JPH08333813A - Building method of building unit for vertical and horizontal conveying - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: To enhance workability by loading a building unit on a horizontal slide rack on a lift rack and moving horizontally the horizontal slide rack and setting up the building unit on a lower story area. CONSTITUTION: Two lower story areas 3 of a twin tower are assembled on the rooftop of a building 1 with a tower crane as two layers. A lift rack 4 whose height shares the first story layer, is installed at the middle part of the twin tower. Then, a building block 6 is loaded on a horizontal side rack 5 set up on the top of the lift rack 4 and then the lift rack 4 is adapted to rise up to the elevation of the third story floor. After the horizontal slide rack 5 is horizontally moved, the building block 6 is layered on the lower story area 3. The horizontal slide rack 5 is horizontally moved to the original position while the lift rack 4 is arranged to fall down and then, a subsequent building block 6 is loaded on the lift rack 6. The building units 6 are piled up one after another by repeating a similar process.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a construction method for constructing, for example, a slender high-rise twin tower type building without using a large tower crane, and more specifically, the building is divided into units of at least one layer. The present invention relates to a construction method in which a building block is erected at a standard floor level, the building block is vertically and horizontally transported, and sequentially stacked to build a building.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, a general construction method for a high-rise building is to install a large-scale tower crane (temporary hoisting machine) to construct a steel frame, install interior materials and exterior materials. Recently, the movable roof has been raised first,
An all-weather construction method has also been developed and put into practical use, in which a building frame is constructed immediately below the roof (see, for example, the method described in JP-A-7-4049). Further, in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 6-50000, a traveling carriage is prepared in an assembly work yard, a pallet is placed on the traveling carriage, and steel columns, beams, floor slabs, etc. are assembled on the pallet. The steel frame unit for the span is placed, then the traveling carriage is horizontally moved to the lifting position, and the steel frame unit is left at the yard level for assembling the traveling carriage, and the pallet together with the lifting mechanism provided for the pallet are raised to the assembly floor to assemble. On the floor, there is disclosed an automatic assembly construction method in which the building is lifted by an overhead crane or the like prepared in advance on the assembly floor of the building and horizontally transported to build.

[0003]

In the general construction method described above, since the tower crane is safely supported against horizontal forces such as earthquakes, temporary reinforcement is required in addition to the main steel frame. Therefore, temporary construction work requires time and cost. In addition, since the tower crane remains up to the final section of the steel frame in the construction process, the remaining work around the crane is pressed and the securing of the finishing work period is under pressure. Further, since the work at a high place increases, the work having a safety problem increases, which is not preferable in terms of safety. Therefore, it is desired to develop a construction method that can be implemented without using a tower crane.

In this respect, the above-mentioned construction methods and (1) and (2) are one step ahead because a large tower crane is not used. However, the above-mentioned all-weather construction method involves the construction materials being lifted up to the assembly floor directly under the roof in a disjointed state, and the assembly work is done one by one on the assembly floor, so labor saving and efficiency of construction are improved. In terms of shortening the construction period, etc., there are still points to be improved.

In addition, although the above-mentioned automatic assembly construction method can be evaluated in terms of increasing the amount of ground work, the overhead cranes provided on the assembly floor are still temporary hoisting machines, and the reassembling must be performed prior to building assembly. It is necessary to do this, and it takes time and cost for the refilling work, and the refilling work eventually becomes a high place work, and there is a problem in terms of safety.

Therefore, the object of the present invention is to eliminate the need for a temporary lifting machine such as a tower crane, almost no temporary work and construction around the crane, and a building block obtained by dividing a building into a ground level or the like ( It is to provide a construction method in which construction work is performed at a standard yard (work floor) with less work in high places and high construction safety.

[0007]

[Means for Solving the Problems] As a means for solving the above-mentioned problems, the construction method of a building by vertically and horizontally carrying building blocks according to claim 1 is a lower floor part of a building constructed in advance. At the center of the building, a vertical elevating pedestal using the main pillars of the lower floor is vertically assembled at the building block assembly work yard level, and a horizontal slide pedestal that horizontally moves the upper surface of the elevating pedestal is installed. Installing, mounting at least one layer of building block grounded in a working yard on the horizontal slide base, raising the elevating base to a height position of the installation floor of the building block, and then mounting To the position, move horizontally using a horizontal slide stand, and set the horizontally moved building blocks by stacking them on the existing lower floors. Return the horizontal slide frame on the lifting frame, the lifting frame is lowered to the original work yard level,
The next building block grounded in the working yard is placed on the horizontal slide stand, and the same steps are repeated thereafter to proceed with building construction.

