TW201632532A - 伸雜芳基-橋聯苯并二氮呯二聚體,其共軛物及製造及使用方法 - Google Patents
伸雜芳基-橋聯苯并二氮呯二聚體,其共軛物及製造及使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明提供苯并二氮呯二聚體,其具有由以下表示之結構:
□其中X包含雜芳族部分且如本申請案中進一步定義;R1為
□
且式(I)、(Ia)及(Ib)中之其他變數如本申請案中所定義。此類二聚體適用作抗癌劑,尤其當用於抗體-藥物共軛物(ADC)中時。
Description
本發明係關於兩個二聚體單元之間具有雜芳族基之苯并二氮呯二聚體、衍生自其之二聚體-連接子化合物及其共軛物以及其製備及使用方法。
一些天然存在之細胞毒素(諸如富山黴素(tomaymycin)及安麯黴素(anthramycin))含有苯并二氮呯環系統。在反映與二氮呯環稠合之吡咯啶環之額外存在時,此類化合物通常稱為吡咯并苯并二氮呯或PBD。
PBD具有抗菌及抗腫瘤活性,後一特點使其作為抗癌藥物而受關注。機械地,PBD以序列選擇性方式結合於DNA之小溝,且將DNA烷基化。已研究不同取代基之結構-活性關係(SAR)(Antonow等人,2010;Thurston等人,1999)。
其他研究展示PBD二聚體作為抗癌劑展示特別前景。典型PBD二聚體之核心結構可由式(A-1)表示,其中X為連接兩個二聚體半部之橋聯基團。
與單體PBD相同,二聚體為DNA小溝結合劑-烷基化劑。在雙官能情形下,由二聚體烷基化產生交聯DNA,從而使DNA修復更加困難。(DNA烷基化經由亞胺基進行。一個亞胺基經還原之PDB仍可將DNA烷基化,但不能使其交聯。其仍具有生物學活性,儘管一般活性降低,但其不同藥物動力學概況對於一些應用可能較佳。)對於PBD作為抗腫瘤劑之演變(自天然存在之單體演變成合成單體再演變成合成二聚體)的評述,參見Hartley 2011。
PBD二聚體之SAR已經由以下探索:A/A'及C/C'環上之取代基、C/C'環中之不飽和度、橋聯基團X之結構及長度及環B/B'中亞胺雙鍵之氧化或還原及此類特徵之組合。參見Bose等人,1992;Gregson等人,1999;Gregson等人,2001a及2001b;Gregson等人,2004;Gregson等人,2009;Hartley等人,2012;Howard等人,2007;Howard等人,2009a;Howard等人,2010;Howard等人,2013a及2013b;Liu等人,2007;Thurston等人,1996;Thurston等人,2006及Thurston等人,2008。大多數PBD二聚體經由如上所示之8/8'橋接合,但亦揭示7/7'橋(Howard等人,2009b)。
受到強烈關注之抗癌劑類型為抗體-藥物共軛物(ADC,亦稱為免疫共軛物)。在ADC中,治療劑(亦稱為藥物、酬載或彈頭)與抗體共價連接,該抗體之抗原由癌細胞表現(腫瘤相關抗原)。抗體藉由結合於抗原將ADC傳遞至癌症位點。在癌症位點,共價連接之裂解或抗體降解使得可釋放治療劑。相反地,在ADC於血液系統中循環時,治療劑由於其與抗體之共價鍵聯而保持無活性。因此,ADC中所用之治療劑由於其局部釋放而可比一般化學療法有效得多(亦即細胞毒性)。關於
對ADC之評述,參見Schrama等人,2006。
PBD二聚體已建議作為ADC中之藥物。連接於抗體之連接子可經由位於C/C'環之官能基、橋聯基團X或藉由跨越B/B'環中之亞胺基團添加來連接。參見Beau-Larvor等人,2014;Bouchard等人,2013;Commercon等人,2013a及2013b;Flygare等人,2013;Gauzy等人,2012;Howard 2104a-2014e;Howard等人,2011;Howard等人,2013c及2013d;Howard等人,2014a-2014h;Jeffrey等人,2013;Jeffrey等人,2014a及2014b及Zhao等人,2014。
苯并二氮呯之另一類型亦已建議作為藥物用於ADC中。結構上,可觀察到此類型為進一步具有苯環與各C/C'環稠合的PBD二聚體,如式(A-2)及(A-3)中所示。參見Chari等人,2013;Li等人,2013;Fishkin等人,2014;Li等人,2014。
亦已揭示具有其他環系統之苯并二氮呯化合物(諸如四氫異喹啉并[2,1-c][1,4]苯并二氮呯)。Kothakonda等人,2004。
本文所引用之第一作者或發明者之文獻的完整引用及年份列於本說明書末尾。
本發明提供新穎苯并二氮呯二聚體,其中苯并二氮呯單位中之至少一者具有四氫異喹啉(THIQ)環系統與苯并二氮呯環系統稠合,且在連接兩個二聚體單元之橋中進一步具有伸雜芳基部分。視情況,苯并二氮呯環系統中之亞胺鍵可經還原。
二聚體之兩個單位(半部)可具有THIQ環系統(「THIQ-THIQ二聚體」或「THIQ均二聚體」),或一個單元可具有THIQ環系統,而另一單元具有不同苯并二氮呯環系統,諸如PBD環系統(一般而言,「THIQ雜二聚體」,或在此特定實例中,「THIQ-PBD二聚體」)。在THIQ-THIQ二聚體中,兩個單元可相同(「對稱THIQ-THIQ二聚體」)或不同(「不對稱THIQ-THIQ二聚體」)。
因此,本發明提供一種苯并二氮呯二聚體,其具有由式(I)表示之結構:
其中X選自由以下組成之群:
R1為根據式(Ia)或式(Ib):
各G及G'為C或N,其限制條件為不超過兩個G或兩個G'為N;各R2獨立地為H或C1-C5烷基;各R3及R4獨立地為H、F、Cl、Br、OH、C1-C3烷基、O(C1-C3烷基)、氰基、(CH2)0-5NH2或NO2;二氮呯環系統中之各雙線獨立地表示單鍵或雙鍵;若R5所連接之N連接的雙線為單鍵,則各R5為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則各R5不存在;若R6所連接之C連接的雙線為單鍵,則各R6為H、OH、SO3Na或SO3K,且若雙線為雙鍵,則各R6不存在;各R7、R8、R9及R10獨立地為H、C1-C5烷基、C≡C(CH2)1-5X2、OH、O(C1-C5烷基)、氰基、NO2、F、Cl、Br、O(CH2CH2O)1-8(C1-3烷基)、(CH2)0-5X2、O(CH2)2-5X2、未經取代或經(CH2)0-5X2或O(CH2)2-5X2取代之3至7員環烷基或雜環烷基、未經取代或經(CH2)0-5X2或O(CH2)2-5X2取代之5至6員芳基或雜芳基、
或若R7、R8、R9或R10連接於為N之G或G',則該R7、R8、R9或R10不存在;式(Ib)之環C中之虛線指示視情況存在C1-C2、C2-C3或C2-R11雙鍵;
R11為H、=O、=CH2、=CH(C1-C5烷基)、CH=CH(CH2)1-5X2、C≡C(CH2)1-5X2、C1-C5烷基、OH、O(C1-C5烷基)、氰基、NO2、F、Cl、Br、O(CH2CH2O)1-8(C1-3烷基)、(CH2)0-5X2、未經取代或經(CH2)0-5X2、O(CH2)2-5X2取代之4至7員芳基、雜芳基、環烷基或雜環烷基、未經取代或經(CH2)0-5X2或O(CH2)2-5X2取代之3至7員環烷基或雜環烷基、未經取代或經(CH2)0-5X2或O(CH2)2-5X2取代之5至6員芳基或雜芳基;若C1-C2、C2-C3或C2-R11雙鍵存在,則R11'不存在,否則為H;各X2獨立地為H、F、Cl、Br、OH、O(C1-C3烷基)、O(C1-C3伸烷基)、CO2H、N3、CN、NO2、CO2(C1-C3烷基)、NH2、NH(C1-C5烷基)、N(C1-C5烷基)2、SH、CHO、N(CH2CH2)2N(C1-C3烷基)、NHNH2或C(=O)NHNH2;各Y獨立地為CH2、C=O或CHR12;其中各R12獨立地為F、Cl、Br或C1-C3烷基;且Y'及Y"獨立地為CH2、C=O或CHR12;其中各R12獨立地為F、Cl、Br或C1-C3烷基,其限制條件為存在Y'及Y"中之至少一者;或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
在另一實施例中,本發明提供一種共軛物,其包含共價鍵結於靶向部分之式(I)二聚體,該靶向部分特異性或較佳結合於標靶細胞上之化學實體,該標靶細胞較佳為癌細胞。較佳地,靶向部分為抗體(更佳單株抗體;甚至更佳人類單株抗體),且化學實體為腫瘤相關抗原。腫瘤相關抗原可為呈現於癌細胞之表面上的抗原或由癌細胞分泌至周圍胞外空間中之抗原。較佳地,腫瘤相關抗原為相較於正常細胞由癌細胞過度表現之抗原或由癌細胞而非正常細胞表現之抗原。
在另一實施例中,提供一種適用於與靶向部分共軛之式(I)二聚體,其共價鍵結於具有反應性官能基之連接子部分。
在另一實施例中,提供一種治療罹患癌症之個體之此類癌症的方
法,其包含投與個體治療有效量之本發明二聚體或其與靶向部分之共軛物。在另一實施例中,提供本發明二聚體或其與靶向部分之共軛物用於製備供治療罹患癌症之個體之此類癌症用之藥物的用途。本發明二聚體或其與靶向部分之共軛物亦可用於抑制癌細胞之活體外、離體或活體內增殖。尤其,癌症可為肺癌或胃癌。
圖1、2、3、4、5、19A、19B及21展示合成適用於製備本發明二聚體之各種中間物的流程。
圖6、8、9、11、14、16、18及22展示用於合成本發明之各種二聚體的流程。
圖7A、7B、10、12A、12B、13、15、17及20展示用於合成本發明之各種二聚體-連接子的流程。
「抗體」意謂完整抗體及其任何抗原結合片段(亦即「抗原結合部分」)或單鏈變體。完整抗體為包含由二硫鍵相互連接之至少兩條重(H)鏈及兩條輕(L)鏈的蛋白質。各重鏈包含重鏈可變區(VH)及包含三個域CH1、CH2及CH3之重鏈恆定區。各輕鏈包含輕鏈可變區(VL或Vk)及包含單一域CL之輕鏈恆定區。VH和VL區可進一步再分成高變區,稱為互補決定區(CDR),穿插有較保守構架區(FR)。各VH及VL包含三個CDR及四個FR,其自胺基至羧基端以如下次序排列:FR1、CDR1、FR2、CDR2、FR3、CDR3及FR4。可變區含有與抗原相互作用之結合域。恆定區可介導抗體與宿主組織或因子之結合,包括免疫系統之各種細胞(例如效應細胞)及經典補體系統之第一組分(C1q)。抗體在抗體以5×10-8M或5×10-8M以下、更佳1×10-8M或1×10-8M以下、更佳6×10-9M或6×10-9M以下、更佳3×10-9M或3×10-9M以下、甚至更佳2×10-9M或2
×10-9M以下之KD結合於抗原X時稱為「特異性結合」於抗原X。抗體可為嵌合、人類化或較佳人類抗體。重鏈恆定區可經工程改造以影響糖基化類型或程度,延長抗體半衰期,提高或降低與效應細胞或補體系統之相互作用或調節一些其他特性。工程改造可藉由置換、添加或缺失一或多個胺基酸或藉由用來自另一免疫球蛋白類型之域置換域或前述方法之組合來完成。
抗體之「抗原結合片段」及「抗原結合部分」(或簡單地「抗體部分」或「抗體片段」)意謂抗體之保留特異性結合於抗原之能力的一或多個片段。已展示抗體之抗原結合功能可由全長抗體之片段進行,諸如(i)Fab片段,即由VL、VH、CL及CH1域組成之單價片段;(ii)F(ab')2片段,即包含由鉸鏈區之二硫橋連接之兩個Fab片段的二價片段;(iii)Fab'片段,其基本上為Fab以及鉸鏈區之一部分(參見例如Abbas等人,Cellular and Molecular Immunology,第6版,Saunders Elsevier 2007);(iv)由VH及CH1域組成之Fd片段;(v)由抗體之單一臂的VL及VH域組成之Fv片段,(vi)dAb片段(Ward等人,(1989)Nature 341:544-546),其由VH域組成;(vii)經分離之互補決定區(CDR);及(viii)奈米抗體,即含有單一可變域及兩個恆定域之重鏈可變區。較佳抗原結合片段為Fab、F(ab')2、Fab'、Fv及Fd片段。此外,儘管Fv片段之兩個域VL及VH由各別基因編碼,但其可使用重組方法藉由使其製成單一蛋白鏈的合成連接子接合,在該單一蛋白鏈中VL與VH區配對形成單價分子(稱為單鏈Fv或scFv);參見例如Bird等人,(1988)Science 242:423-426;及Huston等人,(1988)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 85:5879-5883)。此類單鏈抗體亦涵蓋於術語抗體之「抗原結合部分」內。
「經分離抗體」意謂實質上不含具有不同抗原特異性之其他抗體的抗體(例如特異性結合抗原X之經分離抗體實質上不含特異性結合除抗原X以外之抗原的抗體)。然而,特異性結合抗原X之經分離抗體可
與諸如來自其他物種之抗原X分子之其他抗原具有交叉反應性。在某些實施例中,經分離抗體特異性結合於人類抗原X且不與其他(非人類)抗原X抗原交叉反應。另外,分離抗體可實質上不含其他細胞物質及/或化學物質。
「單株抗體」或「單株抗體組合物」意謂具有單一分子組成之抗體分子的製劑,其對特定抗原決定基呈現單一結合特異性及親和力。
「人類抗體」意謂具有如下可變區之抗體,其中構架區與CDR區(及若存在,恆定區)均衍生自人類生殖系免疫球蛋白序列。人類抗體可包括後續修飾,包括天然或合成修飾。人類抗體可包括不由人類生殖系免疫球蛋白序列編碼之胺基酸殘基(例如藉由活體外隨機或位點特異性突變誘發或藉由活體內體細胞突變所引入之突變)。然而,「人類抗體」不包括如下抗體,其中衍生自另一哺乳動物物種(諸如小鼠)之生殖系的CDR序列已移植於人類構架序列上。
「人類單株抗體」意謂呈現單一結合特異性之抗體,其具有如下可變區,其中構架區與CDR區均衍生自人類生殖系免疫球蛋白序列。在一個實施例中,人類單株抗體由融合瘤產生,該融合瘤包括與永生化細胞融合之獲自轉殖基因非人類動物(例如轉殖基因小鼠)的B細胞,該轉殖基因非人類動物具有包含人類重鏈轉殖基因及人類輕鏈轉殖基因之基因組。
「脂族基」意謂具有指定碳原子數之直鏈或分支鏈、飽和或不飽和、非芳族烴部分(例如如同「C3脂族基」、「C1-5脂族基」、「C1-C5脂族基」或「C1至C5脂族基」,後三個詞為具有1至5個碳原子之脂族部分之同義詞),或其中碳原子數未明確指定,為1至4個碳原子(在不飽和脂族部分之實例中為2至4個碳)。類似理解適用於其他類型中之碳數,如同C2-4烯烴、C4-C7環脂族基等。以類似方式,諸如「(CH2)1-3」之術語應理解為下標為1、2或3之簡寫,因而此類術語表示CH2、CH2CH2及
CH2CH2CH2。
「烷基」意謂飽和脂族部分,其中指明碳原子數之相同慣例適用。以說明之方式,C1-C4烷基部分包括(但不限於)甲基、乙基、丙基、異丙基、異丁基、第三丁基、1-丁基、2-丁基及其類似基團。「伸烷基」意謂烷基之二價對應物,諸如CH2CH2、CH2CH2CH2及CH2CH2CH2CH2。
「烯基」意謂具有至少一個碳-碳雙鍵之脂族部分,其中指明碳原子數之相同慣例適用。以說明之方式,C2-C4烯基部分包括(但不限於)乙烯基、2-丙烯基(烯丙基或丙-2-烯基)、順-1-丙烯基、反-1-丙烯基、E-(或Z-)2-丁烯基、3-丁烯基、1,3-丁二烯基(丁-1,3-二烯基)及其類似基團。
「炔基」意謂具有至少一個碳-碳參鍵之脂族部分,其中指明碳原子數之相同慣例適用。以說明之方式,C2-C4炔基包括乙炔基、炔丙基(丙-2-炔基)、1-丙炔基、丁-2-炔基及其類似基團。
「環脂族基」意謂具有1至3個環之飽和或不飽和、非芳族烴部分,各環具有3至8個(較佳3至6個)碳原子。「環烷基」意謂如下環脂族部分,其中各環飽和。「環烯基」意謂如下環脂族部分,其中至少一個環具有至少一個碳-碳雙鍵。「環炔基」意謂如下環脂族部分,其中至少一個環具有至少一個碳-碳參鍵。以說明之方式,環脂族部分包括(但不限於)環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環戊烯基、環己基、環己烯基、環庚基、環辛基及金剛烷基。較佳環脂族部分為環烷基部分,尤其環丙基、環丁基、環戊基及環己基。「伸環烷基」意謂環烷基之二價對應物。
「雜環脂族基」意謂如下環脂族部分,其中在其至少一個環中,至多三個(較佳1至2個)碳經獨立地選自N、O或S之雜原子置換,其中N及S可視情況經氧化且N可視情況經四級銨化。類似地,「雜環烷基」、「雜環烯基」及「雜環炔基」分別意謂環烷基、環烯基或環炔基部分,其中其至少一個環經如此修飾。例示性雜環脂族部分包括氮丙啶基、
氮雜環丁烷基、1,3-二氧雜環己烷基、氧雜環丁烷基、四氫呋喃基、吡咯啶基、哌啶基、哌嗪基、四氫哌喃基、四氫硫哌喃基、四氫硫哌喃基碸、嗎啉基、硫代嗎啉基、硫代嗎啉基亞碸、硫代嗎啉基碸、1,3-二氧雜環戊烷基、四氫-1,1-二側氧基噻吩基、1,4-二氧雜環己烷基、硫雜環丁烷基及其類似基團。「伸雜環烷基」意謂雜環烷基之二價對應物。
「烷氧基」、「芳氧基」、「烷基硫基」及「芳基硫基」分別意謂-O(烷基)、-O(芳基)、-S(烷基)及-S(芳基)。實例分別為甲氧基、苯氧基、甲基硫基及苯基硫基。
「鹵素」或「鹵基」意謂氟、氯、溴或碘。
「芳基」意謂具有單環、雙環或三環環系統之烴部分,其中各環具有3至7個碳原子且至少一個環為芳族環。環系統中之環可彼此稠合(如同萘基)或彼此鍵結(如同聯苯)且可與非芳族環稠合或鍵結(如同茚滿基或環己基苯基)。以進一步說明之方式,芳基部分包括(但不限於)苯基、萘基、四氫萘基、茚滿基、聯苯、菲基、蒽基及苊基。「伸芳基」意謂芳基之二價對應物,例如1,2-伸苯基、1,3-伸苯基或1,4-伸苯基。
「雜芳基」意謂具有單環、雙環或三環環系統之部分,其中各環具有3至7個碳原子且至少一個環為含有1至4個獨立地選自N、O或S之雜原子的芳族環,其中N及S可視情況經氧化且N可視情況經四級銨化。此類至少一個含雜原子芳族環可與其他類型之環稠合(如同苯并呋喃基或四氫異喹啉基)或與其他類型之環直接鍵結(如同苯基吡啶基或2-環戊基吡啶基)。以進一步說明之方式,雜芳基部分包括吡咯基、呋喃基、噻吩基、咪唑基、吡唑基、噁唑基、異噁唑基、噻唑基、異噻唑基、三唑基、四唑基、吡啶基、N-側氧基吡啶基、噠嗪基、嘧啶基、吡嗪基、喹啉基、異喹啉炔基、喹唑啉基、啉基、喹喔啉基(quinozalinyl)、啶基、苯并呋喃基、吲哚基、苯并噻吩基、噁二唑
基、噻二唑基、苯并噻唑基、苯并咪唑基、苯并三唑基、二苯并呋喃基、咔唑基、二苯并噻吩基、吖啶基及其類似基團。「伸雜芳基」意謂雜芳基之二價對應物。
若據指示部分可經取代,諸如藉由使用「未經取代或經取代」或「視情況經取代」措辭,如同「未經取代或經取代之C1-C5烷基」或「視情況經取代之雜芳基」,則此類部分可具有一或多個獨立選擇之取代基,較佳數目為1至5個,更佳數目為一或兩個。取代基及取代模式可由一般技術者考慮取代基所連接之部分選擇,以提供化學上穩定且可藉由此項技術中已知之技術以及本文所闡述之方法合成的化合物。若一個部分鑑別為「未經取代或經取代」或「視情況經取代」,則在一較佳實施例中,此類部分未經取代。
「芳基烷基」、「(雜環脂族基)烷基」、「芳基烯基」、「芳基炔基」、「聯芳基烷基」及其類似基團意謂烷基、烯基或炔基部分,視情況可經芳基、雜環脂族基、聯芳基等部分取代,視情況可在烷基、烯基或炔基部分上具有開放(不飽和)價態,例如如同苯甲基、苯乙基、N-咪唑基乙基、N-嗎啉基乙基及其類似基團。相反地,「烷基芳基」、「烯基環烷基」及其類似基團意謂芳基、環烷基等部分,視情況可經烷基、烯基等部分取代,視情況可例如如同甲基苯基(甲苯基)或烯丙基環己基。「羥基烷基」、「鹵烷基」、「烷基芳基」、「氰基芳基」及其類似基團意謂烷基、芳基等部分,視情況可經一或多個所鑑別取代基(視情況可為羥基、鹵基等)取代。
舉例而言,容許取代基包括(但不限於)烷基(尤其甲基或乙基)、烯基(尤其烯丙基)、炔基、芳基、雜芳基、環脂族基、雜環脂族基、鹵基(尤其氟)、鹵烷基(尤其三氟甲基)、羥基、羥基烷基(尤其羥基乙基)、氰基、硝基、烷氧基、-O(羥基烷基)、-O(鹵烷基)(尤其-OCF3)、-O(環烷基)、-O(雜環烷基)、-O(芳基)、烷基硫基、芳基硫基、=O、=NH、
=N(烷基)、=NOH、=NO(烷基)、-C(=O)(烷基)、-C(=O)H、-CO2H、-C(=O)NHOH、-C(=O)O(烷基)、-C(=O)O(羥基烷基)、-C(=O)NH2、-C(=O)NH(烷基)、-C(=O)N(烷基)2、-OC(=O)(烷基)、-OC(=O)(羥基烷基)、-OC(=O)O(烷基)、-OC(=O)O(羥基烷基)、-OC(=O)NH2、-OC(=O)NH(烷基)、-OC(=O)N(烷基)2、疊氮基、-NH2、-NH(烷基)、-N(烷基)2、-NH(芳基)、-NH(羥基烷基)、-NHC(=O)(烷基)、-NHC(=O)H、-NHC(=O)NH2、-NHC(=O)NH(烷基)、-NHC(=O)N(烷基)2、-NHC(=NH)NH2、-OSO2(烷基)、-SH、-S(烷基)、-S(芳基)、-S(環烷基)、-S(=O)烷基、-SO2(烷基)、-SO2NH2、-SO2NH(烷基)、-SO2N(烷基)2及其類似基團。
若經取代之部分為脂族部分,則較佳取代基為芳基、雜芳基、環脂族基、雜環脂族基、鹵、羥基、氰基、硝基、烷氧基、-O(羥基烷基)、-O(鹵烷基)、-O(環烷基)、-O(雜環烷基)、-O(芳基),烷基硫基、芳基硫基、=O、=NH、=N(烷基)、=NOH、=NO(烷基)、-CO2H、-C(=O)NHOH、-C(=O)O(烷基)、-C(=O)O(羥基烷基)、-C(=O)NH2、-C(=O)NH(烷基)、-C(=O)N(烷基)2、-OC(=O)(烷基)、-OC(=O)(羥基烷基)、-OC(=O)O(烷基)、-OC(=O)O(羥基烷基)、-OC(=O)NH2、-OC(=O)NH(烷基)、-OC(=O)N(烷基)2、疊氮基、-NH2、-NH(烷基)、-N(烷基)2、-NH(芳基)、-NH(羥基烷基)、-NHC(=O)(烷基)、-NHC(=O)H、-NHC(=O)NH2、-NHC(=O)NH(烷基)、-NHC(=O)N(烷基)2、-NHC(=NH)NH2、-OSO2(烷基)、-SH、-S(烷基)、-S(芳基)、-S(=O)烷基、-S(環烷基)、-SO2(烷基)、-SO2NH2、-SO2NH(烷基)及-SO2N(烷基)2。更佳取代基為鹵基、羥基、氰基、硝基、烷氧基、-O(芳基)、=O、=NOH、=NO(烷基)、-OC(=O)(烷基)、-OC(=O)O(烷基)、-OC(=O)NH2、-OC(=O)NH(烷基)、-OC(=O)N(烷基)2、疊氮基、-NH2、-NH(烷基)、-N(烷基)2、-NH(芳基)、-NHC(=O)(烷基)、-NHC(=O)H、-NHC(=O)NH2、-NHC(=O)NH(烷基)、-NHC(=O)N(烷
