asymmetric compound or a plane asymmetric compound that does not contain an asymmetric carbon atom can also be used as the chiral agent.
- axial or asymmetric compounds include binaphthyl, helicene, paracyclophane, and derivatives thereof.
- the chiral agent may have a polymerizable group. When both the chiral agent and the liquid crystal compound have a polymerizable group, the repeating unit derived from the polymerizable liquid crystal compound and the repeating unit derived from the chiral agent are derived from the polymerization reaction between the polymerizable chiral agent and the polymerizable liquid crystal compound. Polymers with repeating units can be formed.
- the polymerizable group of the polymerizable chiral agent is preferably a group of the same type as the polymerizable group of the polymerizable liquid crystal compound. Therefore, the polymerizable group of the chiral agent is preferably an unsaturated polymerizable group, an epoxy group or an aziridinyl group, more preferably an unsaturated polymerizable group, and more preferably an ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable group. Especially preferable.
- the chiral agent may be a liquid crystal compound.
- an isosorbide derivative As the chiral agent, an isosorbide derivative, an isomannide derivative, a binaphthyl derivative and the like can be preferably used.
- As the isosorbide derivative a commercially available product such as LC756 manufactured by BASF may be used.
- the content of the chiral agent in the liquid crystal composition is preferably 0.01 to 200 mol%, more preferably 1 to 30 mol% of the amount of the polymerizable liquid crystal compound.
- the content of the chiral agent in the liquid crystal composition is intended to be the concentration (% by mass) of the chiral agent with respect to the total solid content in the composition.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer of the selective reflection layer of the reflective film of the present invention may have two or more selective reflection center wavelengths.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer having two or more selective reflection center wavelengths is achieved by changing the pitch of the spiral structure in the thickness direction.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer in which the pitch of the spiral structure changes in the thickness direction is thick when the cholesteric liquid crystal layer is formed by using a chiral agent whose spiral inducing force (HTP: Helical Twisting Power) is changed by irradiation with light. It can be produced by changing the irradiation amount of light in the direction.
- HTP Helical Twisting Power
- Examples of the chiral agent whose HTP changes by irradiation with light include those that cause return isomerization, dimerization, isomerization, dimerization, and the like by irradiation with light.
- the photoisomerizing group is preferably an isomerization site, an azo group, an azoxy group, or a cinnamoyl group of a compound exhibiting photochromic properties.
- Specific compounds include JP-A-2002-08478, JP-A-2002-08851, JP-A-2002-179668, JP-A-2002-179669, JP-A-2002-179670, and JP-A-2002.
- the liquid crystal composition preferably contains a polymerization initiator.
- the polymerization initiator used is preferably a photopolymerization initiator capable of initiating the polymerization reaction by irradiation with ultraviolet rays.
- photopolymerization initiators include ⁇ -carbonyl compounds (described in US Pat. No. 2,376,661 and US Pat. No. 2,376,670), acidoin ethers (described in US Pat. No. 2,448,828), and ⁇ -hydrogen.
- Substituent aromatic acidoine compound described in US Pat. No.
- an acylphosphine oxide compound or an oxime compound is also preferable to use an acylphosphine oxide compound or an oxime compound as the polymerization initiator.
- acylphosphine oxide compound for example, a commercially available IRGACURE810 (compound name: bis (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) -phenylphosphinoxide) manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd. can be used.
- Oxime compounds include IRGACURE OXE01 (manufactured by BASF), IRGACURE OXE02 (manufactured by BASF), TR-PBG-304 (manufactured by Changzhou Powerful Electronics New Materials Co., Ltd.), ADEKA ARCULS NCI-831, ADEKA ARCULS NCI-930.
- the content of the photopolymerization initiator in the liquid crystal composition is preferably 0.1 to 20% by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 5% by mass, based on the content of the polymerizable liquid crystal compound.
- the liquid crystal composition may optionally contain a cross-linking agent in order to improve the film strength and durability after curing.
- a cross-linking agent those that are cured by ultraviolet rays, heat, humidity and the like can be preferably used.
- the cross-linking agent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples of the cross-linking agent include polyfunctional acrylate compounds such as trimethylolpropane tri (meth) acrylate and pentaerythritol tri (meth) acrylate; epoxy compounds such as glycidyl (meth) acrylate and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether; 2,2-.
- Aziridine compounds such as bishydroxymethylbutanol-tris [3- (1-aziridinyl) propionate], 4,4-bis (ethyleneiminocarbonylamino) diphenylmethane; isocyanate compounds such as hexamethylenediisocyanate and biuret-type isocyanates; oxazoline group-sided Polyoxazoline compounds in the chain; alkoxysilane compounds such as vinyltrimethoxysilane and N- (2-aminoethyl) 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane can be mentioned.
- a known catalyst can be used depending on the reactivity of the cross-linking agent, and the productivity can be improved in addition to the improvement of the film strength and the durability. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the content of the cross-linking agent is preferably 3 to 20% by mass, more preferably 5 to 15% by mass. By setting the content of the cross-linking agent to 3% by mass or more, the effect of improving the cross-linking density can be obtained, and by setting the content of the cross-linking agent to 20% by mass or less, the stability of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer is lowered. Can be prevented.
- "(meth) acrylate” is used in the meaning of "any one or both of acrylate and methacrylate".
- orientation control agent An orientation control agent may be added to the liquid crystal composition, which contributes to stably or rapidly forming a planar liquid crystal layer having a planar orientation.
- the orientation control agent include the fluorine (meth) acrylate-based polymers described in paragraphs [0018] to [0043] of JP-A-2007-272185, and paragraphs [0031]-[0031] of JP-A-2012-203237. 0034] and the like, examples thereof include compounds represented by the formulas (I) to (IV) described in JP-A-2013-113913, and the compounds described in JP-A-2013-113913.
- the orientation control agent one type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- the amount of the orientation control agent added to the liquid crystal composition is preferably 0.01 to 10% by mass, more preferably 0.01 to 5% by mass, and 0.02 to 1 to the total mass of the polymerizable liquid crystal compound. Mass% is particularly preferred.
- the liquid crystal composition may contain at least one selected from various additives such as a surfactant for adjusting the surface tension of the coating film to make the thickness uniform and a polymerizable monomer. .. Further, if necessary, a polymerization inhibitor, an antioxidant, an ultraviolet absorber, a light stabilizer, a coloring material, metal oxide fine particles, etc. may be added to the liquid crystal composition within a range that does not deteriorate the optical performance. Can be added with.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer is a transparent base material, a retardation layer, and an alignment layer obtained by dissolving a polymerizable liquid crystal compound, a polymerization initiator, a chiral agent added as necessary, a surfactant, and the like in a solvent. Or, it is applied on the cholesteric liquid crystal layer or the like produced earlier and dried to obtain a coating film, and the coating film is irradiated with active light to polymerize the cholesteric liquid crystal composition, and the cholesteric regularity is fixed. It is possible to form a modified cholesteric liquid crystal layer.
- the laminated film composed of a plurality of cholesteric liquid crystal layers can be formed by repeating the above-mentioned manufacturing process of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer.
- the solvent used for preparing the liquid crystal composition is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but an organic solvent is preferably used.
- the organic solvent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- ketones, alkyl halides, amides, sulfoxides, heterocyclic compounds, hydrocarbons, esters, and ethers can be selected. kind and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these, ketones are particularly preferable in consideration of the burden on the environment.
- the method for applying the liquid crystal composition to the transparent base material, the alignment layer, the cholesteric liquid crystal layer as the lower layer, and the like is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- the coating method include wire bar coating method, curtain coating method, extrusion coating method, direct gravure coating method, reverse gravure coating method, die coating method, spin coating method, dip coating method, spray coating method, and slide coating. The law etc. can be mentioned. It can also be carried out by transferring the liquid crystal composition separately coated on the support.
- the liquid crystal molecules are oriented by heating the applied liquid crystal composition.
- the heating temperature is preferably 200 ° C. or lower, more preferably 130 ° C. or lower.
- This alignment treatment gives an optical thin film in which the polymerizable liquid crystal compound is twisted and oriented so as to have a spiral axis in a direction substantially perpendicular to the film surface.
- the liquid crystal composition can be cured by further polymerizing the oriented liquid crystal compound.
- the polymerization may be either thermal polymerization or photopolymerization using light irradiation, but photopolymerization is preferable. It is preferable to use ultraviolet rays for light irradiation.
- the irradiation energy is preferably 20 mJ / cm 2 to 50 J / cm 2 , more preferably 100 to 1,500 mJ / cm 2 .
- light irradiation may be carried out under heating conditions or a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the irradiation ultraviolet wavelength is preferably 350 to 430 nm.
- the polymerization reaction rate is preferably high, preferably 70% or more, and more preferably 80% or more.
- the polymerization reaction rate can be determined by measuring the consumption ratio of the polymerizable functional group by measuring the infrared absorption spectrum.
- the polarization conversion layer 14 is a layer in which the spiral orientation structure of the liquid crystal compound is immobilized, and the pitch number x of the spiral orientation structure and the film thickness y (unit: ⁇ m) of the polarization conversion layer are the following relational expressions (a) to (c). ) Satisfy all of them.
- One pitch of the spiral structure of the liquid crystal compound is one turn of the spiral of the liquid crystal compound. That is, the state in which the director of the liquid crystal compound spirally oriented (in the long axis direction in the case of a rod-shaped liquid crystal) is rotated by 360 ° is defined as the pitch number 1.
- the polarization conversion layer When the polarization conversion layer has a spiral structure of a liquid crystal compound, it exhibits optical rotation and birefringence with respect to visible light having a wavelength shorter than the reflected peak wavelength in the infrared region. Therefore, the polarization in the visible range can be controlled.
- the pitch number x of the spiral orientation structure of the polarization conversion layer and the film thickness y of the polarization conversion layer within the above ranges, the function of optically compensating the visible light with the polarization conversion layer, or the straight line incident on the reflective film. It is possible to add a function of converting polarized light (p-polarized light) to circularly polarized light.
- the liquid crystal compound has an optical rotation and birefringence with respect to visible light because the liquid crystal compound has a spiral structure satisfying the relational expressions (a) to (c).
- the pitch P of the spiral structure of the polarization conversion layer is set to have a length corresponding to the pitch P of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer in which the selective reflection center wavelength is in the long wavelength infrared region. Shows high optical rotation and birefringence.
- the relational expression (a) is “0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.0”. If the number of pitches x of the spiral structure is less than 0.1, there are inconveniences such as insufficient optical rotation and birefringence. Further, if the pitch number x of the spiral structure exceeds 1.0, the optical rotation and the birefringence are excessive, which causes inconveniences such as the inability to obtain the desired elliptically polarized light.
- the relational expression (b) is “0.5 ⁇ y ⁇ 3.0”. If the thickness y of the polarization conversion layer is less than 0.5 ⁇ m, the film thickness is too thin, which causes inconveniences such as insufficient optical rotation and birefringence. If the thickness y of the polarization conversion layer exceeds 3.0 ⁇ m, the optical rotation and birefringence are excessive, and the desired circular polarization cannot be obtained, or the orientation is likely to be poor, which is not preferable for manufacturing.
- the relational expression (c) is “3000 ⁇ (1560 ⁇ y) / x ⁇ 50000”. If "(1560 x y) / x" is less than 3000, there will be inconveniences such as excessive optical rotation and not being able to obtain the desired polarization. If “(1560 x y) / x" exceeds 50,000, optical rotation is insufficient and desired polarization cannot be obtained, which causes inconvenience.
- the pitch number x of the spiral structure of the polarization conversion layer is more preferably 0.1 to 0.8, and the film thickness y is more preferably 0.6 ⁇ m to 2.6 ⁇ m. Further, "(1560 x y) / x" is more preferably 5000 to 13000.
- the polarization conversion layer has a long spiral structure with a long pitch P and a small number of pitches x.
- the pitch P of the spiral is the same as the pitch P of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer in which the selective reflection center wavelength is an infrared region having a long wavelength, and the pitch number x is small. More specifically, it is preferable that the pitch P of the spiral of the polarization conversion layer is equivalent to the pitch P of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer having a selective reflection center wavelength of 3000 to 10000 nm, and the pitch number x is small.
- the selective reflection center wavelength corresponding to the pitch P is much longer than that of visible light, the above-mentioned diversion and birefringence with respect to visible light are more preferably exhibited.
- Such a polarization conversion layer can be basically formed in the same manner as a known cholesteric liquid crystal layer.
- the layer in which the spiral orientation structure (spiral structure) of the liquid crystal compound is immobilized is a so-called cholesteric liquid crystal layer, which means a layer in which the cholesteric liquid crystal phase is immobilized.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer may be a layer in which the orientation of the liquid crystal compound which is the cholesteric liquid crystal phase is maintained.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer is typically polymerized and cured by ultraviolet irradiation, heating, or the like after the polymerizable liquid crystal compound is placed in the oriented state of the cholesteric liquid crystal phase to form a non-fluid layer, and at the same time.
- any layer may be used as long as it is a layer that has changed to a state in which the orientation form is not changed by an external field or an external force.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer it is sufficient that the optical properties of the cholesteric liquid crystal phase are maintained in the layer, and the liquid crystal compound in the layer does not have to exhibit liquid crystal property anymore.
- the polymerizable liquid crystal compound may have a high molecular weight due to a curing reaction and may no longer have liquid crystallinity.
- the spiral pitch of the cholesteric liquid crystal phase depends on the type of chiral agent used together with the polymerizable liquid crystal compound and the concentration thereof added, a desired pitch can be obtained by adjusting these.
- the spiral pitch is adjusted so that the selective reflection center wavelength is in the infrared region of a long wavelength.
- the method for forming the cholesteric liquid crystal layer as the polarization conversion layer is basically the same as the method for forming the cholesteric liquid crystal layer described above.
- the retardation layer changes the state of incident polarization by adding a phase difference (optical path difference) to two orthogonal polarization components.
- the front phase difference of the retardation layer may be a phase difference that can be optically compensated.
- the retardation layer preferably has a front retardation of 50 nm to 160 nm at a wavelength of 550 nm.
- the angle of the slow axis is 10 ° to 50 ° or It is preferably ⁇ 50 ° to ⁇ 10 °.
- the frontal phase difference of the retardation layer is preferably configured to give ⁇ / 4, and the frontal retardation is 3 ⁇ /. It may be configured by giving 4. Further, the angle of the slow phase axis may be arranged so as to change the incident linear polarization into circular polarization.
- the front retardation at a wavelength of 550 nm is preferably in the range of 100 to 450 nm, and more preferably in the range of 120 to 200 nm or 300 to 400 nm.
- the direction of the slow axis of the retardation layer is the incident direction of the projected light for displaying the projected image when the reflective film 10 is used in the head-up display system, and the cholesteric liquid crystal layer constituting the selective reflective layer. It is preferable to determine according to the sense of the spiral of.
- the retardation layer is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- the retardation layer include a stretched polycarbonate film, a stretched norbornene-based polymer film, a transparent film oriented containing inorganic particles having birefringence such as strontium carbonate, and an inorganic dielectric on a support.
- examples thereof include a thin film obtained by diagonally depositing polycarbonate, a film in which a polymerizable liquid crystal compound is oriented and fixed in a uniaxial orientation, and a film in which a liquid crystal compound is oriented and fixed in a uniaxial orientation.
- a film in which a polymerizable liquid crystal compound is uniaxially oriented and oriented and fixed is preferably exemplified as a retardation layer.
- a liquid crystal composition containing a polymerizable liquid crystal compound is applied to the surface of a transparent base material, a temporary support, or an alignment layer, and the polymerizable liquid crystal compound in the liquid crystal composition is liquid crystal. After forming in a nematic orientation in the state, it can be fixed and formed by curing.