The elevator platform according to the first aspect elevates and lowers the center part of the twin tower, or the center core hall of a building having an atrium or a courtyard. The building block according to claim 1 is provided with steel columns that are permanently installed at least at the four corners, and most of the steel frame construction, interior and exterior finishes are completed, and the set for the lower floor part is the upper and lower books. This is done by adding and joining the columns.

The building block according to claim 1 or 3 is provided with a traverse rail for horizontally transporting the next higher building block in the upper portion in advance, and the traverse rail that has been used is then removed. To use.

[0010]

[Operation] The building block assembly work yard is set at the ground level or the rooftop part of the building at the lowest level (foot level) of the twin tower (standard floor level), and the building block is approximately 90% in this work yard. It is grounded to the above-mentioned degree of perfection, for example, the degree of perfection that leaves the finishing of the stacked set parts.

The elevator platform vertically transports the building block placed on the slide platform on the upper surface of the building block from the assembly work yard level to the installation floor by utilizing the existing main column of the lower floor as the reaction column. . At the level of the mounting floor, the horizontal slide cradle moves horizontally to horizontally transport the building block to its mounting position. A traverse rail for the horizontal slide stand to move out of the elevating stand and move horizontally to the mounting position is attached to the building block on the floor directly below. The horizontal slide frame supports the lower part of the steel column in the building block from the side, and the building block reaching the mounting position is stacked on top of the lower floor part in such a way that the steel columns of the main building are added together,
The setting is done by joining the upper and lower steel columns. The horizontal slide base is released from the connection with the building block and returned to the elevator base. After that, the elevating platform is lowered to the level of the assembly work yard, during which the next building block erected in the ground is placed on the lateral slide platform. Hereinafter, by repeating the same steps, a high-rise building having a desired height is constructed in the manner of building blocks in which building blocks are sequentially stacked.

[0012]

EXAMPLE An example of the present invention shown in the drawings will be described below.
1 to 5 are essential process diagrams when the construction method of the present invention is carried out, and FIG. 6 is an elevation view of a completed twin tower. These examples show the case where the twin towers 2 and 2 are further built on the roof of the building 1, but the present invention is not limited to this example, and even when the twin towers are directly built from the ground level, the construction proceeds in exactly the same manner. To be Furthermore, the present invention is not limited to the construction of a twin tower, and is similarly applied to the construction of a building having a center core hall or the like having a scale capable of vertically moving up and down, such as a building with a colonnade or a courtyard.

FIG. 1 shows that two layers of lower floors 3 of a twin tower are assembled on the roof of a building 1, and an elevator platform 4 having a height of one layer is assembled in the middle of the twin tower. The stage in which the building block 6 is placed on the horizontal slide mount 5 installed on the upper surface of the elevating mount 4 is shown.
Assembling the lower floor portion 3, assembling the elevating mount 4, assembling the building block 6, and suspending the building block 6 on the horizontal slide mount 5 are performed in the illustrated example in the building 1
It is described that the tower crane 7 used for the construction is used for convenience. However, truck cranes, crawler cranes, etc. are conveniently used when the assembly work yard is at ground level. In any case, we will not use any temporary lifting machine that will be refilled and raised as the twin tower is constructed. The building block 6 is a working yard prepared on the roof of the building 1, and the tower crane 7 is used for convenience to assemble the building. The building block 6 has at least one layer of the twin tower as one block (see FIG. 7 and FIG. 8), and assembles its steel frame and, if necessary, installs floor slabs, interior materials, exterior materials, etc.
The degree of perfection is 0% or more, and for example, the degree of perfection is such that the finish of the mating portion is left when setting.

