JP6230546B2 - 肥満症の予防及び治療作用を有する化合物のスクリーニング方法 - Google Patents
肥満症の予防及び治療作用を有する化合物のスクリーニング方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
配列番号3:5’−GGUGUUCUUUGGGCAACUG−3’
配列番号4:5’−GGUUCUGCUGUACAUGGCC−3’
配列番号5:5’−CGUUCCUGGUACGCCGUCA−3’
配列番号6:5’−GUUUTGGUGACUGGUGCUA−3’
配列番号7:5’−AUGGUGACUGGUGCUAAGA−3’
例えば,特開2008−74753号公報(特許第5008932号)には,プルムバギン(2−メチル−5−ヒドロキシ−1,4−ナフトキノン)及びケルセチン(2−(3,4−ジヒドロキシフェニル)−3,5,7−トリヒドロキシ−4H−1−ベンゾピラノ−4−オン)がシノビオリン蛋白質の自己ユビキチン化を阻害することが開示されている。シノビオリンの自己ユビキチン化とは,特開2008−74753号公報に開示されるように,シノビオリン同士の相互作用により生じるタンパク質のユビキチン化を意味する。タンパク質のユビキチン化は,タンパク質にシノビオリンが結合することにより生じる。
vitro自己ユビキチン化反応液に添加し,37℃で30分間反応を行う。反応後,抗HA抗体を用いたウエスタンブロット法によりユビキチン化タンパク質を検出する。MBP−Syvn1 ΔTM-Hisは,N末端側にマルトース結合タンパク質(MBP),C末端側にHisタグを融合させた膜貫通領域欠損させたシノビオリンを意味する。
(a) シノビオリンをコードする遺伝子であれば特に限定されるものではなく,任意の領域を全てターゲット候補とすることが可能である。例えば,ヒトの場合では,GenBank アクセッション番号 AB024690(配列番号1)の任意の領域を候補にすることができる。
(b) 選択した領域から,AAで始まる配列を選択し,その配列の長さは19〜25塩基,好ましくは19〜21塩基である。その配列のGC含量は,例えば40〜60%となるものを選択するとよい。
(a)シノビオリン遺伝子を発現する細胞に,被検化合物を接触させる工程
(b)前記細胞におけるシノビオリン遺伝子の発現量を測定する工程
(c)被検化合物の非存在下において測定した場合と比較して,発現量を低下させる化合物を選択する工程
配列番号3:5’−GGUGUUCUUUGGGCAACUG−3’
配列番号4:5’−GGUUCUGCUGUACAUGGCC−3’
配列番号5:5’−CGUUCCUGGUACGCCGUCA−3’
配列番号6:5’−GUUUTGGUGACUGGUGCUA−3’
配列番号7:5’−AUGGUGACUGGUGCUAAGA−3’
1993, 319-347.)。
RNAのように400ヌクレオチド以上の大きさのものもあるが,ハンマーヘッド型やヘアピン型と呼ばれる40ヌクレオチド程度の活性ドメインを有するものもある(小泉誠および大塚栄子, タンパク質核酸酵素, 1990, 35, 2191.)。
FEBS Lett, 1988, 239, 285.,小泉誠および大塚栄子, タンパク質核酸酵素, 1990, 35, 2191.,Koizumi, M. et al., Nucl
Acids Res, 1989, 17, 7059.)。
323, 349.)。ヘアピン型リボザイムからも,標的特異的なRNA切断リボザイムを作出できることが示されている(Kikuchi, Y.& Sasaki, N., Nucl Acids Res, 1991, 19, 6751.,菊池洋, 化学と生物, 1992, 30, 112.)。このように,リボザイムを用いて本発明におけるシノビオリン遺伝子の転写産物を特異的に切断することで,該遺伝子の発現を阻害することができる。
interference,以下「RNAi」と略称する)によっても行うことができる。
本実施例のシノビオリンノックアウトマウス(syvn1 cKOマウス)の作製に使用した遺伝子ターゲッティングベクターの設計図を図1Aに示した。図中,上から順に,正常のシノビオリン遺伝子(Wild allele),シノビオリンノックアウトマウス作製のためのターゲッティングベクター(Targeting Vector),相同組換えを起こしたアレル(Targeted
allele),loxP配列が導入されたアレル(Flox Allele),loxP−Exon2〜14−loxPが除去されたアレル(Deleted Allele)の構造をそれぞれ模式的に示す。
