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US20130337109A1 - Saccharide polycondensate, method for producing the same, and application therefor - Google Patents

Saccharide polycondensate, method for producing the same, and application therefor Download PDF

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Publication number
US20130337109A1
US20130337109A1 US13/997,878 US201113997878A US2013337109A1 US 20130337109 A1 US20130337109 A1 US 20130337109A1 US 201113997878 A US201113997878 A US 201113997878A US 2013337109 A1 US2013337109 A1 US 2013337109A1
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Prior art keywords
saccharide
saccharide polycondensate
beverage
polycondensate
product
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Inventor
Norihisa Hamaguchi
Hitoshi Takaguchi
Yoshinori Fujimoto
Yutaka Kimoto
Hirokazu Hirai
Masayasu Takada
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Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co Ltd
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Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co Ltd
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Assigned to NIHON SHOKUHIN KAKO CO., LTD. reassignment NIHON SHOKUHIN KAKO CO., LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FUJIMOTO, YOSHINORI, HIRAI, HIROKAZU, KIMOTO, YUTAKA, TAKAGUCHI, HITOSHI, HAMAGUCHI, NORIHISA, TAKADA, MASAYASU
Publication of US20130337109A1 publication Critical patent/US20130337109A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H3/00—Compounds containing only hydrogen atoms and saccharide radicals having only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
    • A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
    • A21D2/00—Treatment of flour or dough by adding materials thereto before or during baking
    • A21D2/08—Treatment of flour or dough by adding materials thereto before or during baking by adding organic substances
    • A21D2/14—Organic oxygen compounds
    • A21D2/18—Carbohydrates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C13/00—Cream; Cream preparations; Making thereof
    • A23C13/12—Cream preparations
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
    • A23C9/12—Fermented milk preparations; Treatment using microorganisms or enzymes
    • A23C9/13—Fermented milk preparations; Treatment using microorganisms or enzymes using additives
    • A23C9/1307—Milk products or derivatives; Fruit or vegetable juices; Sugars, sugar alcohols, sweeteners; Oligosaccharides; Organic acids or salts thereof or acidifying agents; Flavours, dyes or pigments; Inert or aerosol gases; Carbonation methods
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
    • A23C9/152—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations containing additives
    • A23C9/154—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations containing additives containing thickening substances, eggs or cereal preparations; Milk gels
    • A23C9/1544—Non-acidified gels, e.g. custards, creams, desserts, puddings, shakes or foams, containing eggs or thickening or gelling agents other than sugar; Milk products containing natural or microbial polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose or cellulose derivatives; Milk products containing nutrient fibres
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
    • A23G3/00—Sweetmeats; Confectionery; Marzipan; Coated or filled products
    • A23G3/34—Sweetmeats, confectionery or marzipan; Processes for the preparation thereof
    • A23G3/36—Sweetmeats, confectionery or marzipan; Processes for the preparation thereof characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
    • A23G3/42—Sweetmeats, confectionery or marzipan; Processes for the preparation thereof characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds characterised by the carbohydrates used, e.g. polysaccharides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
    • A23G4/00—Chewing gum
    • A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
    • A23G4/10—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds characterised by the carbohydrates used, e.g. polysaccharides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
    • A23G9/00—Frozen sweets, e.g. ice confectionery, ice-cream; Mixtures therefor
    • A23G9/32—Frozen sweets, e.g. ice confectionery, ice-cream; Mixtures therefor characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
    • A23G9/34—Frozen sweets, e.g. ice confectionery, ice-cream; Mixtures therefor characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds characterised by carbohydrates used, e.g. polysaccharides
    • A23L1/3084—
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L15/00—Egg products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L15/30—Addition of substances other than those covered by A23L15/20 – A23L15/25
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Their preparation
    • A23L2/52—Adding ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Their preparation
    • A23L2/52—Adding ingredients
    • A23L2/56—Flavouring or bittering agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Their preparation
    • A23L2/52—Adding ingredients
    • A23L2/60—Sweeteners
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/20—Reducing nutritive value; Dietetic products with reduced nutritive value
    • A23L33/21—Addition of substantially indigestible substances, e.g. dietary fibres
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/20—Reducing nutritive value; Dietetic products with reduced nutritive value
    • A23L33/21—Addition of substantially indigestible substances, e.g. dietary fibres
    • A23L33/25—Synthetic polymers, e.g. vinylic or acrylic polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H1/00—Processes for the preparation of sugar derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H3/00—Compounds containing only hydrogen atoms and saccharide radicals having only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
    • C07H3/04—Disaccharides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H3/00—Compounds containing only hydrogen atoms and saccharide radicals having only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
    • C07H3/06—Oligosaccharides, i.e. having three to five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12C—BEER; PREPARATION OF BEER BY FERMENTATION; PREPARATION OF MALT FOR MAKING BEER; PREPARATION OF HOPS FOR MAKING BEER
    • C12C11/00—Fermentation processes for beer
    • C12C11/003—Fermentation of beerwort
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12C—BEER; PREPARATION OF BEER BY FERMENTATION; PREPARATION OF MALT FOR MAKING BEER; PREPARATION OF HOPS FOR MAKING BEER
    • C12C5/00—Other raw materials for the preparation of beer
    • C12C5/02—Additives for beer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12C—BEER; PREPARATION OF BEER BY FERMENTATION; PREPARATION OF MALT FOR MAKING BEER; PREPARATION OF HOPS FOR MAKING BEER
    • C12C5/00—Other raw materials for the preparation of beer
    • C12C5/02—Additives for beer
    • C12C5/026—Beer flavouring preparations

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a saccharide polycondensate and a method for producing the same, more particularly, to a saccharide polycondensate using activated carbon as a catalyst, and a method for producing the same and an application therefor.
  • Carbohydrate is one of three major nutrients and is a nutrient which is indispensable so as to support life, and it is indispensable to ingest carbohydrate so as to maintain biological activity.
  • Upon dawning age of excessive eating it has been required to control more calories than are necessary from the viewpoint of prevention of obesity as one of main causes of adult diseases. It is most effective way to control the total amount of foods ingested in the case of controlling calories, however, it is not easy to suppress an appetite for high calorie foods such as sweets. It is an effective way to allow foods to contain a “dietary fiber” so as to control calorie intake while satisfying the appetite.
  • polydextrose which is a polycondensate obtained by mixing a natural product of a hemicellulose fraction extracted from plants, glucose, sorbitol and citric acid or phosphoric acid at a given ratio and polymerizing the mixture at a high temperature under vacuum
  • pyrodextrin obtained by roasting starch in the presence of hydrochloric acid
  • indigestible dextrin obtained by modifying the pyrodextrin with a digestive enzyme and fractionating an enzyme-resistant fraction.
  • a plant extract has a problem because of its extraction efficiency, colorability, and excessively high viscosity in food processing, and the polydextrose and indigestible dextrin are now highly evaluated in the market.
  • the indigestible dextrin simultaneously causes hydrolysis by acid and thermal polycondensation by roasting of starch.
  • the indigestible dextrin is identical to polydextrose in that saccharide is polycondensed by acid and heat to form a high-molecular glucose polymer (polysaccharides). Frequently, such saccharide polycondensation is less likely to be cleaved by a digestive enzyme because of random bond.
  • a synthetic method of polysaccharides is roughly classified into a reverse hydrolysis reaction method, a melt method, a solid phase method, and a solvent method. It is considered that, even when using any method, the obtained product is low calorie sugar, which is free from structural regularity and is less likely to be decomposed by various decomposition enzymes as long as monosaccharides are used.
  • the melt method in which saccharide is melted at a temperature of a melting point or higher of the saccharide as a raw material, followed by dehydration polycondensation at a high temperature under vacuum or in an inert gas flow, is advantageous as compared with the above-mentioned methods because of its simple step, but has a problem in view of colorability.
  • Non Patent Literature 1 and Non Patent Literature 2 a sugar chain polymer can be prepared by a method in which a fluorinated sugar is used, or a method in which monosaccharides are subjected to a solid phase reaction together with an acid catalyst (phosphoric acid) (Non Patent Literature 1 and Non Patent Literature 2).
  • the present inventors have found that it is possible to obtain a saccharide polycondensate, which exhibits low coloration degree and high indigestibility, by carrying out a saccharide polycondensation reaction in the presence of activated carbon.
  • the present inventors have also found that saccharides in general can serve as a substrate of the saccharide polycondensation reaction by activated carbon.
  • the present inventors have further found that the obtained saccharide polycondensate enables masking of bad taste of a high intensity sweetener-containing beverage and imparting of body, and the obtained saccharide polycondensate enables imparting of body to a beer flavored beverage without imparting off-flavor.
  • the present invention is based on these findings.
  • the present invention is as follows.
  • a method for producing a saccharide polycondensate or a reduced product thereof which comprises polycondensing one or more saccharides or derivatives thereof in the presence of activated carbon.
  • the saccharide is selected from a monosaccharide, an oligosaccharide, and a polysaccharide.
  • a polycondensation reaction is carried out under normal or reduced pressure.
  • the food or beverage product according to (8) which further comprises a high intensity sweetener.
  • a method for producing a beer-flavored alcoholic beverage which comprises adding the saccharide polycondensate or the reduced product thereof or the saccharide polycondensate composition according to (7) to a wort or an unfermented liquid to carry out fermentation.
  • a method for producing a beer flavored alcoholic beverage which comprises adding the saccharide polycondensate or the reduced product thereof, or the saccharide polycondensate composition according to (7) to a fermented liquid.
  • a livestock feed which is obtained by adding thereto the saccharide polycondensate or the reduced product thereof, or the saccharide polycondensate composition according to (7).
  • activated carbon is used as a catalyst.
  • the activated carbon can be easily removed outside the system by a solid-liquid separation, and safety is recognized for use in foods, as the activated carbon is used as food additives. Therefore, according to the present invention, it is possible to simply produce a saccharide polycondensate, which is applicable to a food or beverage product as it is, at a low price.