FIG. 2 shows a stage in which the lifting platform 4 is raised to the height position (3rd floor) of the floor (3rd floor) where the building block 6 placed on it is mounted. FIG. 3 shows a stage in which the building blocks 6 are horizontally moved together with the horizontal slide frame 5 and stacked and set at the mounting position. The lifting platform 4
The existing lower-floor steel frame columns are used as reaction columns to be lifted and lowered by a hydraulic lifting device. Specifically, FIG. 7, FIG.
As shown in FIG. 10, the upper frame 4a (work stage) and the lower frame 4b are rigidly connected to the vertical guide posts 4c to form a plate-shaped main skeleton corresponding to the floor height.
The hydraulic jack 8 is fixed vertically upward to the lower frame 4b, and the tip of the output shaft 8a of the hydraulic jack 8 is fixed to the guide post 4
It is connected to an elevating frame 9 which ascends and descends along c.

Since the existing lower-floor steel-framed columns are used as reaction columns, the side face of the steel-framed column 10 facing the elevating stand 4 has its entire length, and as shown in FIG. The reaction force brackets 11 are provided at the pitch P of. Height of reaction bracket is 170mm
It's about. The reaction force bracket 11 is composed of thick steel plates welded into a T shape. As shown in FIG. 11, a pair of two steel plates are arranged in parallel on the side surface of the steel frame column 10 at intervals of about 300 mm. The legs are welded to the steel column. On the other hand, the portion of the elevating frame 4 that engages with the steel column 10 has a common structure for the upper frame 4a and the lower frame 4b, and as shown in FIG. The stopper roller 12 and the anti-slip bracket 13 that is a set of three rollers that vertically pass through the inside and the outside of the two reaction force brackets 11 and 11 are provided. Further, as shown in FIG. 12, the steel frame column 10 travels along two side faces at right angles 2
Guide rollers 14, 14 are provided as a set. Next, as shown in FIG. 13, the mating portion between the elevating frame 9 and the steel column 10 has reaction force brackets 11, 11
A pair of shift stopper brackets 13 that vertically pass through the inside and the outside of the guide post 13 are provided, and further three guide rollers 15 that travel along the three right side surfaces of the guide post 4c are provided. As shown in FIG. 9, a reaction force receiving roller 16 is provided at the position on the lower surface side of the same lifting frame 9 and on the side opposite to the position of the hydraulic jack 8 with the guide post in between. .

Next, as shown in FIG. 9, in the elevating frame 9, as a means for elevating the elevating base 4 by the action of the hydraulic jack 8 using the reaction force bracket 11 of the steel column 10. Output shaft 8a of hydraulic jack
Of the reaction levers 17 and 1 for getting on and off the reaction force bracket 11 immediately below the position where the main body of the hydraulic jack 8 is attached to the lower frame 4b.
8 are installed. The respective reaction levers 17 and 18 are installed so as to be rotatable about a horizontal position about a rotation limit (abutting limit position) about 60 ° in the vertical direction about a horizontal mounting pin 19, and each of them is driven by a pneumatic jack 20. It is designed to be rotated. As shown in FIG. 14, the reaction levers 17 and 18 are mounted so that the two reaction brackets 11 and 11 are mounted in parallel with each other in parallel with the reaction brackets 11 and 11, which are a set of the two steel pillars 10. It is composed of a set.

The raising and lowering of the raising and lowering stand 4 is performed by the procedure and procedure shown in FIGS. 15 to 17, respectively. In FIG. 15A, the reaction force lever 18 on the lower frame 4b side is the reaction force bracket 11
At a position where the output shaft 8a of the hydraulic jack 8 starts to extend and the reaction lever 17 on the elevating frame 9 side passes through the reaction bracket 11 on the upper side while the reaction force is riding on It has been rotated diagonally downward. FIG. 15B shows a state in which the extension stroke of the output shaft 8a of the hydraulic jack 8 slightly exceeds the position of the next upper reaction force bracket 11, and the reaction force lever 17 on the lifting frame 9 side is returned to the horizontal reaction force receiving posture. There is. FIG. 16A shows that the output shaft 8a is slightly lowered and the reaction lever 17 on the elevating frame 9 side is placed on the next upper reaction force bracket 11 to take a reaction force. FIG. 16B shows the lifting frame 9
Side reaction lever 17 takes a reaction force to the next upper reaction force bracket 11, the hydraulic jack 8 contracts a little, and the reaction force lever 18 on the lower frame 4b side floats up from the reaction force bracket 11 to balance the load. After the replacement, the reaction force lever 18 is in a state of being rotated obliquely downward to a position where it does not hinder the passage of the next higher reaction force bracket. FIG. 17A
Is the hydraulic jack 8 until the reaction lever 18 on the lower frame 4b side slightly exceeds the position of the next upper reaction force bracket 11.
The contraction operation of 1 is advanced, and the reaction lever 18 is returned to the horizontal reaction force receiving posture. In FIG. 17B, the hydraulic jack 8 is slightly extended so that the reaction lever 18 on the lower frame 4b side rides on the next upper reaction bracket 11.
It shows that the reaction force is ready. When the output shaft 8a of the hydraulic jack 8 is extended from this state, the reaction force lever 17 on the elevating frame 9 side levitates from the reaction force bracket 11 and the load is rescaled.
Returning to the above condition, the elevating platform 4 has executed the ascending cycle of 1 pitch. After that, the same steps are repeated, and the elevating platform 4 moves up by an operation like a so-called caterpillar. On the contrary, the descending operation is performed by the opposite procedure and process.

