KR100217948B1 - 머시닝 센터의 공구교환방법과 이를 수행하는 장치 - Google Patents
머시닝 센터의 공구교환방법과 이를 수행하는 장치 Download PDFInfo
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- KR100217948B1 KR100217948B1 KR1019960010072A KR19960010072A KR100217948B1 KR 100217948 B1 KR100217948 B1 KR 100217948B1 KR 1019960010072 A KR1019960010072 A KR 1019960010072A KR 19960010072 A KR19960010072 A KR 19960010072A KR 100217948 B1 KR100217948 B1 KR 100217948B1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q3/00—Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine
- B23Q3/155—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling
- B23Q3/1552—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling parts of devices for automatically inserting or removing tools
- B23Q3/1554—Transfer mechanisms, e.g. tool gripping arms; Drive mechanisms therefore
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B19/00—Programme-control systems
- G05B19/02—Programme-control systems electric
- G05B19/18—Numerical control [NC], i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q3/00—Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine
- B23Q3/155—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling
- B23Q3/15503—Processes characterized by special sequencing of operations or the like, e.g. for optimizing tool changing time or capacity in tool storage
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q3/00—Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine
- B23Q3/155—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling
- B23Q3/157—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling of rotary tools
- B23Q3/15713—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling of rotary tools a transfer device taking a single tool from a storage device and inserting it in a spindle
- B23Q3/1572—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling of rotary tools a transfer device taking a single tool from a storage device and inserting it in a spindle the storage device comprising rotating or circulating storing means
- B23Q3/15726—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling of rotary tools a transfer device taking a single tool from a storage device and inserting it in a spindle the storage device comprising rotating or circulating storing means the storage means rotating or circulating in a plane parallel to the axis of the spindle
- B23Q3/15733—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling of rotary tools a transfer device taking a single tool from a storage device and inserting it in a spindle the storage device comprising rotating or circulating storing means the storage means rotating or circulating in a plane parallel to the axis of the spindle the axis of the stored tools being arranged in the rotating or circulating plane of the storage means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q3/00—Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine
- B23Q3/155—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling
- B23Q3/157—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling of rotary tools
- B23Q3/15713—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling of rotary tools a transfer device taking a single tool from a storage device and inserting it in a spindle
- B23Q3/1572—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling of rotary tools a transfer device taking a single tool from a storage device and inserting it in a spindle the storage device comprising rotating or circulating storing means