  • the method for producing a saccharide polycondensate of the present invention it is also possible to produce a saccharide polycondensate, which has low coloration and is enriched with a dietary fiber fraction, in a single stage. Since the activated carbon can be removed outside the system by solid-liquid separation after the reaction, the saccharide polycondensate thus produced is neutral or weak acid and does not exhibit sourness. Therefore, the saccharide polycondensate produced by the production method of the present invention is useful as a dietary fiber which is usable as a substitute of saccharide in a food or beverage product.
  • the method for producing a saccharide polycondensate of the present invention it is also possible to use a hydrol, which is a centrifuged liquid formed in the case of producing a crystalline glucose, as a substrate of a saccharide polycondensation reaction. Since the hydrol contains impurities and moisture in a large amount as compared with a crystalline glucose, the coloration degree increases and flavor is impaired in the reaction method using a conventional acid catalyst such as hydrochloric acid or citric acid, and thus it was not preferred to use the hydrol. Namely, the production method of the present invention is advantageous from the viewpoint of recycling and reduction in costs of raw materials since it is possible to produce a dietary fiber, which is applicable to a food or beverage product, by using the hydrol which becomes industrial wastes.
  • a hydrol which is a centrifuged liquid formed in the case of producing a crystalline glucose
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the content of a dietary fiber in a saccharide polycondensate in case where activated carbon is used as a catalyst, and citric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and activated clay are used as catalysts, in a saccharide polycondensation reaction.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram showing coloration degree of a saccharide polycondensate in case where activated carbon is used as a catalyst, and citric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and activated clay are used as catalysts, in a saccharide polycondensation reaction.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a change in content of a dietary fiber in a saccharide polycondensate over time at each reaction temperature, in a saccharide polycondensation reaction in which a hydrol is used as a reaction substrate and activated carbon is used as a catalyst.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a change in content of a dietary fiber in a saccharide polycondensate over time at each reaction temperature, in a saccharide polycondensation reaction in which an anhydrous crystalline glucose is used as a reaction substrate and activated carbon is used as a catalyst.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a change in coloration degree over time of a saccharide polycondensate at each reaction temperature, in a saccharide polycondensation reaction in which a hydrol is used as a reaction substrate and activated carbon is used as a catalyst.
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a change in coloration degree over time of a saccharide polycondensate at each reaction temperature, in a saccharide polycondensation reaction in which an anhydrous crystalline glucose is used as a reaction substrate and activated carbon is used as a catalyst.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram in which the solubility of the present saccharide polycondensate in water is compared with that of other indigestible dietary fibers in water.
  • FIG. 8 is a diagram in which the solubility of the present saccharide polycondensate in ethanol is compared with that of other indigestible dietary fibers in ethanol.
  • saccharide polycondensation reaction In the production method of the present invention, a saccharide polycondensation reaction is carried out in the presence of activated carbon.
  • saccharide polycondensation reaction refers to a reaction in which saccharides mutually undergo polycondensation polymerization to obtain a saccharide polycondensate, and typically refers to a reaction in which hydroxyl groups of saccharide mutually undergo dehydration polycondensation.
  • the saccharide polycondensation reaction can be carried out by using one or more kinds of saccharides as substrates.
  • the saccharide which can be allowed to undergo a saccharide polycondensation reaction, is not specifically limited, and it is possible to use any of monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide, and a reduced product thereof.
  • saccharide polycondensate When it is intended to use the thus produced saccharide polycondensate in a food or beverage product, it is possible to use saccharide which can be used as a food or beverage product.
  • a derivative of saccharide can also be used as a substrate of a saccharide polycondensation reaction.
  • the derivative of saccharide include oxides such as saccharic acid; reduced products such as sugar alcohol; and modified products such as amino sugar, etherified sugar, halogenated sugar, and phosphorylated sugar.
  • Examples thereof include sorbitol, galactitol, mannitol, xylitol, erythritol, maltitol, lactitol, glucosamine, glucose-6-phosphoric acid and the like, and there is no specific limitation as long as it is a saccharide derivative which can be used as a food or beverage product.
  • the expression “monosaccharide” refers to a saccharide which composes a structural unit of an oligosaccharide or a polysaccharide, and examples thereof include glucose, galactose, mannose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, lixose, erythrose, furactose, psicose and the like. There is no specific limitation as long as it is monosaccharide which can be used as a food or beverage product.
  • oligosaccharide refers to a saccharide in which 2 to 10 monosaccharides are linked together, and examples thereof include maltose, cellobiose, trehalose, gentiobiose, isomaltose, nigerose, sophorose, kojibiose, sucrose, turanose, lactose, xylobiose, maltooligosaccharide, isomaltooligosaccharide, xylooligosaccharide, cyclodextrin and the like.
  • saccharide which can be used as a food or beverage product.
  • polysaccharide refers to a saccharide in which 11 or more monosaccharides are linked together, and examples thereof include starch, dextrin, pullulan, dextran, arabinoxylan, pectin, inulin, galactan, mannan, indigestible dextrin, polydextrose and the like. There is no specific limitation as long as it is a saccharide which can be used as a food or beverage product.
  • saccharides in general can serve as a substrate of a saccharide polycondensation reaction by activated carbon
  • examples of the saccharide, which can be used as a polycondensation substrate include glucose, and a combination of glucose and one or more kinds selected from the group consisting of a monosaccharide other than glucose, a reduced product of glucose, an oligosaccharide, and a dextrin.
  • one or more kinds of a monosaccharide other than glucose, an oligosaccharide, and a polysaccharide may be used in combination and used as the substrate of the saccharide polycondensation reaction. It is also possible to use starch hydrolysate as the substrate of the saccharide polycondensation reaction.
  • the substrate of the saccharide polycondensation reaction may be a crystallized saccharide and/or a non-crystalline saccharide powder, or a syrup-like saccharide.
  • the syrup-like saccharide which can be used as the substrate of the saccharide polycondensation reaction in the production method of the present invention, is not specifically limited as long as it is an aqueous solution of saccharide, and it is preferred that it has low moisture content in a polycondensation reaction.
  • the saccharide polycondensation reaction can be carried out at 100° C. or higher, and preferably a temperature which is a melting point or higher of saccharide serving as the substrate. From the viewpoint of reaction efficiency, the saccharide polycondensation reaction can be carried out at a temperature in a range of 100° C. to 300° C., preferably 100° C. to 280° C., and more preferably 170° C. to 280° C. The reaction time can be adjusted in accordance with the degree of polycondensation reaction progress.
  • the conditions are as follows: 5 to 180 minutes at a reaction temperature of 180° C., 1 to 180 minutes at a reaction temperature of 190° C., and 1 to 180 minutes at a reaction temperature of 200° C.
  • the structure of the reactor varies depending on a normal or reduced pressure type, and there is no specific limitation as long as it is a reactor which satisfies the heating condition of 100° C. to 300° C.
  • Examples thereof include a tray hot air dryer, a thin film evaporator, a flush evaporator, a vacuum dryer, a hot air dryer, a steam jacket screw conveyer, a drum dryer, an extruder, a worm shaft reactor, a kneader and the like. It is also possible to use a continuous reactor.
  • the saccharide polycondensation reaction can be carried out under normal pressure or vacuum condition. It is advantageous to carry out the saccharide polycondensation reaction under vacuum condition since the coloration degree of the reaction product decreases.
  • activated carbon used in the production method of the present invention, those which are known as a porous carbonaceous adsorbent.
  • the activated carbon can be obtained by mainly carbonizing natural carbonaceous materials derived from animals and plants as well as minerals, such as coal, coke, pitch, bone charcoal, charcoal, coconut shell, lumber, sawdust, lignin, and beef bone; organic polymers, for example, synthetic resins such as phenol resin and polyacrylonitrile; and carbonaceous materials such as soot through a heat treatment, followed by deactivation.
  • the “activated carbon” used in the present invention may be either activated carbons themselves or articles partially containing activated carbons.
  • Such activated carbons can be, for example, activated carbon supported on a support such as a plastic, a mineral, a ceramic, or a fiber; granulated article prepared by granulating powdered activated carbon with a binder; and a granulated article of powdered activated carbon with a powder typically of a mineral or a ceramic.
  • Some materials such as bone charcoal, wood charcoal, graphite, and carbon black may partially contain activated carbons in the structure.
  • the “activated carbon” used in the present invention may be those obtained by derivatizing the activated carbon.
  • activated carbon in which carboxyl groups are introduced by an oxidation reaction treatment with hydrogen peroxide or nitric acid, and activated carbon in which sulfone groups are introduced by a sulfonation treatment with sulfuric acid or fuming sulfuric acid.
  • the shape of the activated carbon used in the present invention is not specifically limited, and examples thereof include granular, powdery, fibrous, sheet-like, or honeycomb-like shape.
  • Specific examples of the activated carbon used in the present invention include powdered activated carbons such as steam activated carbon and zinc chloride carbon; and granular activated carbons such as crushed activated carbon, granulated activated carbon, pelletized activated carbon, and spherical activated carbon.
  • the powdered activated carbon as the activated carbon used in the present invention, for example, it is possible to use “Shirasagi A, Shirasagi C, and Purified Shirasagi” manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals, Ltd.
  • the granular activated carbon for example, it is possible to use “Granular Shirasagi WH and Granular Shirasagi C” manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals.
  • the amount of the activated carbon used in the production method of the present invention is not specifically limited as long as the saccharide polycondensation reaction proceeds, and can be adjusted in a range of preferably 0.01 to 100 parts by weight, and more preferably 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of a saccharide including glucose.
  • the activated carbon is particularly suited for use in foods because of its less risk in view of sanitation and high safety in handling, or even when it remains in the product.
  • the activated carbon can be easily separated from the reaction system by sedimentation, filtration, centrifugation, or use of a packed column.
  • an acid catalyst may be sometimes bound in the structure of the saccharide polycondensate or remain in the product, and thus making it difficult to completely separate the catalyst.
  • the activated carbon of the present invention can be easily separated after the reaction.
  • the activated carbon is excellent in reusability, and is also preferred in view of economy since it is excellent in reusability and can be repeatedly used.