In order to raise and lower the lifting platform 4 by the action of the hydraulic lifting device described above, the lifting platform 4 has an electric hydraulic pump 21 for a hydraulic jack and a valve unit 22, as shown in FIG. An air compressor 23 and a valve unit 24 for the pneumatic jack 20 for rotating the reaction lever, and an operation panel 25 for each of the above elements are mounted. A monitor device 26 that measures and manages the operating state of each element is installed in the work yard. As a general rule, no person rides during the lifting operation of the lifting platform 4,
Lifting and lowering is controlled remotely through the monitor device 26.

The reason why the above-mentioned hydraulic lifting device is adopted for the lift base 4 is that the level of the lift base 4 is controlled by hydraulic control.
It is easy to adjust the height position (up and down amount) (accuracy), and to attach a hydraulic sensor to the hydraulic jack 8 to check the size of the load and to activate the safety device against an excessive load. Is easy. Therefore,
When the same adjustment and the function of the safety device can be ensured, a well-known and well-known rack and pinion mechanism or other lifting device can be adopted and implemented.

Next, the horizontal slide mount 5 will be described.
In order to understand the schematic structure in FIG.
Is a horizontal traverse rail 3 which is horizontal to the upper surface of the above-mentioned lifting platform 4.
0 is laid, and is horizontally moved by a roller (Hillman roller) 31 rolling on the upper surface of the traverse rail 30. As for a more detailed structure, as shown in FIG. 10, the roller 31 is attached to the lower surface of the flange of the steel frame 5a constituting the horizontal slide base 5, and the traverse rail 3 immediately below is mounted.
It is supposed to roll on the upper surface of 0 '. On the lower surface of the flange of the steel frame 5a, lift preventing plates 32 and 32 having a shape holding the upper flange of the traverse rail 30 'from both sides are provided in a symmetrical arrangement, and a lateral deviation preventing roller that contacts both outer edges of the upper flange. 33, 33 are also provided.

The building block 6 placed on the lateral slide base 5 is added (bolted) to the steel columns 10 of the lower floor 3 at least at the lower portions of the main steel columns 10 at the four corners.
One of the gusset plates 34 prepared for use is supported in a bolted state via a support plate 35 and a contact plate 36 which are provided in a shape protruding obliquely upward from the steel frame 5a. Then, as shown in FIG. 10, the setting process of horizontally moving the building blocks 6 to the mounting position on the mounting floor by the horizontal slide base 5 and stacking them is first performed on the steel column 10 of the existing lower floor portion 3. The steel columns 10 of the building block 6 are piled up in such a form that they are added together. As a premise, the lower end surface of the steel column 10 of the building block 6 substantially coincides with the upper end surface of the steel column of the lower floor (actually, the lower surface of the steel column 10 of the building block 6 is 2 to 3 mm.
The horizontal rails 30 and 30 ′ are attached and the horizontal level of the horizontal slide base 5 is set so that the horizontal movement can be performed while ensuring the horizontal level accuracy of a high level.
Therefore, a jack-up device or the like is also adopted as needed. A horizontal receiving plate 37 is provided at the top end of the steel frame column 10 of the lower floor portion 3, and the lower end of the steel frame column 10 of the building block 6 is placed on the receiving plate 37 in a concentric arrangement and added thereto. After that, the joint between the gusset plate 34 and the support plate 35 is released, and the horizontal slide base 5 is quickly returned to the upper surface position of the elevating base 4. In addition, the upper and lower steel frame columns 10, 10 are respectively provided with the gusset plates 34, 34.
A plate 38 is attached between them, and high tension bolts are tightened to join them for setting.