基)2及-NHC(=NH)NH2。尤其較佳為苯基、氰基、鹵基、羥基、硝基、C1-C4烷氧基、O(C2-C4伸烷基)OH及O(C2-C4伸烷基)鹵基。
若經取代之部分為為環脂族基、雜環脂族基、芳基或雜芳基部分,則較佳取代基為烷基、烯基、炔基、鹵基、鹵烷基、羥基、羥基烷基、氰基、硝基、烷氧基、-O(羥基烷基)、-O(鹵烷基)、-O(芳基)、-O(環烷基)、-O(雜環烷基)、烷基硫基、芳基硫基、-C(=O)(烷基)、-C(=O)H、-CO2H、-C(=O)NHOH、-C(=O)O(烷基)、-C(=O)O(羥基烷基)、-C(=O)NH2、-C(=O)NH(烷基)、-C(=O)N(烷基)2、-OC(=O)(烷基)、-OC(=O)(羥基烷基)、-OC(=O)O(烷基)、-OC(=O)O(羥基烷基)、-OC(=O)NH2、-OC(=O)NH(烷基)、-OC(=O)N(烷基)2、疊氮基、-NH2、-NH(烷基)、-N(烷基)2、-NH(芳基)、-NH(羥基烷基)、-NHC(=O)(烷基)、-NHC(=O)H、-NHC(=O)NH2、-NHC(=O)NH(烷基)、-NHC(=O)N(烷基)2、-NHC(=NH)NH2、-OSO2(烷基)、-SH、-S(烷基)、-S(芳基)、-S(環烷基)、-S(=O)烷基、-SO2(烷基)、-SO2NH2、-SO2NH(烷基)及-SO2N(烷基)2。更佳取代基為烷基、烯基、鹵基、鹵烷基、羥基、羥基烷基、氰基、硝基、烷氧基、-O(羥基烷基)、-C(=O)(烷基)、-C(=O)H、-CO2H、-C(=O)NHOH、-C(=O)O(烷基)、-C(=O)O(羥基烷基)、-C(=O)NH2、-C(=O)NH(烷基)、-C(=O)N(烷基)2、-OC(=O)(烷基)、-OC(=O)(羥基烷基)、-OC(=O)O(烷基)、-OC(=O)O(羥基烷基)、-OC(=O)NH2、-OC(=O)NH(烷基)、-OC(=O)N(烷基)2、-NH2、-NH(烷基)、-N(烷基)2、-NH(芳基)、-NHC(=O)(烷基)、-NHC(=O)H、-NHC(=O)NH2、-NHC(=O)NH(烷基)、-NHC(=O)N(烷基)2及-NHC(=NH)NH2。尤其較佳為C1-C4烷基、氰基、硝基、鹵基及C1-C4烷氧基。
若陳述一範圍,如同「C1-C5烷基」或「5至10%」,則此類範圍包括範圍之端點,如同第一情況中之C1及C5及第二情況中之5%及10%。
除非特別指示特定立體異構體(例如藉由結構式中相關立構中心
之加粗或短劃鍵,藉由將結構式中之雙鍵描述為具有E或Z構型或藉由使用指明立體化學之命名法),否則所有立體異構體均以純化合物以及其混合物之形式包括在本發明之範疇內。除非另外指明,否則個別對映異構體、非對映異構體、幾何異構體及其組合及混合物均由本發明涵蓋。
熟習此項技術者應瞭解化合物可具有互變異構形式(例如酮及烯醇形式)、共振形式及兩性離子形式,其等效於本文所用之結構式中所描繪之形式,且該等結構式涵蓋此類互變異構、共振或兩性離子形式。
「醫藥學上可接受之酯」意謂活體內(例如在人體中)水解產生母化合物或其鹽或自身活性類似於母化合物的酯。適合酯包括C1-C5烷基、C2-C5烯基或C2-C5炔酯,尤其甲酯、乙酯或正丙酯。
「醫藥學上可接受之鹽」意謂適用於醫藥調配物之化合物之鹽。若化合物具有一或多個鹼性基團,則鹽可為酸加成鹽,諸如硫酸鹽、氫溴酸鹽、酒石酸鹽、甲磺酸鹽、順丁烯二酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽、磷酸鹽、乙酸鹽、雙羥萘酸鹽(恩波酸鹽)、氫碘酸鹽、硝酸鹽、鹽酸鹽、乳酸鹽、甲基硫酸鹽、反丁烯二酸鹽、苯甲酸鹽、丁二酸鹽、甲磺酸鹽、乳糖酸鹽、辛二酸鹽、甲苯磺酸鹽及其類似鹽。若化合物具有一或多個酸性基團,則鹽可為如下鹽,諸如鈣鹽、鉀鹽、鎂鹽、葡甲胺鹽、銨鹽、鋅鹽、哌嗪鹽、緩血酸胺鹽、鋰鹽、膽鹼鹽、二乙胺鹽、4-苯基環己胺鹽、苄星青黴素(benzathine)鹽、鈉鹽、四甲銨鹽及其類似鹽。多晶型結晶形式及溶劑合物亦涵蓋在本發明之範疇內。
在本說明書之式中,愛鍵末尾橫向於一鍵之波浪線()或星號(*)
表示共價連接位點。舉例而言,在式中R為
或之陳述係指。
在本說明書之式中,在芳族環之兩個碳之間橫越芳族環之一鍵意謂連接於該鍵之基團可位於芳族環之可用位置中之任一者處。以說明
之方式,式表示、或。
式(I)之苯并二氮呯二聚體之一較佳實施例具有由式(I')表示之結構,其中式(I')中變數之含義如式(I)中所定義:
亦即式(I')與式(I)之不同之處在於X為
在式(I)及其亞類及二聚體-連接子化合物及共軛物之相關式中,除非在特定式之情形下指示更特定較佳情況,否則以下較佳情況適用:
(a)若式包含兩個具有雙線之苯并二氮呯環系統,則不超過一個雙線表示單鍵。確切而言,較佳地,兩者均為雙鍵,或替代地,一者為單鍵且另一者為雙鍵。
(b)各R2在存在於式中時為Me,且更佳地,在存在於式中時,各R2為Me,且各R3、R4、R7、R8及R10為H。
(c)各Y在存在於式中時為CH2。
(d)各R9在存在於式中時獨立地為H、OH、OMe、NH2、NMe2、
O(CH2CH2O)1-8Me、OCH2CH2OH或(尤其對位異構體)。
(e)在存在於式中時,各G'為C,且Y'及Y"均為CH2,或一個G'為
N,Y'為CH2且Y"不存在。
(f)在存在於式中時,R11為H、=CH2、CH=CHMe、=CHMe、C≡CCH2NH2、
(尤其對位異構體)或。
(h)橋聯基團
為,且更佳為。
(i)橋聯基團
中之部分(CH2)0-5X2較佳為H、OH、OMe、Me或CH2OH。
本發明二聚體可為THIQ-THIQ二聚體;亦即,在式(I)中,R1為根據式(Ia)。此類二聚體可由式(IIa)表示
其中X、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、雙線及X2如上文之發明內容部分中關於式(I)所定義。
式(IIa)之較佳THIQ-THIQ二聚體具有由式(IIa')表示之結構,其中式(IIa')中之變數如上文之發明內容部分中關於式(I)所定義:
亦即,式(IIa')與式(IIa)之不同之處在於X為
在式(IIa)之另一較佳實施例中,THIQ-THIQ二聚體由式(IIa")表示:
其中若R5所鍵結之N連接的雙線為單鍵,則R5為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R5不存在;若R6所鍵結之C連接的雙線為單鍵,則R6為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R6不存在;各R9獨立地為H、OH、OMe、NH2、NMe2、O(CH2CH2O)1-8Me、
OCH2CH2OH或(尤其對位異構體);且X3為H、OH、OMe、Me、CH2OH、O(烯丙基)、Cl或CO2Me。
THIQ-THIQ二聚體之特定實例包括:
在另一實施例中,本發明之二聚體為THIQ-PBD二聚體;亦即,在式(I)中,R1為根據式(Ib)。此類二聚體可由式(IIb)表示:
其中X、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、R11、R11'、雙線、環C中之虛線及X2如上文之發明內容部分中關於式(I)所定義。
式(IIb)之較佳THIQ-PBD二聚體具有由式(IIb')表示之結構,其中式(IIb')中之變數如上文之發明內容部分中關於式(I)所定義。
式(IIb)之另一較佳THIQ-PBD二聚體由式(IIb")表示:
其中R9為H、OH、OMe、NH2、NMe2、O(CH2CH2O)1-8Me、OCH2CH2OH或
(尤其對位異構體);
R11為H、=CH2、CH=CHMe、=CHMe、C≡CCH2NH2、
(尤其對位異構體)或;若C1-C2、C2-C3或C2-R11雙鍵存在,則R11'不存在,否則為H;X3為H、OH、OMe、Me或CH2OH;二氮呯環系統中雙線中之至少一者為雙鍵;若R5所連接之N連接的雙線為單鍵,則R5為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R5不存在;且若R6所連接之C連接的雙線為單鍵,則R6為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R6不存在。
較佳地,在式(IIb)、(IIb')及(IIb")中
為或。
在另一實施例中,本發明二聚體包含具有THIQ環系統之苯并二氮呯單元及具有氮雜吲哚啉(AZI)環系統之苯并二氮呯單元(「THIQ-AZI二聚體」)。此類二聚體可由式(IIc)表示:
其中X、R2、R3、R4、R7、R8、R9、R10、雙線及X2如上文之發明內容部分中關於式(I)所定義;一個G'為N且其他為C;
二氮呯環系統中雙線中之至少一者為雙鍵;若R5所連接之N連接的雙線為單鍵,則R5為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R5不存在;且若R6所連接之C連接的雙線為單鍵,則R6為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R6不存在。
較佳式(IIc)之THIQ-AZI二聚體具有由式(IIc')表示之結構,其中變數如上文之發明內容部分中關於式(I)所定義
亦即,式(IIc')與式(IIc)之不同之處在於X為
本發明二聚體自身可用作治療劑,但較佳以與特異性或優先結合於癌細胞上之化學實體的靶向部分之共軛物形式使用。較佳地,靶向部分為抗體或其抗原結合部分,且化學實體為腫瘤相關抗原。
因此,本發明之另一實施例為由式(II)表示之包含本發明二聚體及配位體之共軛物[D(XD)a(C)c(XZ)b]mZ (II)
其中Z為配位體,D為本發明二聚體,且-(XD)aC(XZ)b-由於其連接Z與D而統稱為「連接子部分」或「連接子」。在連接子內,C為經設計以在二聚體D之預期生物學作用位點處或附近裂解的可裂解基團;XD
及XZ稱為間隔部分(或「間隔基」),因為其分別隔開D與C及C與Z;下標a、b及c獨立地為0或1(亦即,XD、XZ及C之存在為視情況的)。下標m為1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10(較佳1、2、3或4)。D、XD、C、XZ及Z更充分描述於下文中。
配位體Z(例如抗體)執行靶向功能。藉由結合於安置有其抗原或受體之標靶組織或細胞,配位體Z將共軛物引導至此處。(當配位體Z為抗體時,共軛物有時稱為抗體-藥物共軛物(ADC)或免疫共軛物。)較佳地,標靶組織或細胞為癌症組織或細胞,且抗原或受體為腫瘤相關抗原,亦即相較於非癌細胞,由癌細胞獨特表現或由癌細胞過度表現之抗原。標靶組織或細胞處基團C之裂解釋放二聚體D以局部發揮其細胞毒性作用。在一些情況下,共軛物藉由內飲作用內化至標靶細胞中且在標靶細胞內發生裂解。以此方式,達成二聚體D在預期作用位點之精確傳遞,從而降低所需劑量。此外,二聚體D在其共軛狀態下通常為生物學無活性的(或顯著較小活性),從而降低對非標靶組織或細胞之不當毒性。由於一般而言抗癌藥物通常對細胞具有高毒性,故此為重要考慮因素。
如由下標m所反映,視配位體Z可用於共軛之位點數及所用實驗條件而定,配位體Z之各分子可與超過一個二聚體D共軛。熟習此項技術者應瞭解,儘管配位體Z之各個別分子共軛於整數數目之二聚體D,但可針對非整數比率之二聚體D與配位體Z分析共軛物之製劑,從而反映統計平均值。此比率稱為取代比率(SR)或同義地,藥物-抗體比率(DAR)。
較佳地,配位體Z為抗體。為方便及簡潔起見且以非限制方式,下文關於配位體Z之共軛的詳細論述以其為抗體之情形編寫,但熟習此項技術者應瞭解,其他類型之配位體Z亦可在細節上作必要修改後共
軛。舉例而言,與配位體葉酸之共軛物可靶向表面上具有葉酸受體之細胞(Leamon等人,Cancer Res.2008,68(23),9839)。出於相同原因,下文之詳細論述主要關於1:1比率之抗體Z與類似物D(m=1)編寫。
較佳地,配位體Z為針對腫瘤相關抗原之抗體,從而使得可選擇性靶向癌細胞。此類抗原之實例包括:間皮素、前列腺特異性膜抗原(PSMA)、CD19、CD22、CD30、CD70、B7H3、B7H4(亦稱為O8E)、蛋白質酪胺酸激酶7(PTK7)、磷脂醯肌醇蛋白聚醣(glypican)-3、RG1、海藻糖基-GM1、CTLA-4及CD44。抗體可為動物(例如鼠類)、嵌合、人類化或較佳人類抗體。抗體較佳為單株抗體,尤其單株人類抗體。針對一些上述抗原之人類單株抗體的製備揭示於以下文獻中:Korman等人,US 8,609,816 B2(2013;B7H4,亦稱為O8E;尤其抗體2A7、1G11及2F9);Rao-Naik等人,8,097,703 B2(2012;CD19;尤其抗體5G7、13F1、46E8、21D4、21D4a、47G4、27F3及3C10);King等人,US 8,481,683B2(2013;CD22;尤其抗體12C5、19A3、16F7及23C6);Keler等人,US 7,387,776 B2(2008;CD30;尤其抗體5F11、2H9及17G1);Terrett等人,US 8,124,738 B2(2012;CD70;尤其抗體2H5、10B4、8B5、18E7及69A7);Korman等人,US 6,984,720 B1(2006;CTLA-4;尤其抗體10D1、4B6及1E2);Vistica等人,US 8,383,118 B2(2013,海藻糖基-GM1,尤其抗體5B1、5B1a、7D4、7E4、13B8及18D5);Korman等人,US 8,008,449 B2(2011;PD-1;尤其抗體17D8、2D3、4H1、5C4、4A11、7D3及5F4);Huang等人,US 2009/0297438 A1(2009;PSMA,尤其抗體1C3、2A10、2F5、2C6);Cardarelli等人,US 7,875,278 B2(2011;PSMA;尤其抗體4A3、7F12、8C12、8A11、16F9、2A10、2C6、2F5及1C3);Terrett等人,US 8,222,375 B2(2012;PTK7;尤其抗體3G8、4D5、12C6、12C6a及7C8);Terrett等人,US 8,680,247 B2(2014;磷脂醯肌醇蛋白聚醣-3;尤其抗體4A6、11E7及16D10);Harkins等人,US 7,335,748 B2(2008;
RG1;尤其抗體A、B、C及D);Terrett等人,US 8,268,970 B2(2012;間皮素;尤其抗體3C10、6A4及7B1);Xu等人,US 2010/0092484 A1(2010;CD44;尤其抗體14G9.B8.B4、2D1.A3.D12及1A9.A6.B9);Deshpande等人,US 8,258,266 B2(2012;IP10;尤其抗體1D4、1E1、2G1、3C4、6A5、6A8、7C10、8F6、10A12、10A12S及13C4);Kuhne等人,Us 8,450,464 B2(2013;CXCR4;尤其抗體F7、F9、D1及E2);及Korman等人,US 7,943,743 B2(2011;PD-L1;尤其抗體3G10、12A4、10A5、5F8、10H10、1B12、7H1、11E6、12B7及13G4);其揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。上述抗體各可與本發明二聚體一起用於ADC中
配位體Z亦可為抗體之抗原結合片段或抗體模擬物,諸如親和抗體、域抗體(dAb)、奈米抗體、單抗體、DARPin、抗運載蛋白、瓦薩體(versabody)、都卡林(duocalin)、脂質運載蛋白或高親和性多聚體。
配位體Z上數個不同反應基團中之任一者可為共軛位點,包括離胺酸殘基中之ε-胺基、側位碳水化合物部分、羧酸基團、二硫基及硫醇基。反應基團之各類型代表一種平衡,其具有一些優點及一些缺點。對於適用於共軛之抗體反應基團之評述,參見例如Garnett,Adv.Drug Delivery Rev.53(2001),171-216及Dubowchik及Walker,Pharmacology & Therapeutics 83(1999),67-123,其揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。
在一個實施例中,配位體Z經由離胺酸ε-胺基共軛。大多數抗體具有多個離胺酸ε-胺基,其可使用此項技術中已知之技術經由醯胺、脲、硫脲或胺基甲酸酯鍵共軛。然而,難以控制反應之ε-胺基及反應之ε-胺基的數量,從而導致共軛物製備中存在可能的批次間變化。此外,共軛可引起對於維持抗體之天然構形很重要的質子化ε-胺基的中和,或可在配位體或抗原結合位點附近或配位體或抗原結合位點處之離胺
酸處進行,其中任一者均非期望發生的。
在另一實施例中,配位體Z可經由碳水化合物側鏈共軛,因為多種抗體經糖基化。碳水化合物側鏈可用過碘酸鹽氧化產生醛基,其又可與胺反應形成亞胺基,諸如在半卡巴腙、肟或腙中。必要時,亞胺基可藉由用NaCNBH3還原轉化為更穩定胺基。對於經由碳水化合物側鏈共軛之其他揭示內容,參見例如Rodwell等人,Proc.Nat'l Acad.Sci.USA 83,2632-2636(1986);其揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。正如離胺酸ε-胺基的情況,在共軛位點之位置及化學計量的再現性方面存在問題。
在另一實施例中,配位體Z可經由羧酸基團(諸如麩胺酸或天冬胺酸之側鏈羧基)共軛。在一個實施例中,末端羧酸基團經官能化而產生碳醯肼,其隨後與具有醛之共軛部分反應。參見Fisch等人,Bioconjugate Chemistry 1992,3,147-153。
在另一實施例中,抗體Z可經由橋聯抗體Z上之半胱胺酸殘基與共軛物另一部分上之硫的二硫基共軛。一些抗體無游離硫醇基(硫氫基),但具有二硫基,例如在鉸鏈區中。在此類情況下,游離硫醇基可藉由還原天然二硫基產生。如此產生之硫醇基可隨後用於共軛。參見例如Packard等人,Biochemistry 1986,25,3548-3552;King等人,Cancer Res.54,6176-6185(1994);及Doronina等人,Nature Biotechnol.21(7),778-784(2003);其揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。同樣,在共軛位點位置及化學計量及可能破壞抗體天然構形方面存在問題。
已知多種方法將游離硫醇基引入抗體中而無需斷裂天然二硫鍵,該等方法可用本發明之配位體Z實踐。視所用方法而定,可在預定位置引入可預測數目之游離硫氫基。在一種方法中,製備突變之抗體,其中用半胱胺酸替代另一胺基酸。參見例如Eigenbrot等人,US 7,521,541 B2(2009);Chilkoti等人,Bioconjugate Chem. 1994,5,
504-507;Urnovitz等人,US 4,698,420(1987);Stimmel等人,J.Biol.Chem.,275(39),30445-30450(2000);Bam等人,US 7,311,902 B2(2007);Kuan等人,J.Biol.Chem.,269(10),7610-7618(1994);Poon等人,J.Biol.Chem.,270(15),8571-8577(1995)。在另一方法中,將外部半胱胺酸添加至C端中。參見例如Cumber等人,J.Immunol.,149,120-126(1992);King等人,Cancer Res.,54,6176-6185(1994);Li等人,Bioconjugate Chem.,13,985-995(2002);Yang等人,Protein Engineering,16,761-770(2003);及Olafson等人,Protein Engineering Design & Selection,17,21-27(2004)。引入游離半胱胺酸之較佳方法由Liu等人,8,865,875 B2(2014)教示,其中將具有半胱胺酸之胺基酸序列添加至抗體重鏈之C端中。此方法在距抗原結合位點之已知位置處引入已知數目之半胱胺酸殘基(每條重鏈一個)。此段落中引用之文獻的揭示內容均以引用的方式併入本文中。
在另一實施例中,離胺酸ε-胺基可用諸如2-亞胺基硫雜環戊烷、2-亞胺基硫雜環己烷或N-丁二醯亞胺基-3-(2-吡啶基二硫基)丙酸酯(SPDP)之試劑修飾,將ε-胺基轉化成硫醇或二硫基,從而產生所謂的半胱胺酸替代。然而,此方法具有與適當ε-胺基相關之相同共軛位置及化學計量侷限性。
如上所述,本發明共軛物之連接子部分包含至多三個要素:可裂解基團C及視情況存在之間隔基XZ及XD。
可裂解基團C為在生理學條件下可裂解之基團,其較佳經選擇以使得其在共軛物在血漿中一般循環時相對穩定,而在共軛物到達其預期作用位點(亦即標靶細胞附近,標靶細胞處或標靶細胞內)後容易地裂解。較佳地,共軛物在抗體Z結合於標靶細胞表面上呈現之抗原後由標靶細胞內化。隨後,基團C之裂解在標靶細胞之囊泡體(初級內體、
次級內體或尤其溶酶體)中進行。
在一個實施例中,基團C為pH敏感性基團。血漿中之pH值略高於中性,而溶酶體內之pH值為酸性,約5。因此,裂解由酸催化之基團C在溶酶體內之裂解速率比血漿中速率快數個數量級。適合酸敏感性基團之實例包括順烏頭醯胺及腙,如以下中所述:Shen等人,US 4,631,190(1986);Shen等人,US 5,144,011(1992);Shen等人,Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.102,1048-1054(1981)及Yang等人,Proc.Natl Acad.Sci(USA),85,1189-1193(1988);其揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。