  • the reuse method of the activated carbon of the present invention can be an existing method and is not specifically limited. For example, it is possible to use a vacuum regeneration method in which an adsorbate is desorbed by decreasing solute concentration of a solvent and pressure; a solvent regeneration method of extracting with a solvent; a substitution regeneration method of substituting with the other adsorbate; a heat desorption method by heating; a chemical regeneration method by a heat treatment; and an oxidative decomposition regeneration method by oxidation and decomposition.
  • the saccharide polycondensation reaction may be carried out by using, in addition to the activated carbon, a saccharide polycondensation reaction catalyst other than the activated carbon.
  • a saccharide polycondensation reaction catalyst which can be used together with the activated carbon, include an acid catalyst, and specific examples thereof include inorganic acid catalysts such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid; and organic acid catalysts such as citric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, adipic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, and malic acid.
  • the catalyst is preferably a nonvolatile catalyst, and more preferably a nonvolatile solid catalyst.
  • the saccharide polycondensate obtained by the production method of the present invention may be converted into a sugar alcohol.
  • the sugar alcohol refers to a sugar alcohol in which aldehyde groups of reducing terminal glucosyl groups of saccharide are reduced into hydroxyl groups.
  • the method of obtaining the sugar alcohol is well-known to those skilled in the art and examples of usable reduction method include a method using a hydride reducing agent, a method using metal in a protonic solvent, an electrolytic reduction method, a catalytic hydrogenation reaction method and the like.
  • a method using a hydride reducing agent when a small amount of a sugar alcohol is prepared, the method using a hydride reducing agent is convenient since it does not require a simple and special device.
  • the method using a catalytic hydrogenation reaction is preferable in view of excellent economy and less by-products.
  • the catalytic hydrogenation reaction is a reaction in which hydrogen is added to a double bond moiety of an unsaturated organic compound in the presence of a catalyst, and is also generally called a hydrogenation reaction.
  • a saccharide polycondensate used in the present invention is dissolved in water and a moderate amount of a Raney nickel catalyst is added thereto, and then a hydrogen gas is added thereby reducing under a high temperature condition. Then, the reduced product is subjected to a decolorization and deionization treatment to obtain a composition of a reduced product of a saccharide polycondensate.
  • the catalyst which can be used in the catalytic hydrogenation reaction, is not specifically limited as long as it is a known hydrogenation catalyst, and examples thereof include nickel catalysts such as a nickel-carrier catalyst, obtained by supporting on various carries such as Raney nickel, reduced nickel, diatomaceous earth, alumina, pumice, silica gel, and acid clay; cobalt catalysts such as Raney cobalt, reduced cobalt, and cobalt-carrier catalysts; copper catalysts such as Raney copper, reduced copper, and copper-carrier catalysts; palladium catalysts such as palladium black, palladium oxide, colloidal palladium, palladium-carbon, palladium-barium sulfate, palladium-magnesium oxide, and palladium-alumina catalysts; platinum catalysts, for example, platinum-carrier catalysts such as platinum black, colloidal platinum, platinum oxide, platinum sulfide, and platinum-carbon catalysts; rhodium catalysts such as colloidal rhodium, rh
  • the pressure of hydrogen is usually in a range of 10 to 250 kg/cm 2 , and preferably 50 to 200 kg/cm 2 .
  • the reaction temperature varies depending on the amount of the catalyst and the kind of the solvent, and is preferably in a range of 80 to 200° C., and more preferably 90 to 160° C.
  • the production method of the present invention it is possible to produce a saccharide polycondensate composition in which the content of the dietary fiber is 30% by weight or more, preferably 50% by weight or more, and more preferably 75% by weight or more.
  • the dietary fiber content can be measured in accordance with an analytical method defined in Eishin No. 13. It is possible to provide a saccharide polycondensate having controlled molecular weight and viscosity by controlling the composition of saccharide and the reaction conditions.
  • the coloration degree of a saccharide polycondensation composition produced by the production method of the present invention varies depending on the kind of the saccharide substrate and reaction condition to be used, and absorbance at 420 nm (OD 420 ) in an aqueous 20% (w/w) solution can fall in a rage of 0 to 10.0 (and preferably in a range of 0 to 5.0).
  • absorbance at 420 nm (OD 420 ) in an aqueous 20% (w/w) solution can fall in a rage of 0 to 10.0 (and preferably in a range of 0 to 5.0).
  • glucose used alone as the saccharide substrate
  • the coloration degree of a saccharide polycondensation composition produced by the production method of the present invention can fall in a range of 0 to 2.0 in terms of an absorbance at 420 nm (OD 420 ) in an aqueous 20% (w/w) solution.
  • a high molecular weight polysaccharide can be synthesized by using, as a starting material, glucose composing a basic structural unit of saccharide.
  • the saccharide polycondensation reaction can be carried out by using not only glucose purified products such as anhydrous and/or hydrous crystalline glucoses and a non-crystalline powdered glucose product, but also a glucose syrup.
  • glucose purified products such as anhydrous and/or hydrous crystalline glucoses and a non-crystalline powdered glucose product, but also a glucose syrup.
  • a glucose syrup such as hydrol formed in a glucose purification step
  • a high molecular weight polysaccharide can be synthesized by using a saccharide other than glucose as a starting material.
  • a saccharide other than glucose it is advantageous in that a heterosaccharide polycondensate with the composition closer to that of a natural dietary fiber derived from plants can be obtained.
  • the composition of the saccharide polycondensate obtained by a polycondensation reaction can be added to a food or beverage product as it is, and the product obtained by the polycondensation reaction may be optionally centrifuged or filtered to remove insolubles, followed by concentration of a water-soluble fraction to give a solution containing a saccharide polycondensate.
  • the product may be optionally concentrated after decoloration by activated carbon or removal of an ionic component by a proper ion-exchange resin.
  • the product is preferably concentrated until achieving water activity enough to prevent the growth of microorganism after decolorization or removal of ions.
  • the product can be dried to form powders so as to make it easy to use according to the intended use.
  • a freeze drying, spray drying or drum drying method can be used for drying. It is desired that the dry matter is optionally crushed to form dry powders.
  • the dry matter of the saccharide polycondensate produced by the production method of the present invention exhibits remarkably excellent solubility in water or an alcohol solution, as compared with a commercially available water-soluble dietary fiber such as indigestible dextrin or polydextrose (Example A12). Therefore, it is advantageous in that the time required to dissolve the dry matter in water can be decreased and thus improving production efficiency when various food or beverage products (especially, the below-mentioned beverage or beer flavored beverage containing a high intensity sweetener) are produced by using the dry matter of the saccharide polycondensate produced by the production method of the present invention.
  • the product obtained by the production method of the present invention contains a saccharide with the polymerization degree of less than 3, such as glucose, maltose or gentiobiose, together with a saccharide polycondensate with the polymerization degree of 3 or more.
  • This product can be used in the below-mentioned food or beverage product as it is, and these components may be optionally removed.
  • Means well-known to those skilled in the art may be used as an isolation and purification method of saccharide and a separation and removal method of saccharide, and it is possible to use purification methods of saccharide, which are well-known to those skilled in the art, such as membrane separation, gel filtration chromatography, carbon-Celite column chromatography, and strong acidic cation-exchange column chromatography.
  • the product obtained by the production method of the present invention When the product obtained by the production method of the present invention is used for improvement in flavor of a food or beverage product, or masking of harsh unpleasant taste of pharmaceuticals and calorie control, the product may contain a saccharide or a branched saccharide with the polymerization degree of less than 3.
  • a saccharide with the polymerization degree of less than 3 may be partially or entirely separated and removed by well-known methods such as membrane separation, gel filtration chromatography, carbon-Celite column chromatography, and strong acidic cation-exchange column chromatography.
  • enzymatic modification may be carried out in view of calorie reduction and balance of taste quality. It is also possible to carry out separation and removal of the above saccharide before and after enzymatic modification.
  • one or more kinds of enzymes can be used in combination.
  • a plurality of enzymes may be reacted stepwise or simultaneously.
  • the enzyme used in the above enzymatic modification is not specifically limited, and examples thereof include ⁇ -amylase, ⁇ -amylase, glucoamylase, isoamylase, pullulanase, amyloglucosidase, cyclodextringlucanotransferase and the like. Furthermore, commercially available products of these enzymes are exemplified, preferably.
  • a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the food or beverage product (see below-mentioned Examples D1 to D25).
  • a dietary fiber-reinforced food or beverage product containing a saccharide polycondensate produced by the production method of the present invention, and a reduced product and a saccharide polycondensate composition thereof added therein.
  • Food or beverage product in the present invention may be any food or beverage product.
  • Examples of the food or beverage product, to which a saccharide polycondensate produced by the production method of the present invention, and a reduced product and a saccharide polycondensate composition thereof can be added include various seasonings such as soy sauce, powdered soy sauce, miso (soybean paste), powdered miso (soybean paste), moromi (unrefined soy), fish sauce (made from fermented salted fish), rice seasoning, mayonnaise, dressing, vinegar, sanbaizu (mixture of vinegar, soy sauce and sugar), powdered sushi vinegar, Chinese seasoning, thin dipping sauce for tempura, noodle soup, Worcester sauce, ketchup, sauce for barbecued meat, curry roux, stew mix, soup stock, Japanese bouillon, compound seasoning, mirin (sweet sake used as seasoning), boiled-down mirin (sweet sake used as seasoning), table sugar, and coffee sugar; various Japanese confectionerie
  • the content of the saccharide polycondensate in a food or beverage product in the present invention is not specifically limited, and can be adjusted to 0.01 to 99% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 50% by weight, and more preferably 0.1 to 30% by weight, in terms of the solid content from the viewpoint of effectively giving a dietary fiber to the food or beverage product.
  • one or more kinds of other water-soluble dietary fibers may be added.
  • the other water-soluble dietary fiber include indigestible dextrin, polydextrose, soybean-derived water-soluble dietary fiber, hydrolyzed guar gum, glucomannan, inulin, pectin, sodium alginate and the like.
  • the food or beverage product of the present invention may be those which are sold at a normal temperature, sold in a warmed state, sold in a chilled state, or sold in a frozen state, and can be produced by a conventional method, except for allowing to contain a saccharide polycondensate produced by the production method of the present invention, or a reduced product or a saccharide polycondensate composition thereof.