- the formation of the retardation layer in this case can be performed in the same manner as the above-mentioned formation of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer, except that the chiral agent is not added to the liquid crystal composition.
- the heating temperature is preferably 50 to 120 ° C, more preferably 60 to 100 ° C.
- the retardation layer is formed by applying a composition containing a polymer liquid crystal compound to the surface of a transparent substrate, a temporary support, an alignment layer, or the like to form a nematic orientation in a liquid crystal state, and then cooling to fix the orientation. It may be a layer obtained by converting.
- the thickness of the retardation layer is not limited, but is preferably 0.2 to 300 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.5 to 150 ⁇ m, and even more preferably 1.0 to 80 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the retardation layer formed from the liquid crystal composition is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.2 to 10 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.5 to 5.0 ⁇ m, still more preferably 0.7 to 2.0 ⁇ m. ..
- a slow phase axis is set with an angle ⁇ tilted with respect to an axis in an arbitrary direction of the retardation layer.
- the direction of the slow-phase axis can be set, for example, by a rubbing process of an alignment film that is a lower layer of the retardation layer.
- the reflective film of the present invention may have a layer other than the selective reflection layer, the polarization conversion layer, and the retardation layer.
- the reflective film may have a transparent base material, an adhesive layer, or the like.
- the reflective film 10 has a transparent base material 18 arranged on the opposite side of the retardation layer 16 from the selective reflective layer 11.
- the transparent substrate 18 supports the retardation layer 16, the selective reflection layer 11 (cholesteric liquid crystal layer), and the polarization conversion layer 14.
- the transparent substrate 18 may be used as a support for forming the retardation layer 16, the selective reflection layer 11 (cholesteric liquid crystal layer), and the polarization conversion layer 14.
- the reflective film may be a thin film or a sheet.
- the reflective film may be in the form of a roll as a thin film before being used for the windshield glass.
- the transparent base material, the adhesive layer, and the like are both transparent in the visible light region. Further, it is preferable that the transparent base material, the adhesive layer and the like have low birefringence.
- the low birefringence means that the front phase difference is 10 nm or less in the wavelength range in which the reflective film of the windshield glass of the present invention exhibits reflection. This front phase difference is preferably 5 nm or less. Further, it is preferable that the difference in the refractive index from the average refractive index (in-plane average refractive index) of the selective reflective layer is small in both the support and the adhesive layer.
- the transparent substrate can also be used as a substrate for forming the selective reflective layer.
- the transparent substrate used for forming the selective reflective layer may be a temporary support that is peeled off after the selective reflective layer is formed. Therefore, the finished reflective film and windshield glass may not contain a transparent substrate.
- the transparent base material is preferably transparent in the visible light region.
- the transparent base material there are no restrictions on the material of the transparent base material.
- the transparent base material include polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonates, acrylic resins, epoxy resins, polyurethanes, polyamides, polyolefins, cellulose derivatives, and plastic films such as silicones.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- acrylic resins acrylic resins
- epoxy resins epoxy resins
- polyurethanes polyamides
- polyolefins polyolefins
- cellulose derivatives cellulose derivatives
- plastic films such as silicones.
- plastic films such as silicones.
- glass may be used in addition to the above-mentioned plastic film.
- the thickness of the transparent substrate may be about 5.0 to 1000 ⁇ m, preferably 10 to 250 ⁇ m, and more preferably 15 to 90 ⁇ m.
- the transparent base material 18 when the transparent base material 18 is arranged on the second glass plate 30 side, that is, on the outside of the vehicle, the transparent base material 18 preferably contains an ultraviolet absorber. .. Since the transparent base material 18 contains an ultraviolet absorber, it is possible to prevent the reflective film (selective reflective layer) from being deteriorated by ultraviolet rays.
- the windshield glass may have a laminated glass configuration.
- the windshield glass of the present invention is a laminated glass, and it is preferable to have the above-mentioned reflective film of the present invention between the first glass plate and the second glass plate.
- the windshield glass may have a configuration in which a reflective film is arranged between the first glass plate and the second glass plate.
- the windshield glass has a configuration in which an interlayer film (intermediate film sheet) is provided on at least one of the space between the first glass plate and the reflective film and between the reflective film and the second glass plate. preferable.
- the second glass plate is arranged on the side opposite to the viewing side (outside the vehicle) of the image in the HUD, and the first glass plate is arranged on the viewing side (inside the vehicle).
- the first and second glass plates in the first glass plate and the second glass plate have no technical meaning and are provided for convenience in order to distinguish between the two glass plates. It is a thing. Therefore, the second glass plate may be on the inside of the vehicle and the first glass plate may be on the outside of the vehicle.
- a glass plate generally used for windshield glass can be used as the glass plate such as the first glass plate and the second glass plate.
- a glass plate having a visible light transmittance of 80% or less such as 73% and 76%, such as green glass having a high heat-shielding property may be used. Even when a glass plate having a low visible light transmittance is used as described above, by using the reflective film of the present invention, the windshield glass having a visible light transmittance of 70% or more even at the position of the reflective film. Can be produced.
- the thickness of the glass plate is not particularly limited, but may be about 0.5 to 5.0 mm, preferably 1.0 to 3.0 mm, and more preferably 2.0 to 2.3 mm.
- the materials or thicknesses of the first glass plate and the second glass plate may be the same or different.
- the windshield glass having a laminated glass structure can be produced by using a known laminated glass manufacturing method. Generally, after sandwiching an interlayer film for laminated glass between two glass plates, heat treatment and pressure treatment (treatment using a rubber roller, etc.) are repeated several times, and finally an autoclave or the like is used. It can be manufactured by a method of performing heat treatment under pressurized conditions.
- the windshield glass having a structure of a laminated glass having a reflective film and an interlayer film may be produced by the above-mentioned method for producing a laminated glass after forming a reflective film on the surface of a glass plate, or described above. It may be produced by the above-mentioned method for producing laminated glass by using an interlayer film for laminated glass containing the reflective film of.
- the glass plate on which the reflective film is provided may be either a first glass plate or a second glass plate. At this time, the reflective film may be attached to a glass plate with an adhesive (heat seal layer), for example.
- the interlayer film 36 prevents the glass from penetrating into the vehicle and scattering in the event of an accident, and in the example shown in FIG. 3, the reflective film 10 and the first glass plate 28 are adhered to each other. Is.
- any known interlayer film used as an interlayer film (intermediate layer) in laminated glass can be used.
- a resin membrane containing a resin selected from the group of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer and chlorine-containing resin can be used.
- the above-mentioned resin is preferably the main component of the interlayer film.
- the main component is a component that occupies 50% by mass or more of the interlayer film.
- polyvinyl butyral and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer are preferable, and polyvinyl butyral is more preferable.
- the resin is preferably a synthetic resin.
- Polyvinyl butyral can be obtained by acetalizing polyvinyl alcohol with butyraldehyde.
- the preferred lower limit of the degree of acetalization of polyvinyl butyral described above is 40%, the preferred upper limit is 85%, the more preferred lower limit is 60%, and the more preferred upper limit is 75%.
- Polyvinyl alcohol is usually obtained by saponifying polyvinyl acetate, and polyvinyl alcohol having a saponification degree of 80 to 99.8 mol% is generally used. Further, the preferable lower limit of the degree of polymerization of the above-mentioned polyvinyl alcohol is 200, and the preferable upper limit is 3000. When the degree of polymerization of polyvinyl alcohol is 200 or more, the penetration resistance of the obtained laminated glass is unlikely to decrease, and when it is 3000 or less, the moldability of the resin film is good and the rigidity of the resin film does not become too large. Good workability. The more preferable lower limit is 500, and the more preferable upper limit is 2000.
- the thickness of the interlayer film 36 is not limited, and the thickness according to the forming material or the like may be set in the same manner as the known windshield glass interlayer film.
- the windshield glass 24 is provided with a heat seal layer 38 between the reflective film 10 and the second glass plate 30, and the reflective film 10 and the first glass plate 28 are attached by an interlayer film 36.
- a heat seal layer may be provided between the reflective film 10 and the first glass plate 28, and an intermediate film may be provided between the reflective film 10 and the second glass plate 30.
- the windshield glass 24 does not have an interlayer film 36, and is heat-sealed for attaching the reflective film 10 to the first glass plate 28 and attaching the reflective film 10 to the second glass plate 30.
- the structure using the layer 38 may be used.
- the interlayer film for laminated glass including the reflective film can be formed by laminating the reflective film on the surface of the above-mentioned interlayer film.
- the reflective film can be formed by sandwiching it between the two above-mentioned interlayer films.
- the two interlayer films may be the same or different, but are preferably the same.
- a known bonding method can be used for bonding the reflective film and the interlayer film, but it is preferable to use a laminating process.
- the laminating treatment is preferably carried out under certain heating and pressure conditions so that the laminated body and the interlayer film do not peel off after processing.
- the film surface temperature on the side where the interlayer film is adhered is preferably 50 to 130 ° C, more preferably 70 to 100 ° C. It is preferable to pressurize at the time of laminating. There are no restrictions on the pressurizing conditions, but it is preferably less than 2.0 kg / cm 2 (less than 196 kPa), more preferably 0.5 to 1.8 kg / cm 2 (49 to 176 kPa), and more preferably 0.5 to 1.5 kg. / Cm 2 (49-147 kPa) is even more preferred.
- the support When the reflective film has a support (transparent substrate), the support may be peeled off at the same time as the laminating, immediately after the laminating, or immediately before the laminating. That is, the reflective film attached to the interlayer film obtained after laminating may not have a support.
- An example of a method for manufacturing an interlayer film including a reflective film is (1) The first step of laminating a reflective film on the surface of the first interlayer film to obtain a first laminate, and (2) The second step of laminating the second interlayer film on the surface of the first laminated body opposite to the surface to which the first interlayer film of the reflective film is bonded is included.
- the reflective film and the first interlayer film are bonded together without facing each other between the support and the first interlayer film.
- the support is then stripped from the reflective film.
- the second interlayer film is attached to the surface from which the support has been peeled off. This makes it possible to manufacture an interlayer film containing a reflective film having no support. Further, by using an interlayer film containing this reflective film, it is possible to easily produce a laminated glass in which the reflective film does not have a support.
- the temperature of the support when peeling the support from the reflective film is preferably 40 ° C. or higher, more preferably 40 to 60 ° C.
- the heat seal layer (adhesive layer) 38 is, for example, a layer made of a coating type adhesive.
- the reflective film 10 is attached to the second glass plate 30 by the heat seal layer 38.
- the reflective film 10 may be attached to the second glass plate 30 by an interlayer film instead of the heat seal layer 38.
- the reflective film 10 is small with respect to the interlayer film 36 to which the first glass plate 28 and the reflective film 10 are attached, the reflective film 10 is attached to the second glass plate 30 by the interlayer film 36. You may.
- the heat seal layer 38 is not limited, and is known as long as it can secure the transparency required for the windshield glass 24 and can adhere the reflective film 10 and the glass with the necessary adhesive force.
- a coating type adhesive is available.
- the heat seal layer 38 the same one as the interlayer film 36 such as PVB may be used.
- an acrylate-based adhesive or the like can also be used for the heat seal layer 38.
- the heat seal layer 38 may be formed of an adhesive.
- the adhesive includes a hot melt type, a thermosetting type, a photocuring type, a reaction curing type, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive type that does not require curing.
- the adhesives of any type are acrylate-based, urethane-based, urethane acrylate-based, epoxy-based, epoxy acrylate-based, polyolefin-based, modified olefin-based, polypropylene-based, ethylene vinyl alcohol-based, vinyl chloride-based, respectively.
- Compounds such as chloroprene rubber-based, cyanoacrylate-based, polyamide-based, polyimide-based, polystyrene-based, and polyvinyl butyral-based compounds can be used.
- the photo-curing type is preferable as the curing method, and from the viewpoint of optical transparency and heat resistance, acrylate-based, urethane acrylate-based, epoxy acrylate-based, etc. may be used as the material. preferable.
- the heat seal layer 38 may be formed by using a highly transparent adhesive transfer tape (OCA tape).
- OCA tape a commercially available product for an image display device, particularly a commercially available product for the surface of an image display portion of an image display device may be used.
- Examples of commercially available products include adhesive sheets manufactured by Panac Co., Ltd. (PD-S1 and the like), adhesive sheets of the MHM series manufactured by Niei Kako Co., Ltd., and the like.
- the thickness of the heat seal layer 38 there is no limitation on the thickness of the heat seal layer 38. Therefore, depending on the material for forming the heat seal layer 38, the thickness at which sufficient adhesive force can be obtained may be appropriately set. Here, if the heat seal layer 38 is too thick, the reflective film 10 may not be able to be attached to the first glass plate 28 or the second glass plate 30 while maintaining sufficient flatness. Considering this point, the thickness of the heat seal layer 38 is preferably 0.1 to 800 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.5 to 400 ⁇ m.
- the head-up display of the present invention is With the windshield glass mentioned above, It is a head-up display system having a projector that irradiates the projected image light on the first glass plate side of the windshield glass.
- FIG. 5 shows an example of the head-up display of the present invention.
- the HUD 20 shown in FIG. 5 has a windshield glass 24 and a projector 22.
- the HUD 20 is used for vehicles such as passenger cars.
- the windshield glass 24 has the same configuration as the windshield glass 24 shown in FIG.
- the projector 22 emits p-polarized projected light
- the reflective film 10 reflects the p-polarized light to display an image.
- the polarization conversion layer 14 converts the incident p-polarized projected light into circular polarization.
- the selective reflection layer 11 cholesterol liquid crystal layer
- the polarization conversion layer 14 converts circular polarization into p-polarization.
- the reflective film 10 reflects the incident light of the p-polarized light as it is.
- the polarization conversion layer 14 converts the incident p-polarization into circular polarization in the turning direction reflected by the selective reflection layer 11 according to the sense of circular polarization selectively reflected by the selective reflection layer 11 (cholesteric liquid crystal layer).
- the selective reflection layer 11 selectively reflects the right circular polarization
- the retardation layer is set so that the incident p-polarization is the right circular polarization.
- the retardation layer is set so that the incident p-polarization is left circular polarization.
- the projector 22 irradiates the windshield glass 24 (second glass plate 30) with the projected light of p-polarization.
- the projector 22 irradiates the windshield glass 24 with p-polarized projected light at Brewster's angle. This eliminates the reflection of the projected light on the second glass plate 30 and the first glass plate 28, and makes it possible to display a clearer image.
- a "projector” is a “device that projects light or an image”, includes a “device that projects a drawn image”, and emits projected light that carries an image to be displayed.
- the projector preferably emits p-polarized projected light.
- the projector may be arranged so that the projected light of p-polarization carrying the image to be displayed can be incident on the reflective film in the windshield glass at an oblique incident angle.
- the projector includes a drawing device and reflects and displays an image (real image) drawn on a small intermediate image screen as a virtual image by a combiner.
- a known projector used for the HUD can be used as long as it can emit the projected light of p-polarization.
- the projector has a variable imaging distance of the virtual image, that is, the imaging position of the virtual image.
- a method of changing the image formation distance of a virtual image in a projector for example, a method of moving an image generation surface (screen) (see JP-A-2017-21302) and a method of switching between a plurality of optical paths having different optical path lengths.
- a method of changing the optical path length by inserting and / or moving a mirror a method of changing the focal distance using a group lens as an imaging lens
- a method of moving the projector 22 a virtual image imaging method. Examples thereof include a method of switching and using a plurality of projectors having different distances, a method of using a variable focus lens (see WO2010 / 116912), and the like.
- the projector may be one in which the imaging distance of the virtual image can be continuously changed, or one in which the imaging distance of the virtual image can be switched at two points or a plurality of points of three or more points.
