JP6961494B2 - 匂い物質および芳香の受容体をスクリーニングするための細胞株 - Google Patents
匂い物質および芳香の受容体をスクリーニングするための細胞株 Download PDFInfo
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Description
匂いは、揮発性のフレーバーおよびフレグランス化合物と、嗅覚上皮組織の嗅覚受容体ニューロンの膜上に存在する匂い物質受容体(OR)タンパク質との間の相互作用を介して、末梢嗅覚系(すなわち鼻)において最初にコードされる。そのような相互作用は、匂いに特異的な組み合わせの様式で生じ、いずれかの単一のORが複数の匂い物質によって活性化されることができ、また反対に大半の匂い物質がいくつかの異なるORを活性化させることもできる。所与の匂い物質/芳香化合物または混合物について、これらの受容体相互作用は、脳内で神経生理学的シグナルを生成し、最終的に意識的な匂い知覚を生じさせる。ヒトゲノムにおけるおよそ400個のOR遺伝子は、数千またはそれを上回る匂い物質刺激によって活性化されることができ、我々が広範な嗅覚を知覚しうるのは、匂い物質と受容体との間の組み合わせの相互作用の固有の複雑さゆえである。これらの相互作用を解明することは、これらに限定されるわけではないが、例えば、不快な匂いの知覚を遮断する悪臭中和剤、非生分解性または有毒な化合物と置き換わる新たなフレーバーおよびフレグランス成分、ならびに天然源からの化合物の入手が困難であることへの我々の依存を制限することになる匂い増強体といった有益な生成物の発見につながる可能性がある。
細胞であって、前記細胞内に活性化された内在性RTP1遺伝子を含み、前記細胞はさらに、RTP1タンパク質を発現する細胞。
a. 前記RTP1遺伝子の上流のゲノム標的部位に相補的なガイドRNAを導入すること、
b. 前記ガイドRNAとの複合体を作製するためにCasヌクレアーゼタンパク質を導入すること、および
c. 前記RTP1遺伝子のための遺伝子活性化エレメントを特異的に送達するために前記ガイドRNA/Cas9ゲノムターゲティング複合体を使用すること
を含む方法が提供される。
a. 前記受容体またはそのキメラもしくは断片を、前記受容体を活性化、模倣、遮断、阻害、調節および/または増強する化合物と接触させること、ならびに
b. 前記化合物が前記受容体の活性に影響を及ぼすか否かを判断すること
をさらに含む方法が提供される。
本明細書中の説明および付属の特許請求の範囲に関して、「または」の使用は、他に記載がない限り「および/または」を意味する。同様に、「含む(comprise)」、「含む(comprises)」、「含む(comprising)」、「含む(include)」、「含む(includes)」および「含む(including)」は互換的であり、限定することを意図するものではない。
a. 前記受容体またはそのキメラもしくは断片を、前記受容体を活性化、模倣、遮断、阻害、調節および/または増強する化合物と接触させること、ならびに
b. 前記化合物が前記受容体の活性に影響を及ぼすか否かを判断すること
をさらに含む方法が提供される。
(2)構成的に活性な転写プロモーターを含む、前記ゲノム座に組み込むべき「ドナーDNA」
を設計することを含むCRISPR/Cas9技術を用いて細胞株ゲノムを編集するステップ、
2. ステップ1で操作されたDNAを、哺乳動物の細胞株に導入するステップ、
3. 前記ドナーDNAが前記所望のゲノム座に組み込まれており、かつ前記内在性RTP1遺伝子の活性化によりRTP1 mRNAを生成する細胞株を選択するステップ、
4. 前記選択された細胞株に、匂い物質受容体DNA配列を導入するステップ、
5. 受容体またはキメラまたは断片を化合物と接触させ、該化合物が匂い物質受容体の活性に影響を及ぼすか否かのアッセイを行うステップ。
特に指定しない限り、以下の用語は、それらに与えられた意味を有する。
以下の実施例は単なる例示であり、特許請求の範囲の限定も本明細書に記載の実施形態の限定も意図するものではない。