  • a saccharide a protein, an amino acid, fats and oils, an emulsifier, a pigment, a flavoring agent, a juice, puree, a sour agent, a seasoning, an antioxidant, a preservative, an extract, a starch adhesive, a thickener, a pH adjustor, liquors, vitamins, and minerals.
  • the food or beverage product of the present invention it is possible to use, as a powdered base, a saccharide polycondensate produced by the production method of the present invention, or a reduced product or a saccharide polycondensate composition thereof. It is possible to obtain a green tea extract powder, which is excellent in solubility and contains a dietary fiber given moderately, by adding a saccharide polycondensate of the present invention to a green tea extract liquid such as green tea, followed by spray drying.
  • the saccharide polycondensate of the present invention does not impair flavor of a food or beverage product to be powdered even when used as a powdered base, and is advantageous in this respect.
  • a dietary fiber reinforcer a saccharide polycondensate produced by the production method of the present invention, or a reduced product or a saccharide polycondensate composition thereof.
  • a dietary fiber reinforcer can be used by adding so as to meet each customer's taste in case of cooking.
  • the saccharide polycondensate of the present invention is added, followed by rice cooking, and thus making it possible to obtain dietary fiber-enriched cooked rice.
  • saccharide polycondensate of the present invention in rice cooking is advantageous in that not only a dietary fiber can be added without exerting an adverse influence on flavor of the obtained cooked rice, but also cooked rice per se becomes easy to be loosened, and thus improving loosening properties of cooked rice.
  • a high intensity sweetener Since a high intensity sweetener has high sweetness and low calorie as compared with sucrose, use for a non-sugar product and a zero calorie product has been intensively examined. However, the high intensity sweetener is inferior in taste quality as compared with sucrose, and had a problem that it causes peculiar aftertaste and bad taste, and lacks of body as compared with sucrose. Furthermore, it is pointed out that use of a high intensity sweetener causes elimination of peculiar swallowness and cool sensation in a beverage, and a beverage with satisfactory taste quality had not yet obtained. As one of solutions to these problems, there has been developed technology in which various water-soluble dietary fibers are added to a food or beverage product using a high intensity sweetener.
  • polydextrose or indigestible dextrin which is a sort of water-soluble dietary fibers, has the masking effect of a high intensity sweetener (see Foods and Developments, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 53-56).
  • a saccharide polycondensate produced by the production method of the present invention and a reduced product and a saccharide polycondensate composition thereof is added to a food or beverage product containing a high intensity sweetener, it imparts body to a high intensity sweetener lacking the body, and also enables masking of bad taste caused by a high intensity sweetener (see below-mentioned Examples B1 to B8).
  • a high intensity sweetener-containing food or beverage product containing a saccharide polycondensate produced by the production method of the present invention, and a reduced product and a saccharide polycondensate composition thereof added therein.
  • the high intensity sweetener-containing food or beverage product of the present invention is advantageous in that it has operation and effect capable of imparting body and masking bad taste caused by a high intensity sweetener, and is also capable of efficiently digesting a dietary fiber.
  • the high intensity sweetener used in the present invention is not specifically limited as long as it is a high intensity sweetener which can be used in a food or beverage product, and examples thereof include one or more kinds selected from sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, stevia, ⁇ -glucosyltransferase-treated stevia, thaumatin, saccharin, saccharin sodium, cyclamate, neotame, and alitame.
  • sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, stevia, ⁇ -glucosyltransferase-treated stevia, and neotame are more preferable.
  • the “food or beverage product containing a high intensity sweetener” in the present invention may be any food or beverage product as long as it is a food or beverage product containing a high intensity sweetener.
  • seasonings such as soy sauce, powdered soy sauce, miso (soybean paste), powdered miso (soybean paste), moromi (unrefined soy), fish sauce (made from fermented salted fish), rice seasoning, mayonnaise, dressing, vinegar, sanbaizu (mixture of vinegar, soy sauce and sugar), powdered sushi vinegar, Chinese seasoning, thin dipping sauce for tempura, noodle soup, Worcester sauce, ketchup, sauce for barbecued meat, curry roux, stew mix, soup stock, Japanese bouillon, compound seasoning, mirin (sweet sake used as seasoning), boiled-down mirin (sweet sake used as seasoning), table sugar, and coffee sugar; various Japanese confectioneries such as rice cracker, cubic rice crackers, millet brittle,
  • one or more kinds of other water-soluble dietary fibers may be added.
  • the other water-soluble dietary fiber include indigestible dextrin, polydextrose, soybean-derived water-soluble dietary fiber, hydrolyzed guar gum, glucomannan, inulin, pectin, sodium alginate and the like.
  • the content of the saccharide polycondensate in a food or beverage product in the present invention is not specifically limited, and can be adjusted to 0.02 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 15% by weight, and more preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight, in terms of the solid content from the viewpoint of efficiently exerting the body imparting effect and the effect of improving bad taste derived from a high intensity sweetener.
  • the content of the high intensity sweetener in the present invention can be appropriately adjusted according to the intended food or beverage product.
  • a sweet component used in a food or beverage product may be entirely supplemented with a high intensity sweetener, or other sweet components such as sucrose may be used in an auxiliary manner.
  • sweet components include sweet components, for example, liquid sugars such as sucrose, glucose, fructose, and high fructose corn syrup; saccharides such as starch syrup, reduced sugar syrup, powder candy, honey, and oligosaccharides such as an isomaltooligosaccharide (isomaltose, isomaltotriose, panose, etc.) and lactosucrose; arabinose, isotrehalose, isomaltitol, erythritol, oligo-N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, galactosylsucrose, galactosyllactose, xylitol, xylose, a xylooligosaccharide (xylotriose, xylobiose, etc.), glycerol, curculin, a gentio-oligosaccharide (gentiobiose, gentiot) and sac
  • the food or beverage product of the present invention may be those which are sold at a normal temperature, sold in a hot vendor, or sold in chilled food distribution, and can be produced by a conventional method, except for allowing to contain a high intensity sweetener and a saccharide polycondensate. It is possible to optionally add, in addition to the above-mentioned components, an emulsifier, a pigment, a flavoring agent, a juice, a puree, a sour agent, a seasoning, an antioxidant, a preservative, an extract, a starch adhesive, a thickener, a pH adjustor, liquors, vitamins, and minerals.
  • a beer-based alcoholic beverage with low calorie Due to rising health concerns in recent days, a beer-based alcoholic beverage with low calorie is now the focus of attention.
  • a method for producing a beer flavored alcoholic beverage with low calorie a method in which fermentation is carried out by reducing a raw saccharide, and a method in which the formed alcohol is removed.
  • the obtained beer flavored alcoholic beverage lacks in body, flavor, and body sensation in both methods.
  • With the change in consumers' taste there has been required a beer flavored beverage with enhanced body, flavor, and body sensation.
  • a beer flavored alcoholic beverage in which body, flavor and body sensation are improved by using a dietary fiber.
  • a saccharide polycondensate produced by the production method of the present invention and a reduced product and a saccharide polycondensate composition thereof is added to a beer flavored beverage, body and smoothness are imparted to a beverage, and also neither reduction in flavor due to masking nor imparting of off-flavor occurs (below-mentioned Examples C1 to C4).
  • a beer flavored alcoholic beverage containing a saccharide polycondensate produced by the production method of the present invention, and a reduced product and a saccharide polycondensate composition thereof added therein.
  • the “beer flavored alcoholic beverage”, to which a saccharide polycondensate produced by the production method of the present invention, and a reduced product and a saccharide polycondensate composition thereof are added, includes, in addition to beer, low-malt beer, and other effervescent brewages and other effervescent liqueurs called “third beer” or “new genrea (category)” under liquor tax law, a low alcohol beer flavored fermented malt beverage.
  • the “beer flavored beverage” in the present invention includes, in addition to a beer flavored alcoholic beverage, a non-alcoholic beer flavored beverage.
  • the beer flavored alcoholic beverage of the present invention can be produced by a conventional method which is generally used in beer, low-malt beer, and other effervescent brewages and other effervescent liqueurs called “third beer” or “new genrea (category)”, except that a saccharide polycondensate is added. Namely, malt is mixed with warm water, or malt is mixed with secondary materials such as saccahrides, starch and protein using warm water, and then an enzyme such as amylase is added, followed by saccharification and further filtration to prepare a wort.
  • hop is added, followed by boiling and further filtration to prepare an unfermented liquid, and then yeast is added and fermentation and aging are carried out by a conventional method, and thus a fermented liquid can be obtained.
  • additives such as a pigment and a flavoring agent may be appropriately added.
  • a non-alcoholic beer flavored beverage can be produced by extracting an alcohol from the beer flavored alcoholic beverage thus produced in the above manner, or may produced by adding a saccharide polycondensate to a beer flavored beverage obtained without fermentation.
  • the saccharide polycondensate is scarcely assimilated with yeast because of its chemical structure, timing of addition of the saccharide polycondensate is not specifically limited, and the saccharide polycondensate may be added to a wort or an unfermented liquid, together with other secondary materials before preparation of the wort (preparation step), or may be added to a wort or an unfermented liquid, together with hop after preparation of the wort and before fermentation, or may be added to a fermented liquid during a fermentation step, or may be added to a fermented liquid after a fermentation step.
  • one or more kinds of other water-soluble dietary fibers may be added.
  • other water-soluble dietary fibers include indigestible dextrin, polydextrose, soybean-derived water-soluble dietary fiber, hydrolyzed guar gum, glucomannan, inulin, pectin, sodium alginate and the like.
  • the content of a saccharide polycondensate to a beer flavored alcoholic beverage of the present invention is not specifically limited, and can be adjusted to 0.1 to 10% by weight, and preferably 0.3 to 5% by weight, from the viewpoint of efficiently exerting the body imparting effect.
  • a dietary fiber-reinforced feed containing a saccharide polycondensate produced by the production method of the present invention, and a reduced product and a saccharide polycondensate composition thereof added therein.
  • the “feed” in the present invention may be any feed.