- the virtual images of the projected light by the projector it is preferable that at least two virtual images have different imaging distances of 1 m or more. Therefore, when the projector can continuously change the image formation distance of the virtual image, it is preferable that the image formation distance of the virtual image can be changed by 1 m or more.
- it is preferable in that it can be suitably used even when the distance of the driver's line of sight is significantly different, such as when traveling at a normal speed on a general road and when traveling at a high speed on a highway. ..
- the drawing device itself may be a device that displays an image, or may be a device that emits light capable of drawing an image.
- the light from the light source may be adjusted by a drawing method such as an optical modulator, a laser luminance modulation means, or a light deflection means for drawing.
- the drawing device means a device including a light source and further including a light modulator, a laser luminance modulation means, a light deflection means for drawing, and the like depending on the drawing method.
- the light source is not limited, and known light sources such as LEDs (light emitting diodes), organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), discharge tubes, and laser light sources used in projectors, drawing devices, displays, and the like can be used.
- LEDs and discharge tubes are preferable because they are suitable as a light source for a drawing device that emits linearly polarized light, and LEDs are particularly preferable. This is because the emission wavelength of the LED is not continuous in the visible light region, and therefore, as will be described later, the LED is suitable for combination with a combiner in which a cholesteric liquid crystal layer exhibiting selective reflection in a specific wavelength region is used.
- the drawing method can be selected according to the light source to be used and the like, and is not particularly limited.
- Examples of drawing methods include a fluorescent display tube, an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) method that uses a liquid crystal display, an LCOS (Liquid Crystal on Silicon) method, a DLP (registered trademark) (Digital Light Processing) method, and a laser.
- Examples include a scanning method.
- the drawing method may be a method using a fluorescent display tube integrated with a light source.
- the LCD method is preferable as the drawing method.
- the DLP method is a display system using a DMD (Digital Micromirror Device), and is drawn by arranging micromirrors for the number of pixels and emitting light from a projection lens.
- DMD Digital Micromirror Device
- the scanning method is a method in which light rays are scanned on a screen and contrast is performed using the afterimage of the eyes.
- the descriptions in JP-A-7-270711 and JP-A-2013-228674 can be referred to.
- the brightness-modulated laser light of each color for example, red light, green light, and blue light
- the light beam is light. It suffices that it is scanned by the deflection means and drawn on the intermediate image screen described later.
- the luminance modulation of the laser light of each color of red light, green light, and blue light may be performed directly as a change in the intensity of the light source, or may be performed by an external modulator.
- the light deflection means include a galvano mirror, a combination of a galvano mirror and a polygon mirror, and a MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems), of which MEMS is preferable.
- the scanning method include a random scan method and a raster scan method, but it is preferable to use the raster scan method.
- the laser beam can be driven by, for example, a resonance frequency in the horizontal direction and a sawtooth wave in the vertical direction. Since the scanning method does not require a projection lens, it is easy to miniaturize the device.
- the emitted light from the drawing device may be linearly polarized or natural light (unpolarized).
- the drawing method is an LCD method or an LCOS method and a drawing device using a laser light source
- the emitted light is essentially linearly polarized.
- the emitted light is a drawing device having linearly polarized light and the emitted light includes light having a plurality of wavelengths (colors)
- the polarization directions (transmission axis direction) of the light having a plurality of wavelengths are the same. It is known that some commercially available drawing devices do not have a uniform polarization direction in the wavelength range of red, green, and blue emitted light (see JP-A-2000-2214949).
- the polarization direction of green light is orthogonal to the polarization direction of red light and the polarization direction of blue light.
- the projected light emitted by the projector is preferably p-polarized.
- the drawing device may use an intermediate image screen.
- the "intermediate image screen” is a screen on which an image is drawn. That is, when the light emitted from the drawing device is not yet visible as an image, the drawing device forms a visible image on the intermediate image screen by this light.
- the image drawn on the intermediate image screen may be projected on the combiner by the light transmitted through the intermediate image screen, or may be reflected on the intermediate image screen and projected on the combiner.
- intermediate image screens include a scattering film, a microlens array, a screen for rear projection, and the like.
- a plastic material is used as the intermediate image screen
- the intermediate image screen has double refractive index
- the polarization plane and light intensity of the polarized light incident on the intermediate image screen are disturbed, and the combiner (reflection film) has color unevenness and the like.
- the combiner reflection film
- the intermediate image screen preferably has a function of spreading and transmitting incident light rays. This is because the projected image can be enlarged and displayed. Examples of such an intermediate image screen include a screen composed of a microlens array.
- the microarray lens used in the HUD is described in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2012-226303, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2010-145745, and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-523369.
- the projector may include a reflector or the like that adjusts the optical path of the projected light formed by the drawing device.
- Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2-141720 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-96874, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-98470, US Pat. No. 5,013,134, and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006 You can refer to Japanese Patent Publication No. 512622.
- Windshield glass is particularly useful for HUDs that use lasers, LEDs, OLEDs (organic light emitting diodes), etc., whose emission wavelength is not continuous in the visible light region, in combination with a projector as a light source. This is because the center wavelength of the selective reflection of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer can be adjusted according to each emission wavelength. It can also be used for projection of a display such as an LCD (liquid crystal display) in which the display light is polarized.
- LCD liquid crystal display
- the incident light is preferably incident at an oblique incident angle of 45 ° to 70 ° with respect to the normal of the reflective film.
- the Brewster angle at the interface between glass with a refractive index of about 1.51 and air with a refractive index of 1 is about 56 °, and by incident p-polarized light within the above angle range, incident light for displaying projected images is used. It is possible to display an image in which the influence of the double image is small because the reflected light from the surface of the windshield glass on the visual recognition side is small with respect to the selective reflective layer of.
- the above-mentioned angle is also preferably 50 ° to 65 °.
- the projected image may be observed on the incident side of the projected light at an angle of 45 ° to 70 °, preferably 50 ° to 65 ° on the side opposite to the normal of the selective reflection layer with respect to the normal of the selective reflection layer. Any configuration that can be used will do.
- the incident light may be incident from any direction such as up, down, left and right of the windshield glass, and may be determined in correspondence with the viewing direction. For example, it is preferable to use a configuration in which the light is incident from the lower direction at the time of use at an oblique incident angle as described above. Further, the reflective film of the windshield glass is preferably arranged so as to reflect the incident p-polarized light.
- the projected light at the time of displaying the projected image in the HUD of the present invention is p-polarized light that vibrates in a direction parallel to the incident surface.
- a linearly polarizing film (polarizer) may be provided on the emitted light side of the projector to provide p-polarization, and the linearly polarizing film may be used in the optical path from the projector to the windshield glass. Etc. may be used as p-polarization by a known method.
- the member that converts the projected light that is not linearly polarized into p-polarized light is also considered to constitute the projector in the HUD of the present invention.
- the polarization directions of the emitted light in the red, green, and blue wavelength ranges are not uniform, the polarization directions are adjusted in a wavelength-selective manner and used as p-polarization in all color wavelength ranges. It is preferable to make it incident.
- the HUD may be a projection system in which the virtual image image formation position is variable.
- the virtual image image formation position is a position where the virtual image can be visually recognized from the driver of the vehicle, and is, for example, a position 1000 mm or more away from the tip of the windshield glass when viewed from the normal driver.
- the vertical direction Y of the windshield glass 24 is a direction corresponding to the top-bottom direction of the vehicle or the like in which the windshield glass 24 is arranged, and is defined as the ground side as the lower side and the opposite side as the upper side.
- the vertical direction Y is on the surface 25 of the windshield glass 24. It will be in the direction along.
- the surface 25 is the outer surface side of the vehicle.
- the present invention is basically configured as described above. Although the reflective film, the windshield glass and the head-up display system (HUD) of the present invention have been described in detail above, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and various types are described without departing from the gist of the present invention. Of course, it may be improved or changed.
- HUD head-up display system
- ⁇ Preparation of coating liquid> (Cholesteric liquid crystal layer forming coating liquid) Regarding a plurality of cholesteric liquid crystal layer forming coating liquids forming each cholesteric liquid crystal layer (B1, B2, G1 to G5, R1 to R6, IR1 to IR3) having a selective reflection center wavelength of the desired wavelength shown in Table 1 below.
- the following components were mixed to prepare a coating liquid for forming a cholesteric liquid crystal layer having the following composition.
- each cholesteric liquid crystal layer was prepared by adjusting the prescription amount of the right-turning chiral agent LC756 having the above-mentioned coating liquid composition.
- each cholesteric liquid crystal layer forming coating liquid each cholesteric liquid crystal layer having a film thickness of 3 ⁇ m was prepared on the temporary support in the same manner as when the half mirror shown below was made, and the reflection characteristics of visible light were confirmed. did.
- each of the produced cholesteric liquid crystal layers was a right-handed circularly polarized light-reflecting layer, and the selective reflection center wavelength (center wavelength) was the wavelength shown in Table 1 below.
- each cholesteric liquid crystal layer (B3, G6, R7, IR4) having a selective reflection center wavelength of the desired wavelength shown in Table 1 below, the following components are mixed and described below.
- a coating liquid for forming a narrow-wavelength cholesteric liquid crystal layer having a composition was prepared.
- Each cholesteric liquid crystal layer forming coating liquid was prepared by adjusting the prescription amount of the right-handling chiral agent LC756 of the above-mentioned narrow-band cholesteric liquid crystal layer forming composition. Using each cholesteric liquid crystal layer forming coating liquid, each cholesteric liquid crystal layer having a film thickness of 3 ⁇ m was prepared on the temporary support in the same manner as when the half mirror shown below was made, and the reflection characteristics of visible light were confirmed. did. As a result, it was confirmed that each of the produced cholesteric liquid crystal layers was a right-handed circularly polarized light-reflecting layer, and the selective reflection center wavelength (center wavelength) was the wavelength shown in Table 1 below.
- ⁇ Mixture 1 100 parts by mass ⁇ Fluorine-based horizontal alignment agent 1 (Orientation control agent 1) 0.05 parts by mass ⁇ Fluorine-based horizontal alignment agent 2 (Orientation control agent 2) 0.01 parts by mass ⁇ Polymerization initiator IRGACURE OXE01 (BASF) Made by the company) 1.0 part by mass ⁇ Solvent (methyl ethyl ketone) Amount that makes the solute concentration 20% by mass
- a coating liquid for forming a polarization conversion layer is prepared so that the desired selective reflection center wavelength ⁇ is obtained when the cholesteric liquid crystal layer is formed by adjusting the prescription amount of the right-turning chiral agent LC756 having the above-mentioned coating liquid composition. did.
- the selective reflection center wavelength ⁇ was determined by preparing a single cholesteric liquid crystal layer having a film thickness of 3 ⁇ m on the temporary support and measuring by FTIR (PerkinElmer, Spectrum Two).
- the film thickness d of the spiral structure can be expressed by "pitch P of the spiral structure x number of pitches". As described above, the pitch P of the spiral structure is the length of one pitch in the spiral structure, and the spirally oriented liquid crystal compound rotates 360 ° at one pitch.
- a coating liquid for forming a polarization conversion layer was prepared so that the selective reflection center wavelength ⁇ would be a desired wavelength when the cholesteric liquid crystal layer was used.
- the coating liquid for forming the polarization conversion layer was applied so as to have a desired film thickness, the polarization conversion layer was formed, and the number of pitches was determined. Table 2 shows a combination of the pitch number, the film thickness, and the selective reflection center wavelength ⁇ (center wavelength ⁇ ) of the target polarization conversion layer of the prepared coating liquid for forming the polarization conversion layer.
- Example 1 ⁇ Saponification of cellulose acylate film> A 40 ⁇ m-thick cellulose acylate film was prepared by the same production method as in Example 20 of International Publication No. 2014/112575. UV-531 manufactured by Teisei Kako Co., Ltd. was added to this cellulose acylate film as an ultraviolet absorber. The amount added was 3 phr (per hundred resin). The produced cellulose acylate film was passed through a dielectric heating roll having a temperature of 60 ° C., and the film surface temperature was raised to 40 ° C.
- an alkaline solution having the composition shown below was applied to one side of the film at a coating amount of 14 mL / m 2 using a bar coater, and heated to 110 ° C. under a steam-type far-infrared heater (manufactured by Noritake Company Limited). Was allowed to stay for 10 seconds. Then, using the same bar coater, 3 mL / m 2 of pure water was applied. Next, washing with water with a fountain coater and draining with an air knife were repeated three times, and then the film was allowed to stay in a drying zone at 70 ° C. for 5 seconds to be dried to prepare a saponified cellulose acylate film. The in-plane phase difference of the saponified cellulose acylate film was measured by AxoScan and found to be 1 nm.
- a coating liquid for forming an alignment film having the composition shown below was applied to the saponified surface of the saponified cellulose acylate film (transparent support) at 24 mL / m 2 with a wire bar coater, and warm air at 100 ° C. for 120 seconds. It was dry.
- ⁇ Making reflective film> A cellulose acylate film on which an alignment film was formed was used as a support (transparent substrate). Rubbing treatment (rayon cloth, pressure: 0.1 kgf (0.98N), rotation speed: 1000 rpm (revolutions per minute) on one side of the support in a direction rotated 45 ° clockwise with respect to the long side direction of the support. ), Transport speed: 10 m / min, number of times: 1 round trip).
- a coating liquid for forming a retardation layer was applied to the rubbed surface of the alignment film on the support using a wire bar, and then dried. Next, it was placed on a hot plate at 50 ° C., and in an environment with an oxygen concentration of 1000 ppm or less, ultraviolet rays were irradiated for 6 seconds by an electrodeless lamp "D bulb" (60 mW / cm 2 ) manufactured by Fusion UV Systems, and the liquid crystal phase was heated. Fixed. As a result, a retardation layer having a desired front retardation, that is, a thickness adjusted so as to obtain a desired retardation, was obtained. The retardation of the produced retardation layer was measured by AxoScan and found to be 126 nm (Example 1).
- a coating liquid (B1) for forming a cholesteric liquid crystal layer is applied to the surface of the obtained retardation layer at room temperature using a wire bar so that the thickness of the dried film after drying is 0.3 ⁇ m. Got a layer.
- the coating layer was dried at room temperature for 30 seconds and then heated in an atmosphere of 85 ° C. for 2 minutes. Then, in an environment with an oxygen concentration of 1000 ppm or less, ultraviolet rays were irradiated at 60 ° C. for 6 to 12 seconds at a D valve (90 mW / cm lamp) manufactured by Fusion Co., Ltd. at an output of 60% to fix the cholesteric liquid crystal phase.
- a cholesteric liquid crystal layer B1 having a thickness of 0.3 ⁇ m was obtained.
- the same step was repeated using the cholesteric liquid crystal layer forming coating liquid (G1) on the surface of the obtained cholesteric liquid crystal layer B1, and the cholesteric liquid crystal layer G1 having a thickness of 0.54 ⁇ m was laminated.
- the same step was repeated using the cholesteric liquid crystal layer forming coating liquid (R1) on the surface of the obtained cholesteric liquid crystal layer G1, and the cholesteric liquid crystal layer R1 having a thickness of 0.36 ⁇ m was laminated.
- the coating liquid for forming a polarization conversion layer shown in Table 2 is further applied to the surface of the obtained cholesteric liquid crystal layer so as to have the target film thickness shown in Table 2 to form a polarization conversion layer.
- a reflective film was made.
- the formation of the polarization conversion layer was carried out in the same manner as the formation of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer described above.
- Example 1 except that the configuration of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer of the light reflecting layer is changed to the layer configuration shown in Table 3 below, and each has a polarization conversion layer (or retardation layer) shown in Table 2.
- a reflective film was produced in the same manner as above.
- Example 3 the cholesteric liquid crystal layers G6, R7, and IR4 were formed on a PET film having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m, the PET film was peeled off, and the cholesteric liquid crystal layers B3 were formed on the retardation layer.