- B23Q3/15753—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling of rotary tools a transfer device taking a single tool from a storage device and inserting it in a spindle the storage device comprising rotating or circulating storing means the storage means rotating or circulating in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the spindle
- B23Q3/15766—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling of rotary tools a transfer device taking a single tool from a storage device and inserting it in a spindle the storage device comprising rotating or circulating storing means the storage means rotating or circulating in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the spindle the axis of the stored tools being arranged perpendicularly to the rotating or circulating plane of the storage means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q3/00—Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine
- B23Q3/155—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling
- B23Q3/1552—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling parts of devices for automatically inserting or removing tools
- B23Q3/1554—Transfer mechanisms, e.g. tool gripping arms; Drive mechanisms therefore
- B23Q2003/155414—Transfer mechanisms, e.g. tool gripping arms; Drive mechanisms therefore the transfer mechanism comprising two or more grippers
- B23Q2003/155418—Transfer mechanisms, e.g. tool gripping arms; Drive mechanisms therefore the transfer mechanism comprising two or more grippers the grippers moving together
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q3/00—Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine
- B23Q3/155—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling
- B23Q3/1552—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling parts of devices for automatically inserting or removing tools
- B23Q3/1554—Transfer mechanisms, e.g. tool gripping arms; Drive mechanisms therefore
- B23Q2003/155414—Transfer mechanisms, e.g. tool gripping arms; Drive mechanisms therefore the transfer mechanism comprising two or more grippers
- B23Q2003/155425—Transfer mechanisms, e.g. tool gripping arms; Drive mechanisms therefore the transfer mechanism comprising two or more grippers pivotable
- B23Q2003/155428—Transfer mechanisms, e.g. tool gripping arms; Drive mechanisms therefore the transfer mechanism comprising two or more grippers pivotable about a common axis
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q3/00—Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine
- B23Q3/155—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling
- B23Q3/1552—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling parts of devices for automatically inserting or removing tools
- B23Q3/1554—Transfer mechanisms, e.g. tool gripping arms; Drive mechanisms therefore
- B23Q2003/155414—Transfer mechanisms, e.g. tool gripping arms; Drive mechanisms therefore the transfer mechanism comprising two or more grippers
- B23Q2003/155425—Transfer mechanisms, e.g. tool gripping arms; Drive mechanisms therefore the transfer mechanism comprising two or more grippers pivotable
- B23Q2003/155435—Transfer mechanisms, e.g. tool gripping arms; Drive mechanisms therefore the transfer mechanism comprising two or more grippers pivotable and linearly movable