  • Examples of the feed, to which a saccharide polycondensate, and a reduced product and a saccharide polycondensate composition thereof, produced by the production method of the present invention can be given include dog food, cat food, pet food, livestock feed, poultry feed, fish feed and the like.
  • the content of a saccharide polycondensate in the feed in the present invention is not specifically limited, and can be adjusted to 0.01 to 99% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 50% by weight, and more preferably 0.1 to 30% by weight, in terms of the solid content from the viewpoint of effectively adding a dietary fiber to the feed.
  • one or more kinds of other water-soluble dietary fibers may be added, in addition to a saccharide polycondensate, or a reduced product or a saccharide polycondensate composition thereof, produced by the production method of the present invention.
  • the other water-soluble dietary fiber include indigestible dextrin, polydextrose, soybean-derived water-soluble dietary fiber, hydrolyzed guar gum, glucomannan, inulin, pectin, sodium alginate and the like.
  • the feed of the present invention can be produced by a conventional method, except that the feed is allowed to contain a saccharide polycondensate, or a reduced product or a saccharide polycondensate composition thereof, produced by the production method of the present invention. It is possible to optionally added, to the feed of the present invention, a saccharide, a protein, an amino acid, fats and oils, an emulsifier, a pigment, a seasoning, an antioxidant, a preservative, an extract, a starch adhesive, a thickener, a pH adjustor, vitamins, minerals, an antibiotic and the like.
  • Dietary fiber content is measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (enzymatic-HPLC method) disclosed in Eishin No. 13 dated Apr. 26, 1999 (with respect to an analytical method of nutrients in Nutrition Labelling Standards). Specifically, the measurement was made as follows.
  • thermostable ⁇ -amylase (Sigma Corporation: derived from EC3.2.1.1 Bacillus licheniformis ) solution and the solution is poured into boiling water, and then the mixture is left to stand for 30 minutes while stirring every 5 minutes. After cooling, pH is adjusted to 7.5 ⁇ 0.1 by adding a sodium hydroxide solution (1.1 ⁇ 100).
  • a protease (Sigma Corporation: derived from EC3.4.21.62 Bacillus licheniformis ) solution (0.1 ml) is added and the reaction is carried out for 30 minutes while shaking in a water bath at 60 ⁇ 2° C. After cooling, pH is adjusted to 4.3 ⁇ 0.3 by adding 0.325 mol/l hydrochloric acid.
  • An amyloglucosidase (Sigma Corporation: derived from EC3.2.13 Aspergillus niger ) solution (0.1 ml) is added and the reaction is carried out for 30 minutes while shaking in a water bath at 60 ⁇ 2° C. Immediately after completion of the above enzymatic modification, heating is carried out for 10 minutes in a boiling water bath.
  • glycerin (10 ⁇ 100) is added as an internal standard substance and water is added to make 100 ml of an enzymatically modified liquid.
  • the obtained solution is concentrated in a rotary evaporator and water is added to make 20 ml of the total amount.
  • the solution is filtered through a membrane filter having a pore size of 0.45 ⁇ m to obtain a test liquid.
  • test liquid 20 ⁇ l was subjected to liquid chromatography and peak area values of glycerin and a dietary fiber fraction of the test liquid were measured.
  • the content of a dietary fiber component was calculated by the following equation:
  • Dietary fiber component content(%) [peak area of dietary fiber component/peak area of glycerin] ⁇ f 1 ⁇ [weight (mg) of internal standard glycerin/weight (mg) of weighed sample] ⁇ 100
  • f1 is a sensitivity ratio (0.82) of a peak area of glycerin and glucose.
  • Coloration degree of a sample was determined by measuring an absorbance at 420 nm (OD 420 ) using an aqueous 20% (w/w) solution of various samples.
  • Each sample was dissolved in pure water so as to adjust to 1% (w/v), and 1% (w/v) activated carbon was added, followed by boiling and further filtration through a 0.45 ⁇ m membrane filter.
  • the filtrate was subjected to a treatment with an ion-exchange resin MB4, and then filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m membrane filter and analyzed.
  • Room temperature R1 Optilab rEX (Wyatt Technology), 25° C.
  • a sample was methylated by a modified method of the below-mentioned “Hakomori's methylation method” (S. Hakomori, J. Biochem., 55, 205 (1964)), followed by hydrolysis and further gas chromatography thereby quantitatively determining the glycosidic linkages composing the sample.
  • Detecting unit Hydrogen flame ionization detector
  • any catalysts exhibited high dietary fiber content of 70% or more.
  • the reduction effect was recognized only when activated carbon is used. Namely, it has been found that the activated carbon has saccharide polycondensation catalytic activity which is almost the same as those of citric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and activated clay, and also has the effect capable of remarkably decreasing the coloration degree of the saccharide polycondensate.
  • Test plot 6 Mannose Test plot 7: Xylose
  • Anhydrous crystalline glucose “Medicalose” (manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.) was used as glucose
  • “Pinedex #1” (manufactured by Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) was used as dextrin
  • “Branch-oligo” (manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.) was used as oligosaccharide
  • sorbitol manufactured by TOWAKAGAKU corporation
  • galactose manufactured by Nacalai Tesque, Inc.
  • xylose Cica First Grade, manufactured by KANTO CHEMICAL CO., INC.
  • mannose Wako Special Grade, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
  • any catalysts exhibited high dietary fiber content of 70% or more even when using a polycondensation substrate other than glucose.
  • the reduction effect was recognized only when activated carbon is used. Namely, it has been found that even when a saccharide polycondensate substrate other than glucose is used, the activated carbon has saccharide polycondensation catalytic activity which is almost the same as those of hydrochloric acid, citric acid, and activated clay, and also has the effect capable of remarkably decreasing the coloration degree of the saccharide polycondensate.
  • a sample using a hydrol as a substrate 15 g of a hydrol (High Glu #9465, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.) and 1 g of activated carbon (Purified Shirasagi, manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals, Ltd.) were mixed in a stainless steel vessel, and then the sample was placed in a hot air dryer at 100° C. or lower and reacted under various temperature conditions for 1 minute to 3 hours, using an operating program (elevation of a temperature at about 2.5° C./minute, cooling at about 3.3° C./minute), after reaching a predetermined temperature.
  • an operating program Elelevation of a temperature at about 2.5° C./minute, cooling at about 3.3° C./minute
  • reaction product was dissolved in 50 ml of pure water and the solution was suction-filtered through a 5.0 ⁇ m filter to obtain various samples for analysis.
  • a sample using glucose as a substrate was reacted in the same manner as mentioned above, using 10 g of an anhydrous crystalline glucose (Medicalose, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.) and 1 g of Purified Shirasagi.
  • the results of the analysis of the dietary fiber content every elapsed time under each temperature condition are as shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 .
  • the results of measurement of the coloration degree of a 20% (w/w) solution every elapsed time under each temperature condition are as shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 .
  • the dietary fiber content of 75% or more is obtained within a short time as the reaction temperature elevates, and also intense coloration occurs as the reaction temperature elevates.
  • the reaction condition under which the dietary fiber content of 75% or more and low coloration degree (OD 420 of 2.0 or less at Bx.20) are attained by reacting the hydrol, was 30 minutes (82.7%) at 180° C., 1 minute (80.4%) at 190° C., and 1 minute (86.5%) at 200° C.
  • anhydrous crystalline glucose (Medicalose composition: DE100, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.) or a hydrol (High Glu #9465, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.) solid component was mixed with 1 g of Purified Shirasagi (manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals, Ltd.) in a stainless steel vessel.
  • the vessel was covered with an aluminum foil and a hole was appropriately opened, and then the mixture was quickly placed in a vacuum dryer maintained at 200° C. After reaching 200° C., the temperature was maintained at 200° C. for 1 hour. After the reaction for 1 hour, the reaction product was quickly taken out and then cooled at room temperature.
  • the reaction in the vacuum dryer was carried out with evacuation (100 mmHg) or without evacuation. In the case of evacuating, evacuation was initiated after the sample was warmed in advance and placed in the vacuum dryer.
  • reaction was carried out by allowing glucose to coexist with oligosaccharide and dextrin, and properties of a reaction product were examined.
  • an anhydrous crystalline glucose (Medicalose, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.) (used as a Bx.65 solution), various oligosaccharides, and 1 g of Purified Shirasagi (manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals, Ltd.) were placed in a stainless steel vessel and mixed, and then the mixture was reacted at 180° C. for 1 hour using a hot air dryer after reaching to a predetermined temperature.
  • Medicalose manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.
  • Purified Shirasagi manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals, Ltd.
  • the addition amounts of crystalline glucose and various oligosaccharides were set to 10 g in total in terms of the solid content, and a solid content ratio of crystalline glucose and various oligosaccharides was set to 10% each.
  • Fuji-oligo G67 composition: DE26, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.
  • MC-55 composition: DE47, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.
  • Branch-oligo composition: DE23, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.
  • reaction product was dissolved in 50 ml of pure water and the solution was suction-filtered through a 5.0 ⁇ m filter to obtain various samples for analysis.
  • a saccharide polycondensate sample in which glucose is allowed to coexist with dextrin an anhydrous crystalline glucose (Medicalose, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.) (used as a Bx.65 solution), various aqueous 50% (W/W) dextrin solutions, and 1 g of Purified Shirasagi (manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals, Ltd.) were placed in a stainless steel vessel and mixed, and then the mixture was reacted for 1 hour using a hot air dryer after reaching 180° C.
  • anhydrous crystalline glucose Medicalose, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.
  • various aqueous 50% (W/W) dextrin solutions various aqueous 50% (W/W) dextrin solutions
  • 1 g of Purified Shirasagi manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals, Ltd.
  • a saccharide polycondensation reaction using an activated carbon catalyst the reaction was carried out in case where only saccharide other than glucose is used as a polycondensation substrate, and properties of a reaction product were examined. Also, in a saccharide polycondensation reaction using an activated carbon catalyst, the reaction was carried out by allowing saccharide to coexist with saccharide other than glucose, and properties of the reaction product were examined.