在另一實施例中,基團C為二硫基。二硫基可藉由硫醇-二硫基交換機制以取決於環境硫醇濃度之速率裂解。當谷胱甘肽及其他硫醇之胞內濃度高於其血清濃度時,胞內二硫基之裂解速率較高。此外,硫醇-二硫基交換之速率可藉由調節二硫基之空間排列及電子特徵(例如烷基-芳基二硫基相對於烷基-烷基二硫基;芳環上之取代等)來調節,從而使得可設計具有提高之血清穩定性或特定裂解速率的二硫鍵聯。對於與共軛物中二硫基可裂解基團有關之其他揭示內容,參見例如Thorpe等人,Cancer Res.48,6396-6403(1988);Santi等人,US 7,541,530 B2(2009);Ng等人,US 6,989,452 B2(2006);Ng等人,WO 2002/096910 A1;Boyd等人,US 7,691,962 B2;及Sufi等人,US 2010/0145036 A1;其揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。
較佳可裂解基團為肽,相對於由血清中之蛋白酶裂解,其由標靶細胞內之蛋白酶選擇性裂解。通常,可裂解肽基包含1至20個胺基酸,較佳1至6個胺基酸,更佳1至3個胺基酸。胺基酸可為天然及/或非天然α-胺基酸。天然胺基酸為由遺傳密碼編碼之胺基酸以及衍生自其之胺基酸,例如羥基脯胺酸、γ-羧基麩胺酸、瓜胺酸及O-磷絲胺酸。在此情形下,術語「胺基酸」亦包括胺基酸類似物及模擬物。類似物為如下化合物,其具有天然胺基酸之相同通用H2N(R)CHCO2H結構,但R
基不為天然胺基酸中存在之基團。類似物之實例包括高絲胺酸、正白胺酸、甲硫胺酸-亞碸及甲硫胺酸甲基鋶。胺基酸模擬物為如下化合物,其具有不同於α-胺基酸之通用化學結構的結構,但以類似於α-胺基酸之方式起作用。胺基酸可具有遺傳編碼胺基酸之「L」立體化學以及對映異構「D」立體化學。
較佳地,基團C含有為蛋白酶之裂解識別序列的胺基酸序列。此項技術中已知多種裂解識別序列。參見例如Matayoshi等人,Science 247:954(1990);Dunn等人,Meth.Enzymol.241:254(1994);Seidah等人,Meth.Enzymol.244:175(1994);Thornberry,Meth.Enzymol.244:615(1994);Weber等人,Meth.Enzymol.244:595(1994);Smith等人,Meth.Enzymol.244:412(1994);及Bouvier等人,Meth.Enzymol.248:614(1995);其揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。
對於不欲由細胞內化之共軛物,基團C可經選擇以使得其由存在於標靶組織附近之胞外基質中的蛋白酶(例如附近染色細胞所釋放之蛋白酶或腫瘤相關蛋白酶)裂解。例示性胞外腫瘤相關蛋白酶為基質金屬蛋白酶(MMP)、甲拌磷寡肽酶(TOP)及CD10。
對於經設計以由細胞內化之共軛物,基團C較佳包含選用於由內體或溶酶體蛋白酶、尤其後者裂解的胺基酸序列。此類蛋白酶之非限制性實例包括組織蛋白酶B、C、D、H、L及S,尤其組織蛋白酶B。組織蛋白酶B較佳在序列-AA2-AA1-處裂解肽,其中AA1為鹼性或強氫鍵結胺基酸(諸如離胺酸、精胺酸或瓜胺酸),且AA2為疏水性胺基酸(諸如苯丙胺酸、纈胺酸、丙胺酸、白胺酸或異白胺酸),例如Val-Cit(其中Cit表示瓜胺酸)或Val-Lys。(在本文中,除非上下文明確指示,否則胺基酸序列以N-至-C方向書寫,如同H2N-AA2-AA1-CO2。)Lys-Val-Ala、Asp-Val-Ala、Val-Ala、Lys-Val-Cit及Asp-Val-Cit亦為組織蛋白酶B之受質肽基元,但在一些情況下裂解速率可能較慢。關於
組織蛋白酶可裂解基團之其他資訊,參見Dubowchik等人,Biorg.Med.Chem.Lett. 8,3341-3346(1998);Dubowchik等人,Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.,8 3347-3352(1998);及Dubowchik等人,Bioconjugate Chem. 13,855-869(2002);其揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。可用於裂解肽基連接子之另一酶為豆莢蛋白,一種較佳在Ala-Ala-Asn處裂解之溶酶體半胱胺酸蛋白酶。
在一個實施例中,基團C為包含兩個胺基酸序列-AA2-AA1-之肽,其中AA1為離胺酸、精胺酸或瓜胺酸,且AA2為苯丙胺酸、纈胺酸、丙胺酸、白胺酸或異白胺酸。在另一實施例中,C由具有1至3個胺基酸之序列組成,其選自由以下組成之群:Val-Cit、Ala-Val、Val-Ala-Val、Lys-Lys、Ala-Asn-Val、Val-Leu-Lys、Cit-Cit、Val-Lys、Ala-Ala-Asn、Lys、Cit、Ser及Glu。
由單個胺基酸組成之可裂解基團C之製備及設計如Chen等人,US 8,664,407 B2(2014)中所揭示,其揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。
基團C亦可為可光裂解基團,例如在暴露於光後裂解之硝基苯甲醚。
基團C可直接鍵結於抗體Z或類似物D;亦即間隔基XZ及XD,視情況可不存在。舉例而言,若基團C為二硫基,則兩個硫中之一者可為半胱胺酸殘基或其於抗體Z上之替代物。或,基團C可為鍵結於抗體之碳水化合物側鏈上之醛的腙。或,基團C可為用抗體Z之離胺酸ε-胺基形成之肽鍵。在一較佳實施例中,二聚體D直接經由與二聚體D中之羧基或胺基之肽基鍵而鍵結於基團C。
在存在時,間隔基XZ提供基團C與抗體Z之間的空間分隔,以免前者空間干擾後者之抗原結合或後者空間干擾前者之裂解。此外,間隔基XZ可用於賦予共軛物增加之溶解性或降低之凝集特性。間隔基XZ可包含一或多個模組區段,其可組裝於任何數目之組合中。間隔基XZ之
適合區段之實例為:
、、及其組合,其中下標g為0或1,且下標h為1至24,較佳2至4。此等區段可組合,諸如如下所說明:
若存在,間隔基XD提供基團C與二聚體D之間的空間分隔,以免後者空間上或電子學上干擾前者之裂解。間隔基XD亦可用於引入共軛物其他分子質量及化學官能基。一般而言,其他質量及官能基將影響共軛物之血清半衰期及其他特性。因此,經由明智選擇間隔基,可調節共軛物之血清半衰期。間隔基XD亦可如上在間隔基XZ之情形下所述由模組區段組裝。
間隔基XZ及/或XD在存在時較佳在Z與C或D與C之間分別提供4至25個原子、更佳4至20個原子之線性分隔。
除共價連接抗體與藥物以外,連接子可執行其他功能。舉例而言,連接子可含有聚(乙二醇)(PEG)基團,其在執行共軛化學法期間提高溶解性或提高在最終ADC產物中之溶解性。若存在PEG基團,則可將其併入間隔基XZ或XD或兩者中。PEG基團中重複單元之數目可為2至20,較佳4至10。
間隔基XZ或XD或兩者可包含自行分解部分。自行分解部分為如下部分,其(1)鍵結於基團C及抗體Z或二聚體D,且(2)具有一種結構以使得自基團C裂解引發反應序列,從而視情況可使自行分解部分自身自
抗體Z或二聚體D去鍵結。換言之,抗體Z或二聚體D遠端位點之反應(自基團C裂解)使XZ-Z或XD-D鍵亦斷裂。在間隔基XD之情形下需要自行分解部分之存在,因為若在共軛物裂解後間隔基XD或其一部分保持連接於二聚體D,則後者之生物活性可能受損。在可裂解基團C為多肽時,尤其需要使用自行分解部分,在該情況下自行分解部分通常位於其相鄰位置。
鍵結於搭配分子D上之羥基或胺基的例示性自行分解部分(i)-(vii)如下所示:
自行分解部分為虛線a與b(或虛線b與c)之間的結構,其中展示相鄰結構特徵以提供背景說明。自行分解部分(i)及(v)鍵結於二聚體D-NH2(亦即二聚體D經由胺基共軛),而自行分解部分(ii)、(iii)及(iv)鍵結於二聚體D-OH(亦即二聚體D經由羥基或羧基共軛)。在虛線b處裂解醯胺鍵(例如藉由肽酶)以胺氮形式釋放醯胺氮,從而視情況可引發使該鍵在虛線a處裂解的反應序列,隨後釋放D-OH或D-NH2。或者,
觸發自行分解反應之裂解可藉由不同類型之酶達成,例如藉由β-葡糖醛酸酶,如同結構(vi)之情況。在一些情況下,自行分解基團可串聯使用,如結構(vii)所示。在此類情況下,虛線c處之裂解藉由1,6-消除反應觸發虛線b與c之間的部分的自行分解,繼而虛線a與b之間的部分藉由環化消除反應自行分解。關於自行分解部分之其他揭示內容,參見Carl等人,J.Med.Chem.,24(3),479-480(1981);Carl等人,WO 81/01145(1981);Dubowchik等人,Pharmacology & Therapeutics,83,67-123(1999);Firestone等人,US 6,214,345 B1(2001);Toki等人,J.Org.Chem. 67,1866-1872(2002);Doronina等人,Nature Biotechnology 21(7),778-784(2003)(勘誤表,第941頁);Boyd等人,US 7,691,962 B2;Boyd等人,US 2008/0279868 A1;Sufi等人,WO 2008/083312 A2;Feng,US 7,375,078 B2;Jeffrey等人,US 8039,273;及Senter等人,US 2003/0096743 A1;其揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。如結構(i)中所示,較佳自行分解基團為對胺基苯甲基氧基羰基(PABC)。
在另一實施例中,抗體靶向部分及二聚體D藉由不可裂解連接子連接,亦即元件C不存在。抗體之降解最終將連接子縮小成小型附接部分,其不會干擾二聚體D之生物活性。
本發明之共軛物較佳藉由首先製備如下化合物來製造,其包含本發明類似物(由下式中之D表示)及連接子(XD)a(C)c(XZ)b(其中XD、C、XZ、a、b及c如對於式(II)所定義)以形成由式(III)表示之類似物-連接子組合物:D-(XD)a(C)c(XZ)b-R31 (III)
其中R31為適用於與抗體Z上之補體官能基反應形成共軛物之官能基。適合基團R31之實例包括胺基、疊氮基、硫醇、環辛炔、
其中R32為Cl、Br、F、甲磺酸酯或甲苯磺酸酯且R33為Cl、Br、I、F、OH、-O-N-丁二醯亞胺基、-O-(4-硝基苯基)、-O-五氟苯基或-O-四氟苯基。通常可用於製備適合部分D-(XD)aC(XZ)b-R31之化學法揭示於以下中:Ng等人,US 7,087,600 B2(2006);Ng等人,US 6,989,452 B2(2006);Ng等人,US 7,129,261 B2(2006);Ng等人,WO 02/096910 A1;Boyd等人,US 7,691,962 B2;Chen等人,US 7,517,903 B2(2009);Gangwar等人,US 7,714,016 B2(2010);Boyd等人,US 2008/0279868 A1;Gangwar等人,US 7,847,105 B2(2010);Gangwar等人,US 7,968,586 B2(2011);Sufi等人,US 2010/0145036 A1;及Chen等人,US 2010/0113476 A1;其揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。
較佳反應性官能基-R31為-NH2、-OH、-CO2H、-SH、順丁烯二醯亞胺基、環辛炔、疊氮基(-N3)、羥基胺基(-ONH2)或N-羥基丁二醯亞胺基。尤其較佳官能基-R31為:
-OH基團可用抗體上(例如天冬胺酸或麩胺酸側鏈上)之羧基酯化。
-CO2H基團可用抗體上之-OH基團酯化或用抗體上之胺基(例如離胺酸側鏈上)醯胺化。
N-羥基丁二醯亞胺基為功能上活化之羧基且可便利地藉由與胺基(例如來自離胺酸)反應醯胺化。
順丁烯二醯亞胺基可與抗體上之-SH基團(例如來自半胱胺酸或來自引入硫氫基官能基之抗體之化學修飾)在邁克爾加成反應(Michael addition reaction)中共軛。或,兩個基團之位置可顛倒,其中抗體經修飾以連接有順丁烯二醯亞胺基且藥物-連接物化合物具有-SH基團。
各種技術可將-SH基團引入抗體中。在較佳技術中,使抗體中離胺酸殘基之側鏈中的ε-胺基與2-亞胺基硫雜環戊烷反應以引入游離硫醇(-SH)基團。硫醇基可與順丁烯二醯亞胺或其他親核試劑受體基團反應以實現共軛:
通常,達成每個抗體二至三個硫醇的硫醇化水準。對於代表性程序,參見Cong等人,2014,其揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。因此,在一個實施例中,用於與本發明二聚體共軛之抗體具有一或多個離胺酸殘基(較佳二或三個)藉由與亞胺基硫雜環戊烷反應經修飾。
-SH基團亦可用於共軛,其中抗體已在邁克爾加成反應中經修飾以向其中引入順丁烯二醯亞胺基,其為上述反應之「鏡像」。抗體可用4-(順丁烯二醯亞胺基甲基)-環己甲酸N-丁二醯亞胺酯(SMCC)或其磺化變異體磺基-SMCC修飾以具有順丁烯二醯亞胺基,兩種試劑均可獲自Sigma-Aldrich。
替代共軛技術採用無銅「點擊化學法」,其中跨越環辛炔之具應力之炔烴鍵添加疊氮基,形成1,2,3-三唑環。參見例如Agard等人,J. Amer.Chem.Soc. 2004,126,15046;Best,Biochemistry 2009,48,6571,其揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。疊氮基可位於抗體上且環辛炔位於藥物部分上或反之亦然。較佳環辛炔基為二苯并二苯并環辛炔(DIBO)。具有DIBO基團之各種試劑可獲自Invitrogen/Molecular Probes,Eugene,Oregon。以下反應說明DIBO基團連接於抗體(Ab)之情況下的點擊化學法共軛:
另一共軛技術包括將非天然胺基酸引入抗體中,其中非天然胺基酸提供用於與藥物部分中之反應性官能基共軛的官能基。舉例而言,非天然胺基酸對乙醯基苯丙胺酸可如Tian等人,WO 2008/030612 A2(2008)中所教示併入抗體或其他多肽中。對乙醯基苯丙胺酸中之酮基可經由與連接子-藥物部分上之羥基胺基形成肟而成為共軛位點。替代地,可將非天然胺基酸對疊氮基苯丙胺酸併入抗體中,得到疊氮基官能基以如上所述經由點擊化學法共軛。非天然胺基酸亦可使用無細胞法併入抗體或其他多肽中,如以下中所教示:Goerke等人,US 2010/0093024 A1(2010)and Goerke等人,Biotechnol.Bioeng. 2009,102(2),400-416。前述揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。因此,在一個實施例中,用於製造與本發明二聚體之共軛物的抗體具有一或多個胺基酸經非天然胺基酸置換,該非天然胺基酸較佳為對乙醯基苯丙胺酸或對疊氮基苯丙胺酸,更佳對乙醯基苯丙胺酸。
另一共軛技術使用酶轉麩醯胺酸酶(較佳細菌轉麩醯胺酸酶或BTG),根據Jeger等人,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed. 2010,49,9995(「Jeger」)。BTG在麩醯胺酸之側鏈甲醯胺(胺受體)與伸烷基胺基(胺供體)(其可為
例如離胺酸之ε-胺基或5-胺基-正戊基)之間形成醯胺鍵。在典型共軛反應中,如下所示,麩醯胺酸殘基位於抗體上,而伸烷基胺基位於連接子-藥物部分上:
麩醯胺酸殘基位於多肽鏈上對其對BTG介導之轉醯胺作用之敏感性具有很大影響。抗體上之麩醯胺酸殘基通常均不為BTG受質。然而,Jeger揭示若抗體經去糖基化(糖基化位點為天冬醯胺297(N297)),則附近麩醯胺酸295(Q295)不受阻斷且對BTG具有反應性。抗體可藉由用PNGase F(肽-N-糖苷酶F)處理酶法去糖基化。替代地,抗體可藉由在恆定區中引入N297A突變而以無糖苷之形式合成,從而去除N297糖基化位點。此外,Jeger揭示抗體中之N297Q取代不僅去除糖基化,而且引入亦為胺受體之第二麩醯胺酸殘基(在位置297處)。因此,在一個實施例中,與本發明二聚體共軛之抗體經去糖基化。在另一實施例中,抗體具有N297Q取代。熟習此項技術者應瞭解藉由合成後修飾或藉由引入N297A突變進行之去糖基化使每個抗體產生二個BTG反應性麩醯胺酸殘基(每條重鏈一個,在位置295處),而具有N297Q取代之抗體具有四個BTG反應性麩醯胺酸殘基(每條重鏈兩個,在位置295及297處)。(抗體中胺基酸位置之編號係根據如Kabat等人,「Sequences of proteins of immunological interest」,第5版,公開號91-3242,U.S.Dept.Health & Human Services,NIH,Bethesda,Md.,1991;下文稱為「Kabat」中所闡述之EU索引)。
共軛亦可使用酶分選酶A進行,如以下中所教示:Levary等人,
PLoS One 2011,6(4),e18342;Proft,Biotechnol.Lett. 2010,32,1-10;Ploegh等人,WO 2010/087994 A2(2010);及Mao等人,WO 2005/051976A2(2005)。分選酶A識別基元(通常LPXTG,其中X為任何天然胺基酸)可位於配位體Z上,且親核性受體基元(通常GGG)可為式(III)中之基團R31,或反之亦然。
抗體亦可適用於藉由修飾其糖基以藉由肟形成引入充當共軛位點之酮基來共軛,如Zhu等人,mAbs 2014,6,1所教示。在另一糖基工程改造變化中,抗體之糖基可經修飾以引入疊氮基以藉由「點擊化學法」共軛。參見Huang等人,J.Am.Chem.Soc. 2012,134,12308及Wang,US 8,900,826 B2(2014)及US 7,807,405 B2(2010)。
另一共軛技術可通常稱為二硫基橋聯:抗體中之二硫鍵裂解,產生硫醇(-SH)基對。隨後用含有兩個硫醇反應性位點之藥物-連接物化合物處理抗體。硫醇基與兩個位點之反應實現至橋聯,其以一定方式再產生初始二硫橋,因此保持抗體三級結構且連接藥物-連接物部分。參見例如Burt等人,WO 2013/190292 A2(2013)及Jackson等人,US 2013/0224228 A1(2013)。
一般而言,本發明二聚體之ADC包含連接於二聚體上之官能基的連接子,該連接子連接於抗體。為反映可用共軛技術之多樣性,本發明二聚體可加工成適用於與抗體共軛之多種不同二聚體-連接子化合物。
一般而言,存在三種不同模式來將連接子連接於本發明二聚體,如下圖所說明(為簡單起見未展示環中之變數及視情況存在之取代基):
在類型(a)二聚體-連接子化合物中,連接連接子之官能基位於二個二聚體半部之間的橋X中。在類型(b)二聚體-連接子化合物中,連接子以跨越亞胺雙鍵之加成產物形式連接。在類型(c)及(c')二聚體-連接子化合物中,用於連接連接子之官能基位於THIQ、AZI或PBD二聚體單元之「外部」環處。
在一個實施例中,(a)二聚體-連接子化合物可由式(IIIa)表示:
其中T為自行分解基團;t為0或1;AAa及各AAb獨立地選自由以下組成之群:丙胺酸、β-丙胺酸、γ-
胺基丁酸、精胺酸、天冬醯胺、天冬胺酸、γ-羧基麩胺酸、瓜胺酸、半胱胺酸、麩胺酸、麩醯胺酸、甘胺酸、組胺酸、異白胺酸、白胺酸、離胺酸、甲硫胺酸、正白胺酸、正纈胺酸、鳥胺酸、苯丙胺酸、脯胺酸、絲胺酸、蘇胺酸、色胺酸、酪胺酸及纈胺酸;u為0或1;p為1、2、3或4;q為1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11或12(較佳2、3、4或8);r為1、2、3、4或5;s為0或1;
R 31為、、、、或;X4為S-S、O或NH;且R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、G、Y及雙線如上文之發明內容部分中關於式(I)所定義。
式(IIIa)之較佳類型(a)二聚體-連接子化合物由式(IIIa')表示:
其中X4、T、t、AAa、AAb、p、q、r、s及R31如關於式(IIIa)所定義;
各R9獨立地為H、C1-C3烷基、O(CH2CH2O)1-4H、(CH2CH2O)1-4(C1-C3烷基)、OH、Cl、F或Br;若R5所鍵結之N連接的雙線為單鍵,則R5為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R5不存在;且若R6所鍵結之C連接的雙線為單鍵,則R6為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R6不存在。
若R6所鍵結之C連接的雙線為單鍵,則R6為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R6不存在。
較佳地,在式(IIIa)及(IIIa')中,R9為H且X4為NH。
在一個實施例中,類型(b)二聚體-連接子化合物可由式(IIIb)表示:
其中T、t、AAa、AAb、u、p、q、s、r及R31如關於式(IIIa)所定義;且X、R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6.R7、R8、R9、R10、X2、Y及G如上文之發明內容部分中關於式(I)所定義。
較佳式(IIIb)之類型(b)二聚體-連接子由式(IIIb')表示
亦即,式(IIIb')與式(IIIb)之不同之處在於下標u為1且X為
另一較佳式(IIIb)之類型(b)二聚體-連接子由式(IIIb")表示:
其中T、t、AAa、AAb、p、q、r、s及R31如關於式(IIIa)所定義;各R9獨立地為H、C1-C3烷基、O(CH2CH2O)1-4H、(CH2CH2O)1-4(C1-C3烷基)、OH、Cl、F或Br;X3為H、OH、OMe、Me或CH2OH;若R5所鍵結之N連接的雙線為單鍵,則R5為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R5不存在;且若R6所鍵結之C連接的雙線為單鍵,則R6為H,且若雙線為
雙鍵,則R6不存在。
較佳地,在式(IIIb")中,R9為H且X3為H。
較佳地,在式(IIIb")中,部分
為
或
類型(b)二聚體-連接子化合物之實例包括:
在一個實施例中,類型(c)二聚體-連接子化合物可由式(IIIc)表示:
其中T、t、AAa、AAb、u、p、q、s、r及R31如關於式(IIIa)所定義;且R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、Y、X2及雙線如上文之發明內容部分中關於式(I)所定義。
較佳之式(IIIc)類型(c)二聚體-連接子化合物由式(IIIc')表示:
亦即,式(IIIc')與式(IIIc)之不同之處在於下標u為1且X為
另一較佳之式(IIIc)類型(c)二聚體-連接子化合物由式(IIIc")表示:
其中X3為H、OH、OMe、Me或CH2OH;二氮呯環系統中雙線中之至少一者為雙鍵;若R5所連接之N連接的雙線為單鍵,則R5為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R5不存在;若R6所連接之C連接的雙線為單鍵,則R6為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R6不存在;且R9為H、O(CH2CH2O)1-4H、(CH2CH2O)1-4(C1-C3烷基)、OH、Cl、F或Br。
較佳地,在式(IIIc")中,R9為H且X3為H。
較佳地,在式(IIIc")中,部分
類型(c)二聚體-連接子化合物之實例包括:
類型(c')二聚體-連接子較佳根據式(IIIc'''):
其中X3為H、OH、OMe、Me或CH2OH;T、t、AAa、AAb、u、p、q、s、r及R31如關於式(IIIa)所定義;且各R50獨立地為H、O(C1-C3烷基)、O(C2-C3伸烷基)、O(C2-C3炔基)、F、Cl、Br或CN。
在式(IIIa)、(IIIb)、(IIIc)及(IIIc''')中,其中下標t及u均為0,如上文所述,連接子為不可裂解類型。
式(IIIa)、(IIIa')、(IIIa")、(IIIb)、(IIIb')、(IIIb")、(IIIc)、(IIIc')、(IIIc")及(IIIc''')中之R31為能夠與抗體上之補體官能基反應之反應性官能基以如上所述實現共軛。
在較佳實施例中,在式(IIIa)、(IIIa')、(IIIb)、(IIIb')、(IIIb")、(IIIc)、(IIIc")、(IIIc')或(IIIc''')中,基團R31為
在另一較佳實施例中,在式(IIIa)、(IIIa')、(IIIa")、(IIIb)、(IIIb')、(IIIb")、(IIIc)、(IIIc')或(IIIc''')中,基團R31為
在式(IIIa)、(IIIa')、(IIIa")、(IIIb)、(IIIb')、(IIIb")、(IIIc)、(IIIc')、(IIIc")及(IIIc''')中,-AAa-[AAb]p-表示長度由p之值決定之多肽(若p為1,則為二肽,若p為3,則為四肽等)。AAa在多肽之羧基端,且其羧基與二聚體之胺氮(或若存在,自行分解基團T)形成肽(醯胺)鍵。相反地,最後一個AAb在多肽之胺基端,且視s為1或0而定,其α-胺基分別與以下形成肽鍵
較佳多肽-AAa-[AAb]p-為Val-Cit、Val-Lys、Lys-Val-Ala、Asp-Val-Ala、Val-Ala、Lys-Val-Cit、Ala-Val-Cit、Val-Gly、Val-Gln及Asp-Val-Cit,以習知N-至-C方向,如同H2N-Val-Cit-CO2H。更佳地,多肽為Val-Cit、Val-Lys或Val-Ala。較佳地,多肽-AAa-[AAb]p-可藉由標靶(癌)細胞內存在之酶(例如組織蛋白酶,且尤其組織蛋白酶B)裂解。
如下標t等同0或1所指示,自行分解基團T視情況存在於式(IIIa)、(IIIa')、(IIIa")、(IIIb)、(IIIb')、(IIIb")、(IIIc)、(IIIc')及(IIIc")之二聚體-連接子化合物中。在存在時,自行分解基團T較佳為對胺基苯甲基氧基羰基(PABC),其結構如下所示,其中星號(*)表示鍵結於二聚體之胺氮的PABC之末端,且波浪線()表示鍵結於多肽-AAa-[AAb]p-之末端。
此通用程序係基於藉由離胺酸ε-胺基與2-亞胺基硫雜環戊烷反應將游離硫醇基引入抗體中,繼而與含順丁烯二醯亞胺之藥物-連接物部分反應,諸如上文所述。首先,將抗體經緩衝液交換至含有50mM NaCl及2mM二伸乙三胺五乙酸(DTPA)之0.1M磷酸鹽緩衝液(pH 8.0)中,且濃縮至5-10mg/mL。硫醇化經由將2-亞胺基硫雜環戊烷添加至抗體達成。欲添加之2-亞胺基硫雜環戊烷之量可藉由初步實驗測定且在抗體與抗體之間變化。在初步實驗中,將滴定之增加量之2-亞胺基硫雜環戊烷添加至抗體中,且在室溫(室溫,25℃約)下與抗體一起培育1小時後,使用SEPHADEXTM G-25管柱在50mM HEPES、5mM甘胺酸、2mM DTPA(pH 5.5)中將抗體去鹽,且藉由與二硫二吡啶(DTDP)反應快速測定引入之硫醇基數目。硫醇基與DTDP反應引起硫吡啶釋放,其可在324nm下以光譜方式監測。通常使用蛋白質濃度為0.5-1.0mg/mL之樣品。可使用280nm下之吸光度精確測定樣品中之蛋白質濃度,接著在室溫下用0.1mL DTDP(5mM於乙醇中之儲備溶液)培育各樣品之等分試樣(0.9mL)10分鐘。亦在旁邊培育僅具有緩衝液加上DTDP之空白樣品。10分鐘後,量測324nm下之吸光度且使用19,800M-1之硫吡啶之消光係數定量硫醇基之數目。
通常,每個抗體約二至三個硫醇基之硫醇化位準為適宜的。舉例而言,對於一些抗體,此可藉由添加15倍莫耳過量之2-亞胺基硫雜環戊烷,繼而在室溫下培育1小時達成。隨後,將抗體與2-亞胺基硫雜環戊烷以適宜莫耳比一起培育,隨後在共軛緩衝液(50mM HEPES、5mM甘胺酸、2mM DTPA,pH 5.5)中去鹽。將硫醇化物質維持於冰上,同
時如上文所述定量引入之硫醇數目。
在驗證引入之硫醇的數目之後,以每個硫醇2.5倍莫耳過量添加藥物(二聚體)-連接子部分。使共軛反應在含有最終濃度25%丙二醇及5%海藻糖之共軛緩衝液中進行。通常,將藥物-連接子儲備溶液溶解於100% DMSO中。將儲備溶液直接添加至硫醇化抗體中。
在室溫下在輕微攪拌下培育共軛反應混合物2小時。隨後,將10倍莫耳過量之N-乙基順丁烯二醯亞胺(100mM於DMSO中之儲備液)添加至共軛混合物中且再攪拌一小時以阻斷任何未反應之硫醇。
隨後經由0.2μ過濾器過濾樣品。將物質經由TFF VivaFlow 50 Sartorius 30 MWCO PES膜緩衝液交換至10mg/mL甘胺酸、20mg/mL山梨糖醇、15%乙腈(pH 5.0)(5×TFF緩衝液交換體積)中,以移除任何未反應之藥物。最終調配藉由將TFF添加至20mg/mL山梨糖醇、10mg/mL甘胺酸(pH 5.0)中進行。
以下程序可用於轉麩醯胺酸酶介導之二聚體-連接子化合物共軛,其中連接子具有可充當胺供體之胺基。抗體可為具有轉麩醯胺酸酶反應性麩醯胺酸的抗體,例如具有N297A或N297Q取代之抗體。共軛藉由重組細菌轉麩醯胺酸酶進行,其中抗體:酶之莫耳比為5:1。共軛使用標準方案於50mM Tris緩衝液(pH 8.0)中在37℃下隔夜培育進行。在用50mM Tris(pH 8.0)預平衡之蛋白A管柱上純化所得共軛物。將共軛物用0.1M檸檬酸鈉緩衝液(pH 3.5)溶離。用1M Tris(pH 9.0)中和溶離之溶離份。可在20mg/mL山梨糖醇、10mg/mL甘胺酸(pH 5.0)中調配共軛物。
熟習此項技術者應理解,上述條件及方法為例示性及非限制性的,且用於共軛之其他方法為此項技術中已知的且可用於本發明中。
在一個實施例中,本發明之共軛物衍生自類型(a)二聚體-連接子
化合物且可由式(IVa)表示:
其中Ab為抗體;
R40為、、、、
其中鍵結於Ab之R40之開放價態由星號(*)表示,且鍵結於(CH2)r之R40之開放價態由波浪線()表示;m為1、2、3或4;T、t、AAa、AAb、u、p、q、s、r及X4如關於式(IIIa)所定義;且R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6.R7、R8、R9、R10、Y、G及雙線如上文之發明內容部分中關於式(I)所定義。
式(IVa)之較佳共軛物由式(IVa')表示:
其中Ab、R40、T、t、AAa、AAb、p、q、s、r及X4如關於式(IIIa)所定義;若R5所鍵結之N連接的雙線為單鍵,則R5為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R5不存在;若R6所鍵結之C連接的雙線為單鍵,則R6為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R6不存在;且R9為H、OH、OMe、NH2、NMe2、C1-C3烷基、O(CH2CH2O)1-8Me、
OCH2CH2OH、F、Cl、Br或(尤其對位異構體)。
在另一實施例中,本發明之共軛物衍生自類型(b)二聚體-連接子化合物且可由式(IVb)表示:
其中Ab、R40、m、T、t、AAa、AAb、u、p、q、s及r如關於式(IVa)所定義;且R1、R2、R3、R4、R7、R8、R9、R10、Y、G及X如上文之發明內容部分中關於式(I)所定義。
式(IVb)之較佳共軛物由式(IVb')表示:
其中T、t、AAa、AAb、m、p、q、s、r、R40及Ab如關於式(IVa)所定義,且R1、R2、R3、R4、R7、R8、R9、R10、Y、G及X2如關於式(IVa)所定義。
亦即,共軛物(IVb')與共軛物(IVb)之不同之處在於下標u為1且X為
式(IVb)之另一較佳共軛物具有由式(IVb")表示之結構:
其中T、t、AAa、AAb、m、p、q、s、r、R40及Ab如關於式(IVa)所定義;X3為H、OH、OMe、Me或CH2OH;若R5所鍵結之N連接的雙線為單鍵,則R5為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R5不存在;若R6所鍵結之C連接的雙線為單鍵,則R6為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R6不存在;且R9為H、OH、OMe、NH2、NMe2、C1-C3烷基、O(CH2CH2O)1-8Me、
OCH2CH2OH、F、Br、Cl或(尤其對位異構體)。
較佳地,在式(IVb')中,R9為H且X3為H。
在另一實施例中,本發明之共軛物衍生自類型(c)二聚體-連接子化合物且可由式(IVc)表示:
其中Ab、R40、m、T、t、AAa、AAb、u、p、q、s及r如關於式(IVa)所定義;且R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、Y、X及雙線如上文之發明內容部分中關於式(I)所定義。
式(IVc)之較佳共軛物由式(IVc')表示:
其中Ab、R40、m、T、t、AAa、AAb、p、q、s及r如關於式(IVa)所定義;且R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6.Y、X2及雙線如上文之發明內容部分中關於式(I)所定義。
亦即,共軛物(IVc')與共軛物(IVc)之不同之處在於下標u為1且X為
另一較佳式(IVc)共軛物具有由式(IVc")表示之結構:
其中Ab、R40、m、T、t、AAa、AAb、p、q、s及r如關於式(IVa)所定義;X3為H、OH、OMe、Me或CH2OH;二氮呯環系統中雙線中之至少一者為雙鍵;若R5所連接之N連接的雙線為單鍵,則R5為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R5不存在;若R6所連接之C連接的雙線為單鍵,則R6為H,且若雙線為雙鍵,則R6不存在;且R9為H、OH、OMe、C1-C3烷基、O(CH2CH2O)1-8Me、F、Cl或Br。
較佳地,在式(IVc")中,R9為H且X3為H。
基於類型(c')二聚體-連接子之較佳共軛物根據式(IVc'''):
其中Ab、R40、m、T、t、AAa、AAb、p、q、s、u及r如關於式(IVa)所定義;X3為H、OH、OMe、Me或CH2OH;且各R50獨立地為H、O(C1-C3烷基)、O(C2-C3伸烷基)、O(C2-C3炔基)、F、Cl、Br或CN。
上文關於式(IIIa)、(IIIa')、(IIIb)、(IIIb')、(IIIb")、(IIIc)、(IIIc')、(IIIc")及(IIIc''')之二聚體連接子中對多肽-AAa-[AAb]p-及自行分解基團T所述之較佳情況亦適用於式(IVa)、(IVa')、(IVb)、(IVb')、(IVc)、(IVc')及(IVc''')之共軛物。
在式(IVa)、(IVb)、(IVc)及(IVc''')中,若下標t及u均為0,則連接子為不可裂解型且依賴於抗體Ab降解釋放藥物。聚乙二醇組分在其存在為有利(例如藉由共軛期間提高藥物-連接物化合物之溶解性)且不干擾藥物之生物活性時可視情況存在(亦即s為1)。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供一種醫藥組合物,其包含本發明化合物或其共軛物與醫藥學上可接受之載劑或賦形劑一起之調配物。其可
視情況含有一或多個其他醫藥活性成分,諸如抗體或另一藥物。醫藥組合物可以與另一治療劑、尤其另一抗癌劑之組合療法形式投與。
醫藥組合物可包含一或多種賦形劑。可使用之賦形劑包括載劑、表面活性劑、增稠劑或乳化劑、固體黏合劑、分散或懸浮助劑、增溶劑、著色劑、調味劑、塗層、崩解劑、潤滑劑、甜味劑、防腐劑、等張劑及其組合。適合賦形劑之選擇及使用如以下中所教示:Gennaro編,Remington:The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,第20版(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2003),其揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。
較佳地,醫藥組合物適用於靜脈內、肌肉內、皮下、非經腸、經脊椎或表皮投與(例如藉由注射或輸注)。視投藥途徑而定,活性化合物可包覆於材料中以使其免於酸之作用及可使其不活化之其他天然條件。片語「非經腸投藥」意謂除腸內及表面投與以外通常藉由注射進行之投藥模式,且包括(但不限於)靜脈內、肌肉內、動脈內、鞘內、囊內、眶內、心內、皮內、腹膜內、經氣管、皮下、表皮下、關節內、囊下、蛛膜下、脊柱內、硬膜外及胸骨內注射及輸注。替代地,醫藥組合物可經由經腸途徑投與,諸如表面、表皮或黏膜投藥途徑,例如鼻內、經口、經陰道、經直腸、舌下或表面。
醫藥組合物可為無菌水溶液或分散液之形式。其亦可調配於微乳劑、脂質體或適合於達成高藥物濃度之其他有序結構中。組合物亦可以凍乾粉形式提供以在投藥前於水中復原。
可與載劑材料組合產生單一劑型之活性成分之量視所治療個體及特定投藥模式而變化,且一般為組合物產生治療作用之量。一般而言,在100%中,此量將介於約0.01%至約99%活性成分、較佳約0.1%至約70%、最佳約1%至約30%活性成分與醫藥學上可接受之載劑的組合。
劑量方案經調節以提供治療反應。舉例而言,可投與單次劑量,可隨時間投與數個分次劑量,或可如情形之緊急狀態所指示而按比例減少或增加劑量。尤其宜調配單位劑型之非經腸組合物以便於投藥及獲得劑量之均勻性。「單位劑型」係指適合作為單一劑量用於欲治療個體的實體上離散單位;各單位含有經計算以產生所要治療反應的預定量之活性化合物以及所要醫藥載劑。
劑量在每公斤主體體重約0.0001至100mg範圍內,且更通常0.01至5mg範圍內。舉例而言,劑量可為0.3毫克/公斤體重、1毫克/公斤體重、3毫克/公斤體重、5毫克/公斤體重或10毫克/公斤體重或在1至10毫克/公斤或者0.1至5毫克/公斤範圍內。例示性治療方案為每週投與一次、每兩週一次、每三週一次、每四週一次、一個月一次、每3個月一次或每三至6個月一次。較佳劑量方案包括使用以下給藥方案中之一者經由靜脈內投與1毫克/公斤體重或3毫克/公斤體重:(i)每四週投與六次劑量,隨後每三個月投與;(ii)每三週投與;(iii)投與3毫克/公斤體重一次,繼而每三週投與1毫克/公斤體重。在一些方法中,調節劑量以達到約1-1000μg/mL之血漿抗體濃度,且在一些方法中達到約25-300μg/mL。
「治療有效劑量」之本發明化合物較佳使得疾病症狀之嚴重性降低、無疾病症狀期之頻率或持續時間增加或預防疾病病痛所致之損傷或失能。舉例而言,為治療具有腫瘤之個體,「治療有效劑量」較佳相對於未經治療之個體抑制腫瘤生長達至少約20%、更佳至少約40%、甚至更佳至少約60%且再更佳至少約80%。治療有效量之治療化合物可降低腫瘤尺寸或者改善個體之症狀,個體通常為人類但可為其他哺乳動物。
醫藥組合物可為控制或持續釋放調配物,包括植入物、經皮貼片及微膠囊化傳遞系統。可使用可生物降解、生物相容性聚合物,諸如
乙烯乙酸乙烯酯、聚酸酐、聚乙醇酸、膠原蛋白、聚原酸酯及聚乳酸。參見例如Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems,J.R.Robinson編,Marcel Dekker,Inc.,New York,1978。
治療組合物可經由如下醫學裝置投與,諸如(1)無針皮下注射裝置(例如US 5,399,163;5,383,851;5,312,335;5,064,413;4,941,880;4,790,824;及4,596,556);(2)微輸注泵(US 4,487,603);(3)經皮裝置(US 4,486,194);(4)輸注設備(US 4,447,233及4,447,224);及(5)滲透裝置(US 4,439,196及4,475,196);其揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。
在某些實施例中,醫藥組合物可經調配以確保活體內適當分佈。舉例而言,為確保本發明之治療化合物跨越血腦障壁,其可調配於脂質體中,脂質體可另外包含靶向部分以提高向特定細胞或器官之選擇性傳輸。參見例如US 4,522,811;5,374,548;5,416,016;及5,399,331;V.V.Ranade(1989)J.Clin.Pharmacol. 29:685;Umezawa等人,(1988)Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 153:1038;Bloeman等人,(1995)FEBS Lett. 357:140;M.Owais等人,(1995)Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 39:180;Briscoe等人,(1995)Am.J.Physiol. 1233:134;Schreier等人,(1994)J.Biol.Chem. 269:9090;Keinanen及Laukkanen(1994)FEBS Lett. 346:123;及Killion及Fidler(1994)Immunomethods 4:273。
本發明化合物或其共軛物可用於治療如下疾病,諸如(但不限於)過度增生疾病,包括:頭頸癌,其包括頭部、頸部、鼻腔、鼻竇、鼻咽、口腔、口咽、喉、下嚥、唾液腺之腫瘤及副神經節瘤;肝臟及膽道樹之癌症,尤其肝細胞癌;腸癌,尤其結腸直腸癌;卵巢癌;小細胞及非小細胞肺癌(SCLC及NSCLC);乳癌肉瘤,諸如纖維肉瘤、惡性纖維組織細胞瘤、胚胎橫紋肌肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、神經纖維肉瘤、骨肉瘤、滑膜肉瘤、脂肪肉瘤及腺泡狀軟組織肉瘤;白血病,諸如急性
前髓細胞性白血病(APL)、急性骨髓性白血病(AML)、急性淋巴母細胞性白血病(ALL)及慢性骨髓性白血病(CML);中樞神經系統贅瘤,尤其腦癌;多發性骨髓瘤(MM);淋巴瘤,諸如霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(Hodgkin's lymphoma)、淋巴漿細胞樣淋巴瘤、濾泡性淋巴瘤、黏膜相關淋巴組織淋巴瘤、套細胞淋巴瘤、B系大細胞淋巴瘤、伯基特氏淋巴瘤(Burkitt's lymphoma)及T細胞多形性大細胞淋巴瘤。臨床上,該等方法之實踐及本文所述組合物之使用將使癌性生長之尺寸或數目減少及/或相關症狀減少(在適用之情況下)。在病理學上,該方法之實踐及本文所述組合物之使用產生病理相關反應,諸如:抑制癌細胞增殖,減小癌症或腫瘤之尺寸,預防進一步癌轉移及抑制腫瘤血管生成。治療此類疾病之方法包含投與個體治療有效量之本發明之組合。視需要可重複該方法。尤其,癌症可為腎癌、肺癌、胃癌或卵巢癌。
本發明化合物或其共軛物可與其他治療劑組合投與,該等治療劑包括抗體、烷基化劑、血管生成抑制劑、抗代謝物、DNA裂解劑、DNA交聯劑、DNA嵌入劑、DNA小溝結合劑、烯二炔、熱休克蛋白90抑制劑、組蛋白去乙醯基酶抑制劑、免疫調節劑、微管穩定劑、核苷(嘌呤或嘧啶)類似物、核輸出抑制劑、蛋白酶體抑制劑、拓撲異構酶(I或II)抑制劑、酪胺酸激酶抑制劑及絲胺酸/蘇胺酸激酶抑制劑。特定治療劑包括阿達木單抗(adalimumab)、安絲菌素P3(ansamitocin P3)、奧瑞他汀(auristatin)、苯達莫司汀(bendamustine)、貝伐單抗(bevacizumab)、比卡魯胺(bicalutamide)、博萊黴素(bleomycin)、硼替佐米(bortezomib)、白消安(busulfan)、蒜制菌素(callistatin A)、喜樹鹼(camptothecin)、卡培他濱(capecitabine)、卡鉑(carboplatin)、卡莫司汀(carmustine)、西妥昔單抗(cetuximab)、順鉑(cisplatin)、克拉屈濱(cladribin)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabin)、隱藻素(cryptophycins)、達卡巴嗪(dacarbazine)、達沙替尼(dasatinib)、道諾黴素(daunorubicin)、多西他