HEK293T細胞において内在性RTP1遺伝子の構成的活性化を誘導するための、ゲノム編集戦略
異種発現系における匂い物質受容体の増強された機能的発現を生じさせるための戦略について説明する。CRISPR/Cas9と呼ばれる新たに利用可能となったゲノム編集の技術を利用して、通常のHEK293T細胞においてはサイレント(不活性)である内在性RTP1遺伝子を、そのコード配列の上流への構成的プロモーター(CMV)の導入によって特異的かつ構成的に活性化させる。図1)RTP1遺伝子は、3番染色体上に位置しており、その開始部位の周囲のDNA配列を示す。Cas9エンドヌクレアーゼは、標的に相同な20の塩基対(bp)のガイドRNA(gRNA)によって指示される。細胞への送達時に(GeneArt CRISPR Nuclease(CD4 enrichment)Vector Kit、製品番号A21175)、ガイドRNA分子およびCas9タンパク質は、コード配列の上流での所望の二本鎖DNA切断(DSB)を誘導する活性複合体を形成する。ボックスは、3番染色体上のRTP1遺伝子を示す(充填されたボックス、コード配列(CDS);開放したボックス、エクソン内の非翻訳領域(UTR))。RTP1遺伝子の上流の推定プロモーター領域は、HEK293T細胞において不活性である。それぞれ開始コドン(ATG)からの、位置−150と−131との間のガイドRNA標的配列(配列番号1)と、−153から−151までのProtospacer Adjacent Motif(PAM)とを示す。図1)三角形により示される、PAMモチーフから3bp離れたCas9ヌクレアーゼのためのDSB部位によって、ドナーDNA(配列番号2)の挿入が可能となる。図2)CMVプロモーター挿入プロセスの概略図を示す。上部の構成は、改変前のRTP1遺伝子座を示し、底部の概略図は、相同組換え修復(HDR)によりドナーDNAをDSB部位へと導いた後のRTP1座を示す。ドナーDNAは、5’ホモロジーアーム、FRT(フリッパーゼ認識標的)に隣接するピューロマイシン選択カセット、CMVプロモーターおよび3’ホモロジーアームから構成される。その後、真核細胞に固有の細胞HDR機構によって、RTP1遺伝子の上流へのCMVプロモーターの組み込みを得る。ピューロマイシン耐性選択カセット(Puror)およびCMV DNAに隣接する所望のエントリポイントのいずれかの側の配列に相同な2つのDNA配列を含むドナープラスミドを、HEK293T細胞に同時にトランスフェクトする。HDRの結果、RTP1コード配列の上流にPurorおよびCMVが導入される。その後、ピューロマイシン選択カセットを、フリッパーゼ酵素の使用により除去することができる。
RTP1遺伝子を内在的に発現する改変された細胞株の選択
細胞株およびその完全性の改変の特性解析には、いくつかの制御ステップが役立つ。図3)に、野生型および組換え型の対立遺伝子の概略図を示す。灰色の線はそれぞれ、DNA遺伝子型決定に関するおよびRNA発現制御に関するPCRおよびRT−PCRの実験結果の相対的なアンプリコンの位置を示す(正確な縮尺ではない)。図4)ピューロマイシン耐性細胞株からゲノムDNAを抽出し、PCRを行って、組換えされていない野生型(WT)細胞株と改変型細胞株(Mod.)との判別を行う。PCR 1では、野生型HEK293T細胞のみにおいて2.0kbのバンドが増幅され、改変型細胞株においては増幅されない。この改変型株は、PCR 1により4.0kbのバンドを得るはずであったが、恐らくは長さおよびゲノム構造の複雑さゆえ、そうはならなかった。改変型細胞株についての遺伝子型決定の結果では、CMVプロモーターのホモ接合型の組み込みを示す2.0kbのバンドの生成に失敗した。示されているように、ドナーDNAの適切な組み込みを、PCR 2およびPCR 3を用いてさらに試験した。図5)mRNA抽出およびcDNA合成の後にRT−PCR実験を行うことにより、RTP1 mRNAが、改変型細胞株においては特異的に発現されるが、元のHEK293T細胞においては発現されないことが実証される。これによって、標的とされたゲノム座に組み込まれたCMVプロモーターが、RTP1遺伝子の発現を適切に駆動することが確認される。RT−PCRバンドの特異性を、増幅されたバンドの直接的な配列決定によって確認した。逆転写酵素陰性(RT−)およびGAPDH PCR条件はそれぞれ、汚染物であるゲノムDNAが存在していないことおよびいずれのサンプル中にもcDNAが存在することを示す。