The traverse rail 30 'shown in FIG. 10 is a steel column 1 of the existing lower floor portion 3 in order to horizontally move the lateral slide mount 5 from the position on the elevating mount 4 to the mounting position.
0 (hence, the steel pillars 10 of each building block 6) is an extension rail that has been installed in advance as one of the groundwork operations, and has been lifted to the height of the installation floor.
It is provided at a position on the extension line in consideration of being always at the same level as that of the traverse rail 30 on the upper surface portion. The transverse rail 30 'for extension is attached by abutting a lateral support arm 40 on a bracket 39 fixed to the steel column 10 of the lower floor by welding, and by bolting it through a contact plate 41. Therefore, after the setting of the building block 6 is completed, the horizontal slide base 5 is returned to the position on the elevating base 4, and the used horizontal rail 30 ′ is removed by unbonding the bracket 39 and the support arm 40. Is
It will be used for the next building block as required.

A horizontal slide stand 5 on which a building block 6 is placed
When moving horizontally, as shown in FIG. 8, the pulling wire 42 and the presser wire 43, which are horizontal in the moving direction of the horizontal slide base 5, are connected back and forth, and the pulling wire 42 is pulled by a winch or the like to pull out the horizontal slide base. Move 5 forward. On the other hand, a proper tension is applied to the presser wire 43 so that the building block 6
Move carefully to avoid overruns.
For horizontal movement of the horizontal slide base 5, in addition to the mechanism using the pulling wire 42 and the like, an electric type, a hydraulic or pneumatic type, or a manual type is appropriately adopted.

As is apparent from FIGS. 7 and 8, the above-mentioned traverse rail 30 'is attached to the grounded building block 6, and the joining work of the upper and lower steel frame columns and the finishing work of other connecting parts are performed. For the sake of safety, a work scaffold 44 is attached to the outer peripheral portion. In the example of FIGS. 7 and 8, the planar shape of the building block 6 is about 12 m in the column direction and about 6.4 m in the beam-to-beam direction.

Thus, according to the construction method of the present invention, the building block 6 having a high degree of completion assembled at the assembly work yard level is placed on the horizontal slide mount 5 of the elevating mount 4 (FIG. 4),
It is vertically transported to the installation floor by the lifting platform 4 (Fig. 5).
On the installation floor, the horizontal slide pedestal 5 is used to horizontally move to the installation position, and the building block that has reached the installation position is the main pillars (steel pillars 10) on the lower floors directly below.
Are piled up in the form of replenishment, and the work of joining and setting the steel frame columns 10 and 10 is repeated to proceed with the construction to the desired height. The completed state shown in FIG. 6 shows a state in which the elevator cradle 4 is finally diverted as a part of the skeleton to construct the rooftop second floor portion between the twin towers 2 and 2, and the tower crane is disassembled. .

[0026]

EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION Since the construction method of the present invention does not use any tower crane or the like as a temporary lifting machine, it is not necessary to extend the mast of the tower crane to the top floor,
There is no need to reinforce the crane interface. Moreover, when the crane is extended to the top floor, the dismantling time of the crane is delayed, and as a result, a lot of residual work around the crane occurs, and the finishing process is delayed.

Then, the building blocks with a high degree of perfection are constructed in an assembly work yard set on the ground or other standard floor level, and the steps of vertically and horizontally transporting and sequentially stacking and setting the building blocks are repeated. Therefore, work at a high place is significantly reduced, which is extremely advantageous for improving safety. Further, since it is not necessary to span the outer peripheral scaffold, the temporary work and the amount of temporary materials used can be greatly reduced.

Therefore, the construction period can be greatly shortened by adopting the construction method of the present invention.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is an elevational view briefly showing an initial stage of implementing the building method of the present invention for building a twin tower on a rooftop of a building.