賽(docetaxel)、小紅莓(doxorubicin)、倍癌黴素(duocarmycin)、達內黴素A(dynemycin A)、埃博黴素(epothilones)、依託泊苷(etoposide)、氟尿苷(floxuridine)、氟達拉濱(fludarabine)、5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil)、吉非替尼(gefitinib)、吉西他濱(gemcitabine)、伊派利單抗(ipilimumab)、羥基脲(hydroxyurea)、伊馬替尼(imatinib)、英利昔單抗(infliximab)、干擾素(interferons)、白細胞間介素(interleukins)、β-拉帕酮(β-lapachone)、來那度胺(lenalidomide)、伊立替康(irinotecan)、美登素(maytansine)、甲氮芥(mechlorethamine)、美法侖(melphalan)、6-巰基嘌呤、甲胺喋呤(methotrexate)、絲裂黴素C(mitomycin C)、尼羅替尼(nilotinib)、奧沙利鉑(oxaliplatin)、太平洋紫杉醇(paclitaxel)、丙卡巴肼(procarbazine)、辛二醯苯胺氧肟酸(suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid(SAHA))、6-硫鳥嘌呤、噻替派(thiotepa)、替尼泊苷(teniposide)、拓朴替康(topotecan)、曲妥珠單抗(trastuzumab)、曲古黴素A(trichostatin A)、長春花鹼(vinblastine)、長春新鹼(vincristine)及長春地辛(vindesine)。
可參考以下實例進一步理解本發明之實踐,其係以說明方式提供且不意謂具有限制性。以下通用程序為說明性的,熟習此項技術者應瞭解可使用替代但等效之方法。
一些1H-NMR譜在Bruker 600、500或400MHz儀器上操作,且化學位移參考四甲基矽烷(δ=0.0)以ppm(δ)報導。一般而言,在減壓下進行蒸發。
此兩種LC/MS分析方法為說明性的:
A管柱:Waters BEH C18,2.0×50mm,1.7-μm粒子;移動相A:含0.05% TFA(三氟乙酸)之水;移動相B:含0.05% TFA之乙腈;[1.5分鐘內2-98%,操作時間3分鐘];溫度:40℃;流速:0.8mL/min;及
UV偵測器:設定在220或254nm下。
B管柱:PhenomenexLuna,2.0×30mm,3-μm粒子;移動相A:10%乙腈/含0.1% TFA之90%水;移動相B:90%乙腈/含0.1% TFA之10%水;[2分鐘內0-100%,操作時間4分鐘];溫度:40℃;流速:1.0mL/min;及UV偵測器:設定在220或254nm下。
此實例及圖1係關於中間化合物6之合成,其用於製備本發明二聚體。
如下由相應甲酯製備4-(苯甲氧基)-5-甲氧基-2-硝基苯甲醯基氯1:向4-(苯甲氧基)-5-甲氧基-2-硝基苯甲酸甲酯(Harve Chem,15g,47.3mmol)於四氫呋喃(THF,350mL)中之溶液中添加NaOH水溶液(56.7mL,142mmol,2.5M)。在50℃下攪拌反應物5小時。冷卻反應物至室溫(RT),隨後在真空中濃縮以移除THF。用HCl水溶液(6N)酸化剩餘水層至pH 2。過濾所得黃色沈澱物,用水洗滌且在真空下乾燥,得到4-(苯甲氧基)-5-甲氧基-2-硝基苯甲酸(14.32g,100%產率)。LCMS(M+H)=304.08。1H NMR(400MHz,甲醇-d4)δ 7.60(s,1H),7.53-7.45(m,2H),7.45-7.31(m,3H),7.29(s,1H),5.23(s,2H),3.98(s,3H)。
向上述硝基苯甲酸(3.5g,11.54mmol)於THF(150mL)中之溶液中依序逐滴添加乙二醯氯(1.212mL,13.85mmol)及N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(DMF,50μL)。在室溫下攪拌所得溶液2小時,隨後在真空中濃縮,得到呈黃色固體狀之酸氯化物1。
將酸氯化物1溶解於THF(35mL)中且在0℃下逐滴添加至(S)-1,2,3,4-四氫異喹啉-3-甲酸苯甲酯對甲苯磺酸鹽2(Accela,5.58g,12.70mmol)及三乙胺(4.83mL,34.6mmol)於THF(80mL)中之溶液中。在室溫下攪拌反應混合物4小時,隨後用水淬滅且濃縮以移除THF。用EtOAc(3×)萃取所得混合物。依序用飽和NaHCO3水溶液及鹽
水洗滌經合併之有機層,經Na2SO4乾燥且在真空中濃縮。使用ISCO矽膠層析(80g管柱,15分鐘內0%至100% EtOAc/二氯甲烷(DCM)之梯度)純化粗產物混合物,得到酯3(6.25g,98%產率)。LCMS(M+H)=553。1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δ 7.95-7.72(m,1H),7.57-7.35(m,5H),7.34-7.0(m,8H),7.14-6.98(m,1H),6.94-6.69(m,1H),5.39-5.19(m,2H),5.19-5.08(m,1H),4.99(q,J=12.4Hz,1H),4.75(d,J=17.4Hz,1H),4.65-4.40(m,2H),4.28(d,J=15.6Hz,1H),3.86(br.s.,3H),3.71(s,1H),3.50-3.18(m,1H)。
在50℃下加熱酯3(6.25g,11.31mmol)、鋅(4.44g,67.9mmol)及NH4Cl(7.26g,136mmol)於MeOH(50mL)中之懸浮液16小時。冷卻反應物至室溫且用MeOH稀釋。經由CELITETM墊過濾所得混合物,依次用EtOAc、DCM及MeOH洗滌。合併濾液且在真空中濃縮。使用ISCO矽膠層析(120g管柱,15分鐘內0%至100% EtOAc/DCM之梯度)純化粗產物混合物,得到二酮4(4.5g,96%產率)。LCMS(M+H)=415。1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δ 7.49-7.40(m,4H),7.32(br.s.,6H),,6.45(s,1H),5.19(s,2H),5.13(d,J=15.4Hz,1H),4.47(d,J=15.2Hz,1H),4.21(t,J=6.7Hz,1H),3.93(s,3H),3.52(dd,J=15.4,7.0Hz,1H),3.02(dd,J=15.4,6.4Hz,1H)。
冷卻二酮4(4.5g,10.86mmol)於DMF(54.3ml)中之溶液至0℃,隨後逐批添加NaH(60%於礦物油中之分散液,0.54g,13.57mmol)。攪拌所得混合物30分鐘,隨後添加(2-(氯甲氧基)乙基)三甲基矽烷(SEM-Cl,2.31ml,13.03mmol)。使反應物升溫至室溫且攪拌1小時,隨後用水淬滅。用EtOAc(3×)萃取所得混合物。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機層且在真空中濃縮。使用ISCO矽膠層析(80g管柱,15分鐘內0%至50% EtOAc/DCM之梯度)純化粗產物混合物,得到SEM-二酮5(4.60g,78%產率)。LCMS(M+H)=545。1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δ
7.59-7.41(m,2H),7.40-7.21(m,9H),5.43(d,J=9.9Hz,1H),5.21(s,2H),5.14(d,J=15.2Hz,1H),4.50(d,J=9.7Hz,1H),4.41(d,J=15.2Hz,1H),4.33-4.16(m,1H),4.13(d,J=7.3Hz,1H),3.92(s,3H),3.82-3.46(m,3H),3.06-2.84(m,1H),1.26(t,J=7.2Hz,1H),0.97(ddd,J=9.9,6.8,2.6Hz,2H),0.10-0.01(m,9H)。
在室溫下在H2氣球下攪拌SEM-二酮5(4.68g,8.59mmol)及Pd/C(10%,0.457g)於EtOH(10mL)中之懸浮液3小時。經由CELITETM墊過濾反應物,用EtOH洗滌且在真空中濃縮。使用ISCO矽膠層析(120g管柱,15分鐘內0%至100% EtOAc/DCM之梯度)純化粗產物混合物,得到化合物6(3.23g,83%產率)。LCMS(M+H)=455。1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δ 7.40-7.21(m,5H),5.97(s,1H),5.46(d,J=9.7Hz,1H),5.18(d,J=15.4Hz,1H),4.72(d,J=9.7Hz,1H),4.58-4.24(m,2H),3.95(s,3H),3.83-3.44(m,3H),3.14-2.88(m,1H),0.99(t,J=8.0Hz,2H),0.14(s,9H)。
此實例及圖2係關於其他中間化合物13之合成,其適用於製備本發明二聚體。
在0℃下將酸氯化物1溶解於THF(30mL)中且逐滴添加至羧酸酯7(Borzilleri等人,WO 2014/047024 A1(2014),1.6g,6.39mmol)及NEt3(2.67mL,19.2mmol)於THF(20mL)中之溶液中。使所得溶液緩慢升溫至室溫且攪拌30分鐘。用水淬滅反應物且濃縮以移除THF。用EtOAc(3×)萃取所得混合物。依序用飽和NaHCO3水溶液及鹽水洗滌經合併之有機層,經Na2SO4乾燥且在真空中濃縮。使用ISCO矽膠層析(80g管柱,15分鐘內0%至100% EtOAc/己烷之梯度)純化粗產物混合物,得到乙酯8(2.66g,78%產率)。LCMS(M+H)=536.4。
在50℃下加熱乙酯8(1.75g,3.55mmol)、鋅(1.394g,21.32mmol)
及NH4Cl(2.281g,42.6mmol)於MeOH(10mL)中之懸浮液隔夜。經由CELITETM墊過濾反應混合物,用大量20% MeOH之DCM溶液洗滌。濃縮濾液,得到呈白色固體狀之胺基-二酮9(1.25g,2.90mmol,82%產率)。LCMS(M+H)=430.3 1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ 10.26(br.s.,1H),7.53-7.31(m,6H),7.24(s,1H),6.92(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),6.78(s,1H),6.50-6.41(m,2H),5.07(d,J=4.6Hz,2H),5.00-4.88(m,2H),4.84(d,J=15.0Hz,1H),4.09(d,J=15.0Hz,1H),4.01(t,J=6.9Hz,1H),3.75(s,3H),3.12(dd,J=15.3,7.6Hz,1H),2.78(dd,J=15.2,6.2Hz,1H)。
向胺基-二酮9(1.6g,3.73mmol)及三苯甲基氯(1.246g,4.47mmol)於DCM(10mL)中之溶液中添加NEt3(0.779mL,5.59mmol)。在室溫下攪拌反應混合物3小時且濃縮。使用ISCO矽膠層析(80g管柱,0-50% EtOAc/己烷)純化粗產物混合物,得到呈白色固體狀之三苯甲基-二酮10(2.2g,3.27mmol,88%產率)。1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δ 8.01(s,1H),7.50-7.12(m,22H),6.77(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),6.47-6.34(m,2H),6.16(dd,J=8.1,2.4Hz,1H),5.02(br.s.,1H),4.91(d,J=15.2Hz,1H),4.18-4.09(m,2H),4.05(t,J=6.9Hz,1H),3.92(s,3H),3.28(dd,J=15.4,7.7Hz,1H),2.75(dd,J=15.4,6.4Hz,1H)。
在0℃下向三苯甲基-二酮10(2.2g,3.27mmol)於DMF(15mL)中之溶液中添加NaH(60%於礦物油中之分散液,0.236g,3.93mmol)。攪拌混合物30分鐘,隨後添加SEM-Cl(0.697ml,3.93mmol)。在0℃下攪拌反應混合物2小時,隨後用鹽水淬滅。用EtOAc(3×)萃取反應混合物。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機層且在真空中濃縮。使用ISCO矽膠層析(40g管柱,0-50% EtOAc/己烷)純化粗產物混合物,得到SEM-二酮11(2.1g,2.62mmol,80%產率)。LCMS(M-trityl)=560.4 1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δ 7.48-7.42(m,2H),7.41-7.32(m,9H),7.31-7.18(m,11H),6.77(d,J=8.1Hz,1H),6.38(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),6.19(dd,J=8.3
2.3Hz,1H),5.45(d,J=9.7Hz,1H),5.21(s,2H),5.08-4.92(m,2H),4.49(d,J=9.7Hz,1H),4.13-4.08(m,1H),4.02(d,J=15.2Hz,1H),3.93(s,3H),3.71(td,J=9.6,7.0Hz,1H),3.61(td,J=9.6,7.2Hz,1H),3.36(dd,J=15.5,8.3Hz,1H),2.72(dd,J=15.5,6.5Hz,1H),1.05-0.92(m,2H),0.06(s,9H)。
在H2氣球下攪拌SEM-二酮11(950mg,1.18mmol)及Pd/C(10%,200mg)於EtOAc(20mL)中之懸浮液2天。經由CELITETM墊過濾反應混合物且依序用EtOAc及MeOH洗滌。濃縮經合併之濾液且使用ISCO矽膠層析(40g管柱,0-100% EtOAc/己烷)純化,得到化合物12(510mg,1.08mmol,90%產率)。LCMS(M+H)=470.2。1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δ 7.33(s,1H),7.27(s,1H),7.09(d,J=8.6Hz,1H),6.67-6.54(m,2H),6.02(s,1H),5.47(d,J=9.7Hz,1H),5.11(d,J=15.2Hz,1H),4.71(d,J=9.7Hz,1H),4.29(d,J=15.2Hz,1H),4.22(dd,J=7.7,6.5Hz,1H),3.94(s,3H),3.79-3.60(m,4H),3.47(dd,J=15.4,7.7Hz,1H),2.90(dd,J=15.5,6.4Hz,1H),1.09-0.94(m,2H),0.05(s,9H)。
在0℃下向化合物12(500mg,1.065mmol)於THF(3mL)中之溶液中添加NEt3(0.742mL,5.32mmol)。逐滴添加氯甲酸烯丙酯12a(513mg,4.26mmol)。在0℃下攪拌所得溶液2小時且用MeOH(5mL)及LiOH(2mL,2N)水溶液稀釋。在室溫下攪拌所得混合物16小時。用EtOAc稀釋反應物且用鹽水洗滌。分離有機層,經Na2SO4乾燥且在真空中濃縮。藉由ISCO矽膠層析(24g管柱,0-10% MeOH/DCM)純化粗產物,得到呈白色固體狀之化合物13(440mg,0.795mmol,74.6%產率)。LCMS(M+H)=554.2。1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δ 7.38-7.30(m,3H),7.27-7.21(m,2H),6.96(s,1H),6.28(s,1H),6.02-5.89(m,1H),5.44(d,J=9.8Hz,1H),5.35(dq,J=17.2,1.5Hz,1H),5.26(dq,J=10.4,1.3Hz,1H),5.10(d,J=15.4Hz,1H),4.70(d,J=9.8Hz,1H),4.66(d,J=5.1Hz,
2H),4.40(d,J=15.4Hz,1H),4.31-4.23(m,1H),3.91(s,3H),3.79-3.58(m,2H),3.51(dd,J=15.6,7.3Hz,1H),2.96(dd,J=15.5,6.4Hz,1H),1.07-0.95(m,2H),0.03(s,9H)。
此實例及圖3及圖4係關於適用於合成本發明二聚體之其他中間物之製備。
在0℃下向燒瓶中饋入5-甲氧基-2-硝基-4-((三異丙基矽烷基)氧基)苯甲酸14(CAS登記號1430738-03-6,9.0g,24.36mmol)及六氟磷酸N,N,N',N'-四甲基-O-(7-氮雜苯并三唑-1-基)(HATU,10.19g,26.8mmol)於DCM(100mL)中之溶液。攪拌反應混合物10分鐘且用N,N-二異丙基乙胺(DIEA或DIPEA,4.68mL,26.8mmol)及異喹啉15(CAS登記號215928-81-7,7.43g,26.8mmol)處理。在0℃下維持反應物3小時,隨後在室溫下攪拌24小時。將反應混合物倒入飽和NH4Cl及DCM中。收集有機相且濃縮,得到殘餘物。藉由矽膠層析(Biotage)用10%-30% EtOAc之己烷溶液溶離進一步純化殘餘物。收集產物且濃縮,得到呈淡褐色油狀之醯胺16(10.15g,66%產率)。LCMS M+H=629.65。
冷卻醯胺16(10.1g,16.06mmol)於MeOH(200mL)中之溶液至0℃且添加NH4Cl(4.29g,80mmol)及鋅粉(5.25g,80mmol)。在0℃下攪拌所得綠色懸浮液45分鐘,隨後升溫至室溫隔夜。經由CELITETM墊(用MeOH洗滌)過濾反應混合物且濃縮濾液,得到殘餘物。將殘餘物溶解於DCM中且裝載於矽膠墊上。將其用50% EtOAc及己烷沖洗,得到苯胺17(8.02g,83%產率)。LCMS M+H=599.35。
將苯胺17(2500mg,4.17mmol)溶解於DCM(50mL)中且添加吡啶(0.878mL,10.85mmol)。冷卻混合物至-78℃且添加氯甲酸烯丙酯12a(0.579mL,5.43mmol)。在此溫度下維持反應混合物1小時,隨後升溫至室溫。將反應混合物倒入飽和NH4Cl及DCM中。用DCM萃取混
合物且藉由矽膠層析(Biotage)用10%-50% EtOAc之己烷溶液溶離純化,得到胺基甲酸酯18(2.5g,88%產率)。LCMS M+H=683.40。
將胺基甲酸酯18(1.372g,2.009mmol)溶解於MeOH(20mL)中。添加10%於MeOH中之濃HCl(2mL,6.58mmol)。老化混合物20分鐘且用NaHCO3(0.591g,7.03mmol)水溶液淬滅。用水稀釋混合物且用DCM萃取4次。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機相,過濾且蒸發。藉由矽膠層析(Biotage)用10-50% EtOAc/己烷溶離純化,得到醇19(963mg,84%產率)。LCMS M+H=569.25。
將乙二醯氯(2.0M,1.450mL,2.90mmol)溶解於DCM(30mL)中,隨後於乾冰/丙酮浴中冷卻混合物至-78℃。向其中添加DMSO(0.515mL,7.25mmol,溶解於約2mL DCM中以防止添加期間凍結)且將溫度維持在-78℃下。20分鐘後,將溶解於DCM(10mL)中之醇19(1.65g,2.90mmol)添加至反應物中。將其再攪拌30分鐘,繼而添加NEt3(2.022mL,14.50mmol)。10分鐘後,使反應物升溫至室溫。將其用飽和NH4Cl淬滅且用DCM(2×)萃取。合併有機相,經Na2SO4乾燥,過濾且濃縮,得到殘餘物。藉由矽膠層析(Biotage)用30%-100% EtOAc之己烷溶液溶離純化殘餘物。收集產物且濃縮,得到呈白色固體狀之縮醛胺20(1.51g,92%產率)。LCMS M+H=567.30。1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δ 7.39-7.24(m,5H),7.22(s,1H),6.67(s,1H),5.75(dd,J=11.2,5.6Hz,1H),5.31(dd,J=9.5,4.0Hz,1H),5.22-5.07(m,2H),4.84(d,J=15.8Hz,1H),4.64-4.49(m,2H),4.44(d,J=5.3Hz,1H),3.87(s,3H),3.77-3.61(m,1H),3.28-3.01(m,3H),1.34-1.18(m,3H),1.09(dd,J=7.4,2.6Hz,18H)。
將縮醛胺20(776mg,1.369mmol)溶解於DCM(12mL)中且添加2,6-二甲基吡啶(0.638mL,5.48mmol)。於冰浴上冷卻混合物且添加三氟甲烷磺酸第三丁基二甲基矽烷酯(TBSOTf,0.943mL,4.11mmol)。
老化混合物30分鐘,用DCM稀釋,用飽和NaHCO3溶液淬滅且用DCM萃取2次。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機相,過濾且蒸發至乾。藉由矽膠層析(Biotage)用10-30% EtOAc/己烷溶離純化殘餘物,得到矽烷基醚21(907.6mg,1.333mmol,97%產率)。1H-NMR展示經純化之物質混雜有約0.25當量2,6-二甲基吡啶(約4wt%),但其不經任何進一步純化即繼續使用。LCMS M+H=681.25。
將矽烷基醚21(907mg,1.332mmol)溶解於DMF(5ml)及水(0.1ml)中。添加乙酸鋰(88mg,1.332mmol)且老化混合物隔夜。在氮氣流下蒸發大多數DMF。用EtOAc稀釋殘餘物,用0.1M檸檬酸洗滌2次,隨後用鹽水洗滌一次。經Na2SO4乾燥經有機相,過濾且蒸發至乾。藉由矽膠層析(Biotage)用30-70% EtOAc/己烷溶離純化殘餘物,得到酚22(707.4mg,1.107mmol,83%產率),藉由1H-NMR發現其含有一些EtOAc(約1.3當量;調節產率以說明EtOAc)。LCMS M+H=525.10。