- B23Q2003/155439—Transfer mechanisms, e.g. tool gripping arms; Drive mechanisms therefore the transfer mechanism comprising two or more grippers pivotable and linearly movable along the pivoting axis
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q3/00—Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine
- B23Q3/155—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling
- B23Q3/1552—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling parts of devices for automatically inserting or removing tools
- B23Q3/1554—Transfer mechanisms, e.g. tool gripping arms; Drive mechanisms therefore
- B23Q2003/155414—Transfer mechanisms, e.g. tool gripping arms; Drive mechanisms therefore the transfer mechanism comprising two or more grippers
- B23Q2003/155453—Transfer mechanisms, e.g. tool gripping arms; Drive mechanisms therefore the transfer mechanism comprising two or more grippers including different gripper configurations for holding differently-configured tools
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T483/00—Tool changing
- Y10T483/10—Process
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T483/00—Tool changing
- Y10T483/13—Tool changing with control means energized in response to activator stimulated by condition sensor
- Y10T483/132—Responsive to tool identifying information
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Automatic Tool Replacement In Machine Tools (AREA)
- Turning (AREA)
- Perforating, Stamping-Out Or Severing By Means Other Than Cutting (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (5)
- 컬럼(3)과, 복수개의 공구(T)를 저장하고 대기 위치(P)에서 상기 공구중 소정의 하나를 위치시키고, 상기 공구를 상기 대기 위치(P)로부터 공구 교환 위치(Q)로 이송시키는 공구 매거진(7)과 상기 컬럼(3)상에 슬라이딩 가능하게 지지되어 그 위에 고정된 스핀들(4)의 축을 따라 슬라이딩 가능한 주축대(5)와, 상기 주축대(5)상에 설치되어 상기 스핀들의 축을 기준으로 회전 및 전후진이 가능하고 반대방향으로 벌어지는 두 쌍의 그리퍼가 제공되어 상기 두 쌍의 그리퍼(9)중 하나는 상기 주축대(5)가 공구 교환 지시에 따라 공구 교환 위치(Q)에 해당하는 위치에 위치할 때 상기 스핀들상에 고정된 공구(T)를 잡고 상기 다른 한 쌍의 그리퍼(9)는 상기 공구 교환 위치(Q)에 위치된 다음 공구를 잡기 위해 위치되는 공구 교환 헤드(10)를 구비하여, 상기 공구 교환 헤드가 소정의 공구 교환 동작을 수행하는 공구 교환 방법에 있어서, 상기 그리퍼 쌍(9)의 행정(S)에 기초하여 결정되는 소정의 임계 공구 직경을 참조하여 상기 공구를 소형 공구(ST) 및 대형 공구(LT)로 분류하는 단계와, 상기 다음 공구가 소형(ST)일 경우, 다음 공구(T)를 대기 위치(P)에 위치시키고, 공구 교환 지시에 응답하여 공구 교환 위치에 해당하는 위치에 상기 머시닝 센터의 주축대(5)가 이동되기에 앞서 공구 교환 위치(Q)로 상기 다음 공구를 이동시키는 단계와, 다음 공구가 대형(LT)일 경우, 대기 위치(P)에 상기 다음 공구를 위치시키고 대기시키며, 공구 교환 지시에 응답하여 공구 교환 위치에 해당하는 위치로 상기 주축대(5)가 이동된 이후 대기 위치로부터 공구 교환 위치(Q)에까지 상기 다음 공구를 이동시키고, 공구 교환 작동을 수행하는 단계와, 상기 스핀들로부터 제거된 공구가 소형(ST)일 경우, 공구 교환 작동을 수행하고, 공구 교환 작동이 완료되는 직후 가공 위치로 상기 주축대(5)를 이동시키고 나서, 공구 교환 위치(Q)로부터 대기 위치(P)까지 상기 스핀들(4)로부터 제거된 공구를 이동시키는 단계와, 그리고 상기 스핀들로부터 제거된 공구가 대형(LT)일 경우, 공구 교환 작동을 수행하고, 공구 교환 위치로부터 대기 위치(P)에까지 상기 스핀들(4)로부터 제거된 공구를 이동시킨 후 상기 주축대(5)를 가공 위치로 이동시키는 단계를 구비하는 것을 특징으로 하는 공구 교환 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 그리퍼가 열린상태에서 상기 그리퍼(9) 사이의 공간을 통해 이동될 수 있는 공구(T)는 소형 공구(ST)로 분류되며, 상기 동일 공간을 통해 이동될 수 없는 공구(T)는 대형 공구(LT)로 분류되는 것을 특징으로 하는 공구 교환 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 소정의 임계 중량을 초과하는 중량을 갖는 상기 소형 공구(ST)는 대형 공구(LT)로 분류되며, 상기 온-스핀들 공구와 상기 다음 공구 중의 적어도 하나가 대형(LT)일 경우에 온-스핀들 공구를 다른 공구로 대체하기 위한 공구 교환 작동은 상기 온-스핀들 공구와 상기 다음 공구 둘 다 소형(ST)일 경우의 공구 교환 속도보다 낮은 공구 교환 속도로 수행되는 것을 특징으로 하는 공구 교환 방법.