- OCA manufactured by Niei Kako Co., Ltd .: MHM-UVC15, thickness 15 ⁇ m
- MHM-UVC15 thickness 15 ⁇ m
- each cholesteric liquid crystal layer was formed on a PET film having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m, and then the PET film was peeled off and obtained by OCA (manufactured by Niei Kako Co., Ltd .: MHM-UVC15, thickness 15 ⁇ m). It was used as a selective reflective layer.
- Comparative Examples 1 to 3 a 1/4 wave plate (Teijin: Pure Ace WR-S, retardation of 126 nm) was provided on both sides of the selective reflection layer, and the angles of the slow axis were 45 ° and ⁇ , respectively. A reflective film was prepared by laminating them so as to be at 45 °.
- a polarizing conversion layer was attached to one side of the selective reflection layer, and a quarter wave plate (Teijin Corporation: Pure Ace WR-S) was attached to the other surface to prepare a reflective film. ..
- Example 6 In the formation of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer, the same as in Example 1 except that the cholesteric liquid crystal layer C1 having a plurality of selective reflection center wavelengths was formed by using the coating liquid C1 for forming the cholesteric liquid crystal layer as follows. A reflective film was produced.
- a coating liquid C1 for forming a cholesteric liquid crystal layer was applied to the surface of the retardation layer formed on the support (alignment film) in the same manner as in Example 1 so that the thickness of the dry film after drying was 1.2 ⁇ m. was applied at room temperature using a wire bar to obtain a coating layer.
- UV light 365 nm was irradiated at 30 mJ / cm 2 at room temperature and atmosphere, and heated in an atmosphere of 85 ° C. for 1 minute. Then, UV light 365 nm was irradiated at 60 mJ / cm 2 at room temperature and atmosphere, and heated in an atmosphere of 85 ° C. for 1 minute. Then, in an environment with an oxygen concentration of 1000 ppm or less, a D valve (90 mW / cm 2 lamp) manufactured by Fusion Co., Ltd. was used to irradiate ultraviolet rays at an output of 60% for 6 to 12 seconds to fix the cholesteric liquid crystal phase. A cholesteric liquid crystal layer C1 was obtained.
- a polarization conversion layer was formed on the surface of the formed cholesteric liquid crystal layer C1 in the same manner as in Example 1, and a reflective film was produced.
- the prepared reflective film was attached to the front surface of the glass plate, and a black PET film (light absorber) was attached to the back surface of the glass plate.
- a spectrophotometer V-670, manufactured by Nippon Spectroscopy Co., Ltd.
- P-polarized light and S-polarized light are incident from a direction of 5 ° with respect to the normal direction of the surface of the reflective film, and the reflection spectra of 400 nm to 1000 nm are measured respectively. did.
- the average value (average reflection spectrum) of the measured P-polarized reflection spectrum and S-polarized reflection spectrum was obtained.
- the average value of the reflectance when P-polarized light is incident and the reflectance when S-polarized light is incident is synonymous with the reflectance when unpolarized (natural light) is incident. That is, the average value of the P-polarized reflection spectrum and the S-polarized reflection spectrum is synonymous with the reflection spectrum when natural light is incident.
- the wavelength bandwidth in the band having a wavelength of 400 nm or more and less than 500 nm is the width of a region where the reflectance is higher than the average value of the maximum value and the minimum value of the reflectance in the band having a wavelength of 400 nm or more and less than 500 nm.
- the wavelength bandwidth in the band having a wavelength of 500 nm or more and less than 600 nm is the width of a region where the reflectance is higher than the average value of the maximum value and the minimum value of the reflectance in the band having a wavelength of 530 nm or more and less than 600 nm.
- the wavelength band width of the wavelength of 600 nm or more and 800 nm or less is the width of the region where the reflectance is higher than the average value of the maximum value and the minimum value of the reflectance in the band of the wavelength of 600 nm to 800 nm.
- the measurement results are shown in Table 4.
- the windshield glass having each reflective film produced above was produced as follows.
- a first glass plate (manufactured by Central Glass Co., Ltd., FL2, visible light transmittance 90%) having a length of 120 mm ⁇ a width of 100 mm and a thickness of 2 mm was prepared. Further, as an interlayer film, a PVB film having a thickness of 0.38 mm manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. was prepared.
- the heat seal layer was formed as follows.
- a coating liquid for forming a heat seal layer was applied to a reflective film (transparent substrate) using a wire bar, dried, and heat-treated at 50 ° C. for 1 minute to obtain a heat seal layer having a thickness of 1 ⁇ m.
- the reflective film, the first glass plate, the second glass plate, the interlayer film, and the heat seal layer were laminated so as to have the constitution shown in Table 5 below, and the laminated body was laminated at 90 ° C. After holding at 10 kPa (0.1 atm) for 1 hour, heat it in an autoclave (manufactured by Kurihara Seisakusho) at 115 ° C. and 1.3 MPa (13 atm) for 20 minutes to remove air bubbles and obtain windshield glass. rice field.
- the reflectance of the projected image was calculated by multiplying the reflectance by a coefficient corresponding to the luminosity factor and the emission spectrum of the D65 light source at wavelengths of every 10 nm from 380 to 780 nm, and evaluated as brightness.
- the brightness was evaluated according to the following evaluation criteria.
- Evaluation criteria for P-polarized reflectance ⁇ A 25% or more (Images can be seen with HUD's P-polarized reflectance system, and double images are difficult to see)
- -B 20% or more and less than 25% (The image can be seen with the P polarization reflection system of the HUD, but the double image can be seen.)
- -C Less than 20% (The image is difficult to see clearly with the P polarization reflection system of the HUD, and the double image can be seen well.)
- the examples of the present invention give better results in terms of visible light transmittance, P-polarized reflectance (luminance), and reflected tint as compared with the comparative examples.
- the requirement (i) was not satisfied, and the natural light reflectance was uniformly high, so that the visible light transmittance was low.
- Comparative Example 2 does not satisfy the requirements (i) to (iii), and the difference between the maximum maximum value and the minimum minimum value of the natural light reflectance in the requirements (i) and (ii) is less than 3%. Since the total value of the wavelength band width in the requirement (iii) is less than 120 nm, the visible light transmittance is low and the P polarization reflectance is low.
- Comparative Example 3 does not satisfy the requirements (i) to (ii), and the difference between the maximum maximum value and the minimum minimum value of the natural light reflectance in the requirements (i) and (ii) is less than 3%. Therefore, the P polarization reflectance was low.
- Comparative Example 4 since the requirement (i) is not satisfied and the total value of the wavelength band widths in the requirement (iii) is less than 120 nm, the reflected tint at an incident angle of 5 ° is poor. Comparative Example 5 did not satisfy the requirements (i) to (ii), and the reflected tint at an incident angle of 5 ° was poor.
- Comparative Example 6 the reflectance in the requirement (i) is high, and since the requirement (ii) is not satisfied, the visible light transmittance is low, and the reflected color at an incident angle of 60 ° is poor. .. In Comparative Example 7, since the total value of the wavelength band width in the requirement (iii) was less than 120 nm, the reflected tint at an incident angle of 5 ° was poor.
- the cholesteric liquid crystal layer of the selective reflection layer is preferably in direct contact with each other. From the comparison between Examples 1 and Examples 4 and 5, it can be seen that the total thickness of the selective reflection layer is preferably 2.0 ⁇ m or less. From Example 6, it can be seen that the cholesteric liquid crystal layer may have a plurality of selective reflection center wavelengths. From the above results, the effect of the present invention is clear.