現轉至圖4,將化合物17(2.1g,3.51mmol)溶解於DCM(30mL)中且添加吡啶(0.3mL,3.71mmol)。冷卻混合物至0℃。添加氯甲酸4-硝基苯酯23(0.707g,3.51mmol)且在相同溫度下老化混合物7分鐘。添加化合物24(CAS登記號1343407-91-9,1.323g,3.51mmol)及DIEA(0.750mL,4.29mmol)於DMF(3mL)中之溶液。在室溫下將混合物置於旋轉蒸發器上以移除DCM。20分鐘後,在氮氣流下蒸發DMF,隨後藉由矽膠層析(Biotage)用10-100% EtOAc之己烷溶液溶離純化殘餘物,得到化合物25(1.579g,1.575mmol,44.9%產率)。LCMS M+H=1002.50。
用10%於MeOH中之濃HCl(1.6ml,5.27mmol)處理化合物25(1.579g,1.575mmol)於MeOH(14.4ml)中之溶液。老化混合物30分鐘,用飽和NaHCO3淬滅且用氯仿(3×)萃取。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機相,過濾且蒸發,留下殘餘物。將殘餘物與另一批相同反應物(以
0.816g化合物25為起始物質)組合以進行純化。藉由矽膠層析(Biotage)用20-100% EtOAc/己烷溶離純化經合併之粗殘餘物,得到胺基甲酸酯26(1.7412g,1.961mmol,82%產率)。LCMS M+H=888.30。
冷卻乙二醯氯(2.0M,1.00mL,2.000mmol)於10mL DCM中之溶液至-78℃。逐滴添加DMSO(0.348mL,4.90mmol)於5mL DCM中之溶液且在相同溫度下老化混合物10分鐘。逐滴添加胺基甲酸酯26(1741.2mg,1.961mmol)於5mL DCM中之溶液且再次老化混合物15分鐘。逐滴添加NEt3(1.366mL,9.80mmol);在相同溫度下老化混合物5分鐘,隨後移除冷浴且使混合物升溫至室溫。用NH4Cl溶液淬滅混合物且用DCM萃取兩次。用水及鹽水洗滌經合併之有機相,經Na2SO4乾燥,過濾且蒸發。藉由矽膠層析(Biotage)用50%-80% EtOAc/己烷溶離純化殘餘物,得到化合物27(1376.7mg,1.554mmol,79%產率)。LCMS M+H=886.30。
將化合物27(1045mg,1.179mmol)溶解於DCM(10ml)中且添加2,6-二甲基吡啶(0.549ml,4.72mmol)。於冰浴上冷卻混合物且添加三氟甲烷磺酸第三丁基二甲基矽烷酯(0.813ml,3.54mmol)。1小時後,用DCM稀釋混合物,用飽和NaHCO3及鹽水洗滌,經Na2SO4乾燥,過濾且蒸發。藉由矽膠層析(Biotage)用20-100% EtOAc/己烷溶離純化殘餘物。獲得一些混合溶離份,藉由矽膠層析(Biotage)用50% EtOAc/己烷(等度)溶離再純化。合併純溶離份,得到化合物28(676.9mg,0.677mmol,57.4%產率)。LCMS M+H=1000.30。
用LiOAc(44.6mg,0.676mmol)處理化合物28(676mg,0.676mmol)於DMF(5mL)及水(0.1mL)中之溶液。老化混合物隔夜且在氮氣流下蒸發溶劑。使殘餘物分配於EtOAc與0.1M檸檬酸之間。分離各相且用0.1M檸檬酸洗滌有機相兩次,用鹽水洗滌一次,隨後經Na2SO4乾燥,過濾且蒸發。藉由矽膠層析(Biotage)用50-100% EtOAc/己烷溶
離純化殘餘物,得到化合物29(543.6mg,0.644mmol,95%產率)。LCMS M+H=844.35。
此實例及圖5係關於具有PABC自行分解基團之連接子。
向化合物30(Firestone等人,US 6,124,345 B1(2001),實例57;0.75g,1.246mmol)於DMF(2ml)及THF(8mL)中之溶液中添加二乙胺(2.81ml,26.9mmol)。在室溫下攪拌反應物1.5小時且濃縮。用DCM濕磨粗產物,過濾且在真空下乾燥,得到呈白色固體狀之化合物31。LCMS(M+H)=380.2 1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ 10.06(s,1H),8.15(d,J=7.3Hz,1H),7.56(d,J=8.5Hz,2H),7.26(d,J=8.3Hz,2H),6.00(t,J=5.4Hz,1H),5.43(s,2H),5.13(t,J=5.3Hz,1H),4.56-4.33(m,3H),3.07-2.93(m,3H),2.00-1.55(m,5H),1.49-1.32(m,2H),0.90(d,J=6.8Hz,3H),0.80(d,J=6.8Hz,3H)。
向化合物31(79mg,0.209mmol)於DMSO(2mL)中之溶液中依序添加MAL-dPEG®8-NHS酯32(QuantaBio,120mg,0.174mmol)於DMSO(1mL)中之溶液及2,6-二甲基吡啶(37.3mg,0.348mmol)。在室溫下攪拌反應物3小時。依序添加雙(4-硝基苯基)碳酸酯(63.5mg,0.209mmol)於DMF(2mL)中之溶液及2,6-二甲基吡啶(37.3mg,0.348mmol)。隨後在室溫下攪拌反應物12小時。隨後添加DIPEA(0.061mL,0.348mmol)且在室溫下攪拌反應物3小時。用DMF稀釋粗產物混合物,過濾且使用逆相HPLC(管柱:Phenomenex Luna C18 20x100mm;移動相A:10:90乙腈:含0.1% TFA之水;移動相B:90:10乙腈:含0.1% TFA之水;梯度:經15分鐘0-70% B;流速:20mL/min;偵測:UV,在220nm下)純化,得到化合物33(40mg,0.036mmol,20.54%產率)。LCMS(M+H)=1119.5。
此實例及圖6係關於二聚體IIa-01之合成。
使酚22(60mg,0.114mmol)、2,6-雙(溴甲基)吡啶34(15mg,0.057mmol,購自Sigma Aldrich)及Cs2CO3(37mg,0.114mmol)於丙酮(0.4ml)中之溶液升溫至40℃後維持1小時。用0.1M檸檬酸淬滅混合物且用EtOAc萃取三次。用鹽水洗滌經合併之有機相且經Na2SO4乾燥,過濾且蒸發。藉由矽膠層析用30-80% EtOAc之己烷溶液之梯度溶離純化混合物,得到二聚體35(36.2mg,55%產率)。LCMS M+H=1153.40。
將二聚體35(36mg,0.031mmol)溶解於吡咯啶之DCM溶液(0.042M,1.9ml,0.078mmol)中且添加肆(三苯基膦)鈀(Pd(PPh3)4,2.2mg,1.9μmol)。攪拌混合物30分鐘,此時使其分配於DCM與飽和NH4Cl之間。分離各相且再用DCM萃取水性溶離份兩次。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機相,過濾且蒸發,得到殘餘物,隨後藉由製備型HPLC(Sunfire C18製備型OBD管柱19x100mm;溶劑A=95%水,5%乙腈+0.1% TFA;溶劑B=5%水,95%乙腈+0.1% TFA;經10分鐘0-100%之梯度;在下文中稱為「HPLC程序A」)純化。將樣品分兩次等量注射。合併含產物峰之溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之二聚體IIa-01(13.4mg,56%產率)。LCMS M+H=720.10。HRMS實驗值:M+H=720.2808,計算值:720.2817。
替代地,使用2,4-雙(溴甲基)吡啶作為橋聯部分,類似地製備IIa-05。
在25℃下攪拌酚22(170mg,0.414mmol)、2,4-雙(溴甲基)吡啶(50mg,0.189mmol)及Cs2CO3(170mg,0.522mmol)於DMF(1.0ml)中之懸浮液1小時。用水20mL淬滅混合物且過濾。用乙醚洗滌沈澱物且風乾。藉由矽膠層析用5-50%丙酮之DCM溶液之梯度溶離純化該物質,
得到類似於二聚體35之Alloc-TBS化合物(134mg,70%產率)。LCMS M+H=1153.40。
將Alloc-TBS化合物(36mg,0.031mmol)溶解於吡咯啶之DCM溶液(0.042M,1.9ml,0.078mmol)中且添加Pd(PPh3)4(2.2mg,1.9μmol)。攪拌混合物30分鐘且分配於DCM與飽和NH4Cl之間。分離各相且再用DCM萃取水性溶離份兩次。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機相,過濾且蒸發,得到殘餘物,隨後藉由HPLC程序A純化。將樣品分兩次等量注射。合併含產物溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之二聚體IIa-05(16.0mg,65%產率)。LCMS M+H=720.10。
此實例與圖7A及7B之組合涉及二聚體-連接子IIIb-01及IIIb-02之製備。
在室溫下攪拌酚22(480mg,0.823mmol)、2,6-雙(溴甲基)吡啶34(654mg,2.47mmol,購自Sigma Aldridge)及Cs2CO3(500mg,1.54mmol)於DMF(3.0ml)中之懸浮液1小時。用0.1M檸檬酸淬滅混合物且用EtOAc萃取三次。用鹽水洗滌經合併之有機相且經Na2SO4乾燥,過濾且蒸發。藉由矽膠層析用30-80% EtOAc之己烷溶液之梯度溶離純化混合物,得到化合物36(465mg,80%產率)。LCMS M+H=708.05。
將矽烷醚27(431mg,0.486mmol)溶解於DMF(2.0mL)及水(0.04mL)中且用LiOAc(32mg,0.486mmol)處理。使混合物升溫至40℃後維持2.5小時且再在室溫下攪拌一小時。在N2流下經3天移除溶劑。用0.1M檸檬酸處理殘餘物且用EtOAc萃取三次。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機相,過濾且蒸發。藉由矽膠層析用0-10% MeOH之DCM溶液之梯度溶離純化混合物,得到酚37(297mg,84%產率)。LCMS M+H=730.40。
將酚37(178mg,0.244mmol)、化合物36(190mg,0.268mmol)及Cs2CO3(79mg,0.244mmol)懸浮於DMF(0.7mL)中且升溫至40℃後維持3.5小時。將混合物添加至水中且過濾,收集到呈白色固體狀之化合物38(320mg,97%產率)。LCMS M+H=1357.30。
將化合物38(320mg,0.236mmol)溶解於吡咯啶之DCM溶液(0.042M,14ml,0.589mmol)中且添加Pd(PPh3)4(15mg,13μmol)。攪拌混合物2.5小時,此時使其分配於DCM與飽和NH4Cl之間。分離各相且再用DCM萃取水性溶離份兩次。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機相,過濾且蒸發,得到殘餘物,隨後藉由HPLC程序A純化。將樣品分10次等量注射。合併含產物峰之溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之胺39(145mg,58%產率)。LCMS M+Na=1078.90。
將胺39(145mg,0.137mmol)溶解於DIPEA之DMF溶液(0.05M,3.3ml,0.165mmol)中且添加順丁烯二醯亞胺40(85mg,0.274mmol,購自Sigma Aldridge)。攪拌混合物20小時,此時用DMF稀釋且藉由HPLC程序A純化。將樣品分8次等量注射。合併含產物溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之二聚體-連接子IIIb-01(68mg,38%產率)。LCMS M+H=1251.10。
將二聚體-連接子IIIb-01(20.0mg,0.016mmol)溶解於THF(1ml)及AcOH(0.1ml)中且添加NaCNBH3(2.0mg,0.032mmol)於MeOH(1ml)中之溶液。攪拌混合物1小時,此時用乙腈稀釋,隨後藉由HPLC程序A純化。將樣品分2次等量注射。合併含產物峰之溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產
物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之二聚體-連接子IIIb-02(16mg,76%產率)。LCMS(M+2H)/2=627.10。
此實例及圖8係關於二聚體IIa-02之製備。
將縮醛胺20(500mg,0.244mmol)溶解於DCM(10ml)中且添加吡咯啶(0.18ml,2.21mmol)及Pd(PPh3)4(51mg,44μmol)。攪拌混合物45分鐘且分配於DCM與飽和NH4Cl之間。分離各相且再用DCM萃取水性溶離份兩次。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機相,過濾且蒸發,得到殘餘物,得到亞胺41(410mg,100%產率),其不經進一步純化即使用。LCMS M+H=465.20。
將亞胺41(410mg,0.882mmol)溶解於THF(8ml)及乙酸(0.8ml)中且添加NaCNBH3溶液(111mg,1.77mmol)。攪拌混合物2小時,用NaHCO3淬滅且用EtOAc萃取3次。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機相,過濾且蒸發,得到殘餘物,得到胺42(315mg,77%產率),其不經進一步純化即使用。LCMS M+H=467.30。
將胺42(315mg,0.675mmol)溶解於DCM(7ml)中且添加吡啶(0.15ml,1.86mmol)且冷卻混合物至-78℃。逐滴添加氯甲酸烯丙酯12a(0.10ml,1.39mmol)且在相同溫度下攪拌混合物30分鐘,此時用飽和NH4Cl淬滅且用DCM萃取3次。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機相,過濾且蒸發,得到殘餘物,藉由矽膠層析用20-50% EtOAc之己烷溶液的梯度溶離純化,得到經alloc保護之胺43(372mg,100%產率)。LCMS M+H=551.50。
以與用於製備酚37相同之方式處理胺43(372mg,0.675mmol),但在室溫下保持反應物隔夜而非升溫。此舉得到酚44(249mg,93%產率)。LCMS M+H=395.05。
將酚44(30mg,0.076mmol)、化合物36(30mg,0.042mmol)及Cs2CO3(30mg,0.092mmol)懸浮於DMF(0.25mL)中且升溫至40℃後維持1小時。用0.1M檸檬酸處理混合物且用EtOAc萃取三次。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機相,過濾且蒸發。藉由矽膠層析用30-100% EtOAc之己烷溶液之梯度溶離純化混合物,得到化合物45(32mg,74%產率)。LCMS M+H=1022.10。
將化合物45(32mg,0.031mmol)溶解於吡咯啶之DCM溶液(0.042M,2.0ml,0.08mmol)中且添加Pd(PPh3)4(1.8mg,1.6μmol)。攪拌混合物2.5小時,之後蒸發,用DMF稀釋,隨後藉由HPLC程序A純化。將樣品分成3份等量注射液。合併含產物峰之溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之二聚體IIa-02(12mg,53%產率)。LCMS M+H=722.30。
此實例及圖9係關於二聚體IIa-03之合成。
在燒瓶中添加化合物6(1.830g,4.03mmol)於DMF(20mL)中之溶液。向其中依序添加2,6-雙(溴甲基)吡啶34(3.2g,12.08mmol)及K2CO3(1.669g,12.08mmol)。使反應在室溫下在攪拌下進行隔夜,隨後藉由倒入水中淬滅。用EtOAc萃取反應混合物且用飽和NaCl洗滌。濃縮有機相,得到殘餘物,且於COMBIFLASHTM管柱上用10%-100% EtOAc之己烷溶液的梯度溶離純化,得到呈白色固體狀之化合物46(2.3g,89%產率)。
於燒瓶中組合化合物46(1.0g,1.566mmol)及化合物13(1.084g,1.957mmol)於DMF(5mL)中之溶液。向其中添加K2CO3(0.649g,4.70mmol)。4小時後,將反應混合物倒入水中且用EtOAc萃取。濃縮有機
層且於COMBIFLASHTM管柱上用0-100% EtOAc之己烷溶液的梯度溶離純化,得到呈白色固體狀之化合物47(856mg,49.2%產率)。
向燒瓶中添加化合物47(850mg,0.765mmol)於DCM(10mL)中之溶液。向其中添加Pd(PPh3)4(88mg,0.076mmol)及吡咯啶(0.158mL,1.912mmol)。在室溫下攪拌反應混合物1小時。將反應混合物倒入水及DCM中。收集有機相且濃縮,得到殘餘物。於COMBIFLASHTM管柱上用0-30% MeOH之DCM溶液溶離純化殘餘物,得到呈白色固體狀之化合物48(500mg,63.6%產率)。
在-76℃下向化合物48(26mg,0.025mmol)於THF(1mL)中之溶液中添加SUPER HYDRIDETM(0.127mL,0.127mmol)。攪拌反應混合物1小時。用冷水(1mL)淬滅反應物且用DCM(3x10mL)萃取。濃縮有機層且用DCM/EtOH/水(1:2:1,4mL)及矽膠(1g)處理3天。經由燒結之漏斗過濾此混合物且用DCM-MeOH(8:2,100mL)洗滌矽膠。在高真空下濃縮濾液且於12g矽膠管柱上使用0-10% MeOH/DCM溶離劑純化,得到呈白色固體狀之二聚體IIa-03(16mg,0.021mmol,82%產率)。MS(m+1)=735.2。
此實例及圖10係關於二聚體-連接子IIIc-01、IIIc-03及IIIc-04之合成。
在0℃下向化合物48(1.15g,1.119mmol)、酸49(0.667g;1.343mmol;Firestone等人,US 6,214,345 B1(2001))及HATU(0.511g,1.343mmol)於DMF(11mL)中之溶液中添加2,6-二甲基吡啶(0.261mL,2.239mmol)。在室溫下攪拌反應混合物1小時。隨後用EtOAc(200mL)稀釋反應物且依序用水及鹽水洗滌。用EtOAc(2×100mL)萃取水相。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機相,濃縮且溶解於THF(20mL)中。添加哌啶(2mL)且在室溫下攪拌反應混合物30分鐘。濃縮反應混合物且於ISCO
COMBIFLASHTM(40g管柱,0-40% MeOH/DCM)上經32分鐘純化,得到呈白色固體狀之化合物50(0.997g,69.4%產率)。MS(m+1)=1284.6。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ 10.01(s,2H),8.27(m,2H),7.96(t,J=8.0Hz,2H),7.55(m,4H),7.42(dd,J=8.0,1.6Hz,2H),7.20-7.31(m,12H),5.98(t,J=5.6Hz,2H),5.89(brs,1H),5.43(brs,2H),5.35(brs,1H),5.25(m,8H),5.10(d,J=10.0Hz,1H),5.09(d,J=10.4Hz,1H),4.95(d,J=15.6Hz,2H),4.75(brs,1H),4.50(brs,2H),4.32(m,6H),4.09(q,J=5.2Hz,4H),3.83(s,3H),3.82(s,3H),3.40(q,J=7.6Hz,1H),3.17(d,J=5.2Hz,8H),3.00(m,10H),2.68(t,J=1.6Hz,1H),2.33(t,J=1.6Hz,2H),1.97(m,3H),1.63(m,10H),1.42(m,6H),0.91(d,J=7.2Hz,3H),0.84(d,J=6.8Hz,3H),0.75(m,4H),0.08(s,18H)。
在-76℃下向化合物50(322mg,0.251mmol)於THF(10mL)中之溶液中添加SUPER HYDRIDETM(1.254mL,1.254mmol)且攪拌1小時。用冷水(1mL)淬滅反應物且濃縮。用DCM/EtOH/水(1:2:1=8mL)及矽膠(1g)處理所得殘餘物2天。經由燒結之漏斗過濾此混合物且用DCM-MeOH(8:2,100mL)洗滌矽膠。在高真空下濃縮濾液且於24g矽膠管柱上使用經15分鐘之0-50% MeOH/DCM溶離劑純化,得到呈白色固體狀之化合物51(248mg,90%產率)。MS(m+1)=991.4。
向化合物51(88mg,0.089mmol)及化合物40(54.7mg,0.178mmol)於DMSO(6mL)中之溶液中添加DIPEA(0.031mL,0.178mmol)。在室溫下攪拌反應混合物45分鐘。藉由R-HPLC使用XBridge製備型OBD C18,5μm管柱(30×150mm)及經30分鐘之5-60%乙腈/水(0.05%甲酸)溶離梯度純化反應混合物。經由鹼性樹脂(PL-HCO3 MP-樹脂1.8mmol/g;Agilent部件號PL3540-#603)過濾在16.9分鐘收集之溶離份,用乙腈(5mL)洗滌且凍乾,得到呈白色固體狀之二聚體-連接子
IIIc-01(39.1mg,0.031mmol,35.0%產率)。MS(m+1)=1184.3
二聚體-連接子IIIc-03及IIIc-04類似地分別由化合物51及二聚體IIa-03使用以下適當經Fmoc保護之N-羥基丁二醯亞胺製備,繼而用哌啶移除Fmoc基團。
二聚體-連接子IIIc-03之連接子用胺基封端,因此可為轉麩醯胺酸酶介導之共軛中的胺供體組分。MS(m+1)=1414.5.