  • saccharide polycondensate sample using only saccharide other than glucose as a polycondensation substrate various saccharides each having a solid content of 1 g and 0.1 g of activated carbon (Purified Shirasagi, manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals, Ltd.) were mixed in a stainless steel vessel, and then the sample was placed in a hot air dryer at 100° C. or lower and reacted for 30 minutes, using an operating program (elevation of a temperature at about 2.5° C./minute, cooling at about 3.3° C./minute), after reaching 180° C.
  • activated carbon Purified Shirasagi, manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals, Ltd.
  • Saccharides used in a test were as follows: an anhydrous crystalline glucose (Medicalose, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.), mannose (Wako Special Grade, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), galactose (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque, Inc.), xylose (Cica First Grade, manufactured by KANTO CHEMICAL CO., INC.), arabinose (manufactured by Nakarai Chemicals Ltd.), ribose (manufactured by KANTO CHEMICAL CO., INC.), maltose (manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.), lactose monohydrate (manufactured by KANTO CHEMICAL CO., INC.). After the reaction, the reaction product was dissolved in pure water and the solution was suction-filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m filter to obtain various samples for analysis.
  • an anhydrous crystalline glucose Medica
  • an anhydrous crystalline glucose (Medicalose, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.), monosaccharide other than glucose, namely, a saccharide having an entire solid content of 10 g prepared by mixing xylose (Cica First Grade, manufactured by KANTO CHEMICAL CO., INC.), galactose (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque, Inc.), and mannose (Wako Special Grade, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) so as to set a solid content ratio to 0 to 100%, and 1.0 g of activated carbon (Purified Shirasagi, manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals, Ltd.) were mixed in a stainless steel vessel, and then the sample was placed in a hot air dryer at 100° C.
  • activated carbon Purified Shirasagi, manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals, Ltd.
  • reaction product was dissolved so as to adjust to 20% (W/W), and the solution was suction-filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m filter to obtain various samples for analysis.
  • the saccharide polycondensate using, in addition to glucose, galactose and mannose as polycondensation raw materials exhibited an increase in dietary fiber content as the ratios of these monosaccharides increase, as compared with the saccharide polycondensate using glucose alone.
  • the coloration degree slightly increases as the ratio of mannose increases in the saccharide polycondensate using mannose.
  • the coloration degree kept constant even when the ratios of these saccharides increase.
  • the saccharide polycondensate obtained by allowing glucose to coexist with monosaccharide other than glucose enables preparation of a saccharide polycondensate having high dietary fiber content by using arabinose, xylose, mannose and galactose in combination with glucose in any ratio. Namely, it has been shown that it is possible to produce a saccharide polycondensate with the composition closer to that of a plant-derived dietary fiber by using monosaccharide other than glucose as a polycondensation raw material in the present invention.
  • an anhydrous crystalline glucose having a solid content of 9.0 g (Medicalose, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.) and various sugar alcohols each having a solid content of 1.0 g were mixed with 1.0 g of activated carbon (Purified Shirasagi, manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals, Ltd.) in a stainless steel vessel, and then the sample was placed in a hot air dryer at 100° C. or lower and reacted for 30 minutes, using an operating program (elevation of a temperature at about 2.5° C./minute, cooling at about 3.3° C./minute), after reaching 180° C.
  • activated carbon Purified Shirasagi, manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals, Ltd.
  • Sugar alcohols used in a test were as follows: anhydrous crystalline glucose (Medicalose, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.) (for comparison), sorbitol (manufactured by TOWAKAGAKU corporation), galactitol (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), mannitol (Wako Special Grade, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), xylitol (manufactured by TOWAKAGAKU corporation), erythritol (Wako Special Grade, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), lactitol (manufactured by Funakoshi Corporation), maltitol (manufactured by Funakoshi Corporation), inositol (manufactured by KANTO CHEMICAL CO., INC.), and glycerol (manufactured by KANTO CHEMICAL CO., INC.). After the reaction, the reaction product was dissolved in 5
  • anhydrous crystalline glucose Medicalose, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.
  • 10% (per solid content) of activated carbon Purified Shirasagi, manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals, Ltd.
  • an aqueous 20% solution prepared from this sample was filtered to completely remove the activated carbon, and thus a soluble saccharide was obtained.
  • the obtained soluble saccharide fraction was subjected to decolorization filtration with activated carbon, decolorization with an ion-exchange resin, and further evaporator concentration, and then dried.
  • Example A8 The saccharide polycondensate produced in Example A8 was partially reacted at room temperature for 3 hours, using sodium cyanoborohydride, and the obtained sample had DE 0.
  • the saccharide polycondensate produced in Example A8 was partially subjected to resin fractionation using TOYOPEARL HW-40S (measuring ⁇ 5.0 ⁇ 90 cm) as a carrier.
  • the product obtained by removing a low molecular component of di- or lower saccharides had a dietary fiber content of 94.7%
  • the product obtained by treating with ⁇ -amylase and glucoamylase, followed by resin fractionation had a dietary fiber content of 99.0%.
  • Example A9 The saccharide polycondensate produced in Example A9 was partially reacted at room temperature for 3 hours, using sodium cyanoborohydride, and the obtained sample had DE 0.3.
  • the saccharide polycondensate produced in Example A9 was partially subjected to resin fractionation using TOYOPEARL HW-40S (measuring ⁇ 5.0 ⁇ 90 cm) as a carrier.
  • the product obtained by removing a low molecular component of di- or lower saccharides had a dietary fiber content of 93.3%
  • the product obtained by treating with ⁇ -amylase and glucoamylase, followed by resin fractionation had a dietary fiber content of 99.0%.
  • aqueous Bx.65 solution prepared by mixing 120 g of a solid component of oligosaccharide syrup (Branch-oligo, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.) with 280 g of a solid component of an anhydrous crystalline glucose (Medicalose, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.), 10% (per solid content) of activated carbon (Purified Shirasagi, manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals, Ltd.) was added and, after mixing, the mixture was placed in a heating reactor and heated at 180° C. for 30 minutes to obtain a sample.
  • Example A10 The saccharide polycondensate produced in Example A10 was partially reacted at room temperature for 3 hours, using sodium cyanoborohydride, and the obtained sample had DE 0.
  • the saccharide polycondensate produced in Example A10 was partially subjected to resin fractionation using TOYOPEARL HW-40S (measuring ⁇ 5.0 ⁇ 90 cm) as a carrier.
  • the product obtained by removing a low molecular component of di- or lower saccharides had a dietary fiber content of 91.4%
  • the product obtained by treating with ⁇ -amylase and glucoamylase, followed by resin fractionation had a dietary fiber content of 99.0%.
  • aqueous Bx.65 solution prepared by mixing 120 g of a solid component of dextrin (Pinedex #1, manufactured by Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) with 280 g of a solid component of an anhydrous crystalline glucose (Medicalose, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.), 10% (per solid content) of activated carbon (Purified Shirasagi, manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals, Ltd.) was added and, after mixing, the mixture was placed in a heating reactor and heated at 180° C. for 30 minutes to obtain a sample.
  • a solid component of dextrin Pinedex #1, manufactured by Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
  • an anhydrous crystalline glucose Medicalose, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.
  • 10% (per solid content) of activated carbon Purified Shirasagi, manufactured by Japan EnviroChemicals, Ltd.
  • Example 1 The saccharide polycondensate produced in Example All was partially reacted at room temperature for 3 hours, using sodium cyanoborohydride, and the obtained sample had DE 0.1.
  • the saccharide polycondensate produced in Example A11 was partially subjected to resin fractionation using TOYOPEARL HW-40S (measuring ⁇ 5.0 ⁇ 90 cm) as a carrier.
  • the product obtained by removing a low molecular component of di- or lower saccharides had a dietary fiber content of 90.6%
  • the product obtained by treating with ⁇ -amylase and glucoamylase, followed by resin fractionation had a dietary fiber content of 99.0%.
  • aqueous Bx.90 solution prepared by mixing 30 kg of a solid component of maltooligosaccharide syrup (DE47, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.) with 70 kg of a solid component of glucose syrup (DE98, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.), 3% (per solid content) activated carbon (Steam Carbon (Food additive Grade), manufactured by FUTAMURA CHEMICAL CO., LTD.) was added and, after mixing, the mixture was placed in a heating reactor (continuous kneader) heated at 250° C. and then kneaded and heated to obtain a sample.
  • a heating reactor continuous kneader
  • the sample was received in a water bath, and an aqueous 30% solution prepared from this sample was filtered to completely remove the activated carbon, and thus a soluble saccharide was obtained.
  • the obtained soluble saccharide fraction was subjected to decolorization filtration with activated carbon, decolorization with an ion-exchange resin, and further evaporator concentration, and then dried. As a result, about 90 kg of a product was obtained and the product had a dietary fiber content of 81.7% and a coloration degree of 0.14 (Bx.20).
  • Solubility of each of various water-soluble dietary fibers in an alcohol solution was compared by replacing “distilled water” used in a test method of solubility in water with 30% (v/v) ethanol.
  • the test results are as shown in FIG. 8 .
  • the saccharide polycondensate of the present invention is dissolved in an alcohol solution within less than half dissolution time as compared with other water-soluble dietary fibers.
  • the saccharide polycondensate of the present invention is excellent in solubility in water or an alcohol solution, and can decrease the dissolution time in the case of producing various food or beverage products, and thus enabling an improvement in production efficiency.
  • taste quality of an aqueous 10% solution was compared. Sensory evaluation of the aqueous solution thus prepared was carried out by 10 panelists, and taste quality was evaluated. Taste quality was evaluated by rating of excellent (A), satisfactory (B), ordinary (C), and poor (D), while flavor was evaluated by rating of excellent (A), satisfactory (B), ordinary (C), and poor (D).
  • the saccharide polycondensate thus obtained by the production method of the present invention is nearly tasteless and odorless similarly to a conventional dietary fiber. Namely, it was shown that the saccharide polycondensate obtained by the production method of the present invention can be used as an excipient and an extender of food or beverage products and pharmaceuticals without imparting off-flavor to the food or beverage products and pharmaceuticals to which the saccharide polycondensate is to be added.
