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  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
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  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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Definitions

• the present invention relates to organic compounds useful for therapy and/or prophylaxis in a mammal, and in particular to compounds that are preferential agonists of the Cannabinoid Receptor 2.
• the invention relates in particular to a compound of formula (I)
• the compound of formula (I) is particularly useful in the treatment or prophylaxis of e.g. pain, atherosclerosis, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, retinal vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, ocular ischemic syndrome, geographic atrophy, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury, acute liver failure, liver fibrosis, lung fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, systemic fibrosis, acute allograft rejection, chronic allograft nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephropathy, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, systemic sclerosis, thermal injury, burning, hypertrophic scars, keloids, gingivitis pyrexia, liver cirrhosis or tumors, regulation of bone mass, neurodegeneration, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, trans
• the compound of formula (I) is in particular useful in the treatment or prophylaxis of diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion or uveitis.
• the cannabinoid receptors are a class of cell membrane receptors belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. There are currently two known subtypes, termed Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1) and Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2).
• CB1 receptor is mainly expressed in the central nervous (i.e. amygdala cerebellum, hippocampus) system and to a lesser amount in the periphery.
• CB2 which is encoded by the CNR2 gene, is mostly expressed peripherally, on cells of the immune system, such as macrophages and T-cells (Ashton, J. C. et al. Curr Neuropharmacol 2007, 5(2), 73-80; Miller, A. M.
• CB2 receptor agonists have been steadily on the rise during the last decade (currently 30-40 patent applications/year) due to the fact that several of the early compounds have been shown to have beneficial effects in pre-clinical models for a number of human diseases including chronic pain (Beltramo, M. Mini Rev Med Chem 2009, 9(1), 11-25), atherosclerosis (Mach, F. et al. J Neuroendocrinol 2008, 20 Suppl 1, 53-7), regulation of bone mass (Bab, I. et al. Br J Pharmacol 2008, 153(2), 182-8), neuroinflammation (Cabral, G. A. et al.
• Ischemia/reperfusion (1/R) injury is the principal cause of tissue damage occurring in conditions such as stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiopulmonary bypass and other vascular surgeries, and organ transplantation, as well as a maj or mechanism of end-organ damage complicating the course of circulatory shock of various etiologies. All these conditions are characterized by a disruption of normal blood supply resulting in an insufficient tissue oxygenation. Re-oxygenation e.g., reperfusion is the ultimate treatment to restore normal tissue oxygenation. However the absence of oxygen and nutrients from blood creates a condition in which the restoration of circulation results in further tissue damage. The damage of reperfusion injury is due in part to the inflammatory response of damaged tissues.
• White blood cells carried to the area by the newly returning blood, release a host of inflammatory factors such as interleukins as well as free radicals in response to tissue damage.
• the restored blood flow reintroduces oxygen within cells that damages cellular proteins, DNA, and the plasma membrane.
• Remote ischemic preconditioning represents a strategy for harnessing the body's endogenous protective capabilities against the injury incurred by ischemia and reperfusion. It describes the interesting phenomenon in which transient non-lethal ischemia and reperfusion of one organ or tissue confers resistance to a subsequent episode of “lethal” ischemia reperfusion injury in a remote organ or tissue. The actual mechanism through which transient ischemia and reperfusion of an organ or tissue confers protection is currently unknown although several hypotheses have been proposed.
• the humoral hypothesis proposes that the endogenous substance (such as adenosine, bradykinin, opioids, CGRP, endocannabinoids, Angiotensin I or some other as yet unidentified humoral factor) generated in the remote organ or tissue enters the blood stream and activates its respective receptor in the target tissue and thereby recruiting the various intracellular pathways of cardioprotection implicated in ischemic preconditioning.
• the endogenous substance such as adenosine, bradykinin, opioids, CGRP, endocannabinoids, Angiotensin I or some other as yet unidentified humoral factor
• CB2 can also be of interest in sub-chronic and chronic setting.
• Specific upregulation of CB1 and CB2 has been shown to be associated in animal models of chronic diseases associated with fibrosis (Garcia-Gonzalez, E. et al. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009, 48(9), 1050-6; Yang, Y. Y. et al. Liver Int 2009, 29(5), 678-85) with a relevant expression of CB2 in myofibroblasts, the cells responsible for fibrosis progression.
• CB2 receptor Activation of CB2 receptor by selective CB2 agonist has in fact been shown to exert anti-fibrotic effect in diffuse systemic sclerosis (Garcia-Gonzalez, E. et al. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009, 48(9), 1050-6) and CB2 receptor has emerged as a critical target in experimental dermal fibrosis (Akhmetshina, A. et al. Arthritis Rheum 2009, 60(4), 1129-36) and in in liver pathophysiology, including fibrogenesis associated with chronic liver diseases (Lotersztajn, S. et al. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2007, 31(3), 255-8; Mallat, A. et al. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007, 11(3), 403-9; Lotersztajn, S. et al. Br J Pharmacol 2008, 153(2), 286-9).
• the compounds of the invention bind to and modulate the CB2 receptor and have lower CB1 receptor activity.
• alkyl signifies a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl group with 1 to 8 carbon atoms, particularly a straight or branched-chain alkyl group with 1 to 6 carbon atoms and more particularly a straight or branched-chain alkyl group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• Examples of straight-chain and branched-chain C 1 -C 8 alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl, the isomeric pentyls, the isomeric hexyls, the isomeric heptyls and the isomeric octyls, particularly methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and pentyl more particularly methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl and isopentyl.
• Particular examples of alkyl are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl and tert.-butyl.