二聚體-連接子IIIc-04之連接子亦用胺基封端,因此可為轉麩醯胺酸酶介導之共軛中的胺供體組分。在無肽基之情況下,二聚體-連接子IIIc-04為不可裂解型,其依賴於其所連接之抗體降解來釋放二聚體藥物。MS(m+1)=982.53。
此實例及圖11係關於二聚體IIa-04之合成。
將2,6-雙(溴甲基)吡啶34(4.31g,16.25mmol)、化合物13(1.8g,3.25mmol)及DMF(20mL)在燒瓶中組合。向其中添加K2CO3(0.899g,6.50mmol)。在室溫下攪拌反應混合物2小時且倒入水(200mL)及EtOAc(200mL)中。用水(100mL)及鹽水(50ml)洗滌有機層且濃縮,得到殘餘物。於COMBIFLASHTM 80g管柱上用經30分鐘0-100% EtOAc之己烷溶液的梯度溶離純化殘餘物,得到呈白色固體狀之化合物52(1.409g,1.910mmol,58.8%產率)。MS(m+1)=737.1。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ 7.80(m,1H),7.54(m,1H),7.45(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),7.37(s,2H),7.28(m,4H),6.62(s,1H),5.98(m,1H),5.42(d,J=10.0Hz,1H),5.37(m,1H),5.28(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),5.12(d,J=15.6Hz,1H),4.69(d,J=6Hz,1H),4.65(d,J=9.6Hz,1H),4.61(s,1H),4.42(d,J
=15.6Hz,1H),4.27(t,J=6.8Hz,1H),3.95(s,3H),3.65(m,2H),3.51(dd,J=15.6,7.2Hz,1H),2.97(dd,J=15.6,6.4Hz,1H),0.97(m,2H),0.04(s,9H)。
在-76℃下向化合物6(2g,4.40mmol)於THF(20mL)中之溶液中添加SUPER HYDRIDETM(22.00mL,22.00mmol)。在該溫度下攪拌反應混合物1小時。用冷水(100mL)淬滅反應物且用DCM(3x100mL)萃取。用DCM/EtOH/水(1:2:1=40mL)及矽膠(10g)處理所得殘餘物3天。經由燒結之漏斗過濾此混合物且用DCM-MeOH(8:2,100mL)洗滌矽膠。在高真空下濃縮濾液且於40g矽膠管柱上經15分鐘使用MeOH/DCM純化。10分鐘之10% MeOH/DCM溶離份得到呈黃色固體狀之化合物53(1.35g,4.03mmol,92%產率)。MS(m+1)=309.0。
向化合物52(1.265g,1.715mmol)及化合物53(0.582g,1.886mmol)於DMSO(10mL)中之溶液中添加K2CO3(0.474g,3.43mmol)。在室溫下攪拌反應混合物1小時且倒入水及EtOAc(1:1,300mL)中。濃縮有機層且於40g矽膠管柱上使用MeOH/DCM經15分鐘溶離純化,得到呈黃色固體狀之化合物54(1.78g,1.568mmol,91%產率)。MS(m+1)=965.3。
向化合物54(1.78g,1.844mmol)及Pd(PPh3)4(0.107g,0.092mmol)於DCM(30mL)中之溶液中添加吡咯啶(0.305mL,3.69mmol)。在室溫下攪拌反應混合物30分鐘。濃縮且於40g矽膠管柱上使用MeOH/DCM經15分鐘溶離純化,得到呈白色固體狀之化合物55(1.54g,1.748mmol,95%產率)。MS(m+1)=881.2
在0℃下向化合物55(100mg,0.113mmol)於THF(2mL)中之溶液中依序添加一滴乙酸及NaCNBH3(14.27mg,0.227mmol)於MeOH(0.2mL)中之溶液。在室溫下攪拌反應混合物20分鐘,用EtOAc(50mL)稀釋,且用飽和NaHCO3溶液(10mL)及鹽水(10mL)洗滌。濃縮有機層且
於ISCO COMBIFLASHTM 24g管柱上使用MeOH/DCM經15分鐘純化,得到呈白色固體狀之化合物56(37mg,0.042mmol,36.9%產率)。MS(m+1)=883.4。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ 7.73(t,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.45(m,3H),7.35(s,1H),7.28(m,4H),7.20(m,1H),7.04(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),6.61(m,2H),6.13(s,1H),5.44(d,J=9.6Hz,1H),5.28(m,4H),5.09(d,J=15.2Hz,1H),4.81(q,J=15.6Hz,2H),4.63(d,J=10.0Hz,1H),4.25(d,J=15.2Hz,1H),4.18(dd,J=8.0,6.8Hz,1H),4.11(m,1H),3.93(s,3H),3.90(s,3H),3.71(m,3H),3.41(m,2H),3.21(t,J=10.4Hz,1H),3.09(dd,J=15.2,5.6Hz,1H),2.83(m,2H),0.98(m,2H),0.03(s,9H)。
在-76℃下向化合物56(37mg,0.042mmol)於THF(2mL)中之溶液中添加SUPER HYDRIDETM(0.209mL,0.209mmol)。攪拌反應混合物1小時,用冷水(1mL)淬滅且用DCM(3×10mL)萃取。濃縮有機層且用DCM/EtOH/水(1:2:1,4mL)及矽膠(1g)處理3天。經由燒結之漏斗過濾此混合物且用DCM-MeOH(8:2,50mL)洗滌矽膠。在高真空下濃縮濾液且於12g矽膠管柱上使用0-10% MeOH/DCM經15分鐘溶離純化,得到呈白色固體狀之二聚體IIa-04(25.3mg,78%產率)。MS(m+1)=737.2。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ 7.70(t,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.55(s,1H),7.43(m,3H),7.28(m,3H),7.23(m,1H),7.12(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),6.92(s,1H),6.62(d,J=7.2Hz,1H),6.45(s,1H),6.05(s,1H),5.32(m,3H),4.80(m,2H),4.40(d,J=15.6Hz,1H),4.01(s,3H),3.90(s,3H),3.50(s,1H),3.14(m,2H),2.97(m,3H),2.75(dd,J=15.2,5.6Hz,2H)。
此實例及圖12A及12B係關於二聚體-連接子IIIc-02之合成。
在0℃下將2,6-二甲基吡啶(0.323mL,2.77mmol)添加至化合物55(1.22g,1.385mmol)、化合物49(0.825g,1.662mmol)及HATU(0.632
g,1.662mmol)於DMF(20mL)中之溶液中。在室溫下攪拌反應混合物1小時,此時LCMS展示完全轉化為產物。將反應混合物倒入含有EtOAc(300mL)及水(100mL)之分液漏斗中。添加鹽水(50mL)以分離成兩個層。濃縮有機層且於ISCO COMBIFLASHTM 120g管柱上經25分鐘0-30% MeOH/DCM溶離純化,得到呈白色固體狀之化合物56(1.13g,0.831mmol,60.0%產率)。MS(m+1)=1359.4。
在0℃下將乙酸(0.095mL,1.662mmol)添加至化合物56(1.13g,0.831mmol)於THF(30mL)中之溶液中,繼而添加NaCNBH3(0.104g,1.662mmol)於MeOH(3mL)中之溶液。在室溫下攪拌反應混合物1小時,用EtOAc(200mL)稀釋且用飽和NaHCO3溶液(50mL)及鹽水(50mL)洗滌。濃縮有機層且於ISCO COMBIFLASHTM 80g管柱上經25分鐘0-20% MeOH/DCM溶離劑純化,得到呈白色固體狀之化合物57(1g,0.734mmol,88%產率)。MS(m+Na)=1384.2
將哌啶(2mL,20.20mmol)添加至化合物57(1g,0.734mmol)於THF(20mL)中之溶液中。在室溫下攪拌反應混合物1小時。濃縮反應混合物且於ISCO CoMBIFLASHTM 40g管柱上經25分鐘0-50% MeOH/DCM溶離劑純化,得到呈白色固體狀之化合物58(0.7g,0.614mmol,84%產率)。MS(m+1)=1139.4。
在-76℃下向化合物58(0.5g,0.439mmol)於THF(10mL)中之溶液中添加SUPER HYDRIDETM(4.39mL,4.39mmol).攪拌反應混合物45分鐘。用冷水(1mL)淬滅反應物且濃縮。用DCM/EtOH/水(1:2:1=8mL)及矽膠(2g)處理所得殘餘物2天。經由燒結之漏斗過濾此混合物且用DCM-MeOH(8:2,200mL)洗滌矽膠。在高真空下濃縮濾液且於ISCO 80g矽膠(Gold)管柱上經40分鐘使用MeOH/DCM純化,得到呈白色固體狀之化合物59(0.4g,0.403mmol,92%產率)。MS(m+1)=993.4
向化合物59(24mg,0.024mmol)及化合物84(14.90mg,0.048
mmol)於DMSO(2mL)中之溶液中添加DIPEA(8.44μL,0.048mmol)。在室溫下攪拌反應混合物1小時。藉由R-HPLC使用XBridge製備型OBD C18,5μm管柱(30x250mm)及經30分鐘5-60%乙腈/水(0.05%甲酸)純化反應混合物。經由鹼性樹脂(PL-HCO3 MP-樹脂1.8mmol/g;Agilent部件號PL3540-#603)過濾在20.3分鐘收集之溶離份且用乙腈(5mL)洗滌。凍乾得到呈白色固體狀之二聚體-連接子IIIc-02(7.6mg,6.21μmol,25.7%產率)。MS(m+1)=1186.5。
此實例及圖13係關於二聚體-連接子IIIb-03之合成。
向吡啶-2,4-二基二甲醇(80mg,0.572mmol)於THF(2mL)中之溶液中添加酚22(100mg,0.191mmol)、與結合有聚合物之三苯基膦(200mg,0.629mmol)及偶氮二甲酸二異丙酯(DIAD,0.122mL,0.629mmol)。在25℃下攪拌反應物12小時且過濾混合物。移除溶劑且藉由矽膠層析用20-100%丙酮之DCM溶液之梯度溶離純化該物質,得到化合物61(70mg,56.9%產率)(LCMS M+H=646.45)及62(50mg,40.6%產率)(LCMS M+H=646.40)。
在0℃下向化合物61(67mg,0.104mmol)及TEA(0.036mL,0.259mmol)於DCM(2mL)中之溶液中添加甲磺醯氯(MsCl,0.019mL,0.239mmol)。在0℃下攪拌反應物1小時且用水淬滅。用DCM萃取混合物,用冷HCl水溶液(0.05N)、鹽水洗滌,經Na2SO4乾燥且濃縮,得到呈橙色油狀之化合物63。在矽膠層析上用20-100%乙酸乙酯之己烷溶液的梯度溶離純化該物質,得到純化合物63(40mg,30%產率)LCMS M+H=724.10。
向化合物63(40mg,0.055mmol)於DMF(.1mL)中之溶液中添加Cs2CO3(40mg,0.123mmol)及化合物37(40.3mg,0.055mmol)。在25℃下攪拌反應物4小時且藉由HPLC程序A純化該物質。將樣品分兩次等
量注射。合併含產物峰之溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之化合物64(16.0mg,65%產率)。LCMS M+H=1357.65。
將化合物64(15mg,0.011mmol)溶解於吡咯啶之DCM溶液(0.042M,0.658mL,0.028mmol)中且添加Pd(PPh3)4(0.766mg,0.663μmol)。在室溫下攪拌混合物2.5小時且在N2下移除反應溶劑。用1.5mL DMF稀釋剩餘物質且藉由HPLC程序A純化。將樣品分2次等量注射。合併含產物峰之溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之胺65(11.5mg,98%產率)。LCMS M+Na=1080。
將胺65(11.5mg,10.88μmol)溶解於DIPEA之DMF溶液(0.261ml,0.013mmol)中且添加化合物40(6.71mg,0.022mmol)。攪拌混合物20小時,用DMF稀釋且藉由製備型HPLC如前述段落中所述純化。將樣品分2次等量注射。合併含產物峰之溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之二聚體-連接子IIIb-03(3mg,2.231μmol,20.51%產率)。LCMS M+H=1250.60。
二聚體-連接子IIIb-03'可類似地由化合物62製備。
此實例及圖14係關於二聚體IIa-06之製備。
向吡啶-3,5-二基二甲醇66(26.5mg,0.191mmol)於THF(2mL)中之溶液中添加酚22(100mg,0.191mmol)、結合有聚合物之三苯基膦(200mg,0.629mmol)及DIAD(0.122mL,0.629mmol)。在25℃下攪
拌反應物12小時且過濾混合物。移除溶劑且藉由矽膠層析用20-100%丙酮之DCM溶液之梯度溶離純化該物質,得到二聚體67(55mg,15.02%產率)(LCMS M+Na=1174.65)及化合物68(38mg,31%產率)(LCMS M+H=646.30)。
將二聚體67(15mg,0.013mmol)溶解於吡咯啶之DCM溶液(0.775mL,0.033mmol)且添加Pd(PPh3)4(1mg,0.865μmol)。攪拌混合物30分鐘且分配於DCM與飽和NH4Cl之間。分離各相且再用DCM萃取水性溶離份兩次。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機相,過濾且蒸發,得到殘餘物,藉由HPLC程序A純化。將樣品分兩次等量注射。合併含產物峰之溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之二聚體IIa-06(2mg,20.28%產率)。LCMS M+H=721.30。
此實例及圖15係關於二聚體-連接子IIIb-04之合成。
在25℃下攪拌酚22(200mg,0.381mmol)、3,5-雙(氯甲基)吡啶鹽酸鹽(250mg,1.176mmol)及Cs2CO3(800mg,2.455mmol)於DMF(1.0mL)中之懸浮液16小時。在氮氣下移除溶劑。將殘餘物乾裝載於CELITETM上且藉由矽膠層析用2-10% MeOH之DCM溶液的梯度溶離純化,得到二聚體69(120mg,47%產率)。LCMS M+Na=687.05。
向化合物37(150mg,0.206mmol)於DMF(1.0mL)中之溶液中添加Cs2CO3(100mg,0.307mmol)及二聚體69(150mg,0.206mmol)。在25℃下攪拌反應物12小時且藉由HPLC程序A純化該物質。將樣品分兩次等量注射。合併含產物峰之溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之化
合物70(42mg,15.65%產率)。LCMS M+H=1357.65。
將化合物70(40mg,0.029mmol)溶解於吡咯啶之DCM溶液(0.042M,1.8mL,0.074mmol)中且添加Pd(PPh3)4(2.0mg,1.768μmol)。在室溫下攪拌混合物2.5小時且在N2下移除反應溶劑。用1.5mL DMF稀釋該物質且藉由HPLC程序A純化。將樣品分2次等量注射。合併含產物峰之溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之胺71(15mg,43%產率)。LCMS M+Na=1080。
將胺71(15mg,10.88μmol)溶解於DIPEA之DMF溶液(0.615mL,0.031mmol)中且添加化合物40(25mg,0.024mmol)。攪拌混合物20小時,用DMF稀釋且藉由HPLC程序A純化。將樣品分2次等量注射。合併含產物峰之溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之二聚體-連接子IIIb-04(10mg,30%產率)。LCMS M+H=1250.60。
此實例及圖16係關於二聚體IIa-08之製備。
向4-(羥基甲基)吡啶-2,6-二甲酸二甲酯72(200mg,0.888mmol)於DMF(0.888ml)中之溶液中添加咪唑(100mg,1.469mmol)及第三丁基二甲基矽烷基氯(TBS-Cl,4ml,1.149mmol)。在25℃下攪拌反應物隔夜。在氮氣下移除溶劑且在矽膠層析上用0-50%乙酸乙酯之己烷溶液之梯度溶離純化該物質,得到化合物73(290mg,91%產率)。LCMS M+H=340.50。
向化合物73(14g,0.412mmol)於乙醇(2mL)中之溶液中添加LiBH4(0.054g,2.475mmol)。在25℃下攪拌反應物5小時。用乙酸(0.189
mL,3.30mmol)淬滅反應物且攪拌10分鐘。移除溶劑且將物質乾裝載於CELITETM上。藉由矽膠層析用2-10%甲醇之DCM溶液之梯度溶離純化該物質,得到化合物74(120mg,98%產率)。LCMS M+H=284.50。
在0℃下向化合物74(100mg,0.353mmol)、TEA(0.123mL,0.882mmol)於DCM(2mL)中之懸浮液中添加MsCl(0.063mL,0.811mmol)。在0℃下攪拌反應物1小時。隨後用水淬滅反應物,用DCM萃取,用冷HCl水溶液(0.05N)、鹽水洗滌且經Na2SO4乾燥。移除溶劑,得到呈橙色油狀之甲磺酸酯75。在矽膠層析上用20-100%乙酸乙酯之己烷溶液的梯度溶離純化該物質,得到甲磺酸酯75(155mg,98%產率)。LCMS M+H=440.30。
向甲磺酸酯75(25mg,0.057mmol)於DMF(.3mL)中之溶液中添加Cs2CO3(85mg,0.261mmol)及酚22(90mg,0.171mmol)。在25℃攪拌反應物1小時。在矽膠層析上用30-100%丙酮之DCM溶液之梯度溶離純化該物質,得到二聚體76(70mg,93%產率)。LCMS M+H=1296.65。
向二聚體76(40mg,0.031mmol)於THF(.3mL)中之溶液中添加氟化四丁銨(TBAF,0.037mL,0.037mmol)。在30分鐘內完成反應且用飽和(NH4)2SO4淬滅。用乙酸乙酯萃取混合物且經Na2SO4乾燥。移除溶劑,用DMF稀釋且藉由HPLC程序A純化。合併含產物溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之二聚體77(14mg,47%產率)。LCMS M+H=954.35。
將二聚體77(14mg,0.012mmol)溶解於吡咯啶之DCM溶液(0.042M,0.705ml,0.030mmol)中且添加Pd(PPh3)4(1.0mg,0.9μmol)。攪拌混合物1小時且分配於DCM與飽和NH4Cl之間。分離各相且再用DCM萃取水性溶離份兩次。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機相,過濾且蒸發,
得到殘餘物,藉由HPLC程序A純化。將樣品分兩次等量注射。合併含產物峰之溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之二聚體IIa-08(5.0mg,54%產率)。LCMS M+H=750.30。
此實例及圖17係關於二聚體-連接子IIIb-05之製備。
向化合物75(113mg,0.257mmol)於DMF(.2mL)中之溶液中添加酚22(45mg,0.086mmol)及Cs2CO3(60mg,0.184mmol)。在25℃攪拌反應物1小時。藉由矽膠層析用30-100%乙酸乙酯之DCM溶液的梯度溶離純化該物質,得到二聚體78(40mg,30.6%產率)。LCMS M+H=868.60。
向二聚體78(39mg,0.045mmol)於DMF(.2mL)中之溶液中添加Cs2CO3(40mg,0.123mmol)及化合物37(40mg,0.055mmol)。在25℃下攪拌反應物4小時且藉由HPLC程序A純化該物質。將樣品分兩次等量注射。合併含產物溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之化合物79(60.0mg,89%產率)。LCMS M+H=1501.85。
向二聚體79(60mg,0.040mmol)於THF(.4mL)中之溶液中添加TBAF(0.04mL,0.040mmol)。在30分鐘內完成反應且用飽和NH4Cl淬滅。用乙酸乙酯萃取混合物且經Na2SO4乾燥。移除溶劑,用DMF稀釋且藉由HPLC程序A純化。合併含產物溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之二聚體80(13mg,20%產率)。LCMS M+H=1273.55。
將化合物80(13mg,10.21μmol)溶解於吡咯啶之DCM溶液(0.042M,0.608mL,0.026mmol)中且添加Pd(PPh3)4(0.708mg,0.613μmol)。在室溫下攪拌混合物2.5小時。在N2下移除反應溶劑。用1.5mL DMF稀釋該物質且藉由HPLC程序A純化。將樣品分2次等量注射。合併含產物溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之胺81(11mg,90%產率)。LCMS M+H=1087.50。
將胺81(11mg,10.12μmol)溶解於DIPEA之DMF溶液(0.243mL,0.012mmol)中且添加化合物40(6.24mg,0.020mmol)。攪拌混合物20小時,用DMF稀釋且藉由HPLC程序A純化。將樣品分2次等量注射。合併含產物溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之二聚體-連接子IIIb-04(6mg,42%產率)。LCMS M+H=1281.60。
此實例及圖18係關於二聚體IIa-07及IIa-09之製備。
在0℃下向(3-甲氧基吡啶-2,6-二基)二甲醇82(90mg,0.532mmol)、NEt3(0.185mL,1.330mmol)於DCM(3mL)中之懸浮液中添加MsCl(0.095mL,1.224mmol)。在0℃下攪拌反應物1小時。用水淬滅反應物,用DCM萃取,用冷HCl水溶液(0.05N)、鹽水洗滌,經Na2SO4乾燥且濃縮,得到呈橙色油狀之粗甲磺酸酯。藉由層析用20-100%乙酸乙酯之己烷溶液的梯度溶離純化該物質,得到二聚體化合物83(87mg,45%產率)。LCMS M+Na=347.75。
在25℃下攪拌酚22(97mg,0.184mmol)、化合物83(20mg,0.061mmol)及Cs2CO3(60mg,0.184mmol)於DMF(0.3ml)中之懸浮液3小
時。在氮氣下移除溶劑。藉由矽膠層析用2-10%甲醇之DCM溶液之梯度溶離純化該物質,得到二聚體84(67mg,77%產率)。LCMS M+H=1183.02。
將二聚體84(20mg,0.017mmol)溶解於吡咯啶之DCM溶液(0.042M,1.0ml,0.042mmol)中且添加Pd(PPh3)4(1.0mg,1.0μmol)。攪拌混合物30分鐘且分配於DCM與飽和NH4Cl之間。分離各相且再用DCM萃取水性溶離份兩次。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機相,過濾且蒸發,得到殘餘物,藉由HPLC程序A純化。將樣品分兩次等量注射。合併含產物溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之二聚體IIa-09(3.0mg,22%產率)。LCMS M+H=750.30。