- HUD head-up display system
- Reflective film 11 Selective reflective layer 12R, 12G, 12B Cholesteric liquid crystal layer 14 Polarized conversion layer 16 Phase difference layer 18 Transparent substrate 20 Head-up display system (HUD) 22 Projector 24 Windshield glass 28 1st glass plate 30 2nd glass plate 36 Intermediate film 38 Adhesive layer D Driver Y Vertical direction
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Abstract
Description
ヘッドアップディスプレイシステムでは、ウインドシールドガラスに投映された、上述の様々な情報を含む画像の虚像が、運転者等に観察される。虚像の結像位置は、ウインドシールドガラスより車外前方側に位置する。虚像の結像位置は、通常、ウインドシールドガラスより1000mm以上、前方側であり、ウインドシールドガラスよりも外界側に位置する。これにより、運転者は、前方の外界を見ながら、視線を大きく動かすことなく、上述の様々な情報を得ることができる。そのため、ヘッドアップディスプレイシステムを用いた場合、様々な情報を得ながら、より安全に運転を行うことが期待されている。
法規の透過率70%以上を維持して、外観色味を透明に近づけるために、従来は反射率を下げることが考えられていた。しかしながら、反射率を下げすぎると、表示画像(投映像)の輝度が低下して視認性が悪くなってしまう。
選択反射層は、以下の要件(i)から(iii)をすべて満たす、反射フィルム。
(i)波長400nm以上500nm未満の範囲において、自然光反射率の最大値が10%~25%であり、自然光反射率の最大の極大値と最小の極小値との差が3%以上であり、自然光反射率の最大値と最小値との平均値よりも高い領域の波長帯幅の合計値が20nm~80nmである。
(ii)波長500nm以上600nm未満の範囲において、自然光反射率の最大値が10%~25%であり、自然光反射率の最大の極大値と最小の極小値との差が3%以上であり、自然光反射率の最大値と最小値との平均値よりも高い領域の波長帯幅の合計値が20nm~80nmである。
(iii)波長600nm以上800nm以下の範囲において、自然光反射率の最大値が10%~25%であり、自然光反射率の最大値と最小値との平均値よりも高い領域の波長帯幅の合計値が120nm以上である。
[2] 選択反射層は、選択反射中心波長が異なる2つ以上のコレステリック液晶層を有し、
コレステリック液晶層が互いに接している、[1]に記載の反射フィルム。
[3] 選択反射層は、選択反射中心波長を2つ以上有するコレステリック液晶層を有する、[1]または[2]に記載の反射フィルム。
[4] 選択反射層の合計厚みが、0.4μm~2.0μmである、[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の反射フィルム。
[5] 直線偏光を反射する、[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の反射フィルム。
[6] 位相差層と、選択反射層と、偏光変換層をこの順で有する、[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の反射フィルム。
[7] 偏光変換層が、液晶化合物の螺旋配向構造を固定化してなり、
偏光変換層における螺旋配向構造のピッチ数x、および、偏光変換層の膜厚y(μm)が、下記式(a)~式(c)をすべて満たす、[6]に記載の反射フィルム。
0.1≦x≦1.0 ・・・ 式(a)
0.5≦y≦3.0 ・・・ 式(b)
3000≦(1560×y)/x≦50000 ・・・ 式(c)
[8] 第1ガラス板と、[1]~[7]のいずれかに記載の反射フィルムと、第2ガラス板とをこの順に有する、ウインドシールドガラス。
[9] 第1ガラス板および第2ガラス板が曲面ガラスであって、
第1ガラス板の凸面側に、反射フィルムと、第2ガラス板とが設けられる、[8]に記載のウインドシールドガラス。
[10] 反射フィルムが、偏光変換層を有し、
第1ガラス板の凸面側から、偏光変換層、選択反射層の順に配置されている、[9]に記載のウインドシールドガラス。
[11] 反射フィルムが、位相差層を有し、
位相差層が、選択反射層と、第2ガラス板との間に配置されており、
位相差層は、波長550nmにおける正面リタデーションが50nm~160nmであり、かつ、ウインドシールドガラスを車両に装着した際における第1ガラス板の表面の鉛直方向上方に対応する方向を0°とした際に、遅相軸の角度が10°~50°または-50°~-10°である、[9]または[10]に記載のウインドシールドガラス。
[12] 反射フィルムが、透明基材を有し、
透明基材が、第2ガラス板側に配置されている、[9]~[11]のいずれかに記載のウインドシールドガラス。
[13] 透明基材が紫外線吸収剤を含む、[12]に記載のウインドシールドガラス。
[14] 第1ガラス板と反射フィルムとの間に、中間膜を有する、[8]~[13]のいずれかに記載のウインドシールドガラス。
[15] 反射フィルムと第2ガラス板との間に、ヒートシール層を有する、[8]~[14]のいずれかに記載のウインドシールドガラス。
[16] [9]~[15]のいずれかに記載のウインドシールドガラスと、
ウインドシールドガラスの第1ガラス板側に投映画像光を照射するプロジェクターと、を有するヘッドアップディスプレイシステム。
[17] プロジェクターがp偏光の投影画像光を照射する、[16]に記載のヘッドアップディスプレイシステム。
なお、以下に説明する図は、本発明を説明するための例示的なものであり、以下に示す図に本発明が限定されるものではない。
なお、以下において数値範囲を示す「~」とは両側に記載された数値を含む。例えば、ε1が数値α1~数値β1とは、ε1の範囲は数値α1と数値β1を含む範囲であり、数学記号で示せばα1≦ε1≦β1である。
「具体的な数値で表された角度」、「平行」、「垂直」および「直交」等の角度は、特に記載がなければ、該当する技術分野で一般的に許容される誤差範囲を含む。
また、「同一」とは該当する技術分野で一般的に許容される誤差範囲を含み、「全面」等も該当する技術分野で一般的に許容される誤差範囲を含む。
また、これに制限されるものではないが、可視光のうち、420~490nmの波長領域の光は青色(B)光であり、495~570nmの波長領域の光は緑色(G)光であり、620~750nmの波長領域の光は赤色(R)光である。
単に「反射光」または「透過光」というときは、散乱光および回折光を含む意味で用いられる。
「画像(screen image)」はプロジェクターの描画デバイスに表示される像または、描画デバイスにより中間像スクリーン等に描画される像を意味する。虚像に対して、画像は実像である。
画像および投映像は、いずれも単色の像であっても、2色以上の多色の像であっても、フルカラーの像であってもよい。
本発明の反射フィルムは、
コレステリック液晶相を固定してなるコレステリック液晶層を有する選択反射層を有し、
選択反射層は、以下の要件(i)から(iii)をすべて満たす、反射フィルムである。
(i)波長400nm以上500nm未満の範囲において、自然光反射率の最大値が10%~25%であり、自然光反射率の最大の極大値と最小の極小値との差が3%以上であり、自然光反射率の最大値と最小値との平均値よりも高い領域の波長帯幅の合計値が20nm~80nmである。
(ii)波長500nm以上600nm未満の範囲において、自然光反射率の最大値が10%~25%であり、自然光反射率の最大の極大値と最小の極小値との差が3%以上であり、自然光反射率の最大値と最小値との平均値よりも高い領域の波長帯幅の合計値が20nm~80nmである。
(iii)波長600nm以上800nm以下の範囲において、自然光反射率の最大値が10%~25%であり、自然光反射率の最大値と最小値との平均値よりも高い領域の波長帯幅の合計値が120nm以上である。
(i)波長400nm以上500nm未満の範囲において、自然光反射率の最大値が10%~25%であり、自然光反射率の最大の極大値と最小の極小値との差が3%以上であり、自然光反射率の最大値と最小値との平均値よりも高い領域の波長帯幅の合計値が20nm~80nmである。
(ii)波長500nm以上600nm未満の範囲において、自然光反射率の最大値が10%~25%であり、自然光反射率の最大の極大値と最小の極小値との差が3%以上であり、自然光反射率の最大値と最小値との平均値よりも高い領域の波長帯幅の合計値が20nm~80nmである。
(iii)波長600nm以上800nm以下の範囲において、自然光反射率の最大値が10%~25%であり、自然光反射率の最大値と最小値との平均値よりも高い領域の波長帯幅の合計値が120nm以上である。
従って、図2のグラフに示すスペクトルは、要件(i)を満たす。
従って、図2のグラフに示すスペクトルは、要件(ii)を満たす。
従って、図2のグラフに示すスペクトルは、要件(iii)を満たす。
同様に、反射色味を向上しつつ、透過率を高くすることができる観点から、500nm以上600nm未満における、自然光反射率の最大値は、11%~20%が好ましく、12%~20%がより好ましい。
反射色味を向上しつつ、表示画像の輝度を高くすることができる観点から、600nm以上800nm以下における、自然光反射率の最大値は、15%~23%が好ましく、16%~23%がより好ましい。
同様に、反射色味を向上しつつ、透過率を高くすることができる観点から、500nm以上600nm未満における、自然光反射率の最大の極大値と最小の極小値との差は、4%以上20%以下が好ましく、4%以上12%以下がより好ましい。
同様に、反射色味を向上しつつ、透過率を高くすることができる観点から、500nm以上600nm未満の反射率の最大値と最小値の平均値よりも反射率が高い領域の波長帯幅は、30nm以上78nm以下であることが好ましく、35nm以上75nm以下であることがより好ましい。
400nm以上500nm未満における上記波長帯幅、および、500nm以上600nm未満における上記波長帯幅は、幅が狭いほど透過率に有利であるが、600nm以上800nm以下における波長帯幅が広いため、400nm以上500nm未満における波長帯幅、および/または、500nm以上600nm未満における波長帯幅が狭すぎると、反射色味が悪化するおそれがある。この点から、400nm以上500nm未満における波長帯幅、および、500nm以上600nm未満における波長帯幅は、上記範囲とすることが好ましい。
また、透過率に対しては、500nm以上600nm未満における波長帯幅の影響がより大きい。
選択反射層11の合計厚みが薄すぎると、選択反射層11による自然光反射率が低くなりすぎて、表示画像の輝度を高くできないおそれがある。一方、選択反射層11の合計厚みが厚すぎると、透過率が低下するおそれがある。
一方、本発明において、選択反射層は、コレステリック液晶層を有し、円偏光を反射するものである。
従って、本発明の反射フィルムは、反射フィルムに入射する直線偏光を円偏光に変換する層を有することが好ましい。光の偏光状態を変換する層としては、偏光変換層、および、位相差層が挙げられる。
位相差層は、直交する2つの偏光成分に位相差(光路差)をつけて、入射した偏光の状態を変えるものである。本発明において、位相差層は、液晶化合物など複屈折性を有する材料が同じ方向に向いて配列してなる層であり、旋光性を有さない。
一方、位相差層16は、ウインドシールドガラスの外側から入射する光に対する光学補償する機能を有する。例えば、ウインドシールドガラスの外側から入射したs偏光は、偏光変換層14を通過する際に偏光状態が変化して、p偏光の成分が混在してしまう。偏光サングラスはs偏光をカットするので、このp偏光の成分は、偏光サングラスを透過してしまう。そのため、s偏光が主成分である反射光のギラツキをカットする偏光サングラスの機能が損なわれ、運転の支障となる問題がある。これに対して、位相差層16を有する構成とし、位相差層16で光学補償することで、偏光サングラス適性が改善できる。
一方、偏光変換層14は、ウインドシールドガラスの外側から入射する光に対する光学補償する機能を有し、偏光変換層14で光学補償することで、偏光サングラス適性が改善できる。
この場合、車内側に配置される偏光変換層または位相差層が、投映されるp偏光(直線偏光)を、選択反射層11のコレステリック液晶層が反射する円偏光に変換する機能を有する構成とすればよい。
一方、車外側に配置される偏光変換層または位相差層が、ウインドシールドガラスの外側から入射する光に対する光学補償する機能を有する構成とすればよい。
偏光変換層および位相差層については後に詳述する。
本発明のウインドシールドガラスは、
第1ガラス板と、上述の反射フィルムと、第2ガラス板とをこの順に有する、ウインドシールドガラスである。
図3に示すウインドシールドガラス24は、第1ガラス板28と、中間膜36と、反射フィルム10と、ヒートシール層38と、第2ガラス板30と、をこの順に有する。
図3においては、反射フィルム10は、図1に示す反射フィルム10と同様の構成を有しており、偏光変換層14が第1ガラス板28側に、位相差層16(透明基材18)が第2ガラス板30側になるように配置されている。
上述の可視光線透過率は、ウインドシールドガラスのいずれの位置においても満たされていることが好ましく、特に反射フィルムが存在する位置において、上述の可視光線透過率を満たされていることが好ましい。本発明の反射フィルムは、上述のように、可視光線透過率が高いため、ウインドシールドガラスに一般的に用いられるガラスのいずれを用いた場合においても、上述の可視光線透過率を満たす構成とすることができる。
図4に示すように、本発明の反射フィルムは、厚いガラスで挟持しても、反射フィルムによる自然光反射スペクトルの凹凸が残っていることがわかる。
また、ウインドシールドガラスにおいて、反射フィルムは、合わせガラスの構成のウインドシールドガラスのガラスの間に設けられる構成であってもよいし、ウインドシールドガラスのガラス板の外面に設ける構成であってもよい。
なお、本発明の反射フィルムは、耐擦傷性がガラス板に比較して低い。そのため、ウインドシールドガラスが、合わせガラス構造である場合には、反射フィルムを保護するために、反射フィルムは、合わせガラスを構成する2枚のガラスの間に設けることがより好ましい。
すなわち、本発明の反射フィルムはヘッドアップディスプレイ(以下、HUDともいう)のコンバイナとして機能する。HUDにおいて、コンバイナは、プロジェクターから投映された画像を視認可能に表示することができるとともに、投映像の入射面側からコンバイナを観察したときに、風景などの投映光の入射面とは逆の面側にある情報を同時に観察することができる光学部材を意味する。すなわち、コンバイナは、外界光と投映像の光とを重ねあわせて表示する、光路コンバイナとしての機能を有する。
反射フィルムをウインドシールドガラスの一部に設ける場合、反射フィルムはウインドシールドガラスのいずれの位置に設けてもよいが、HUDとしての使用時に、運転者等の観察者から視認しやすい位置に虚像が示されるように設けられるのが好ましい。例えば、HUDが搭載される乗り物における運転席の位置と、プロジェクターを設置する位置との関係から、ウインドシールドガラスにおいて反射フィルムを設ける位置を決定すればよい。
反射フィルムは、曲面を有していない平面状であってもよいが、曲面を有していてもよい。また、反射フィルムは、全体として凹型または凸型の形状を有し、投映像を拡大または縮小して表示するようになっていてもよい。
選択反射層は、コレステリック液晶層を有し、上述した要件(i)~(iii)を満たす反射を行うものである。
コレステリック液晶層は、コレステリック液晶相を固定した層を意味する。
コレステリック液晶層は、コレステリック液晶相となっている液晶化合物の配向が保持されている層であればよい。コレステリック液晶層は、典型的には、重合性液晶化合物をコレステリック液晶相の配向状態としたうえで、紫外線照射および加熱等によって重合、硬化し、流動性が無い層を形成して、同時に、また外場または外力によって配向形態に変化を生じさせることがない状態に変化した層であればよい。なお、コレステリック液晶層においては、コレステリック液晶相の光学的性質が層中において保持されていれば十分であり、層中の液晶化合物は、もはや液晶性を示していなくてもよい。例えば、重合性液晶化合物は、硬化反応により高分子量化して、もはや液晶性を失っていてもよい。
円偏光選択反射性を示すコレステリック液晶相を固定した層を含むフィルムとして、重合性液晶化合物を含む組成物から形成されたフィルムは従来から数多く知られており、コレステリック液晶層については、それらの従来技術を参照することができる。
螺旋構造のピッチP(螺旋1ピッチ)とは、言い換えれば、螺旋の巻き数1回分の螺旋軸方向の長さであり、すなわち、コレステリック液晶相を構成する液晶化合物のダイレクター(棒状液晶であれば長軸方向)が360°回転する螺旋軸方向の長さである。通常のコレステリック液晶層の螺旋軸方向は、コレステリック液晶層の厚さ方向と一致する。
分光光度計(日本分光社製、V-670)を用いて、法線方向からコレステリック液晶層の反射スペクトルを測定すると、選択反射帯域に透過率の低下ピークがみられる。このピークの極小透過率と低下前の透過率との中間(平均)の透過率となる2つの波長のうち、短波長側の波長の値をλl(nm)、長波長側の波長の値をλh(nm)とすると、選択反射中心波長λと半値幅Δλは下記式で表すことができる。
λ=(λl+λh)/2Δλ=(λh-λl)
上述のように求められる選択反射中心波長は、コレステリック液晶層の法線方向から測定した円偏光反射スペクトルの反射ピークの重心位置にある波長と略一致する。
このとき、反射フィルム10の選択反射層11を構成するコレステリック液晶層に対しても斜めに光が入射する。例えば、屈折率1の空気中で反射フィルム10の法線に対し45°~70°の角度で入射した光は、屈折率1.61程度のコレステリック液晶層を26°~36°程度の角度で透過する。この場合、反射波長は短波長側にシフトする。
選択反射中心波長が波長λであるコレステリック液晶層中で、コレステリック液晶層の法線方向(コレステリック液晶層の螺旋軸方向)に対して光線がθ2の角度で通過するときの選択反射中心波長を波長λdとするとき、波長λdは以下の式で表される。