• cycloalkyl signifies a cycloalkyl ring with 3 to 8 carbon atoms and particularly a cycloalkyl ring with 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Examples of cycloalkyl are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.
• a particular example of“cycloalkyl” is cyclopropyl.
• alkoxy signifies a group of the formula alkyl-O— in which the term “alkyl” has the previously given significance, such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy and tert-butoxy. Particular “alkoxy” are methoxy, ethoxy and isopropoxy.
• halogen or “halo”, alone or in combination, signifies fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine and particularly fluorine, chlorine or bromine, more particularly fluorine and chlorine.
• halo in combination with another group, denotes the substitution of said group with at least one halogen, particularly substituted with one to five halogens, particularly one to four halogens, i.e. one, two, three or four halogens.
• a particular “halogen” is fluorine in R 1 to R 3 .
• haloalkoxy denotes an alkoxy group substituted with at least one halogen, particularly substituted with one to five halogens, particularly one to three halogens, particularly one to three fluorine.
• Particular “haloalkoxy” are fluoroethyloxy, difluoroehtyloxy and trifluoroethyloxy.
• carbonyl alone or in combination, signifies the —C(O)— group.
• amino alone or in combination, signifies the primary amino group (—NH 2 ), the secondary amino group (—NH—), or the tertiary amino group (—N—).
• salts refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases or free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable.
• the salts are formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, particularly hydrochloric acid, and organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, N-acetylcystein.
• salts derived from an inorganic base include, but are not limited to, the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium salts.
• Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, lysine, arginine, N-ethylpiperidine, piperidine, polyamine resins.
• the compound of formula (I) can also be present in the form of zwitterions.
• Particularly preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of formula (I) are the salts of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and methanesulfonic acid.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable esters” means that the compound of general formula (I) may be derivatised at functional groups to provide derivatives which are capable of conversion back to the parent compounds in vivo. Examples of such compounds include physiologically acceptable and metabolically labile ester derivatives, such as methoxymethyl esters, methylthiomethyl esters and pivaloyloxymethyl esters. Additionally, any physiologically acceptable equivalents of the compound of general formula (I), similar to the metabolically labile esters, which are capable of producing the parent compound of general formula (I) in vivo, are within the scope of this invention.
• one of the starting materials or compounds of formula (I) contain one or more functional groups which are not stable or are reactive under the reaction conditions of one or more reaction steps
• appropriate protecting groups as described e.g. in “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry” by T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3 rd Ed., 1999, Wiley, New York
• Such protecting groups can be removed at a later stage of the synthesis using standard methods described in the literature.
• protecting groups are tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate (Teoc), carbobenzyloxy (Cbz) and p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl (Moz).
• the compound of formula (I) can contain several asymmetric centers and can be present in the form of optically pure enantiomers, mixtures of enantiomers such as, for example, racemates, mixtures of diastereoisomers, diastereoisomeric racemates or mixtures of diastereoisomeric racemates.
• asymmetric carbon atom means a carbon atom with four different substituents. According to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Convention an asymmetric carbon atom can be of the “R” or “S” configuration.
• the invention thus relates in particular to:
• R 2 is cyclopropylmethoxy, propyloxy, fluoroethoxy, trifluoroethoxy or difluoropyrrolidinyl;
• R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl;
• R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, butyl, cyclopropyl and cyclopropylmethyl;
• R 6 is aminocarbonyl, 5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl, hydroxyalkyl or alkylaminocarbonyl
• R 6 is aminocarbonyl, 5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl, hydroxymethyl or methylaminocarbonyl
• R 7 is (aminocarbonyl)(difluoro)pyrrolidinyl
• R 8 is 3-tert.butyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl, 5-tert.butyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl or 5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl.
• the invention further relates to a compound of formula (I) selected from
• the invention also relates to a compound of formula (I) selected from
• the preparation of the compound of formula (I) of the present invention may be carried out in sequential or convergent synthetic routes. Syntheses of the compounds of the invention are shown in the following schemes. The skills required for carrying out the reactions and purifications of the resulting products are known to those skilled in the art. The substituents and indices used in the following description of the processes have the significance given herein before unless indicated to the contrary.
• the compoundsof formula (I) can be manufactured by the methods given below, by the methods given in the examples or by analogous methods. Appropriate reaction conditions for the individual reaction steps are known to a person skilled in the art.
• the time required for the reaction may also vary widely, depending on many factors, notably the reaction temperature and the nature of the reagents. However, a period of from 0.5 h to several days will usually suffice to yield the described intermediates and compounds.
• the reaction sequence is not limited to the one displayed in the schemes, however, depending on the starting materials and their respective reactivity the sequence of reaction steps can be freely altered. Starting materials are either commercially available or can be prepared by methods analogous to the methods given below, by methods described in references cited in the description or in the examples, or by methods known in the art.
• the compounds of the present invention can be prepared, for example, by the general synthetic procedures described below.
• R 1 -R 8 have the meaning as defined above unless indicated otherwise.
• compound AA can be used as starting material (R ⁇ H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl or another suitable protecting group described for example in T. W. Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York 1999, 3 rd edition).
• AA is either commercially available, described in the literature, can be synthesized by a person skilled in the art or as described in the experimental part.
• a base for example potassium carbonate
• a solvent such as DMF
• Compound I can be prepared from acid AD and the corresponding amine NH 2 -R 3′ AE (NH 2 —R 3′ is NH 2 —C(R 4 R 5 )—R 6 or H—R 7 ) by suitable amide bond forming reactions (step c). These reactions are known in the art.