RTP1タンパク質発現の特性解析
選択された改変型細胞株におけるRTP1タンパク質発現を、RTP1特異的抗体を用いたウェスタンブロット分析によって調べた。長いタンパク質形態(RTP1L)および短いタンパク質形態(RTP1S)は、内在性RTP1遺伝子に由来することができる。本明細書に記載のゲノム改変戦略は、内在性コード配列のいかなる改変をも避けるために、RTP1L開始コドンの上流にCMVプロモーターを導入することを含んでおり、したがってRTP1Lが発現されることが予想された。しかし結果は、改変型細胞株が、RTP1Sの発現に大きく偏っていたことを示している。このことは、内在性RTP1遺伝子が、さらなるゲノム編集を行うことなく短いバージョンを優先的に表現することを示唆している。この短いバージョンは、匂い物質受容体の細胞表面発現をより良好に促進することが知られているため、好ましいバージョンである。図6)に、RTP1タンパク質のウェスタンブロットを示す。矢印は、RTP1Sの予想タンパク質サイズが25kDaであり、RTP1Lの予想タンパク質サイズが28kDaであり、対照タンパク質β−アクチンの予想タンパク質サイズが42kDaであることを示す。野生型HEK293T細胞株(WT)にはRTP1タンパク質が存在せず、改変型細胞株(Mod.)にはRTP1Sが存在することが示されている。驚くべきことに、RTP1Lに比べてRTP1Sについて、はるかに強いバンドを認めることができる。膜タンパク質の抽出物を、Mem−Per Plus膜タンパク質抽出キット(Pierce、製品番号89842)により調製した。サイズマーカーとして、Chameleon Duo Pre−stainedを使用した(LiCor、製品番号92860000)。以下の一次抗体を用いて標識を行った:ウサギ抗RTP1(Invitrogen、製品番号PA5−24028)およびマウス抗β−アクチン(Pierce、製品番号PIMA515739)。以下の二次抗体を用いて検出を行った:ヤギ抗ウサギ(LiCor、製品番号925−32211)およびヤギ抗マウス(LiCor、製品番号925−68070)。Odyssey CLx(LiCor)でイメージングを行った。
改変型細胞株における複数の匂い物質受容体の機能的特性解析
改変型細胞株における匂い物質受容体の活性の機能的な増強のレベルを評価するために、機能的用量反応実験を行った。匂い物質受容体を、それらのN末端で、短いポリペプチド配列またはタグ[例えばFlag(配列番号15)、Rho(配列番号17;ウシロドプシン受容体の最初の20個のアミノ酸)またはLucy(配列番号19)]で修飾し、WT型HEK293T細胞または改変型HEK293T細胞において一過的に発現させ、匂い物質化合物で刺激して、各受容体の活性を判断した。図7および8)細胞ベースの匂い物質結合アッセイを用いて、インドールに対するOlfr741(配列番号4)およびOlfr742(配列番号6)の活性を、操作されたRTP1細胞株において試験し、RTP1タンパク質を発現しないHEK293Tと比較した。匂い物質受容体を、双方の細胞株にトランスフェクトし、増加する濃度のインドールに曝露した。HTRFベースのキット(CisBio、cAMP dynamic 2 kit、製品番号62AM4PEJ)を用いてサイトゾル内のcAMPの増加のレベルを測定することにより、匂い物質により誘発される活性を検出した。図9および10)同一の細胞ベースの匂い物質結合アッセイを用いて、ブルカノリドに対するOlfr96(配列番号8)およびOR11A1(配列番号10)の活性を、操作されたRTP1発現細胞株において試験し、RTP1タンパク質を発現しないHEK293Tと比較した。