在0℃下向喹啉-2,4-二基二甲醇85(100mg,0.529mmol)、NEt3(0.185mL,1.330mmol)於DCM(3mL)中之懸浮液中添加MsCl(0.095mL,1.224mmol)。在0℃下攪拌反應物1小時。用水淬滅反應物,用DCM萃取,用冷HCl水溶液(0.05N)、鹽水洗滌,經Na2SO4乾燥且濃縮,得到呈橙色油狀之粗甲磺酸酯。藉由層析用20-100%乙酸乙酯之己烷溶液的梯度溶離純化該物質,得到二聚體化合物86(80mg,44%產率)。LCMS M+Na=345.80。
在25℃下攪拌酚22(182mg,0.347mmol)、化合物86(40mg,0.116mmol)及Cs2CO3(113mg,0.347mmol)於DMF(0.3ml)中之懸浮液3小時。在氮氣下移除溶劑。藉由矽膠層析用30-100%丙酮之DCM溶液的梯度溶離純化該物質,得到二聚體87(95mg,68%產率)。LCMS M+H=1202.60。
將二聚體87(20mg,0.017mmol)溶解於吡咯啶之DCM溶液(0.042M,0.4ml,0.017mmol)中且添加Pd(PPh3)4(1.0mg,1.0μmol)。攪拌
混合物30分鐘且分配於DCM與飽和NH4Cl之間。分離各相且再用DCM萃取水性溶離份兩次。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機相,過濾且蒸發,得到殘餘物,藉由HPLC程序A純化。將樣品分兩次等量注射。合併含產物峰之溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之二聚體IIa-07(8.0mg,59%產率)。LCMS M+H=770.30。
根據圖19A之流程合成適用於合成本發明二聚體之二溴化物91a-d。起始物質88a及88b如Synth.Commun. 1999,3719中所述製備。起始物質88c獲自Arkpharma。起始物質89d如WO 2012/153253中所述製備。
製備中間物88a之以下程序為代表性程序。
將甲醚88a(0.45g,2.0mmol)懸浮於乙醇(20mL)中且添加硼氫化鋰。在環境溫度下攪拌混合物5小時,隨後藉由添加乙酸淬滅。蒸發混合物且藉由矽膠層析用0-20%甲醇之DCM溶液的梯度純化,得到二醇89a(210mg,62%產率)。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ 6.87(s,2H),5.33(br t,J=5.5Hz,2H),4.47(br d,J=4.9Hz,4H),3.84(s,3H)。
將二醇89a(0.21g,1.24mmol)及三乙胺(0.52mL,3.72mmol)懸浮於DCM(6.2mL)中且於冰/水浴上冷卻。向此混合物中添加MsCl(0.22mL,2.85mmol)。使反應混合物在相同溫度下進行2小時,隨後藉由添加水淬滅且用DCM萃取。依序用0.1N HCl及鹽水洗滌有機相,隨後經硫酸鈉乾燥。過濾後,在減壓下蒸發溶劑,得到粗甲磺酸酯90a(0.4g,假定100%產率),其不經進一步純化即用於下一步驟中。LCMS M+H=325.85。
將90a(0.44g,1.35mmol)溶解於DMF(2.7mL)中且添加溴化鈉
(696mg,6.76mmol)。此時攪拌混合物3小時,用水稀釋且藉由過濾收集所得固體且在真空下乾燥,得到二溴化物91a(0.155g,39%產率)。1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δ 6.92(s,2H),4.51(s,4H),3.91(s,3H)。LCMS M+H=293.70。
類似地合成二溴化物91b-d:
91b:LCMS M+H=319.70。
91c:1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δ 7.42(s,2H),4.51(s,4H)。
91d:1H NMR(400MHz,氯仿-d)δ 7.95(s,2H),4.61(s,4H),4.06-3.94(m,3H)。
化合物20藉由如圖19B中所示用LiOAc處理轉化為化合物92。使化合物92與二溴化物91a-d偶合,得到經保護之二聚體,隨後類似地遵循實施例5之程序及圖6之流程用Pd(PPh3)4去除保護基,得到二聚體IIa-10至IIa-14。
(IIa-10):LCMS M+H=750.05。
(IIa-11):LCMS M+H=736(藉由在獲得二聚體IIa-12之去除保護基步驟中去除烯丙基獲得)。
(IIa-12):LCMS M+H=776.05。
(IIa-13):LCMS M+H=754.00。
(IIa-14):LCMS M+H=778.05。
二聚體(IIa-10)至(IIa-14)之不同之處在於橋聯部分之性質,如下文所概括:
二聚體-連接子IIIb-06及IIIb-07分別由化合物22及二溴化物91a及91b類似地遵循實施例14之程序及圖15之流程製備。
(IIIb-06):LCMS M+Na=1302.05。
(IIIb-07):LCMS M+H=1267。
此實例係關於連接子中具有聚(乙二醇)(PEG)部分之二聚體-連接子之製備。PEG部分之存在可改良共軛期間二聚體-連接子於水性介質中之溶解性。
使順丁烯二醯亞胺化合物32及32a-b(均購自Quanta Biodesign)與胺39(實施例6及圖7B)偶合,分別製備二聚體-連接子IIIb-08、IIIb-08a、IIIb-08b及IIIb-08c:
IIIb-08:LCMS(M+2H)/2=816.55。
IIIb-08a:LCMS(M+2H)/2=772.50。
IIIb-08b:LCMS(M+2H)/2=728.40。
IIIb-08c:LCMS M+Na=1390.05。
此實例係關於二聚體IIa-15之製備,其中二氮呯環中之兩個亞胺基團已經還原。
類似地遵循實施例5中之程序及圖5中之流程,使二溴化物34與化合物44偶合,得到雙alloc化合物。用Pd(PPh3)4去除後者之保護基,得到二聚體IIa-15。LCMS M+H=724.45。
此實例及圖20係關於二聚體-連接子IIIb-09之製備,其中連接子具有胺基作為反應性官能基。胺基可如上文所論述藉由充當轉麩醯胺酸酶介導之共軛中之胺供體參與共軛。
使用Alloc化合物44、二溴化物34及化合物37通常遵循實例6及14之程序及分別相關圖7A-7B及15之流程製備化合物93。
使化合物94(0.079g,0.086mmol,Quanta Biodesign)與化合物93(0.091g,0.095mmol)類似地遵循實施例6及圖7B之程序偶合,得到化合物95(40mg,27%產率)。LCMS(M+2H)/2=853.45。
將化合物95(40mg,0.023mmol)溶解於DMF(1.0mL)中且添加二乙胺(0.1mL,0.957mmol)。老化混合物1小時,用DMF稀釋且藉由Biotage C18管柱,溶劑A=95%水,5%乙腈+0.05%甲酸;溶劑B=5%水,95%乙腈+0.05%甲酸;20-100%之梯度純化。合併含產物溶離份且通過PL-HCO3-MP SPE 500mg/6mL柱,用乙腈溶離,得到游離鹼形式之產物之溶液。藉由旋轉蒸發移除大多數有機溶劑且藉由凍乾移除水,得到呈白色粉末狀之二聚體-連接子IIIb-09(18.5mg,51%產率)。LCMS(M+2H)/2=742.35。
此實例及圖21係關於適用於合成芳族環上具有另一氮之THIQ-THIQ二聚體的中間物之合成。
將氫化鈉(60%,2.72g,56.8mmol)溶解於DMF(50mL)中且於冰浴中冷卻。經約3分鐘逐份添加乙醯胺基丙二酸二乙酯97(6.17g,28.4mmol)且進一步反應10分鐘直至鼓泡消失為止。經約1分鐘之過程添加吡啶96(5g,28.4mmol,根據WO 2002/036555製備)。用水稀釋反應混合物且用乙酸乙酯萃取。用飽和NaCl水溶液洗滌有機層。經Na2SO4乾燥且在真空中濃縮。形成兩種區位異構體98a/b且以混合物形式不經進一步純化即用於下一步驟中(7.2g,79%產率)。LCMS M+H=321.10(2個具有相同質量之峰)。
用6N HCl(50ml,1646mmol)處理化合物98a/b之混合物(7.2g,22.48mmol)。使所得混合物回流3小時。冷卻至室溫後,在真空中濃縮反應混合物。將所形成之棕色固體與二噁烷一起濃縮且用甲醇濕磨。收集兩批化合物99a/b之混合物,第一批為2.4g褐色固體且第二批為1.0g深棕色固體。其不經進一步純化即使用。
在室溫下向化合物99a/b之混合物(1810mg,7.21mmol)中依次添加MeOH(20mL)及亞硫醯氯(1.578mL,21.62mmol),隨後回流所得
混合物20小時。完全濃縮反應混合物,用二噁烷再濃縮所形成之固體以移除過量亞硫醯氯,得到棕色固體。用MeOH濕磨混合物,得到固體,分配於Na2CO3與DCM之間且再萃取2次。經Na2SO4乾燥經合併之有機相且蒸發溶劑,得到化合物100a/b之混合物(1.2g,6.24mmol,87%產率)。
將化合物100a/b之混合物(1.2g,6.24mmol)溶解於MeOH(50mL)中用LiBH4(0.136g,6.24mmol)處理。回流混合物2小時,蒸發且與乙醇及甲苯一起共沸,得到化合物101a/b之混合物(1g,98%產率)。
將化合物101a/b之混合物(1.0g,6.09mmol)溶解於DMF(1mL)及乙腈(5.8mL)中且用TBS-Cl(3.15mL,2.9M,9.13mmol)及咪唑(0.62g,9.13mmol)處理。使混合物靜置20分鐘且蒸發大多數溶劑。將殘餘物分配於水與EtOAc之間。用EtOAc萃取水相3次。用水洗滌經合併之有機相且經Na2SO4乾燥。過濾混合物以移除固體且蒸發溶劑。將殘餘物用0-10% MeOH/DCM於24g矽膠管柱上急驟層析。在此等條件下,2種組分大多數經解析,但以化合物102a/b之混合物形式再組合以供進一步轉化(967mg,57%產率)。
化合物102a/b之混合物(917mg,3.29mmol)遵循實施例3之程序在細節上作必要修改後繼續用於化合物106a/b之混合物:
103a/b:(1.39g,67%產率)。LCMS M+H=630.20(2個具有相同質量之峰)。
104a/b:(0.52g,62%產率)。LCMS M+H=600.20(2個具有相同質量之峰)。
105a/b:(0.50g,84%產率)。LCMS M+H=684.75(2個具有相同質量之峰)。
106a:(158mg,38%產率)LCMS M+H=570.25(藉由矽膠層析(50-100% EtOAc/己烷梯度)與106b分離後)。
106b:(179mg,43%產率)LCMS M+H=570.30(分離後)。
此實例及圖22係關於二聚體IIa-16之製備,該二聚體在外部苯環中之一者中具有氮,亦即在式(I)中一個G或G'為N。
將化合物106b遵循實施例3之程序在細節上作必要修改後轉化為對映異構體108a於108b之混合物,藉由對掌性SEC層析於CHIRALPAK® IE管柱上用20% MeOH於CO2中溶離分離。108a:LCMS M+H=411.95;25mg,23%產率)。108b:LCMS M+H=411.95;22mg,20%產率。
使對映異構體108b與化合物36類似地遵循實施例6之程序偶合,得到雙Alloc化合物109,隨後用Pd(PPh3)4處理,得到二聚體IIa-16(4.3mg,45%產率)。LCMS M+H=721.30。
類似地,對映異構體108a轉化為二聚體110,其在二聚體單元中之一者中具有非天然立體化學:
亦類似地,化合物106a轉化為對映異構體111a(LCMS M+H=411.95;18.6mg,18%產率)及111b(LCMS M+H=411.95;19mg,18%產率)。此等對映異構體可用於根據上述程序在細節上作必要修改後製造二聚體。
可測試本發明二聚體針對各種癌細胞株之細胞毒性活性,諸如H226肺癌、DMS 79肺癌、H187肺癌、N87胃癌、786-O腎癌及/或OVCAR3卵巢癌細胞株。二聚體抑制細胞增殖之能力可藉由ATP發光分析或MTS細胞增殖分析量測。一般而言,此兩種產生類似結果。
此為ATP發光分析之通用程序:將細胞以1×103個細胞/孔接種於96孔培養盤中後維持3小時以分別進行ATP CellTiterGloTM分析。將化合物之連續稀釋液(1:3)添加至孔中。使培養盤培育72小時。使用來自Promega之CellTiterGloTM細胞存活率套組遵循製造商之說明量測用測試化合物處理之細胞的ATP含量。ATP含量降低為細胞存活率降低之量度。EC50值(藥劑使細胞存活率降低最大作用之50%的濃度)可使用PRISMTM軟體5.0版(GraphPad Software,La Jolla,CA,USA)計算。
MTS細胞增殖分析如下進行:使用來自Promega(Madison,WI)之水性CellTiter 96非放射性細胞增殖套組測定細胞增殖分析中活細胞之數目。將腫瘤細胞以某些接種密度以每孔40μL塗佈於無菌384孔黑色透明底Matrix盤中,且在分析之前,在37℃、5% CO2下培育隔夜。第二天,使用一組細胞盤(10個培養盤)測定時間零點之細胞密度,且以每孔4μL將3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-5-(3-羥基甲氧基苯基)-2-(4-磺基苯基)-2H-四唑鎓添加至10個培養盤中,繼而在37℃、5% CO2下培育三小時。藉由肝臟細胞生物還原此四唑鎓試劑以形成可溶於水溶液中之甲產物。在Envision讀取器(Perkin Elmer,Boston,MA)上量測490nm下之吸光度。同日,將化合物添加至剩餘細胞盤(T72盤)中且在37℃、5% CO2下培育。72小時後,接著將4μL MTS試劑添加至彼等細胞盤中。將培養盤在37℃、5% CO2下進一步培育3小時且在Envision讀取器上量測A490下之吸光度值。
結果呈現於表I中:
遵循上文所述之通用程序,將二聚體-連接子化合物與抗海藻糖基GM1抗體共軛。針對N87胃癌、DMS 79及/或H187小細胞肺癌細胞株進行測試,第一個表現間皮素,且後兩個在其細胞表面表現fucos87yl GM1。使用3H胸苷分析(Cong等人,2014)量測活性。結果呈現於表II中。
在一較佳實施例中,在本發明之共軛物中,抗體為抗海藻糖基GM1或抗間皮素抗體。
本發明之前述詳細描述包括主要或僅涉及本發明之特定部分或態樣的段落。應瞭解,出於明晰及便利之目的,特定特徵可不僅在揭示該特徵之段落中相關,且本文之揭示內容包括不同段落中存在之資
訊的所有適當組合。類似地,儘管本文之各種圖式及描述係關於本發明之特定實施例,但應瞭解,若特定特徵揭示於特定圖式或實施例之情形下,則此類特徵亦可以適當程度與另一特徵組合用於另一圖式或實施例之情形下或用於通常本發明中。
此外,儘管本發明尤其關於某些較佳實施例描述,但本發明並不限於此類較佳實施例。確切而言,本發明之範疇由隨附申請專利範圍界定。
下文提供以下參考文獻的完整引用,之前在本說明書中該等參考文獻以簡化方式以第一作者(或發明者)及日期形式引用。此等參考文獻各以引用的方式併入本文中以用於所有目的。
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Claims (29)
- 一種苯并二氮呯二聚體,其具有由式(I)表示之結構
- 如請求項1之苯并二氮呯二聚體,其中X為
- 如請求項1之苯并二氮呯二聚體,其具有由式(IIa)表示之結構:
- 如請求項3之苯并二氮呯二聚體,其中X為
- 如請求項3之苯并二氮呯二聚體,其具有由式(IIa")表示之結構
- 如請求項5之苯并二氮呯二聚體,其選自由以下組成之群
- 如請求項1之苯并二氮呯二聚體,其具有由式(IIb)表示之結構
- 如請求項7之苯并二氮呯二聚體,其中X為
- 如請求項7之苯并二氮呯二聚體,其具有由式(IIb")表示之結構
- 如請求項1之苯并二氮呯二聚體,
- 如請求項10之苯并二氮呯二聚體,其中X為
- 一種苯并二氮呯二聚體-連接子化合物,其具有由式(IIIa)、(IIIb)、(IIIc)或(IIIc''')表示之結構:
- 如請求項12之苯并二氮呯二聚體-連接子化合物,其具有由式(IIIa')表示之結構
- 如請求項12之苯并二氮呯二聚體-連接子化合物,其具有由式(IIIb)表示之結構,其中u為1且X為
- 如請求項12之苯并二氮呯二聚體-連接子化合物,其具有由式(IIIb")表示之結構
- 如請求項15之苯并二氮呯二聚體-連接子化合物,其選自由以下組成之群:
- 如請求項12之苯并二氮呯二聚體-連接子化合物,其具有由式(IIIc)表示之結構,其中u為1且X為
- 如請求項17之苯并二氮呯二聚體-連接子化合物,其具有由式(IIIc")表示之結構
- 如請求項17之苯并二氮呯二聚體-連接子化合物,其選自由以下組成之群
- 一種苯并二氮呯二聚體與抗體之共軛物,其具有由式(IVa)、(IVb)、(IVc)或(IVc''')表示之結構:
- 如請求項20之苯并二氮呯二聚體與抗體之共軛物,其具有由式 (IVa')表示之結構
- 如請求項20之苯并二氮呯二聚體與抗體之共軛物,其具有由式(IVb)表示之結構,其中該下標u為1且X為
- 如請求項22之苯并二氮呯二聚體與抗體之共軛物,其具有由式(IVb")表示之結構
- 如請求項20之苯并二氮呯二聚體與抗體之共軛物,其具有由式(IVc)表示之結構,其中該下標u為1且X為
- 如請求項24之苯并二氮呯二聚體與抗體之共軛物,其具有由式(IVc")表示之結構
- 如請求項20之苯并二氮呯二聚體與抗體之共軛物,其中該抗體為抗海藻糖基GM1或抗間皮素抗體。
- 一種醫藥調配物,其包含如請求項20至26中任一項之共軛物及醫藥學上可接受之賦形劑。
- 一種如請求項20至26中任一項之共軛物之用途,其用於製造供治療個體之癌症用之藥物。
- 如請求項28之用途,其中該癌症為肺癌或胃癌。
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-
2016
- 2016-01-13 TW TW105100988A patent/TW201632532A/zh unknown
- 2016-01-13 US US14/994,378 patent/US9526801B2/en active Active
- 2016-01-13 CA CA2973355A patent/CA2973355A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-01-13 WO PCT/US2016/013154 patent/WO2016115201A1/en active Application Filing
- 2016-01-13 EA EA201791461A patent/EA201791461A1/ru unknown
- 2016-01-13 BR BR112017014937A patent/BR112017014937A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2016-01-13 SG SG11201705645YA patent/SG11201705645YA/en unknown
- 2016-01-13 AU AU2016206808A patent/AU2016206808A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-01-13 JP JP2017537229A patent/JP6676058B2/ja active Active
- 2016-01-13 MX MX2017009144A patent/MX2017009144A/es unknown
- 2016-01-13 PE PE2017001217A patent/PE20171185A1/es unknown
- 2016-01-13 ES ES16702266T patent/ES2747386T3/es active Active
- 2016-01-13 CN CN201680006152.XA patent/CN107231804B/zh active Active
- 2016-01-13 EP EP16702266.4A patent/EP3245207B1/en active Active
- 2016-01-13 KR KR1020177022246A patent/KR20170102981A/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2016-11-15 US US15/351,955 patent/US9676775B2/en active Active
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2017
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- 2017-07-10 IL IL253401A patent/IL253401A0/en unknown
- 2017-07-13 CL CL2017001825A patent/CL2017001825A1/es unknown
- 2017-07-13 ZA ZA2017/04739A patent/ZA201704739B/en unknown
- 2017-08-10 CO CONC2017/0008086A patent/CO2017008086A2/es unknown
- 2017-10-17 US US15/785,608 patent/US20180037581A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
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MX2017009144A (es) | 2017-11-22 |
CL2017001825A1 (es) | 2018-02-09 |
KR20170102981A (ko) | 2017-09-12 |
US9822112B2 (en) | 2017-11-21 |
US9526801B2 (en) | 2016-12-27 |
EA201791461A1 (ru) | 2017-11-30 |
EP3245207B1 (en) | 2019-08-21 |
WO2016115201A1 (en) | 2016-07-21 |
US9676775B2 (en) | 2017-06-13 |
CN107231804B (zh) | 2019-11-26 |
US20160199510A1 (en) | 2016-07-14 |
EP3245207A1 (en) | 2017-11-22 |
ZA201704739B (en) | 2019-02-27 |
BR112017014937A2 (pt) | 2018-03-13 |
US20170057959A1 (en) | 2017-03-02 |
CN107231804A (zh) | 2017-10-03 |
US20170233392A1 (en) | 2017-08-17 |
SG11201705645YA (en) | 2017-08-30 |
PE20171185A1 (es) | 2017-08-22 |
JP6676058B2 (ja) | 2020-04-08 |
CO2017008086A2 (es) | 2017-11-10 |
IL253401A0 (en) | 2017-09-28 |
JP2018502131A (ja) | 2018-01-25 |
US20180037581A1 (en) | 2018-02-08 |
CA2973355A1 (en) | 2016-07-21 |
ES2747386T3 (es) | 2020-03-10 |
AU2016206808A1 (en) | 2017-08-31 |
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