• coupling reagents like N,N′-carbonyl-diimidazole (CDI), N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI), 1-[bis(dimethylamino)-methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium-3-oxide hexafluorophosphate (HATU), 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazole (HOBT), O-benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU), and O-benzotriazole-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-uronium-hexafluoro-phosphate (HBTU) can be employed to affect such transformation.
• CDI N,N′-carbonyl-diimi
• HBTU and a base for example N-methylmorpholine in an inert solvent such as for example dimethylformamide at room temperature.
• Amines AE are either commercially available, described in the literature, can be synthesized by a person skilled in the art or as described in the experimental part.
• compound AF can be used as starting material (R ⁇ H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl or another suitable protecting group described for example in T. W. Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York 1999, 3 rd edition).
• AF is either commercially available, described in the literature, can be synthesized by a person skilled in the art or as described in the experimental part.
• a base for example potassium carbonate
• a solvent such as DMF
• Conversion of compound AG to compound AC can be prepared by coupling a suitably substituted cycloalkyl metal species R 1 -M AH (e.g. a trifluoroborate [BF 3 ] ⁇ K + , a boronic acid B(OH) 2 or a boronic acid pinacol ester) in the presence of a suitable catalyst, in particular a palladium catalyst and more particularly palladium(II)acetate/triphenylphosphine or butyl-1-adamantylphosphin mixtures and a base such as cesium carbonate in in an inert solvent mixture like toluene/water preferably at the reflux temperature of the solvent mixture (step d).
• a suitably substituted cycloalkyl metal species R 1 -M AH e.g. a trifluoroborate [BF 3 ] ⁇ K + , a boronic acid B(OH) 2 or a boronic acid pinacol ester
• a suitable catalyst in particular
• compound AG can be converted to amino derivatives AC by treatment with an amine R 1 -M AH (M is H) applying methods well known in the art (step d), for example using a palladium promoted amination reaction with palladium(II)acetate/2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl as the catalyst system in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate in dioxane under reflux conditions.
• M is H
• step d for example using a palladium promoted amination reaction with palladium(II)acetate/2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl as the catalyst system in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate in dioxane under reflux conditions.
• one of the starting materials compounds of formulae AA, AB, AE, AF or AH, contains one or more functional groups which are not stable or are reactive under the reaction conditions of one or more reaction steps
• appropriate protecting groups P
• protecting groups can be introduced before the critical step applying methods well known in the art.
• Such protecting groups can be removed at a later stage of the synthesis using standard methods known in the art.
• phenyls of formula I can be obtained as mixtures of diastereomers or enantiomers, which can be separated by methods well known in the art, e.g. (chiral) HPLC or crystallization. Racemic compounds can e.g. be separated into their antipodes via diastereomeric salts by crystallization or by separation of the antipodes by specific chromatographic methods using either a chiral adsorbent or a chiral eluent.
• compound BA can be used as starting material (Y ⁇ Br, I; R ⁇ H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl or another suitable protecting group described for example in T. W. Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York 1999, 3 rd edition).
• BA is either commercially available, described in the literature, can be synthesized by a person skilled in the art or as described in the experimental part.
• R 1 -M AH e.g. a trifluoroborate [BF 3 ] ⁇ K + , a boronic acid B(OH) 2 or a boronic acid pinacol ester
• bromine BC (step b).
• Compound BE can be prepared from BC by coupling a suitably substituted aryl or heteroaryl metal species R 2 -M of formula BD (step c), e.g. an organotrifluoroborate potassium salt in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as palladium(II)acetate/butyl-1-adamantylphosphine and a base such as cesium carbonate in an inert solvent such as toluene at temperatures between 50° C.
• a palladium catalyst such as palladium(II)acetate/butyl-1-adamantylphosphine
• a base such as cesium carbonate
• a suitable catalyst in particular a palladium catalyst and more particularly palladium(II)acetate/triphenylphosphine mixtures or palladium(II)chloride-dppf (1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) complexes and a base such as triethylamine, sodium carbonate or potassium phosphate in an inert solvent such as dimethylformamide, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile or dimethoxyethane.
• a suitable catalyst in particular a palladium catalyst and more particularly palladium(II)acetate/triphenylphosphine mixtures or palladium(II)chloride-dppf (1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) complexes and a base such as triethylamine, sodium carbonate or potassium phosphate in an inert solvent such as dimethylformamide, toluene,
• a palladium catalyst such as tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium/dimethylbisdiphenyl-phosphinoxanthene
• a base such as cesium carbonate
• a solvent such as 1,4-dioxane
• Compound I can be prepared from acid BF and the corresponding amine NH 2 —R 3′ AE (NH 2 —R 3′ is NH 2 —C(R 4 R 5 )—R 6 or H—R 7 ) by suitable amide bond forming reactions (step e). These reactions are known in the art.
• coupling reagents like N,N′-carbonyl-diimidazole (CDI), N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI), 1-[bis(dimethylamino)-methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium-3-oxide hexafluorophosphate (HATU), 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazole (HOBT), O-benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N′N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU), and O-benzotriazole-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-uronium-hexafluoro-phosphate (HBTU) can be employed to affect such transformation.
• CDI N,N′-carbonyl-diimid
• HBTU and a base for example N-methylmorpholine in an inert solvent such as for example dimethylformamide at room temperature.
• Amines AE are either commercially available, described in the literature, can be synthesized by a person skilled in the art or as described in the experimental part.
• protecting groups as described e.g. in T. W. Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York 1999, 3 rd edition
• P protecting groups
• phenyls of formula I can be obtained as mixtures of diastereomers or enantiomers, which can be separated by methods well known in the art, e.g. (chiral) HPLC or crystallization. Racemic compounds can e.g. be separated into their antipodes via diastereomeric salts by crystallization or by separation of the antipodes by specific chromatographic methods using either a chiral adsorbent or a chiral eluent.