インドールに対するOlfr740(配列番号12)の活性についても、双方の細胞バックグラウンドにおいて試験した。受容体活性の用量依存的増加は、改変型RTP1細胞株においてはすべてのORについて記録されるが、RTP1を発現しない未改変型の対照細胞株においては記録されない。さらに、カルボン−(−)に対するOR1A1(配列番号14)の活性についても、双方の細胞バックグラウンドにおいて試験した。通常のHEK293TにおいてOR1A1が発現されうるにもかかわらず、RTP1を発現しない未改変型の対照細胞株と比較して、改変型RTP1細胞株において、受容体活性のより強力な用量依存的増加が記録される。
Claims (18)
- 内在性RTP1遺伝子座の上流のゲノム標的部位に導入されたドナーDNAを含む細胞であって、ドナーDNAがプロモーターを含み、プロモーターが、前記RTP1遺伝子の発現を駆動する、細胞。
- 非嗅覚系細胞である、請求項1記載の細胞。
- HEK293T細胞株に由来する、請求項2記載の細胞。
- 匂い物質受容体をコードする核酸をさらに含む、請求項1から3までのいずれか1項記載の細胞。
- 前記匂い物質受容体は、インドール匂い物質受容体、スカトール匂い物質受容体およびムスク匂い物質受容体からなる群から選択される、請求項4記載の細胞。
- 前記プロモーターは、CMVプロモーターである、請求項5記載の細胞。
- Casタンパク質を含む、請求項1から6までのいずれか1項記載の細胞。
- 真核細胞において内在性RTP1遺伝子を活性化させるための方法であって、
a. 前記RTP1遺伝子の上流のゲノム標的部位に相補的なガイドRNAを導入すること、および
b. 前記ガイドRNAとの複合体を作製して、ガイドRNA−Casタンパク質複合体を形成するために、Casヌクレアーゼタンパク質を導入すること
を含み、プロモーターを含むドナーDNAを、内在性RTP1遺伝子座の上流のゲノム標的部位に導入することをさらに含み、ここで、前記プロモーターは、前記RTP1遺伝子の発現を駆動する、方法。 - 前記Casタンパク質は、Cas9タンパク質である、請求項8記載の方法。
- 前記Cas9タンパク質は、Cas9およびCas9ニッカーゼからなる群から選択される、請求項9記載の方法。
- 前記Casタンパク質は、Cas9である、請求項10記載の方法。
- 前記Casタンパク質は、Cas9ニッカーゼである、請求項10記載の方法。
- 前記ガイドRNA−Casタンパク質複合体によって、前記ガイドRNA配列に隣接する前記標的核酸配列を切断することをさらに含む、請求項8記載の方法。
- 匂い物質受容体をコードする核酸を前記細胞内に導入することをさらに含む、請求項8から13までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 非嗅覚系細胞において嗅覚受容体の活性を活性化、模倣、遮断、阻害、調節および/もしくは増強する化合物または化合物の混合物を同定するための方法であって、前記細胞は、内在性RTP1遺伝子座の上流のゲノム標的部位に導入されたドナーDNAを含み、ドナーDNAはプロモーターを含み、プロモーターは前記RTP1遺伝子の発現を駆動し、前記方法は、
a. 前記受容体またはそのキメラもしくは断片を、前記受容体を活性化、模倣、遮断、阻害、調節および/もしくは増強する化合物または化合物の混合物とインビトロで接触させること、ならびに
b. 前記化合物が前記受容体の活性に影響を及ぼすか否かを判断すること
をさらに含む方法。 - 前記嗅覚受容体は、ムスク受容体および悪臭受容体からなる群からのものである、請求項15記載の方法。
- 前記悪臭受容体は、スカトール受容体またはインドール受容体から選択される、請求項16記載の方法。
- 前記ムスク受容体は、多環状ムスク受容体およびニトロムスク受容体から選択される、請求項16記載の方法。
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