  • the Ames test was carried out. Specifically, the test was carried out by a pre-incubation method under the condition that metabolic activation is performed or not, using Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA1535, TA98, and TA1537, and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA, so as to examine whether or not a water-soluble dietary fiber NSK-1100 has gene mutation capability. As a result, mutagenicity was not recognized in the saccharide polycondensate of Example A12.
  • mice an acute toxicity test was carried out by orally administrating the saccharide polycondensate of Example A12.
  • the saccharide polycondensate of the present invention is nontoxic and no fatal case was recognized in an administrable maximum dose, and a LD 50 value thereof was 10 g/kg (body weight of mouse) or more.
  • Example A12 digestibility due to salivary amylase, simulated gastric juice, pancreatic amylase, and intestinal mucosal enzyme in a test tube was examined in accordance with the method of Okada et al. disclosed in Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, Vol. 43, pp 23-29 (1990).
  • Commercially available water-soluble dietary fibers indigestible dextrin (Fibersol II: manufactured by Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) and polydextrose (Raites: manufactured by Danisco Japan Ltd.) were used as controls. The results are as shown in Table 15.
  • the saccharide polycondensate of the present invention was scarcely digested by salivary amylase and simulated gastric juice, and was hydrolyzed very slightly by pancreatic amylase. It has been found that a hydrolysis ratio of indigestible dextrin as a control due to an intestinal mucosal enzyme is 13.2%, whereas, a hydrolysis ratio of the saccharide polycondensate of the present invention is low such as 6.7%, and thus the saccharide polycondensate of the present invention is hard to be digested as compared with commercially available indigestible dextrin.
  • test materials prepared according to the formulations shown in Table 17 below were poured into 30 ml paper cups A to E in the amount of about 20 ml, and then a sensory evaluation test by a ranking method due to 10 volunteers (6 males, 4 females) was carried out with respect to three items of little bad taste (little aftertaste), tough body, and deliciousness. All test materials were subjected to sensory evaluation at room temperature. Since it may be difficult to perform complete ranking in view of contents of a test, same rank is possible in the evaluation.
  • Example 1 in which A: 1, B: 2.5, C, 2.5, D: 4, and E: 5 in case where B and C may be the same second rank; and Example 2 in which A: 2.5, B: 2.5, C, 2.5, D: 2.5, and E: 2.5 in case where there is no difference).
  • Ranks are A, B, C, ⁇ , and D in the descending order and, in the case of the same rank, the rank was arranged in high rank.
  • the sensory evaluation results are shown in Table 18.
  • Table 18 revealed that bad taste and body are improved as compared with comparative plot 1 with no addition of a dietary fiber by mixing the present saccharide polycondensate with sucralose, and thus making it possible to obtain a food or beverage product having high taste quality. Furthermore, high effect was confirmed even by comparing with existing various dietary fibers (comparative plots 2 to 4) used as Comparative Examples. Comparative plot 2 containing polydextrose added therein had body but exerted weak effect of masking bad taste of sucralose, and exhibited inferior taste quality as compared with the test plot. Comparative plots 3 to 4 containing indigestible dextrin added therein had insufficient body imparted, and exhibited inferior taste quality as compared with the test plot.
  • the addition amount of the present saccharide polycondensate was examined. Acesulfame K was used as high intensity sweetener.
  • Each of the test materials prepared according to the formulations shown in Table 19 below was poured into 30 ml paper cups A to F in the amount of about 20 ml, and then a sensory evaluation test by a ranking method due to 10 volunteers (5 males, 5 females) was carried out with respect to three items of little bad taste (little aftertaste), tough body, and deliciousness. All test materials were subjected to sensory evaluation at room temperature. Since it may be difficult to perform complete ranking in view of contents of a test, same rank is possible in the evaluation.
  • Example 1 in which A: 1, B: 2.5, C, 2.5, D: 4, E: 5, and F: 6 in case where B and C may be the same second rank; and Example 2 in which A: 3.5, B: 3.5, C, 3.5, D: 3.5, E: 3.5, and F: 3.5 in case where there is no difference).
  • Ranks are A, B, C, D, and E in the descending order and, in the case of the same rank, the rank was arranged in high rank.
  • the sensory evaluation results are shown in Table 20.
  • Table 20 revealed that the addition amount of the present saccharide polycondensate is most suitably 0.1% to 10%.
  • test plot 1 in which the addition amount is 0.01%
  • test plot 5 in which the addition amount is 25%
  • both little bad taste and body exhibited high value as compared with comparative plot, but the effect was inferior as compared with other test plots.
  • Example 1 in which A: 1, B: 2.5, C, 2.5, D: 4, and E: 5 in case where B and C may be the same second rank; and Example 2 in which A: 2.5, B: 2.5, C, 2.5, D: 2.5, and E: 2.5 in case where there is no difference).
  • Ranks are A, B, C, ⁇ , and D in the descending order and, in the case of the same rank, the rank was arranged in high rank.
  • the sensory evaluation results are shown in Table 22.
  • Example 1 using sucralose as high intensity sweetener were obtained. Namely, it was shown that bad taste and body are remarkably improved as compared with comparative plot 1 with no addition of a dietary fiber by mixing the present saccharide polycondensate with sucralose, and thus making it possible to obtain a food or beverage product having high taste quality. Furthermore, apparently high effect was confirmed even by comparing with existing various dietary fibers (comparative plots 2 to 4) used as Comparative Examples. Comparative plot 2 containing polydextrose added therein exerted weak effect of masking bad taste peculiar to aspartame as compared with other test plots. Comparative plots 3 to 4 containing indigestible dextrin added therein had insufficient body imparted, and exhibited inferior taste quality as compared with the test plot.
  • Example 1 in which A: 1, B: 2.5, C, 2.5, D: 4, and E: 5 in case where B and C may be the same second rank; and Example 2 in which A: 2.5, B: 2.5, C, 2.5, D: 2.5, and E: 2.5 in case where there is no difference).
  • Ranks are A, B, C, ⁇ , and D in the descending order and, in the case of the same rank, the rank was arranged in high rank.
  • the sensory evaluation results are shown in Table 24.
  • Example B4 Compar- Compar- Compar- Compar- Test ative ative ative ative plot plot 1 plot 2 plot 3 plot 4 Present 0.50 saccharide polycondensate Polydextrose 0.50 Indigestible 0.50 dextrin A Indigestible 0.50 dextrin B Neotame 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 Water Balance Balance Balance Balance Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
  • test materials prepared according to the formulations shown in Table 25 below were poured into 30 ml paper cups A and B in the amount of about 20 ml, and then a sensory evaluation test by a ranking method due to 10 volunteers (7 males, 3 females) was carried out with respect to three items of little bad taste (little aftertaste), tough body, and deliciousness. All test materials were subjected to sensory evaluation at room temperature. Either one having higher rank was selected, and the test material supported by a large number of volunteers was rated A while the test material supported by a small number of volunteers was rated C, and the test material supported by the same number of volunteers was rated B. Sensory evaluation results are shown in Table 26.
  • Example B5 Test plot Comparative plot Present saccharide polycondensate 0.50 Citric acid 0.15 0.15 Ascorbic acid 0.05 0.05 Na citrate 0.02 0.02 Amino acid mix 0.02 0.02 Sucralose 0.02 0.02 Carbonated water Balance Balance Grapefruit flavor 0.01 0.01 Total 100.0 100.0
  • a delicious carbonated beverage which is excellent in both little bad taste and imparting of body as compared with comparative plot containing no dietary fiber added therein, was obtained by adding a dietary fiber (present saccharide polycondensate).
  • test materials prepared according to the formulations shown in Table 27 below were poured into 30 ml paper cups A and B in the amount of about 20 ml, and then a sensory evaluation test by a ranking method due to 10 volunteers (7 males, 3 females) was carried out with respect to three items of little bad taste (little aftertaste), tough body, and deliciousness. All test materials were subjected to sensory evaluation at room temperature. Either one having higher rank was selected, and the test material supported by a large number of volunteers was rated A while the test material supported by a small number of volunteers was rated C, and the test material supported by the same number of volunteers was rated B. Sensory evaluation results are shown in Table 28.
  • Example B6 Test plot Comparative plot Present saccharide polycondensate 0.50 100% Apple juice 30.00 30.00 Ascorbic acid 0.02 0.02 Flavoring agent 0.01 0.01 Acesulfame K 0.008 0.008 Sucralose 0.007 0.007 Water Balance Balance Total 100.0 100.0
  • a delicious apple juice-containing beverage having bad taste reduced as compared with comparative plot containing no dietary fiber added therein was obtained by adding a dietary fiber (present saccharide polycondensate).
  • test materials prepared according to the formulations shown in Table 29 below were poured into 30 ml paper cups A and B in the amount of about 20 ml, and then a sensory evaluation test by a ranking method due to 10 volunteers (7 males, 3 females) was carried out with respect to three items of little bad taste (little aftertaste), tough body, and deliciousness. All test materials were subjected to sensory evaluation at room temperature. Either one having higher rank was selected, and the test material supported by a large number of volunteers was rated A while the test material supported by a small number of volunteers was rated C, and the test material supported by the same number of volunteers was rated B. Sensory evaluation results are shown in Table 30.
  • Example B7 Test plot Comparative plot Present saccharide polycondensate 0.50 Milk 10.00 10.00 Coffee extract 3.50 35.0 Sugar 1.00 1.00 Powdered skim milk 1.00 1.00 Emulsifier 0.10 0.10 Acesulfame K 0.01 0.01 Water Balance Balance Total 100.0 100.0
  • a delicious coffee beverage which is excellent in both little bad taste and imparting of body as compared with comparative plot containing no dietary fiber added therein, was obtained by adding a dietary fiber (present saccharide polycondensate).
  • test materials prepared according to the formulations shown in Table 31 below were poured into 30 ml paper cups A and B in the amount of about 20 ml, and then a sensory evaluation test by a ranking method due to 10 volunteers (7 males, 3 females) was carried out with respect to three items of little bad taste (little aftertaste), tough body, and deliciousness. All test materials were subjected to sensory evaluation at room temperature. Either one having higher rank was selected, and the test material supported by a large number of volunteers was rated A while the test material supported by a small number of volunteers was rated C, and the test material supported by the same number of volunteers was rated B. Sensory evaluation results are shown in Table 32.