• CA is either commercially available, described in the literature, can be synthesized by a person skilled in the art or as described in the experimental part.
• Compound CB can be obtained by reacting nitrile CA with hydroxylamine applying methods well know to a person skilled in the art (step a), e.g. via reaction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate in a solvent such as ethanol at temperatures between 0° C. and the the reflux temperature of the solvent, preferentially at ambient temperature.
• step a e.g. via reaction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate in a solvent such as ethanol at temperatures between 0° C. and the the reflux temperature of the solvent, preferentially at ambient temperature.
• protecting groups as described e.g. in T. W. Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York 1999, 3 rd edition
• P protecting groups
• phenyls of formula I can be obtained as mixtures of diastereomers or enantiomers, which can be separated by methods well known in the art, e.g. (chiral) HPLC or crystallization. Racemic compounds can e.g. be separated into their antipodes via diastereomeric salts by crystallization or by separation of the antipodes by specific chromatographic methods using either a chiral adsorbent or a chiral eluent.
• R methyl or another suitable protecting group described for example in T. W. Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York 1999, 3 rd edition).
• DA is either commercially available, described in the literature, can be synthesized by a person skilled in the art or as described in the experimental part.
• Compound DB can be prepared from DA by treatment with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of base such as triethylamine in a solvent such as ethanol similarly to the procedure described in step a of scheme 3 (step a).
• a high boiling point solvent such as DMF
• Conversion of compound DD to compound DE can be prepared by coupling a suitably substituted cycloalkyl metal species R 1 -M AH (e.g. a trifluoroborate [BF 3 ] ⁇ K + , a boronic acid B(OH) 2 or a boronic acid pinacol ester) in the presence of a suitable catalyst, in particular a palladium catalyst and more particularly palladium(II)acetate/triphenylphosphine or butyl-1-adamantylphosphin mixtures and a base such as cesium carbonate in in an inert solvent mixture like toluene/water preferably at the reflux temperature of the solvent mixture (step c).
• a suitably substituted cycloalkyl metal species R 1 -M AH e.g. a trifluoroborate [BF 3 ] ⁇ K + , a boronic acid B(OH) 2 or a boronic acid pinacol ester
• a suitable catalyst in
• compound DD can be converted to amino derivatives DE by treatment with an amine R 1 -M AH (M is H) applying methods well known in the art (step c), for example using a palladium promoted amination reaction with palladium(II)acetate/2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl as the catalyst system in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate in dioxane under reflux conditions.
• M is H
• step c for example using a palladium promoted amination reaction with palladium(II)acetate/2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl as the catalyst system in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate in dioxane under reflux conditions.
• Compound DE can be converted to the corresponding phenol compound DF applying deprotection methods known to a person skilled in the art, such as strong Lewis acids (e.g. BBr 3 ) in a suitable solvent like dichloromethane at room temperature for R equal to methyl (step d).
• deprotection methods known to a person skilled in the art, such as strong Lewis acids (e.g. BBr 3 ) in a suitable solvent like dichloromethane at room temperature for R equal to methyl (step d).
• a base for example potassium carbonate
• a solvent such as DMF
• protecting groups as described e.g. in T. W. Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York 1999, 3 rd edition
• P protecting groups
• phenyls of formula I can be obtained as mixtures of diastereomers or enantiomers, which can be separated by methods well known in the art, e.g. (chiral) HPLC or crystallization. Racemic compounds can e.g. be separated into their antipodes via diastereomeric salts by crystallization or by separation of the antipodes by specific chromatographic methods using either a chiral adsorbent or a chiral eluent.
• the invention thus also relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I), comprising one of the following steps:
• the coupling agent is for example N,N′-carbonyl-diimidazole (CDI), N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl carb odiimide hydrochloride (EDCI), 1-[bis(dimethylamino)-methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium-3-oxide hexafluorophosphate (HATU), 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazole (HOBT), O-benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU) or O-benzotriazole-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-uronium-hexafluoro-phosphate (HBTU).
• the base is for example N-methylmorpholine.
• step (d) the leaving group is for example chlorine or bromine.
• the invention also relates to a compound of formula (I) when manufactured according to a process of the invention.
• the invention also relates in particular to:
• a compound of formula (I) for use as therapeutically active substance is a compound of formula (I) for use as therapeutically active substance
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) and a therapeutically inert carrier;
• a compound of formula (I) for the treatment or prophylaxis of pain, atherosclerosis, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, retinal vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, ocular ischemic syndrome, geographic atrophy, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury, acute liver failure, liver fibrosis, lung fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, systemic fibrosis, acute allograft rejection, chronic allograft nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephropathy, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, systemic sclerosis, thermal injury, burning, hypertrophic scars, keloids, gingivitis pyrexia, liver cirrhosis or tumors, regulation of bone mass, neurodegeneration, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, transient ischemic attack
• a compound according of formula (I) for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of pain, atherosclerosis, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, retinal vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, ocular ischemic syndrome, geographic atrophy, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury, acute liver failure, liver fibrosis, lung fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, systemic fibrosis, acute allograft rejection, chronic allograft nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephropathy, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, systemic sclerosis, thermal injury, burning, hypertrophic scars, keloids, gingivitis pyrexia, liver cirrhosis or tumors, regulation of bone mass, neurodegeneration, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
• the invention particularly relates to a compound of formula (I) for the treatment or prophylaxis of ischemia, reperfusion injury, liver fibrosis or kidney fibrosis, in particular ischemia or reperfusion injury.