λd=λ×cosθ2
このような波長範囲は視感度の高い波長域であるため投映像の輝度への寄与度が高く、結果として高い輝度の投映像を実現することができる。
選択反射中心波長が異なる複数層のコレステリック液晶層を有する場合、各コレステリック液晶層の螺旋のセンスは、全て同じであっても、異なるものが含まれていてもよい。しかしながら、複数のコレステリック液晶層は、螺旋のセンスが全て同じであることが好ましい。
選択反射の中心波長が同一の1種のコレステリック液晶層の形成のために、ピッチPが同じで、同じ螺旋のセンスのコレステリック液晶層を複数積層してもよい。ピッチPが同じで、同じ螺旋のセンスのコレステリック液晶層を積層することによって、特定の波長で円偏光選択性を高くすることができる。
先に形成されたコレステリック液晶層の表面に直接次のコレステリック液晶層を形成することにより、先に形成したコレステリック液晶層の空気界面側の液晶分子の配向方位と、その上に形成するコレステリック液晶層の下側の液晶分子の配向方位が一致し、コレステリック液晶層の積層体の偏光特性が良好となるからである。また、接着層の厚さムラに由来して生じ得る干渉ムラが観測されないからである。
以下、コレステリック液晶層の作製材料および作製方法について説明する。
上述のコレステリック液晶層の形成に用いる材料としては、重合性液晶化合物とキラル剤(光学活性化合物)とを含む液晶組成物等が挙げられる。必要に応じて、さらに、界面活性剤および重合開始剤等と混合して溶剤等に溶解した上述の液晶組成物を、支持体、配向層、下層となるコレステリック液晶層等に塗布し、コレステリック配向熟成後、液晶組成物の硬化により固定化してコレステリック液晶層を形成することができる。
重合性液晶化合物は、棒状液晶化合物であっても、円盤状液晶化合物であってもよいが、棒状液晶化合物であることが好ましい。
コレステリック液晶層を形成する棒状の重合性液晶化合物の例としては、棒状ネマチック液晶化合物が挙げられる。棒状ネマチック液晶化合物としては、アゾメチン類、アゾキシ類、シアノビフェニル類、シアノフェニルエステル類、安息香酸エステル類、シクロヘキサンカルボン酸フェニルエステル類、シアノフェニルシクロヘキサン類、シアノ置換フェニルピリミジン類、アルコキシ置換フェニルピリミジン類、フェニルジオキサン類、トラン類、および、アルケニルシクロヘキシルベンゾニトリル類が好ましく用いられる。低分子液晶化合物だけではなく、高分子液晶化合物も用いることができる。
重合性液晶化合物の例は、Makromol.Chem.,190巻、2255頁(1989年)、Advanced Materials 5巻、107頁(1993年)、米国特許第4683327号明細書、米国特許第5622648号明細書、米国特許第5770107号明細書、WO95/22586、WO95/24455、WO97/00600、WO98/23580、WO98/52905、特開平1-272551号公報、特開平6-016616号公報、特開平7-110469号公報、特開平11-080081号公報、および、特開2001-328973号公報等に記載の化合物が含まれる。2種類以上の重合性液晶化合物を併用してもよい。2種類以上の重合性液晶化合物を併用すると、配向温度を低下させることができる。
低Δn重合性液晶化合物を利用してコレステリック液晶相を形成し、これを固定したフィルムとすることにより、狭帯域な選択反射層を得ることができる。低Δn重合性液晶化合物の例としては、WO2015/115390、WO2015/147243、WO2016/035873、特開2015-163596号公報、特開2016-053149号公報に記載の化合物が挙げられる。半値幅の小さい選択反射層を与える液晶組成物については、WO2016/047648の記載も参照できる。
フェニレン基およびトランス-1,4-シクロヘキシレン基について「置換基を有していてもよい」というときの置換基は、特に限定されず、例えば、アルキル基、シクロアルキル基、アルコキシ基、アルキルエーテル基、アミド基、アミノ基、およびハロゲン原子ならびに、上述の置換基を2つ以上組み合わせて構成される基からなる群から選択される置換基が挙げられる。また、置換基の例としては、後述の-C(=O)-X3-Sp3-Q3で表される置換基が挙げられる。フェニレン基およびトランス-1,4-シクロヘキシレン基は、置換基を1~4個有していてもよい。2個以上の置換基を有するとき、2個以上の置換基は互いに同一であっても異なっていてもよい。
重合性基としては、アクリロイル基(式Q-1)またはメタクリロイル基(式Q-2)が好ましい。
キラル剤はコレステリック液晶相の螺旋構造を誘起する機能を有する。キラル化合物は、化合物によって誘起する螺旋のセンスまたは螺旋ピッチが異なるため、目的に応じて選択すればよい。
キラル剤としては、特に制限はなく、公知の化合物を用いることができる。キラル剤の例としては、液晶デバイスハンドブック(第3章4-3項、TN、STN用カイラル剤、199頁、日本学術振興会第142委員会編、1989)、特開2003-287623号、特開2002-302487号、特開2002-080478号、特開2002-080851号、特開2010-181852号、および、特開2014-034581号等の各公報に記載の化合物が挙げられる。
キラル剤は、重合性基を有していてもよい。キラル剤と液晶化合物とがいずれも重合性基を有する場合は、重合性キラル剤と重合性液晶化合物との重合反応により、重合性液晶化合物から誘導される繰り返し単位と、キラル剤から誘導される繰り返し単位とを有するポリマーを形成することができる。この態様では、重合性キラル剤が有する重合性基は、重合性液晶化合物が有する重合性基と、同種の基であることが好ましい。従って、キラル剤の重合性基も、不飽和重合性基、エポキシ基またはアジリジニル基であることが好ましく、不飽和重合性基であることがさらに好ましく、エチレン性不飽和重合性基であることが特に好ましい。
また、キラル剤は、液晶化合物であってもよい。
液晶組成物における、キラル剤の含有量は、重合性液晶化合物量の0.01~200モル%が好ましく、1~30モル%がより好ましい。なお、液晶組成物中におけるキラル剤の含有量は、組成物中の全固形分に対するキラル剤の濃度(質量%)を意図する。
キラル剤が光異性化基を有する場合の、光異性化基としては、フォトクロッミック性を示す化合物の異性化部位、アゾ基、アゾキシ基、または、シンナモイル基が好ましい。具体的な化合物として、特開2002-080478号公報、特開2002-080851号公報、特開2002-179668号公報、特開2002-179669号公報、特開2002-179670号公報、特開2002-179681号公報、特開2002-179682号公報、特開2002-338575号公報、特開2002-338668号公報、特開2003-313189号公報、および、特開2003-313292号公報等に記載の化合物を用いることができる。
液晶組成物は、重合開始剤を含有していることが好ましい。紫外線照射により重合反応を進行させる態様では、使用する重合開始剤は、紫外線照射によって重合反応を開始可能な光重合開始剤であることが好ましい。
光重合開始剤の例には、α-カルボニル化合物(米国特許第2367661号、米国特許第2367670号の各明細書記載)、アシロインエーテル(米国特許第2448828号明細書記載)、α-炭化水素置換芳香族アシロイン化合物(米国特許第2722512号明細書記載)、多核キノン化合物(米国特許第3046127号、米国特許第2951758号の各明細書記載)、トリアリールイミダゾールダイマーとp-アミノフェニルケトンとの組み合わせ(米国特許第3549367号明細書記載)、アクリジンおよびフェナジン化合物(特開昭60-105667号公報、米国特許第4239850号明細書記載)、アシルフォスフィンオキシド化合物(特公昭63-040799号公報、特公平5-029234号公報、特開平10-095788号公報、特開平10-029997号公報、特開2001-233842号公報、特開2000-080068号公報、特開2006-342166号公報、特開2013-114249号公報、特開2014-137466号公報、特許4223071号公報、特開2010-262028号公報、特表2014-500852号公報記載)、オキシム化合物(特開2000-066385号公報、特許第4454067号公報記載)、および、オキサジアゾール化合物(米国特許第4212970号明細書記載)等が挙げられる。例えば、特開2012-208494号公報の段落0500~0547の記載も参酌できる。
アシルフォスフィンオキシド化合物としては、例えば、市販品のBASFジャパン(株)製のIRGACURE810(化合物名:ビス(2,4,6-トリメチルベンゾイル)-フェニルフォスフィンオキサイド)を用いることができる。オキシム化合物としては、IRGACURE OXE01(BASF社製)、IRGACURE OXE02(BASF社製)、TR-PBG-304(常州強力電子新材料有限公司製)、アデカアークルズNCI-831、アデカアークルズNCI-930(ADEKA社製)、アデカアークルズNCI-831(ADEKA社製)等の市販品を用いることができる。
重合開始剤は、1種のみ用いてもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
液晶組成物中の光重合開始剤の含有量は、重合性液晶化合物の含有量に対して0.1~20質量%が好ましく、0.5~5質量%がより好ましい。
液晶組成物は、硬化後の膜強度向上、耐久性向上のため、任意に架橋剤を含有していてもよい。架橋剤としては、紫外線、熱、湿気等で硬化するものが好適に使用できる。
架橋剤としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができる。架橋剤としては、例えば、トリメチロールプロパントリ(メタ)アクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールトリ(メタ)アクリレート等の多官能アクリレート化合物;グリシジル(メタ)アクリレート、エチレングリコールジグリシジルエーテル等のエポキシ化合物;2,2-ビスヒドロキシメチルブタノール-トリス[3-(1-アジリジニル)プロピオネート]、4,4-ビス(エチレンイミノカルボニルアミノ)ジフェニルメタン等のアジリジン化合物;ヘキサメチレンジイソシアネート、ビウレット型イソシアネート等のイソシアネート化合物;オキサゾリン基を側鎖に有するポリオキサゾリン化合物;ビニルトリメトキシシラン、N-(2-アミノエチル)3-アミノプロピルトリメトキシシラン等のアルコキシシラン化合物等が挙げられる。また、架橋剤の反応性に応じて公知の触媒を用いることができ、膜強度および耐久性向上に加えて生産性を向上させることができる。これらは、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
架橋剤の含有量は、3~20質量%が好ましく、5~15質量%がより好ましい。架橋剤の含有量を3質量%以上とすることにより、架橋密度向上の効果を得ることができ、架橋剤の含有量を20質量%以下とすることにより、コレステリック液晶層の安定性の低下を防止できる。
なお、「(メタ)アクリレート」は、「アクリレートおよびメタクリレートのいずれか一方または双方」の意味で使用される。
液晶組成物中には、安定的にまたは迅速にプレーナー配向のコレステリック液晶層とするために寄与する配向制御剤を添加してもよい。配向制御剤の例としては、特開2007-272185号公報の段落[0018]~[0043]等に記載のフッ素(メタ)アクリレート系ポリマー、特開2012-203237号公報の段落[0031]~[0034]等に記載の式(I)~(IV)で表される化合物、および、特開2013-113913号公報に記載の化合物等が挙げられる。
なお、配向制御剤としては1種を単独で用いてもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
その他、液晶組成物は、塗膜の表面張力を調整し厚さを均一にするための界面活性剤、および重合性モノマー等の種々の添加剤から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含有していてもよい。また、液晶組成物中には、必要に応じて、さらに重合禁止剤、酸化防止剤、紫外線吸収剤、光安定化剤、色材、および、金属酸化物微粒子等を、光学性能を低下させない範囲で添加することができる。
なお、複数のコレステリック液晶層からなる積層膜は、コレステリック液晶層の上述の製造工程を繰り返し行うことにより形成することができる。
液晶組成物の調製に使用する溶媒には、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、有機溶媒が好ましく用いられる。
有機溶媒には、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、ケトン類、アルキルハライド類、アミド類、スルホキシド類、ヘテロ環化合物、炭化水素類、エステル類、および、エーテル類等が挙げられる。これらは、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。これらの中でも、環境への負荷を考慮した場合にはケトン類が特に好ましい。
透明基材、配向層、下層となるコレステリック液晶層等への液晶組成物の塗布方法には、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができる。塗布方法としては、例えば、ワイヤーバーコーティング法、カーテンコーティング法、押し出しコーティング法、ダイレクトグラビアコーティング法、リバースグラビアコーティング法、ダイコーティング法、スピンコーティング法、ディップコーティング法、スプレーコーティング法、および、スライドコーティング法等が挙げられる。また、別途支持体上に塗設した液晶組成物を転写することによっても実施できる。
塗布した液晶組成物を加熱することにより、液晶分子を配向させる。加熱温度は、200℃以下が好ましく、130℃以下がより好ましい。この配向処理により、重合性液晶化合物が、フィルム面に対して実質的に垂直な方向に螺旋軸を有するようにねじれ配向している光学薄膜が得られる。
光重合反応を促進するため、加熱条件下または窒素雰囲気下で光照射を実施してもよい。照射紫外線波長は350~430nmが好ましい。重合反応率は安定性の観点から、高いほうが好ましく70%以上が好ましく、80%以上がより好ましい。重合反応率は、重合性の官能基の消費割合を赤外線吸収スペクトルの測定により、決定することができる。
偏光変換層14は、液晶化合物の螺旋配向構造を固定化した層であって、螺旋配向構造のピッチ数xおよび偏光変換層の膜厚y(単位μm)が下記関係式(a)~(c)の全てを満足するものであるのが好ましい。
0.1≦x≦1.0 ・・・ 式(a)
0.5≦y≦3.0 ・・・ 式(b)
3000≦(1560×y)/x≦50000 ・・・ 式(c)
なお、液晶化合物の螺旋構造の1ピッチは、液晶化合物の螺旋の巻き数1回分である。すなわち、螺旋配向される液晶化合物のダイレクター(棒状液晶であれば長軸方向)が、360°回転した状態をピッチ数1とする。
螺旋構造のピッチ数xが0.1未満では、十分な旋光性および複屈折性が得られない等の不都合を生じる。
また、螺旋構造のピッチ数xが1.0を超えると、旋光性および複屈折性が過剰で、所望の楕円偏光が得られない等の不都合を生じる。
偏光変換層の厚さyが0.5μm未満では、膜厚が薄すぎて、十分な旋光性および複屈折性が得られない等の不都合を生じる。
偏光変換層の厚さyが3.0μmを超えると、旋光性および複屈折性が過剰で、所望の円偏光が得られない、配向不良が起こりやすく製造にとって好ましくない等の不都合を生じる。
「(1560×y)/x」が3000未満では、旋光性が過剰で所望の偏光が得られない等の不都合が生じる。
「(1560×y)/x」が50000を超えると、旋光性が不足し、所望の偏光が得られない等の不都合を生じる。
具体的には、偏光変換層は、螺旋のピッチPが、選択反射中心波長が長波長の赤外域であるコレステリック液晶層のピッチPと同等で、かつ、ピッチ数xが少ないのが好ましい。より具体的には、偏光変換層は、螺旋のピッチPが、選択反射中心波長が3000~10000nmであるコレステリック液晶層のピッチPと同等で、かつ、ピッチ数xが少ないのが好ましい。
このような偏光変換層は、ピッチPが対応する選択反射中心波長が、可視光よりも遥かに長波長であるため、上述した可視光に対する旋光性と複屈折性を、より好適に発現する。
液晶化合物の螺旋配向構造(螺旋構造)を固定化した層は、いわゆるコレステリック液晶層であり、コレステリック液晶相を固定した層を意味する。
コレステリック液晶層は、コレステリック液晶相となっている液晶化合物の配向が保持されている層であればよい。コレステリック液晶層は、典型的には、重合性液晶化合物をコレステリック液晶相の配向状態としたうえで、紫外線照射および加熱等によって重合、硬化し、流動性が無い層を形成して、同時に、また外場または外力によって配向形態に変化を生じさせることがない状態に変化した層であればよい。なお、コレステリック液晶層においては、コレステリック液晶相の光学的性質が層中において保持されていれば十分であり、層中の液晶化合物は、もはや液晶性を示していなくてもよい。例えば、重合性液晶化合物は、硬化反応により高分子量化して、もはや液晶性を失っていてもよい。
前述のとおり、偏光変換層として用いるコレステリック液晶層は、選択反射中心波長が長波長の赤外域となるように、螺旋ピッチが調整される。
偏光変換層としてのコレステリック液晶層の形成方法は、基本的に上述したコレステリック液晶層の形成方法と同様である。
位相差層は、直交する2つの偏光成分に位相差(光路差)をつけて、入射した偏光の状態を変えるものである。
この場合、位相差層は、波長550nmにおける正面リタデーションが50nm~160nmであることが好ましい。
また、反射フィルムを有するウインドシールドガラスを車両に装着した際における第1ガラス板の表面の鉛直方向上方に対応する方向を0°とした際に、遅相軸の角度が10°~50°または-50°~-10°であることが好ましい。
このような位相差層は、一例として、透明基材、仮支持体、または配向層表面に、重合性液晶化合物を含む液晶組成物を塗布し、そこで液晶組成物中の重合性液晶化合物を液晶状態においてネマチック配向に形成後、硬化によって固定化して、形成することができる。
この場合の位相差層の形成は、液晶組成物中にキラル剤を添加しない以外は、上述のコレステリック液晶層の形成と同様に行うことができる。ただし、液晶組成物の塗布後のネマチック配向の際、加熱温度は50~120℃が好ましく、60~100℃がより好ましい。
例えば、図1に示す例では、反射フィルム10は、位相差層16の選択反射層11とは反対側に配置される透明基材18を有する。透明基材18は、位相差層16、選択反射層11(コレステリック液晶層)、および、偏光変換層14を支持するものである。透明基材18は、位相差層16、選択反射層11(コレステリック液晶層)、および、偏光変換層14を形成する際の支持体として用いられるものであってもよい。