FIG. 2 is an elevational view showing a state where a third-layer building block is vertically transported to an installation floor.

FIG. 3 is an elevational view showing a state where a third-layer building block is horizontally transported to a mounting position.

FIG. 4 is an elevational view showing a state in which an 8th-layer building block is placed on an elevator platform.

FIG. 5 is an elevational view showing a state where the eighth-layer building block is horizontally moved to the installation position on the installation floor.

FIG. 6 is an elevation view of the completed twin tower.

[Fig. 7] After the building blocks are vertically transported to the installation floor,
FIG. 7 is an elevational view specifically showing a procedure for horizontally transporting to a mounting position.

FIG. 8 is a plan view of FIG.

FIG. 9 is an elevational view showing in detail the connecting portion between the lifting platform and the steel frame column.

FIG. 10 is an elevational view showing in detail the structure of the connecting portion of the horizontal slide mount, the transverse rail, and the steel frame column.

11 is a view on arrow A in FIG. 9. FIG.

FIG. 12 is a view on arrow B of FIG. 9.

FIG. 13 is a view on arrow C of FIG. 9.

14 is a view on arrow D in FIG. 9. FIG.

15A and 15B are elevation views showing a lifting process of the lifting frame in which the hydraulic jack extends.

16A and 16B are elevation views showing a stage in which the reaction force lever of the elevating frame rides on the reaction force bracket to take a reaction force, and the reaction force cover of the lower frame floats to rebalance the load. .

17A and 17B are elevation views showing a stage in which the reaction force lever of the lower frame rides on the reaction force bracket and takes a reaction force.

[Explanation of symbols]

 3 Lower floor part 10 Permanent pillar (steel frame pillar) 4 Lifting operation 6 Building block 30 Traverse rail 5 Traverse slide stand 30 'Traverse rail

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continued Front Page (72) Inventor Mitsuo Asano 1-18-22 Nishiki, Naka-ku, Nagoya City Takenaka Corporation Nagoya Branch (72) Inventor Takumi Fujii 1-5 Otsuka, Inzai-cho, Inba-gun, Chiba Prefecture No. 18 Incorporated Takenaka Corporation Technical Research Institute (72) Inventor Mio Yamada 1-18-22 Nishiki, Naka-ku, Nagoya City Takenaka Corporation Nagoya Branch (72) Inventor Makoto Nakajima Nishiki 1-chome, Naka-ku, Nagoya 18-22 No. 22 Takenaka Corporation Nagoya Branch (72) Inventor Mitsuta Miyaguchi 1-18-22 Nishiki, Naka-ku, Nagoya City Takenaka Corporation Nagoya Branch

Claims (4)

[Claims] 1. An ascending / descending platform which is located in the center of a lower floor portion of a building constructed in advance and which vertically elevates and lowers using a main pillar of the lower floor portion is assembled at a building block assembly work yard level, Further, a step of installing a horizontal slide base that horizontally moves the upper surface of the elevator base, a step of mounting a building block for at least one layer grounded in a working yard on the horizontal slide base, and the elevator base Raise the building block to the height of the installation floor and then move horizontally to the installation position using a horizontal slide stand, and stack the horizontally moved building blocks on top of the existing lower floors. And the horizontal slide base is returned to the elevator base, the elevator base is lowered to the original work yard level, and the next building block grounded in the work yard is removed. Loaded onto Kiyoko slide frame, characterized in that advancing the architecture of the building by repeating the same process following vertical, construction methods the building by the building block for horizontal movement. 2. The building block for vertical and horizontal transportation, characterized in that the elevating platform according to claim 1 elevates and lowers a center core hole of a building having a twin tower, a central part of a twin tower, a stairwell, or a courtyard. Building construction method by. 3. The building block according to claim 1 is provided with main steel columns at least at four corners, and most of the steel frame construction, interior and exterior finishes are completed, and the building block is set for the lower floors. Is a construction method of a building with vertically and horizontally transported building blocks, which is characterized by adding and joining main columns above and below. 4. The building block according to claim 1 or 3 is previously provided with a traverse rail for horizontally transporting the next higher building block on the upper part thereof, and the traverse rail that has been used is then removed. The construction method of the building by the building block that is used vertically and horizontally.