• the invention further particularly relates to a compound of formula (I) for the treatment or prophylaxis of diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion or uveitis.
• the invention is further directed to a compound of formula (I), when manufactured according to a process according to the invention.
• the compound of formula (I) may be formulated by mixing at ambient temperature at the appropriate pH, and at the desired degree of purity, with physiologically acceptable carriers, i.e., carriers that are non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed into a galenical administration form.
• physiologically acceptable carriers i.e., carriers that are non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed into a galenical administration form.
• the pH of the formulation depends mainly on the particular use and the concentration of compound, but preferably ranges anywhere from about 3 to about 8.
• a compound of formula (I) is formulated in an acetate buffer, at pH 5.
• the compound of formula (I) is sterile.
• the compound may be stored, for example, as a solid or amorphous composition, as a lyophilized formulation or as an aqueous solution.
• compositions are formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medical practice.
• Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered by any suitable means, including oral, topical (including buccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginal, transdermal, parenteral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intrapulmonary, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural and intranasal, and, if desired for local treatment, intralesional administration.
• Parenteral infusions include intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous administration.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered in particular by intravitreal administration.
• the compounds of the present invention may be administered in any convenient administrative form, e.g., tablets, powders, capsules, solutions, dispersions, suspensions, syrups, sprays, suppositories, gels, emulsions, patches, etc.
• Such compositions may contain components conventional in pharmaceutical preparations, e.g., diluents, carriers, pH modifiers, sweeteners, bulking agents, and further active agents.
• a typical formulation is prepared by mixing a compound of the present invention and a carrier or excipient.
• Suitable carriers and excipients are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in detail in, e.g., Ansel, Howard C., et al., Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2004; Gennaro, Alfonso R., et al. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2000; and Rowe, Raymond C. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. Chicago, Pharmaceutical Press, 2005.
• the formulations may also include one or more buffers, stabilizing agents, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opaquing agents, glidants, processing aids, colorants, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavoring agents, diluents and other known additives to provide an elegant presentation of the drug (i.e., a compound of the present invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof) or aid in the manufacturing of the pharmaceutical product (i.e., medicament).
• buffers stabilizing agents, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opaquing agents, glidants, processing aids, colorants, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavoring agents, diluents and other known additives to provide an elegant presentation of the drug (i.e., a compound of the present invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof) or aid in the manufacturing
• the title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 3d, using 4-cyclopropyl-3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzoic acid and 2-(thiazol-2-yl)propan-2-amine (CAN 1082393-38-1) as starting materials.
• the reaction mixture was poured into 20 mL ice/water, extracted with iPrOAc (2 ⁇ 30 ml) and washed with 20 mL ice/water/brine.
• the organic layers were combined, dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated in vacuo to give 29 mg of a light yellow solid.
• the crude material was purified by prep.
• the title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 3d, using 4-cyclopropyl-3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzoic acid and ethyl 2-amino-2-ethylbutanoate hydrochloride (CAN 1135219-29-2) as starting materials.
• the reaction mixture was stirred for 4 days at ambient temperature, poured onto 1 M HCl/ice/water/brine (25 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 30 mL). The organic layers were combined and washed with ice/water/brine (25 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated in vacuo to give 122 mg of a yellow solid.
• the crude material was purified by prep.
• Example 10d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 10d, using 3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(3,3-difluoroazetidin-1-yl)benzoic acid (Example 10c) and 1-(5-amino-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-1-methyl-ethyl-ammonium chloride (CAN 1415899-80-7) as starting materials.
• the crude reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was stirred with EtOAc (3 mL). 2N NaOH was added. Methanol (1 mL) was added to the EtOAc layer to dissolve the solid after separation. The organic phase was dried with Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo.
• the crude product was stirred with EtOAc at reflux and slowly cooled to room temperature. The precipitating title compound was collected by filtration. MS: 408.18 [M+H] + .
• Example 10c 3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(3,3-difluoroazetidin-1-yl)benzoic acid (Example 10c) and (S)-2-amino-N,4-dimethylpentanamide hydrochloride (CAN 99145-71-8) as starting materials.
• the crude product was concentrated in vacuo (high vacuum, 40° C.).
• the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (3 mL). 2N NaOH was added.
• the mixture was stirred for 1 minute and poured into a 10 g Varian chemElut-column. After 10 minutes the column was washed with EtOAc (40 mL).
• Example 10c 3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(3,3-difluoroazetidin-1-yl)benzoic acid (Example 10c) and (S)-2-amino-4-methylpentan-1-ol (CAN 7533-40-6) as starting materials.
• the crude mixture was concentrated in vacuo (high vac., 40° C.).
• the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (3 mL). 2N NaOH was added.
• the solution was stirred 1 minute and poured into a 10 g Varian chemElut-column. After 10 minutes the column was washed with EtOAc (40 mL).
• Example 3d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 3d, using 4-cyclopropyl-3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 3c) and 2-(3-amino-oxetan-3-yl)-acetamide (CAN 1417638-25-5) as starting materials in the presence of DIEA in THF.
• the reaction mixture was poured onto ice/water/1N HCl (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 40 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with ice/water (20 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated in vacuo to give 22 mg of a white solid.
• Example 3d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 3d, using 4-cyclopropyl-3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 3c) and (2S)-4,4-difluoroprolinamide (CAN 719267-96-6) as starting materials in the presence of DIEA in THF.
• the reaction mixture was stirred for Iday at ambient temperature.
• the reaction mixture was poured onto ice/water/1N HCl (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 40 mL). The combined extracts were washed with ice/water (20 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated in vacuo to give 11 mg of a colorless oil.