- 컬럼(3)과, 복수개의 공구(T)를 저장하고 대기 위치(P)에서 상기 공구중 소정의 하나를 위치시키고, 상기 공구를 상기 대기 위치(P)로부터 공구 교환 위치(Q)로 이송시키는 공구 매거진(7)과 상기 칼럼(3)상에 슬라이딩 가능하게 지지되어 그 위에 고정된 스핀들(4)의 축을 따라 슬라이딩 가능한 주축대(5)와, 상기 주축대(5)상에 설치되어 상기 스핀들의 축을 기준으로 회전 및 전후진이 가능하고 반대방향으로 벌어지는 두 쌍의 그리퍼가 제공되어 상기 두 쌍의 그리퍼(9)중 하나는 상기 주축대(5)가 공구 교환 지시에 따라 공구 교환 위치(Q)에 해당하는 위치에 위치할 때 상기 스핀들상에 고정된 공구(T)를 잡고 상기 다른 한 쌍의 그리퍼(9)는 상기 공구 교환 위치(Q)에 위치된 다음 공구를 잡기 위해 위치되는 공구 교환 헤드(10)를 구비하여, 상기 공구 교환 헤드가 소정의 공구 교환 작동을 수행하는 머시닝 센터와 조합되어 사용되는 공구 교환 장치에 있어서, 상기 두 쌍의 그리퍼(9) 행정(S) 기초하여 결정되는 소정의 임계 공구 직경을 참조하여 소형 공구(ST) 및 대형 공구(LT)로 분류되는 공구의 형태를 저장하기 위한 저장 수단과, 사용되는 상기 스핀들상에 장착된 온-스핀들 공구와 다음 공구 각각의 형태를 확인하기 위한 유형 확인 수단과, 상기 다음 공구가 소형(ST)일 경우 공구 교환 위치에 해당하는 위치로 상기 주축대(5)가 이동되기 앞서 대기 위치(P)로부터 공구 교환 위치(Q)에까지 상기 다음 공구를 이동시키는 소형 공구 이송 지시를 내리는 소형 공구 이송 지시 발생 수단과, 상기 다음 공구가 대형(LT)일 경우 공구 교환 위치에 해당하는 위치로 상기 주축대(5)가 이동된 이후 대기 위치(P)로부터 공구 교환 위치에(Q)까지 상기 다음 공구를 이동시키는 대형 공구 이송 지시를 내리는 대형 공구 이송 지시 발생 수단과, 상기 스핀들로부터 제거된 공구가 소형(ST)일 경우, 가공 위치로 상기 주축대(5)가 이동된 이후 상기 스핀들(4)로부터 제거된 공구를 공구 교환 작동에 의해 공구 교환 위치(Q)로부터 대기 위치(P)에까지 되돌리는 소형 공구 복귀 지시를 내리는 소형 공구 복귀 지시 발생 수단과, 그리고 상기 스핀들로부터 제거된 공구가 대형(LT)일 경우, 가공 위치로 상기 주축대가 이동되기 앞서 상기 스핀들(4)로부터 제거된 공구를 공구 교환 작동에 의해 공구 교환 위치(Q)로부터 대기 위치(P)에까지 되돌리는 대형 공구 복귀 지시를 내리는 대형 기구 복귀 지시 발생 수단을 포함하는 제어 수단(200)을 구비하는 것을 특징으로 하는 공구 교환 장치.
- 제4항에 있어서, 상기 제어 수단(200)이 더 나아가 상기 유형 확인 수단이 상기 스핀들 상의 공구와 상기 다음 공구중 적어도 하나가 대형(LT)임을 지시하는 신호를 낼 때, 감소된 속도로 공구 교환 작동을 수행하는 수단을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 공구 교환 장치.
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JP108127/1995 | 1995-04-07 | ||
JP7108127A JP2865195B2 (ja) | 1995-04-07 | 1995-04-07 | マシニングセンタにおける工具交換方法及び装置 |
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KR1019960010072A KR100217948B1 (ko) | 1995-04-07 | 1996-04-03 | 머시닝 센터의 공구교환방법과 이를 수행하는 장치 |
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US (1) | US5688214A (ko) |
JP (1) | JP2865195B2 (ko) |
KR (1) | KR100217948B1 (ko) |
CN (1) | CN1070402C (ko) |
FR (1) | FR2732633B1 (ko) |
IT (1) | IT1283723B1 (ko) |
MY (1) | MY111931A (ko) |
SG (1) | SG64367A1 (ko) |
TW (1) | TW372900B (ko) |
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US20060025510A1 (en) * | 2004-08-02 | 2006-02-02 | Dean David M | Flame retardant polymer blend and articles thereof |
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-
1995
- 1995-04-07 JP JP7108127A patent/JP2865195B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-16 TW TW084113461A patent/TW372900B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1996
- 1996-04-02 US US08/631,656 patent/US5688214A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-04-02 FR FR9604113A patent/FR2732633B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-04-03 KR KR1019960010072A patent/KR100217948B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-04-03 CN CN96107390A patent/CN1070402C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-04-04 MY MYPI96001261A patent/MY111931A/en unknown
- 1996-04-05 IT IT96MI000676A patent/IT1283723B1/it active IP Right Grant
- 1996-04-06 SG SG1996008734A patent/SG64367A1/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN1142424A (zh) | 1997-02-12 |
TW372900B (en) | 1999-11-01 |
JPH08276336A (ja) | 1996-10-22 |
FR2732633A1 (fr) | 1996-10-11 |
FR2732633B1 (fr) | 1998-07-17 |
MY111931A (en) | 2001-02-28 |
ITMI960676A1 (it) | 1997-10-05 |
US5688214A (en) | 1997-11-18 |
SG64367A1 (en) | 1999-04-27 |
CN1070402C (zh) | 2001-09-05 |
IT1283723B1 (it) | 1998-04-30 |
ITMI960676A0 (ko) | 1996-04-05 |
JP2865195B2 (ja) | 1999-03-08 |
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