  • Example B8 Test plot Comparative plot Present saccharide polycondensate 0.50 3.50 Fructose-enriched liquid sugar 3.50 3.50 Amino acid mix 3.50 0.20 Citric acid 0.20 1.00 Flavoring agent 1.00 0.10 K chloride 0.10 0.01 Ascorbic acid 0.01 0.01 Salt 0.01 0.01 Sucralose 0.01 0.01 Water Balance Balance Total 100.0 100.0
  • An isotonic sport beverage which is excellent in both little bad taste and imparting of body as compared with comparative plot containing no dietary fiber added therein, was obtained by adding a dietary fiber (present saccharide polycondensate).
  • Dietary fiber-containing low-malt beer was prepared by adding 2 g of the saccharide polycondensate (hereinafter referred to as a present saccharide polycondensate) obtained in Example A12 to 98 g of commercially available low-malt beer. Also, dietary fiber-containing low-malt beer was prepared in the same manner as in the above production method, except that the present saccharide polycondensate was replaced by indigestible dextrin (Fibersol 2: manufactured by Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) or polydextrose (Raites: manufactured by Danisco Japan Ltd.) as Comparative Example. In the below-mentioned Examples and Test Examples, the above-mentioned commercially available products were used as the indigestible dextrin and polydextrose.
  • the obtained dietary fiber-containing low-malt beer was compared with low-malt beer containing no dietary fiber added therein, and then sensory evaluation was carried out based on evaluation criteria shown below.
  • the low-malt beer containing the present saccharide polycondensate added therein had rich body and fruity flavor as compared with the untreated plot, and exhibited enhanced smoothness of aftertaste. Furthermore, the low-malt beer was excellent in that it does not impart off-flavors such as sourness and sweetness as compared with low-malt beer containing other dietary fibers (indigestible dextrin, polydextrose) as Comparative Example.
  • indigestible dextrin and polydextrose flavor deteriorates by masking flavor peculiar to a beer flavored alcoholic beverage using a dietary fiber, and flavor and taste quality are impaired by imparting off-flavor peculiar to a dietary fiber. It became apparent that the present saccharide polycondensate can impart smoothness and body, and can enhance a dietary fiber without impairing flavor and taste quality.
  • a bubble retention test of the dietary fiber-containing low-malt beer obtained by the above-mentioned test was carried out by the below-mentioned method.
  • the bubble retention test was carried out by a partially modified method of the Rudin method.
  • a beer flavored alcoholic beverage controlled to normal temperature by being left to stand at room temperature in advance, was poured into a 300 ml beaker, and then decarbonated by vigorously stirring for about 1 hour using a stirrer.
  • various materials 2% (w/w)) were added.
  • 100 ml of the solution was gently poured into a 500 ml measuring cylinder made of glass and then a carbonic acid gas was blown through a sintered metal filter, thereby causing frothing up to the graduation of 500 ml.
  • the time required for the upper surface of bubbles to fall down to the graduation of 400 ml was measured.
  • the above test was repeated twice. The average value is shown in Table 34.
  • bubble retention time of the low-malt beer containing the present saccharide polycondensate added therein is improved as compared with a dietary fiber non-addition plot and low-malt beer containing indigestible dextrin or polydextrose added therein as Comparative Example.
  • the third beer containing the present saccharide polycondensate added therein had rich body and fruity flavor as compared with the untreated plot, and exhibited enhanced smoothness of aftertaste. Furthermore, the third beer was excellent in that it does not impart off-flavors such as sourness and sweetness as compared with third beer containing other dietary fibers (indigestible dextrin, polydextrose) as Comparative Example.
  • beer containing the present saccharide polycondensate added therein corresponds to “low-malt beer” under liquor tax law.
  • a wort extract (Bavarian Pilsner: manufactured by Weyermann), hop (CSA P90: made in Czech), and yeast (dry yeast Saflager W34/70: manufactured by Fermentis) were used as the raw material shown in Table 36.
  • fermentation with yeast was carried out by maintaining at about 12° C. for 8 days, and a fermented liquid is subjected to an aging operation (second fermentation: maintained at about 15° C. for 4 days) to obtain beer containing the present saccharide polycondensate added therein.
  • the obtained beer containing the present saccharide polycondensate added therein was compared with beer containing no present saccharide polycondensate added therein, and then sensory evaluation was carried out. Namely, the obtained beer containing the present saccharide polycondensate added therein was compared with beer produced in the same manner, except that a dietary fiber (present saccharide polycondensate) is not contained as a raw material, and then sensory evaluation was carried out based on evaluation criteria shown below.
  • the beer containing the present saccharide polycondensate added therein exhibited rich body and fruity flavor of hop as compared with beer of an untreated plot, and also had soft bitterness and aftertaste, and any off-flavor derived from a dietary fiber was not recognized.
  • fermentation with yeast was carried out by maintaining at about 12° C. for 8 days, and a fermented liquid was subjected to an aging operation (second fermentation: maintained at about 14° C. for 6 days) to obtain low-malt beer.
  • second fermentation maintained at about 14° C. for 6 days
  • the obtained low-malt beer was compared with low-malt beer in which the present saccharide polycondensate is not added, and then sensory evaluation was carried out based on evaluation criteria shown below.
  • the low-malt beer containing the present saccharide polycondensate added therein exhibited reduced outstanding sensation of sourness and bitterness as compared with an untreated plot, and also had soft body and smoothness free from off-flavor, and any off-flavor derived from a dietary fiber was not recognized.
  • tea was prepared.
  • the tea containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the tea by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the azuki-bean soup with rice cake, containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the azuki-bean soup with rice cake by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • vanilla shake containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Furthermore, bad taste caused by the addition of stevia was masked. Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the vanilla shake cake by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the ice cream containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Furthermore, bad taste caused by the addition of a high intensity sweetener was masked. Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the ice cream by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the yogurt beverage containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the yogurt beverage by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the yogurt containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Furthermore, bad taste caused by the addition of a high intensity sweetener was masked. Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the yogurt by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the candy containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Furthermore, bad taste caused by the addition of a high intensity sweetener was masked. Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the candy by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the chewing gum containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the chewing gum by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the custard cream containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Furthermore, bad taste caused by the addition of a high intensity sweetener was masked. Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the custard cream by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the strawberry jam containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Furthermore, bad taste caused by the addition of a high intensity sweetener was masked. Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the strawberry jam by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the blueberry jam containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Furthermore, bad taste caused by the addition of a high intensity sweetener was masked. Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the blueberry jam by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • adzuki beans were heated in a state where water just covers the beans to remove astringent taste, followed by draining. After the addition of water until water just covers the beans, and further heating for 120 minutes while pouring water, sugar was added and the mixture was boiled down until reaching Brix 60 to prepare a sugar-free bean jam.
  • the sugar-free bean jam containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Furthermore, bad taste caused by the addition of a high intensity sweetener was masked. Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the sugar-free bean jam by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • liquid raw materials for example, liquid raw materials (thin soy sauce, sake, isomerized sugar, fermented seasoning, apple juice, water, grain vinegar, lemon juice, perilla extract, and present saccharide polycondensate) were mixed, and then powdered raw materials (salt, seafood extract, flavor broth, and bainiku (plum pulp)) were dissolved to prepare non-oil dressing.
  • the non-oil dressing containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the non-oil dressing by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the mayonnaise containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the mayonnaise by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the sweet soy glaze containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) of dango (rice dumpling) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the sweet soy glaze of dango by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the white sauce containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the white sauce containing the present saccharide polycondensate by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • coconut oil was added to peanut and then the mixture was put in a food cutter until it becomes pasty. Then, starch syrup, peanut flavor, and present saccharide polycondensate were added, followed by stirring in the food cutter until the mixture becomes uniform to prepare peanut butter.
  • the peanut butter containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the peanut butter by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the corn soup containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the corn soup by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the curry roux containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the curry roux by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the bread containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Furthermore, bad taste caused by the addition of a high intensity sweetener was masked. Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the bread by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the spaghetti containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the spaghetti by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the present saccharide polycondensate was dissolved in milk and then other raw materials were mixed with egg. After oiling a frying pan using salad oil, the mixture was baked to prepare omelette.
  • the omelette containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) was free from bad taste and odor derived from the present saccharide polycondensate, and both appearance and flavor compared favorably with a control product (control plot). Therefore, it was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing appearance and flavor of the omelette by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • Protein (casein sodium) (4% by weight), 0.5% by weight of xanthan gum, and 20% by weight of the present saccharide polycondensate were dissolved in tap water at 55 to 60° C. using Three-One Motor (700 rpm). After confirming that they have been completely dissolved, a solution prepared by dissolving 0.09% by weight of potassium hydroxide, 0.09% by weight of citric acid, 0.07% by weight of sodium chloride, 0.01% by weight of a calcium salt, and 0.005% by weight of a magnesium salt in tap water was added, followed by mixing.
  • test plot The dog food containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) had quality identical to that of a control product (control plot). It was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing quality of the dog food by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • the cat food containing the present saccharide polycondensate had quality identical to that of a control product (control plot). It was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing quality of the cat food by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.
  • test plot The livestock feed containing the present saccharide polycondensate (test plot) had quality identical to that of a control product (control plot). It was shown that a dietary fiber can be given without impairing quality of the livestock feed by the addition of the present saccharide polycondensate.

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CN110753550A (zh) * 2017-06-14 2020-02-04 嘉吉公司 包含甘露糖寡糖的组合物及其制备方法和用途
US11771124B2 (en) 2017-06-14 2023-10-03 Cargill, Incorporated Composition comprising mannose oligosaccharide and process for making same and use thereof
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CN113336864A (zh) * 2021-04-22 2021-09-03 翁源广业清怡食品科技有限公司 一种低热量水溶性膳食纤维抗性糊精的制备方法

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EP2662381A1 (en) 2013-11-13
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RU2562839C2 (ru) 2015-09-10
EP2662381B1 (en) 2016-03-16
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US11572380B2 (en) 2023-02-07
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