• Example 3d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 3d, using 4-cyclopropyl-3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 3c) and 2-amino-2-ethylbutyramide hydrochloride (CAN 17704-75-5) as starting materials in the presence of DIEA in THF.
• the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 days at ambient temperature, poured onto ice/water/1N HCl (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 40 mL). The combined extracts were washed with ice/water (20 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated in vacuo to give 24 mg of a white solid.
• the crude material was purified by prep.
• Example 3d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 3d, using 4-cyclopropyl-3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 3c) and (S)-2-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1-(methylsulfonyl)propan-2-amine (CAN 1613239-21-6) as starting materials in the presence of DIEA in dioxane.
• the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 d at ambient temperature, poured onto ice/0.1N HCl (25 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 25 mL).
• Example 3d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 3d, using 4-cyclopropyl-3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 3c) and (R)-2-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1-(methylsulfonyl)propan-2-amine (CAN 1613239-20-5) as starting materials in the presence of DIEA in dioxane.
• the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 d at ambient temperature, poured onto ice/0.1N HCl (25 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 25 mL). The combined extracts were washed with ice/water/brine (25 mL) to pH 6, dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Example 3d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 3d, using 4-cyclopropyl-3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 3c) and 5-azaspiro[2.4]heptane-6-carboxamide hydrochloride (CAN 1613115-26-6) as starting materials in the presence of DIEA in dioxane.
• the reaction mixture was stirred for 4 days at ambient temperature, poured onto ice/0.1N HCl (25 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 25 mL). The combined extracts were washed with ice/water/brine (25 mL) to pH 6, dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Example 23d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 23e, using 5-(5-tert-butyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-2-cyclopropylphenol (Example 23d) and 2,2-difluoroethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (CAN 74427-22-8) as starting materials to give a colorless viscous oil.
• MS (ESI) m/e 323.3 [M+H] + .
• Example 25d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 25d, using 4-cyclopropyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 25c) and 1,2,4-oxadiazole-3-methanamine, ⁇ -(cyclopropylmethyl)- ⁇ ,5-dimethyl-, hydrochloride (CAN 1415900-39-8) as starting materials.
• the enantiomers were separated by chiral prep. HPLC to give the title compound.
• MS (ESI) m/e 424.3 [M+H] + .
• Example 25d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 25d, using 4-cyclopropyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 25c) and 2-(3-amino-1,1-dioxo-thietan-3-yl)acetamide (CAN 1613239-56-7) as starting materials.
• the crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using a gradient of heptane/ethyl acetate to afford the title compound.
• MS (ESI) m/e 421.2 [M+H] + .
• Example 25d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 25d, using 4-cyclopropyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 25c) and (R)-2-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1-(methylsulfonyl)propan-2-amine (CAN 1613239-20-5) as starting materials.
• the crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using a gradient of heptane/ethyl acetate to afford the title compound.
• MS (ESI) m/e 462.2 [M+H] + .
• Example 25d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 25d, using 4-cyclopropyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 25c) and (S)-2-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1-(methylsulfonyl)propan-2-amine (CAN 1613239-21-6) as starting materials.
• the crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using a gradient of heptane/ethyl acetate to afford the title compound.
• MS (ESI) m/e 462.2 [M+H] + .
• Example 23d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 23e, using 5-(5-tert-butyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-2-cyclopropylphenol (Example 23d) and 1-fluoro-2-iodoethane (CAN 762-51-6) as starting materials.
• MS (ESI) m/e 305.2 [M+H] + .
• Example 25d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 25d, using 4-cyclopropyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 25c) and 3-amino-3-cyclopropyl-butanamide (CAN 1534510-01-4) as starting materials.
• Example 25d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 25d, using 4-cyclopropyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 25c) and 3-amino-3-cyclopropyl-butanamide (CAN 1534510-01-4) as starting materials.
• Methyl 4-bromo-3-(propan-2-yloxy)benzoate (3 g, 10.98 mmol), cyclopropylboronic acid (1.2 g, 14.27 mmol) and K 3 PO 4 (5.83 g, 27.45 mmol) were dissolved in tolene-water (60 mL/2.5 mL) and the mixture was degassed with nitrogen for 30 min.
• Palladium(II)acetate 250 mg, 1.09 mmol
• tricyclohexylphosphine (308 mg, 1.09 mmol
• reaction mixture was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 ⁇ 100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to get crude product which was purified by combiflash column chromatography using 15% ethyl acetate in hexane as eluents to get the title compound (2 g, 78%) as light yellow liquid.
• Example 37d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(propan-2-yloxy)benzoic acid (Example 37c; 110 mg, 0.5 mmol) and (2S)-1-Cyclopropyl-2-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)propan-2-amine hydrochloride (109 mg, 0.5 mmol) as off white solid (46 mg, 24%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 384.1 [M+H] + .
• Example 33 The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 33; 100 mg, 0.45 mmol) and (2S)-2-amino-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamide (CAN 89226-12-0; 66.5 mg, 0.46 mmol) as off white solid (110 mg, 70%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 350.9 [M+H] + .
• Example 33 The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 33; 100 mg, 0.45 mmol) and (2S)-4,4-difluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (CAN 426844-51-1; 86 mg, 0.46 mmol) as off white solid (63 mg, 46%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 356.9 [M+H] + .
• Example 25c The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 25c; 100 mg, 0.38 mmol) and (2S)-2-amino-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamide (CAN 89226-12-0; 67 g, 0.46 mmol) as off white solid (49 mg, 70%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 386.8 [M+H] + .