また、透明基材および接着層等はいずれも低複屈折性であることが好ましい。低複屈折性とは、本発明のウインドシールドガラスの反射フィルムが反射を示す波長域において、正面位相差が10nm以下であることを意味する。この正面位相差は5nm以下であることが好ましい。さらに、支持体および接着層等は、いずれも、選択反射層の平均屈折率(面内平均屈折率)との屈折率の差が小さいことが好ましい。
透明基材は、選択反射層を形成する際の基板として使用することもできる。選択反射層の形成のために用いられる透明基材は、選択反射層の形成後に剥離される、仮支持体であってもよい。従って、完成した反射フィルムおよびウインドシールドガラスには、透明基材は含まれていなくてもよい。なお、仮支持体として剥離するのではなく、完成した反射フィルムまたはウインドシールドガラスが透明基材を含む場合には、透明基材は、可視光領域で透明であることが好ましい。
透明基材18が紫外線吸収剤を含むことにより、反射フィルム(選択反射層)が紫外線によって劣化することを抑制できる。
ウインドシールドガラスは、合わせガラスの構成を有していてもよい。本発明のウインドシールドガラスは、合わせガラスであり、第1ガラス板と第2ガラス板との間に、上述した本発明の反射フィルムを有することが好ましい。
ウインドシールドガラスは、第1ガラス板と第2ガラス板との間に反射フィルムが配置される構成でもよい。しかしながら、ウインドシールドガラスは、第1ガラス板と反射フィルムとの間、および、反射フィルムと第2ガラス板との間の、少なくとも一方に中間膜(中間膜シート)が設けられる構成であるのが好ましい。
ウインドシールドガラスにおいて、一例として、第2ガラス板は、HUDにおける映像の視認側とは逆側(車外側)に配置され、第1ガラス板は視認側(車内側)に配置される。なお、本発明のウインドシールドガラスにおいて、第1ガラス板および第2ガラス板における第1および第2には、技術的な意味は無く、2枚のガラス板を区別するために便宜的に設けたものである。従って、第2ガラス板が車内側で、第1ガラス板が車外側であってもよい。
第1ガラス板および第2ガラス板の等のガラス板には、ウインドシールドガラスに一般的に用いられるガラス板を使用することができる。例えば、遮熱性の高いグリーンガラス等の、可視光線透過率が73%および76%等の80%以下となるガラス板を使用してもよい。このように可視光線透過率が低いガラス板を使用したときであっても、本発明の反射フィルムを使用することにより、反射フィルムの位置においても70%以上の可視光線透過率を有するウインドシールドガラスを作製することができる。
一般的には、合わせガラス用の中間膜を2枚のガラス板に挟んだ後、加熱処理と加圧処理(ゴムローラーを用いた処理等)とを数回繰り返し、最後にオートクレーブ等を利用して加圧条件下での加熱処理を行う方法により製造することができる。
反射フィルムをガラス板表面に形成する場合、反射フィルムを設けるガラス板は、第1ガラス板でも第2ガラス板でもよい。この際において、反射フィルムは、例えば、ガラス板に接着剤(ヒートシール層)で貼合されてもよい。
中間膜36は、事故が起きた際にガラスが車内に突き抜け、かつ、飛散することを防止するものであり、図3に示す例では、反射フィルム10と第1ガラス板28とを接着するものである。
ポリビニルブチラールは、ポリビニルアルコールをブチルアルデヒドによりアセタール化して得ることができる。上述のポリビニルブチラールのアセタール化度の好ましい下限は40%、好ましい上限は85%であり、より好ましい下限は60%、より好ましい上限は75%である。
また、上述のポリビニルアルコールの重合度の好ましい下限は200、好ましい上限は3000である。ポリビニルアルコールの重合度が200以上であると、得られる合わせガラスの耐貫通性が低下しにくく、3000以下であると、樹脂膜の成形性がよく、しかも樹脂膜の剛性が大きくなり過ぎず、加工性が良好である。より好ましい下限は500、より好ましい上限は2000である。
また、ウインドシールドガラス24が中間膜36を有さない構成であり、反射フィルム10と第1ガラス板28との貼着、および反射フィルム10と第2ガラス板30との貼着に、ヒートシール層38を用いた構成でもよい。
反射フィルムを含む合わせガラス用の中間膜は、反射フィルムを上述の中間膜の表面に貼合して形成することができる。または、反射フィルムを2枚の上述の中間膜に挟んで形成することもできる。2枚の中間膜は同一であってもよく異なっていてもよいが、同一であることが好ましい。
反射フィルムと中間膜との貼合には、公知の貼合方法を用いることができるが、ラミネート処理を用いることが好ましい。ラミネート処理は、積層体と中間膜とが加工後に剥離してしまわないように、ある程度の加熱および加圧条件下にて実施することが好ましい。
ラミネートを安定的に行なうために、中間膜の接着する側の膜面温度は、50~130℃が好ましく、70~100℃がより好ましい。
ラミネート時には加圧することが好ましい。加圧条件には制限はないが、2.0kg/cm2未満(196kPa未満)が好ましく、0.5~1.8kg/cm2(49~176kPa)がより好ましく、0.5~1.5kg/cm2(49~147kPa)がさらに好ましい。
反射フィルムを含む中間膜の製造方法の一例は、
(1)第1の中間膜の表面に反射フィルムを貼合して第1の積層体を得る第1の工程、および、
(2)第1の積層体中の反射フィルムの第1の中間膜が貼合されている面とは反対の面に、第2の中間膜を貼合する第2の工程、を含む。
例えば、第1の工程において、支持体と第1の中間膜とを対面しないで、反射フィルムと第1の中間膜とを貼合する。次いで、反射フィルムから支持体を剥離する。さらに、第2の工程において、第2の中間膜を、支持体を剥離した面に貼合する。これにより、支持体を有さない反射フィルムを含む中間膜を製造することができる。また、この反射フィルムを含む中間膜を用いることで、反射フィルムが支持体を有さない合わせガラスを容易に作製することができる。
破損等なく、安定的に支持体を剥離するためには、反射フィルムから支持体を剥離する際の支持体の温度は、40℃以上が好ましく、40~60℃がより好ましい。
ヒートシール層(接着剤層)38は、例えば塗布型の接着剤からなる層である。図3に示す例では、反射フィルム10は、ヒートシール層38により第2ガラス板30に貼着される。なお、本発明のウインドシールドガラスにおいては、ヒートシール層38に変えて、中間膜によって、反射フィルム10を第2ガラス板30に貼着してもよい。また、第1ガラス板28と反射フィルム10とを貼着する中間膜36に対して、反射フィルム10が小さい場合には、中間膜36によって、反射フィルム10を第2ガラス板30に貼着してもよい。
接着剤としては硬化方式の観点からホットメルトタイプ、熱硬化タイプ、光硬化タイプ、反応硬化タイプ、および、硬化の不要な感圧接着タイプがある。また、接着剤は、いずれのタイプでも、それぞれ素材としてアクリレート系、ウレタン系、ウレタンアクリレート系、エポキシ系、エポキシアクリレート系、ポリオレフィン系、変性オレフィン系、ポリプロピレン系、エチレンビニルアルコール系、塩化ビニル系、クロロプレンゴム系、シアノアクリレート系、ポリアミド系、ポリイミド系、ポリスチレン系、および、ポリビニルブチラール系等の化合物を使用することができる。
作業性、生産性の観点から、硬化方式として光硬化タイプが好ましく、光学的な透明性、耐熱性の観点から、素材はアクリレート系、ウレタンアクリレート系、および、エポキシアクリレート系等を使用することが好ましい。
ここで、ヒートシール層38が厚すぎると、平面性を十分に保って、反射フィルム10を第1ガラス板28または第2ガラス板30に貼着できない場合がある。この点を考慮すると、ヒートシール層38の厚さは、0.1~800μmが好ましく、0.5~400μmがより好ましい。
本発明のヘッドアップディスプレイは、
上述したウインドシールドガラスと、
ウインドシールドガラスの第1ガラス板側に投映画像光を照射するプロジェクターと、を有するヘッドアップディスプレイシステムである。
図5に示すHUD20は、ウインドシールドガラス24と、プロジェクター22とを有する。HUD20は、例えば、乗用車等の車両に用いられる。
ウインドシールドガラス24は、図3に示すウインドシールドガラス24と同様の構成を有する。
具体的には、反射フィルム10では、まず、偏光変換層14が、入射したp偏光の投映光を円偏光に変換する。次いで、選択反射層11(コレステリック液晶層)が、この円偏光を選択的に反射して、偏光変換層14に再入射する。さらに、偏光変換層14が、円偏光をp偏光に変換する。反射フィルム10は、これにより、入射したp偏光の投映光を、p偏光のまま反射する。
従って、偏光変換層14は、選択反射層11(コレステリック液晶層)が選択的に反射する円偏光のセンスに応じて、入射したp偏光を、選択反射層11が反射する旋回方向の円偏光に変換するように設定される。すなわち、選択反射層11が、右円偏光を選択的に反射する場合には、位相差層は、入射したp偏光を右円偏光にするように設定される。逆に、選択反射層11が、左円偏光を選択的に反射する場合には、位相差層は、入射したp偏光を左円偏光にするように設定される。
好ましくは、プロジェクター22は、p偏光の投映光をブリュースター角でウインドシールドに照射する。これにより、第2ガラス板30および第1ガラス板28での投映光の反射をなくして、より鮮明な画像の表示が可能になる。
「プロジェクター」は「光または画像を投映する装置」であり、「描画した画像を投射する装置」を含み、表示する画像を担持する投映光を出射するものである。本発明のHUDにおいて、プロジェクターは、p偏光の投映光を出射するものが好ましい。
HUDにおいて、プロジェクターは、ウインドシールドガラス中の反射フィルムに対して、表示する画像を担持するp偏光の投映光を斜めの入射角度で入射できるように配置されていればよい。
プロジェクターは、p偏光の投映光を出射できれば、HUDに用いられる公知のプロジェクターを利用できる。また、プロジェクターは、虚像の結像距離、すなわち、虚像の結像位置が可変であるものであるのが好ましい。
ここで、プロジェクターによる投映光の虚像のうち、少なくとも2つの虚像は、結像距離が、1m以上、異なるのが好ましい。従って、プロジェクターが、連続的に虚像の結像距離が変更可能なものである場合には、虚像の結像距離を1m以上、変更可能であるのが好ましい。このようなプロジェクターを用いることにより、一般道における通常速度での走行と、高速道路での高速走行とのように運転者の視線の距離が大きく異なる場合にも好適に対応できる等の点で好ましい。
描画デバイスは、それ自体が画像を表示するデバイスであってもよく、画像を描画できる光を発するデバイスであってもよい。
描画デバイスでは、光源からの光が、光変調器、レーザー輝度変調手段、または描画のための光偏向手段等の描画方式で調整されていればよい。描画デバイスは、光源を含み、さらに、描画方式に応じて光変調器、レーザー輝度変調手段、または描画のための光偏向手段等を含むデバイスを意味する。
光源には制限はなく、LED(発光ダイオード)、有機発光ダイオード(OLED)、放電管、および、レーザー光源等、プロジェクター、描画デバイスおよびディスプレイ等で用いられる公知の光源が利用可能である。
これらのうち、LEDおよび放電管は、直線偏光を出射する描画デバイスの光源に適していることから好ましく、特にLEDが好ましい。LEDは発光波長が可視光領域において連続的でないため、後述するように特定波長域で選択反射を示すコレステリック液晶層が用いられているコンバイナとの組み合わせに適しているためである。
描画方式は、使用する光源等に応じて選択することができ、特に限定されない。
描画方式の例としては、蛍光表示管、液晶を利用するLCD(Liquid Crystal Display)方式およびLCOS(Liquid Crystal on Silicon)方式、DLP(登録商標)(Digital Light Processing)方式、ならびに、レーザーを利用する走査方式等が挙げられる。描画方式は、光源と一体となった蛍光表示管を用いた方式であってもよい。描画方式としてはLCD方式が好ましい。
DLP方式は、DMD(Digital Micromirror Device)を用いた表示システムであり、画素数分のマイクロミラーを配置して描画され投射レンズから光が出射する。
走査方式において、例えば、赤色光、緑色光、青色光の各色のレーザー光の輝度変調は光源の強度変化として直接行ってもよく、外部変調器により行ってもよい。光偏向手段としては、ガルバノミラー、ガルバノミラーとポリゴンミラーの組み合わせ、および、MEMS(Micro Electro Mechanical Systems)等が挙げられ、このうちMEMSが好ましい。走査方法としては、ランダムスキャン方式、および、ラスタースキャン方式等が挙げられるが、ラスタースキャン方式を用いることが好ましい。ラスタースキャン方式において、レーザー光を、例えば、水平方向は共振周波数で、垂直方向はのこぎり波で駆動することができる。走査方式は投射レンズが不要であるため、装置の小型化が容易である。
描画方式がLCD方式またはLCOS方式である描画デバイスおよびレーザー光源を用いた描画デバイスは、本質的には出射光が直線偏光となる。出射光が直線偏光である描画デバイスであって出射光が複数の波長(色)の光を含むものである場合は、複数の波長の光の偏光方向(透過軸方向)は同一であることが好ましい。市販の描画デバイスは、出射光の赤、緑、青の光の波長域での偏光方向が均一ではないものがあることが知られている(特開2000-221449号公報参照)。具体的には、緑色光の偏光方向が赤色光の偏光方向および青色光の偏光方向と直交している例が知られている。
なお、本発明のHUDにおいては、プロジェクターが出射する投影光は、p偏光であるのが好ましいことは、上述したとおりである。
上述のように、描画デバイスは中間像スクリーンを使用するものであってもよい。「中間像スクリーン」は、画像が描画されるスクリーンである。すなわち、描画デバイスを出射した光がまだ画像として視認できるものではない場合等において、この光によって描画デバイスは中間像スクリーンに視認可能な画像を形成する。中間像スクリーンにおいて描画された画像は中間像スクリーンを透過する光によりコンバイナに投映されていてもよく、中間像スクリーンを反射してコンバイナに投映されていてもよい。
中間像スクリーンとしては、入射光線を広げて透過させる機能を有するものが好ましい。投映像拡大表示が可能となるからである。このような中間像スクリーンとしては、例えば、マイクロレンズアレイで構成されるスクリーンが挙げられる。HUDで用いられるマイクロアレイレンズについては、例えば、特開2012-226303号公報、特開2010-145745号公報、および、特表2007-523369号公報に記載がある。
プロジェクターは描画デバイスで形成された投映光の光路を調整する反射鏡等を含んでいてもよい。
入射光は、反射フィルムの法線に対し45°~70°の斜め入射角度で入射させることが好ましい。屈折率1.51程度のガラスと屈折率1の空気との界面のブリュースター角は約56°であり、上述の角度の範囲でp偏光を入射させることにより、投映像表示のための入射光の選択反射層に対して視認側のウインドシールドガラスの表面からの反射光が少なく、二重像の影響が小さい画像表示が可能である。
上述の角度は50°~65°であることも好ましい。このとき、投映像の観察を投映光の入射側において、選択反射層の法線に対し、入射光とは反対側で45°~70°、好ましくは50°~65°の角度で行うことができる構成であればよい。
また、ウインドシールドガラスの反射フィルムは、入射するp偏光を反射するように配置されているのが好ましい。
プロジェクターの出射光が直線偏光ではない場合は、直線偏光フィルム(偏光子)をプロジェクターの出射光側に設けることによりp偏光としていてもよく、プロジェクターからウインドシールドガラスまでの光路中において、直線偏光フィルム等を用いる公知の方法でp偏光としてもよい。この際には、直線偏光ではない投映光をp偏光にする部材も、本発明のHUDにおけるプロジェクターを構成するものと見なす。
上述のように、出射光の赤、緑、青の光の波長域での偏光方向が均一ではないプロジェクターについては、波長選択的に偏光方向を調整し、全ての色の波長域でp偏光として入射させることが好ましい。
虚像結像位置は、車両の運転者から虚像を視認できる位置であり、例えば、通常運転者から見てウインドシールドガラスの先、1000mm以上離れた位置である。
(コレステリック液晶層形成用塗布液)
選択反射中心波長が下記表1に示す所望の波長となる各コレステリック液晶層(B1、B2、G1~G5、R1~R6、IR1~IR3)を形成する複数のコレステリック液晶層形成用塗布液に関して、下記の成分を混合し、下記組成のコレステリック液晶層形成用塗布液をそれぞれ調製した。
・混合物1 100質量部
・フッ素系水平配向剤1(配向制御剤1) 0.05質量部
・フッ素系水平配向剤2(配向制御剤2) 0.02質量部
・右旋回性キラル剤LC756(BASF社製)
目標の反射波長に合わせて調整
・重合開始剤IRGACURE OXE01(BASF社製)
1.0質量部
・溶媒(メチルエチルケトン) 溶質濃度が20質量%となる量
各コレステリック液晶層形成用塗布液を用いて、以下に示すハーフミラー作製時と同様に仮支持体上に膜厚3μmの単一層の各コレステリック液晶層を作製し、可視域光の反射特性を確認した。
その結果、作製された各コレステリック液晶層は全て右円偏光反射層であり、選択反射中心波長(中心波長)は、下記表1に示す波長であることを確認した。
選択反射中心波長が下記表1に示す所望の波長となる各コレステリック液晶層(B3、G6、R7、IR4)を形成する複数のコレステリック液晶層形成用塗布液に関して、下記の成分を混合し、下記組成の狭帯域コレステリック液晶層形成用塗布液をそれぞれ調製した。
狭帯域コレステリック液晶層形成用塗布液
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・棒状液晶化合物101 55質量部
・棒状液晶化合物102 30質量部
・棒状液晶化合物201 13質量部
・棒状液晶化合物202 2質量部
・重合開始剤IRGACURE OXE01(BASF社製)
1.0質量部
・配向制御剤1 0.01質量部
・配向制御剤3(フッ素系水平配向剤3) 0.01質量部
・右旋回性キラル剤LC756(BASF社製)
目標の選択反射中心波長に合わせて調整
・溶媒(メチルエチルケトン) 溶質濃度が20質量%となる量
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各コレステリック液晶層形成用塗布液を用いて、以下に示すハーフミラー作製時と同様に仮支持体上に膜厚3μmの単一層の各コレステリック液晶層を作製し、可視域光の反射特性を確認した。