• Example 25c 4-cyclopropyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid
• Example 25c 100 mg, 0.38 mmol
• (2S)-4,4-difluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride CAN 426844-51-1; 86.1 mg, 0.46 mmol
• MS (ESI) m/e 393.1 [M+H] + .
• Example 37d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(propan-2-yloxy)benzoic acid (Example 37c; 100 mg, 0.45 mmol) and (3S)-3-amino-3-cyclopropylbutanamide hydrochloride (97 mg, 0.54 mmol) as off white solid (56 mg, 36%).
• (3S)-3-Amino-3-cyclopropylbutanamide hydrochloride was prepared in analogy to 3-cyclopropyl-3-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfinyl)amino]butanoic acid (CAN 1534510-01-4) starting from (R)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (CAN 196929-78-9) and 1-cyclopropyl-ethanone (CAN 765-43-5).
• MS (ESI) m/e 345.0 [M+H] + .
• Example 37d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(propan-2-yloxy)benzoic acid (Example 37c; 100 mg, 0.45 mmol) and (3R)-3-amino-3-cyclopropylbutanamide hydrochloride (97 mg, 0.54 mmol) as off white solid (45 mg, 29%).
• Example 33 The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 33; 100 mg, 0.45 mmol) and (3R)-3-amino-3-cyclopropylbutanamide hydrochloride (Example 44; 96 mg, 0.54 mmol) as off white solid (60 mg, 39%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 348.8 [M+H] + .
• Example 37d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(propan-2-yloxy)benzoic acid (Example 37c; 100 mg, 0.45 mmol) and (2S)-4,4-difluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (CAN 426844-51-1; 102 mg, 0.54 mmol) as off white solid (18 mg, 11%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 353.1 [M+H] + .
• Example 37d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(propan-2-yloxy)benzoic acid (Example 37c; 110 mg, 0.5 mmol) and (2R)-1-cyclopropyl-2-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)propan-2-amine hydrochloride (109 mg, 0.5 mmol) as off white solid (31 mg, 16%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 383.9 [M+H] + .
• Example 49c The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)benzoic acid (110 mg, 0.43 mmol) and (2R)-1-cyclopropyl-2-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)propan-2-amine hydrochloride (Example 49c; 93 mg, 0.43 mmol) as off white solid (62 mg, 34%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 421.0 [M+H] + .
• Example 50b 4-cyclopropyl-3-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)benzoic acid
• Example 50b 80 mg, 0.31 mmol
• (3R)-3-amino-3-cyclopropylbutanamide hydrochloride Example 44; 67 mg, 0.37 mmol
• MS (ESI) m/e 381.9 [M+H] + .
• Example 33 The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 33; 100 mg, 0.45 mmol) and (3S)-3-amino-3-cyclopropylbutanamide hydrochloride (Example 43; 96 mg, 0.53 mmol) as off white solid (75 mg, 42%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 349.2 [M+H] + .
• Example 55b The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzoic acid (Example 55b; 80 mg, 0.33 mmol) and (2S)-2-amino-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamide (CAN 89226-12-0; 57 g, 0.39 mmol) as off white solid (72 mg, 59%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 369.2 [M+H] + .
• Example 50b The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)benzoic acid (Example 50b; 100 mg, 0.39 mmol) and (2S)-4,4-difluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (CAN 426844-51-1; 87 mg, 0.46 mmol) as off white solid (65 mg, 43%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 390.1 [M+H] + .
• Example 50b The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)benzoic acid (Example 50b; 100 mg, 0.39 mmol) and (2S)-2-amino-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamide (CAN 89226-12-0; 67 mg, 0.46 mmol) as off white solid (70 mg, 47%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 384.2 [M+H] + .
• Example 38h The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzoic acid (Example 55b; 110 mg, 0.45 mmol) and (2S)-1-cyclopropyl-2-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)propan-2-amine hydrochloride (Example 38h; 99 mg, 0.45 mmol) as off white solid (73 mg, 40%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 404.2 [M ⁇ H] ⁇ .
• Example 50b The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)benzoic acid (Example 50b; 110 mg, 0.43 mmol) and (2S)-1-cyclopropyl-2-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)propan-2-amine hydrochloride (Example 38h; 93 mg, 0.43 mmol) as off white solid (49 mg, 27%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 420.9 [M+H] + .
• Example 43 The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(3,3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)benzoic acid (60 mg, 0.22 mmol) and (3S)-3-amino-3-cyclopropylbutanamide hydrochloride (Example 43; 40 mg, 0.22 mmol) as off white solid (24 mg, 27%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 391.7 [M+H] + .
• Example 49c The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(3,3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)benzoic acid (60 mg, 0.22 mmol) and (2R)-1-cyclopropyl-2-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)propan-2-amine hydrochloride (Example 49c; 49 mg, 0.22 mmol) as off white solid (35 mg, 36%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 428.8 [M ⁇ H] ⁇ .
• Example 38h The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 37d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(3,3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)benzoic acid (65 mg, 0.24 mmol) and (2S)-1-cyclopropyl-2-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)propan-2-amine hydrochloride (Example 38h; 63 mg, 0.3 mmol) as off white solid (44 mg, 42%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 431.2 [M+H] + .
• Example 67d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to the procedure described in Example 67d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(propan-2-yloxy)benzoic acid (Example 37c; 174 mg, 0.79 mmol) and crude 2-amino-2-(3-methyloxetan-3-yl)acetonitrile (Example 67c; 200 mg, 1.58 mmol) as off white solid (250 mg, 48%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 329.0 [M+H] + .
• Example 67d The title compound was synthesized in analogy to the procedure described in Example 67d from 4-cyclopropyl-3-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzoic acid (Example 33; 240 mg, 1.07 mmol) and crude 2-amino-2-(3-methyloxetan-3-yl)acetonitrile (Example 67c; 270 mg, 1.07 mmol) as off white solid (250 mg, 35%).
• MS (ESI) m/e 333.1 [M+H] + .
• the affinity of the compounds of the invention for cannabinoid CB1 receptors was determined using recommended amounts of membrane preparations (PerkinElmer) of human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells expressing the human CNR1 or CNR2 receptors in conjunction with 1.5 or 2.6 nM [3H]-CP-55,940 (Perkin Elmer) as radioligand, respectively.
• Binding was performed in binding buffer (50 mM Tris, 5 mM MgCl2, 2.5 mM EDTA, and 0.5% (wt/vol) fatty acid free BSA, pH 7.4 for CB1 receptor and 50 mM Tris, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 2.5 mM EGTA, and 0.1% (wt/vol) fatty acid free BSA, pH 7.4 for CB2 receptor) in a total volume of 0.2 ml for 1 h at 30° C. shaking.
• the reaction was terminated by rapid filtration through microfiltration plates coated with 0.5% polyethylenimine (UniFilter GF/B filter plate; Packard).
• Bound radioactivity was analyzed for Ki using nonlinear regression analysis (Activity Base, ID Business Solution, Limited), with the Kd values for [3H]CP55,940 determined from saturation experiments.
• the compounds of formula (I) show an excellent affinity for the CB2 receptor with affinities below 10 ⁇ M, more particularly of 1 nM to 3 ⁇ M and most particularly of 1 nM to 100 nM.
• CHO cells expressing human CB1 or CB2 receptors are seeded 17-24 hours prior to the experiment 50.000 cells per well in a black 96 well plate with flat clear bottom (Corning Costar #3904) in DMEM (Invitrogen No. 31331), lx HT supplement, with 10% fetal calf serum and incubated at 5% CO 2 and 37° C. in a humidified incubator.
• the growth medium was exchanged with Krebs Ringer Bicarbonate buffer with 1 mM IBMX and incubated at 30° C. for 30 min. Compounds were added to a final assay volume of 100 ⁇ l and incubated for 30 min at 30° C.
• the assay (Roche Diagnostics) was stopped by the addition of 50 ⁇ l lysis reagent (Tris, NaCl, 1.5% Triton X100, 2.5% NP40, 10% NaN 3 ) and 50 ⁇ l detection solutions (20 ⁇ M mAb Alexa700-cAMP 1:1, and 48 ⁇ M Ruthenium-2-AHA-cAMP) and shaken for 2 h at room temperature.
• 50 ⁇ l lysis reagent Tris, NaCl, 1.5% Triton X100, 2.5% NP40, 10% NaN 3
• 50 ⁇ l detection solutions (20 ⁇ M mAb Alexa700-cAMP 1:1, and 48 ⁇ M Ruthenium-2-AHA-cAMP) and shaken for 2 h at room temperature.
• the time-resolved energy transfer is measured by a TRF reader (Evotec Technologies GmbH), equipped with a ND:YAG laser as excitation source.
• the plate is measured twice with the excitation at 355 nm and at the emission with a delay of 100 ns and a gate of 100 ns, total exposure time 10 s at 730 (bandwidth 30 nm) or 645 nm (bandwidth 75 nm), respectively.
• cAMP content is determined from the function of a standard curve spanning from 10 ⁇ M to 0.13 nM cAMP.
• EC 50 values were determined using Activity Base analysis (ID Business Solution, Limited). The EC 50 values for a wide range of cannabinoid agonists generated from this assay were in agreement with the values published in the scientific literature.
• the compounds of the invention are CB2 agonists with EC 50 below 0.5 ⁇ M and selectivity versus CB1 in the corresponding assay of at least 10 fold.
• Particular compound of the invention are CB2 agonists with EC 50 below 0.05 ⁇ M and selectivity versus CB1 in the corresponding assay of at least 500 fold.
• Film coated tablets containing the following ingredients can be manufactured in a conventional manner:
• Kernel Compound of formula (I) 10.0 mg 200.0 mg Microcrystalline cellulose 23.5 mg 43.5 mg Lactose hydrous 60.0 mg 70.0 mg Povidone K30 12.5 mg 15.0 mg Sodium starch glycolate 12.5 mg 17.0 mg Magnesium stearate 1.5 mg 4.5 mg (Kernel Weight) 120.0 mg 350.0 mg Film Coat: Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose 3.5 mg 7.0 mg Polyethylene glycol 6000 0.8 mg 1.6 mg Talc 1.3 mg 2.6 mg Iron oxide (yellow) 0.8 mg 1.6 mg Titan dioxide 0.8 mg 1.6 mg
• the active ingredient is sieved and mixed with microcrystalline cellulose and the mixture is granulated with a solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone in water. The granulate is then mixed with sodium starch glycolate and magnesium stearate and compressed to yield kernels of 120 or 350 mg respectively. The kernels are lacquered with an aq. solution/suspension of the above mentioned film coat.
• Capsules containing the following ingredients can be manufactured in a conventional manner:
• the components are sieved and mixed and filled into capsules of size 2.
• Injection solutions can have the following composition:
• the active ingredient is dissolved in a mixture of Polyethylene glycol 400 and water for injection (part).
• the pH is adjusted to 5.0 by addition of acetic acid.
• the volume is adjusted to 1.0 ml by addition of the residual amount of water.
• the solution is filtered, filled into vials using an appropriate overage and sterilized.

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