その結果、作製された各コレステリック液晶層は全て右円偏光反射層であり、選択反射中心波長(中心波長)は、下記表1に示す波長であることを確認した。
複数の選択反射中心波長を有するコレステリック液晶層C1を形成するコレステリック液晶層形成用塗布液C1に関して、下記の成分を混合し、下記組成のコレステリック液晶層形成用塗布液C1を調製した。
・混合物1 100質量部
・フッ素系水平配向剤1(配向制御剤1) 0.05質量部
・フッ素系水平配向剤2(配向制御剤2) 0.02質量部
・右旋回性キラル剤LC756 目標の波長に合わせて調整
・右旋回性異性化キラル剤1 目標の波長に合わせて調整
・重合開始剤PM7957 1質量部
・溶剤(メチルエチルケトン) 溶質濃度が20質量%となる量
下記の成分を混合し、下記組成の位相差層形成用塗布液を調製した。
・混合物1 100質量部
・フッ素系水平配向剤1(配向制御剤1) 0.05質量部
・フッ素系水平配向剤2(配向制御剤2) 0.01質量部
・重合開始剤IRGACURE OXE01(BASF社製)
1.0質量部
・溶媒(メチルエチルケトン) 溶質濃度が20質量%となる量
下記の成分を混合し、下記組成の偏光変換層形成用塗布液を調製した。
・混合物1 100質量部
・フッ素系水平配向剤1(配向制御剤1) 0.05質量部
・フッ素系水平配向剤2(配向制御剤2) 0.02質量部
・右旋回性キラル剤LC756(BASF社製)
目標のピッチ数と膜厚に合う反射波長に合わせて調整
・重合開始剤IRGACURE OXE01(BASF社製)
1.0質量部
・溶媒(メチルエチルケトン) 溶質濃度が20質量%となる量
螺旋構造の膜厚dは『螺旋構造のピッチP×ピッチ数』で表せる。上述のように、螺旋構造のピッチPとは、螺旋構造における1ピッチの長さであり、螺旋配向された液晶化合物が360°回転するのが1ピッチである。また、コレステリック液晶層では、選択反射中心波長λは『1ピッチの長さP×面内の平均屈折率n』と一致する(λ=P×n)。従って、ピッチPは『選択反射中心波長λ/面内の平均屈折率n』となる(P=λ/n)。
このことから、コレステリック液晶層とした場合に、選択反射中心波長λが所望の波長となるように、偏光変換層形成用塗布液を調製した。後述する偏光変換層の形成では、この偏光変換層形成用塗布液を、所望の膜厚となるよう塗工し、偏光変換層を形成してピッチ数を決定した。
表2に、調製した偏光変換層形成用塗布液の目標となる偏光変換層のピッチ数、膜厚、および、選択反射中心波長λ(中心波長λ)の組み合わせを示す。
<セルロースアシレートフィルムの鹸化>
国際公開第2014/112575号の実施例20と同一の作製方法で、厚さ40μmセルロースアシレートフィルムを作製した。なお、このセルロースアシレートフィルムには、紫外線吸収剤として、帝盛化工社製のUV-531を添加した。添加量は、3phr(per hundred resin)とした。
作製したセルロースアシレートフィルムを、温度60℃の誘電式加熱ロールを通過させ、フィルム表面温度を40℃に昇温した。その後、フィルムの片面に下記に示す組成のアルカリ溶液を、バーコーターを用いて塗布量14mL/m2で塗布し、110℃に加熱したスチーム式遠赤外ヒーター(ノリタケカンパニーリミテド社製)の下に、10秒間滞留させた。
次いで、同じくバーコーターを用いて、純水を3mL/m2塗布した。
次いで、ファウンテンコーターによる水洗とエアナイフによる水切りとを、3回繰り返した後に、70℃の乾燥ゾーンに5秒間滞留させて乾燥し、鹸化処理したセルロースアシレートフィルムを作製した。
鹸化処理したセルロースアシレートフィルムの面内位相差をAxoScanで測定したところ、1nmであった。
アルカリ溶液の組成
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・水酸化カリウム 4.7質量部
・水 15.7質量部
・イソプロパノール 64.8質量部
・界面活性剤(C16H33O(CH2CH2O)10H) 1.0質量部
・プロピレングリコール 14.9質量部
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鹸化処理したセルロースアシレートフィルム(透明支持体)の鹸化処理面に、下記に示す組成の配向膜形成用塗布液を、ワイヤーバーコーターで24mL/m2塗布し、100℃の温風で120秒乾燥した。
配向膜形成用塗布液の組成
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・下記に示す変性ポリビニルアルコール 28質量部
・クエン酸エステル(AS3、三共化学社製) 1.2質量部
・光開始剤(イルガキュア2959、BASF社製) 0.84質量部
・グルタルアルデヒド 2.8質量部
・水 699質量部
・メタノール 226質量部
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配向膜を形成したセルロースアシレートフィルムを、支持体(透明基材)として用いた。
支持体の片面に、支持体の長辺方向を基準に時計回りに45°回転させた方向にラビング処理(レーヨン布、圧力:0.1kgf(0.98N)、回転数:1000rpm(revolutions per minute)、搬送速度:10m/min、回数:1往復)を施した。
次いで、50℃のホットプレート上に置き、酸素濃度1000ppm以下の環境で、フュージョンUVシステムズ社製の無電極ランプ「Dバルブ」(60mW/cm2)によって6秒間、紫外線を照射し、液晶相を固定した。これによりして、所望の正面位相差、すなわち、所望のレタデーションとなるように厚さを整除した位相差層を得た。
作製した位相差層のレタデーションをAxoScanで測定したところ、126nmであった(実施例1)。
塗布層を室温で30秒間乾燥させた後、85℃の雰囲気で2分間加熱した。その後、酸素濃度1000ppm以下の環境で、60℃でフュージョン社製のDバルブ(90mW/cmのランプ)によって、出力60%で6~12秒間、紫外線を照射し、コレステリック液晶相を固定して、厚さ0.3μmのコレステリック液晶層B1を得た。
次に、得られたコレステリック液晶層B1の表面にさらに、コレステリック液晶層形成用塗布液(G1)を用いて同様の工程を繰り返し、厚さ0.54μmのコレステリック液晶層G1を積層した。
次に、得られたコレステリック液晶層G1の表面にさらに、コレステリック液晶層形成用塗布液(R1)を用いて同様の工程を繰り返し、厚さ0.36μmのコレステリック液晶層R1を積層した。
なお、偏光変換層の形成は、上述したコレステリック液晶層の形成と同様に行った。
光反射層が有するコレステリック液晶層の構成を下記表3に示す層構成となるように変更し、それぞれ表2に示す偏光変換層(あるいは位相差層)を有する構成とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして反射フィルムを作製した。
また、比較例1~3、5については、各コレステリック液晶層を厚さ100μmのPETフィルム上に形成した後、PETフィルムを剥がしたものをOCA(日栄化工社製:MHM-UVC15 厚さ15μm)で貼合して選択反射層とした。
また、比較例5~7については、選択反射層の片面に偏光変換層を、他方の面に1/4波長板(帝人社製:ピュアエースWR-S)を貼り合わせて反射フィルムを作製した。
コレステリック液晶層の形成において、上記コレステリック液晶層形成用塗布液C1を用いて、以下のようにして複数の選択反射中心波長を有するコレステリック液晶層C1を形成した以外は、実施例1と同様にして反射フィルムを作製した。
作製した反射フィルムをガラス板の表面に貼り、ガラス板の裏面に黒色PETフィルム(光吸収体)を貼り合わせた。
分光光度計(日本分光株式会社製、V-670)を用いて、反射フィルム表面の法線方向に対し5°の方向からP偏光およびS偏光を入射し、400nm~1000nmの反射スペクトルをそれぞれ測定した。測定したP偏光の反射スペクトルとS偏光の反射スペクトルの平均値(平均の反射スペクトル)を求めた。
・波長400nm以上500nm未満の帯域における自然光反射率の最大値、自然光反射率の最大の極大値と最小の極小値との差、および、波長帯幅を算出し、
・波長500nm以上600nm未満の帯域における自然光反射率の最大値、自然光反射率の最大の極大値と最小の極小値との差、および、波長帯幅を算出し、
・波長600nm~800nmの帯域における自然光反射率の最大値、および、波長帯幅を算出した。
また、波長500nm以上600nm未満の帯域における波長帯幅は、波長530nm以上600nm未満の帯域における反射率の最大値と最小値の平均値よりも反射率が高い領域の幅である。
また、波長600nm以上800nm以下の波長帯幅は、波長600nm~800nmの帯域における反射率の最大値と最小値の平均値よりも反射率が高い領域の幅である。
測定結果を表4に示す。
上記で作製した各反射フィルムを有するウインドシールドガラスを以下のようにして作製した。
また、中間膜として積水化学社製の厚さ0.38mmのPVBフィルムを用意した。
また、ヒートシール層は、以下のようにして形成した。
(ヒートシール層形成用塗布液)
下記の成分を混合し、ヒートシール層形成用塗布液を調製した。
PVBシート片(積水化学社製、エスレックフィルム) 5.0質量部
メタノール 90.25質量部
ブタノール 4.75質量部
反射フィルム(透明基材)にヒートシール層形成用塗布液をワイヤーバーを用いて塗布後、乾燥させて50℃にて1分間加熱処理を行い、厚み1μmのヒートシール層を得た。
第2ガラス板側から第2ガラス板の法線方向に対し0°の方向から自然光を入射し、分光光度計(日本分光株式会社製、V-670)で透過率スペクトルを測定した。JIS R3106に従って、380~780nmでの10nm毎の波長において、透過率に視感度に応じた係数およびA光源の発光スペクトルをそれぞれ乗じて透過率を計算し、透過率として評価した。透過率の評価は、下記評価基準にて評価した。
・A:82%以上 (グリーンガラスで合わせガラスを形成した場合、透過率が70%を十分超える)
・B:80%以上82%未満 (グリーンガラスで合わせガラスを形成した場合、透過率が70%を超える。法規制を満たすが製造ロバスト性が低い)
・C:80%未満 (グリーンガラスで合わせガラスを形成した場合、透過率が70%未満となる。法規制を満たさない)
第1ガラス板側から第1ガラス板の法線方向に対し65°の方向からP偏光を入射し、その正反射光(入射面内で法線方向に対して入射方向と反対側の、法線方向に対し65°の方向)を分光光度計(日本分光株式会社製、V-670)で反射率スペクトルを測定した。このとき、反射フィルムの長辺方向(縦方向)と分光光度計の入射するP偏光の透過軸とを平行にした。
JIS R3106に従って、380~780nmでの10nm毎の波長において、反射率に視感度に応じた係数およびD65光源の発光スペクトルをそれぞれ乗じて投映像の反射率を計算し、輝度として評価した。輝度の評価は、下記評価基準にて評価した。
・A:25%以上 (HUDのP偏光反射システムで画像が見え、二重像が見えにくい)
・B:20%以上~25%未満 (HUDのP偏光反射システムで画像が見えるが、二重像が見える。)
・C:20%未満 (HUDのP偏光反射システムで画像が鮮明に見えにくく、二重像がよく見える。)
透過率と同様の方法で、自然光での入射角5°と60°における反射率を測定し、そのスペクトルから反射色味のa*、b*を算出した。
・AA:|a*|≦3、かつ、|b*|≦3 (白色を映した際に白く見える)
・A:|a*|≦5、かつ、|b*|≦5(AAに該当するものを除く) (白色を映した際にほぼ白く見える)
・B:|a*|≦7、かつ、|b*|≦7(AAまたはAに該当するものを除く) (白色を映した際にごくわずかに色味がかって見える)
・C:|a*|≦9、かつ、|b*|≦9(AA、AまたはBに該当するものを除く) (白色を映した際にわずかに色味がかって見える)
・D:9<|a*|、または、9<|b*| (白色を映した際に、他の色に見える)
結果を表6に示す。
比較例1は、要件(i)を満たしておらず、自然光反射率が一様に高いため、可視光透過率が低くなっていた。
比較例2は、要件(i)~(iii)を満たしておらず、要件(i)および(ii)における自然光反射率の最大の極大値と最小の極小値との差が3%未満であり、要件(iii)における波長帯幅の合計値が120nm未満であるため、可視光透過率が低く、P偏光反射率が低くなっていた。
比較例3は、要件(i)~(ii)を満たしておらず、要件(i)および(ii)における自然光反射率の最大の極大値と最小の極小値との差が3%未満であるため、P偏光反射率が低くなっていた。
比較例4は、要件(i)を満たしておらず、また、要件(iii)における波長帯幅の合計値が120nm未満であるため、入射角5°における反射色味が悪い結果となった。
比較例5は、要件(i)~(ii)を満たしておらず、入射角5°における反射色味が悪い結果となった。
比較例6は、要件(i)における反射率が高く、また、要件(ii)を満たしていないため、可視光透過率が低く、また、入射角60°における反射色味が悪い結果となった。
比較例7は、要件(iii)における波長帯幅の合計値が120nm未満であるため、入射角5°における反射色味が悪い結果となった。
実施例1と実施例4および5との対比から選択反射層の合計厚みは、2.0μm以下が好ましいことがわかる。
実施例6からコレステリック液晶層は複数の選択反射中心波長を有するものであってもよいことがわかる。
以上の結果から、本発明の効果は明らかである。
11 選択反射層
12R、12G、12B コレステリック液晶層
14 偏光変換層
16 位相差層
18 透明基材
20 ヘッドアップディスプレイシステム(HUD)
22 プロジェクター
24 ウインドシールドガラス
28 第1ガラス板
30 第2ガラス板
36 中間膜
38 接着剤層
D 運転者
Y 上下方向
Claims (17)
- コレステリック液晶相を固定してなるコレステリック液晶層を有する選択反射層を有し、
前記選択反射層は、以下の要件(i)から(iii)をすべて満たす、反射フィルム。
(i)波長400nm以上500nm未満の範囲において、自然光反射率の最大値が10%~25%であり、自然光反射率の最大の極大値と最小の極小値との差が3%以上であり、自然光反射率の最大値と最小値との平均値よりも高い領域の波長帯幅の合計値が20nm~80nmである。
(ii)波長500nm以上600nm未満の範囲において、自然光反射率の最大値が10%~25%であり、自然光反射率の最大の極大値と最小の極小値との差が3%以上であり、自然光反射率の最大値と最小値との平均値よりも高い領域の波長帯幅の合計値が20nm~80nmである。
(iii)波長600nm以上800nm以下の範囲において、自然光反射率の最大値が10%~25%であり、自然光反射率の最大値と最小値との平均値よりも高い領域の波長帯幅の合計値が120nm以上である。 - 前記選択反射層は、選択反射中心波長が異なる2つ以上の前記コレステリック液晶層を有し、
前記コレステリック液晶層が互いに接している、請求項1に記載の反射フィルム。 - 前記選択反射層は、選択反射中心波長を2つ以上有するコレステリック液晶層を有する、請求項1または2に記載の反射フィルム。
- 前記選択反射層の合計厚みが、0.4μm~2.0μmである、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の反射フィルム。
- 直線偏光を反射する、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の反射フィルム。
- 位相差層と、前記選択反射層と、偏光変換層をこの順で有する、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の反射フィルム。
- 前記偏光変換層が、液晶化合物の螺旋配向構造を固定化してなり、
前記偏光変換層における螺旋配向構造のピッチ数x、および、前記偏光変換層の膜厚y(μm)が、下記式(a)~式(c)をすべて満たす、請求項6に記載の反射フィルム。
0.1≦x≦1.0 ・・・ 式(a)
0.5≦y≦3.0 ・・・ 式(b)
3000≦(1560×y)/x≦50000 ・・・ 式(c) - 第1ガラス板と、請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の反射フィルムと、第2ガラス板とをこの順に有する、ウインドシールドガラス。
- 前記第1ガラス板および前記第2ガラス板が曲面ガラスであって、
前記第1ガラス板の凸面側に、前記反射フィルムと、前記第2ガラス板とが設けられる、請求項8に記載のウインドシールドガラス。 - 前記反射フィルムが、偏光変換層を有し、
前記第1ガラス板の凸面側から、前記偏光変換層、前記選択反射層の順に配置されている、請求項9に記載のウインドシールドガラス。 - 前記反射フィルムが、位相差層を有し、
前記位相差層が、前記選択反射層と、前記第2ガラス板との間に配置されており、
前記位相差層は、波長550nmにおける正面リタデーションが50nm~160nmであり、かつ、ウインドシールドガラスを車両に装着した際における前記第1ガラス板の表面の鉛直方向上方に対応する方向を0°とした際に、遅相軸の角度が10°~50°または-50°~-10°である、請求項9または10に記載のウインドシールドガラス。 - 前記反射フィルムが、透明基材を有し、
前記透明基材が、前記第2ガラス板側に配置されている、請求項9~11のいずれか一項に記載のウインドシールドガラス。 - 前記透明基材が紫外線吸収剤を含む、請求項12に記載のウインドシールドガラス。
- 前記第1ガラス板と前記反射フィルムとの間に、中間膜を有する、請求項8~13のいずれか一項に記載のウインドシールドガラス。
- 前記反射フィルムと前記第2ガラス板との間に、ヒートシール層を有する、請求項8~14のいずれか一項に記載のウインドシールドガラス。
- 請求項9~15のいずれか一項に記載のウインドシールドガラスと、
前記ウインドシールドガラスの前記第1ガラス板側に投映画像光を照射するプロジェクターと、を有するヘッドアップディスプレイシステム。 - 前記プロジェクターがp偏光の投影画像光を照射する、請求項16に記載のヘッドアップディスプレイシステム。
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WO2024106459A1 (ja) * | 2022-11-17 | 2024-05-23 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 投映像表示用積層フィルム、投映像表示用合わせガラス、投映像表示システム |
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US12072597B2 (en) | 2024-08-27 |
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