新生後のシノビオリンの機能を解明するため,タモキシフェン(Tam)で誘導可能なシノビオリンノックアウトマウス(CAG-Cre-ER;syvn1flox/floxマウス)にタモキシフェンを投与することでloxP−エクソン−loxPの除去を誘導した(CAG−CreER(+)syvn1flox/flox)。また,対照として,C57BL/6J(溶媒対照,タモキシフェン投与)及び(CAG−CreER(−)syvn1flox/flox)(溶媒対照,タモキシフェン投与)の各群を設けた。
タモキシフェン投与後のC57BL/6Jマウス(n=3),syvn1
WTマウス(n=10),及びsyvn1 cKOマウス(n=10)における日齢に対する生存割合を示すKaplan-Meier曲線を作成した。結果を図1Eに示す。
生後7-8週間後,C57BL/6Jマウス,ホモ接合型のsyvn1flox/floxマウス(syvn1 WT)及びCAG-Cre;syvn1flox/floxマウス(syvn1 cKO)の腹腔内に,一日当たり125mg/kgのタモキシフェン(Tam)溶液又は対照としての溶媒を5日間連続して投与した。結果を図2Aに示す。
図2Aから,syvn1 cKOマウスの群では,Tam投与後1週間で体重の顕著な減少が観察され,syvn1 WTマウス群の体重のおよそ半分まで飼育日数依存的に体重の減少が認められた。一方,いずれの対照群においても,体重の減少は,認められなかった。
前記syvn1 cKOマウスにおける体重の減少が食物摂取の減少によるものか否かを調べるため,毎日の食物摂取量を測定した。図2Bでは,タモキシフェン処理後1日間後及び11日間後に一日当たりの平均食物摂取量を示す。
図2Bから,syvn1 cKOマウスと対照マウスとで食物摂取量に差はないことがわかった。この結果から,syvn1 cKOマウスにおける体重の減少は摂食障害や単なる脱力によるものではないことが示唆された。
更に,血清の生物化学実験によって,総蛋白質,アルブミン,血糖, トリグリセリド, 総コレステロール, AST, ALT, BUN,及びCrを含む,栄養,肝臓及び腎臓機能に対するいくつかのバイオマーカーについて調べた。結果は,下記表1に示す通り,二つの群で顕著な変化はなかった。
次に,syvn1 cKOマウスにおいて肉眼及び顕微鏡での脂肪組織の解析を行った。タモキシフェン投与後16日間後におけるsyvn1 WTマウス(左側)及びsyvn1 cKOマウス(右側)について開腹手術を施し,脂肪組織の観察を行った。結果を図2C及びDに示す。
図2Cから,syvn1 cKOマウスの腸には相当量の食物残渣があり,組織学的に異常は見られなかった。また,syvn1 cKOマウスにおいて,皮下脂肪が減少していることが分かった。
また,図2Dから,syvn1 cKOマウスでは白色脂肪組織(WAT)が顕著に減少していることが分かった。特に精巣上体の白色脂肪組織は観察されなかった。
シノビオリンノックアウトによる脂肪組織内への影響を調べるため,syvn1 WTマウス及びsyvn1 cKOマウスの内臓脂肪組織をヘマトキシリン・エオシン染色して観察した。上記syvn1 cKOマウスにおいてかろうじて残っている脂肪組織を用いて組織学的解析を行った。結果を図2Eに示す。
図2Eから,syvn1 cKOにおいて,脂肪滴が減少していることが分かった。また,この脂肪滴の減少は,syvn1 cKOマウスにおいてのみ観察され,syvn1 WTマウスでは観察されなかった。
cKOマウスの精巣上体及び皮下脂肪についても同様にして観察を行った。その結果を図2Fに示す。図2Fは,新生後のシノビオリンコンディショナルノックアウトマウスにおける精巣上体(上図)及び皮下脂肪(下図)の脂肪滴の様子を示す顕微鏡写真である。黒色矢印は脂肪滴を示す。倍率は400倍である。
肥満マウスを用いて,恒常的に高脂肪食を摂取させる条件下でシノビオリンのノックアウトがこれらのマウスの体重減少を誘導するか否かを検証した。
まずは,代表的な肥満マウスであるob/ob(レプチン遺伝子の異常),db/db(レプチン受容体遺伝子の異常)マウス(いずれも中枢性に摂食が効かなくなり過食となり肥満,糖尿病,メタボリック症候群などのモデルとして汎用)を用いて,これらのマウスとシノビオリンのコンディショナルノックアウトマウスとを交配し,それぞれob又はdb遺伝子ホモ,かつシノビオリン遺伝子もホモ,すなわち完全にノックアウトできるマウスを作出した。これらのマウスの遺伝子型としては次の通り。CAG-Cre-ER;syvn1flox/flox:ob/obマウス(syvn1 cKO:ob/obマウス),syvn1flox/flox:ob/obマウス(syvn1 WT:ob/obマウス),CAG-Cre-ER;syvn1flox/flox:db/dbマウス(syvn1 cKO:db/dbマウス),及びsyvn1flox/flox:db/dbマウス(syvn1 WT:db/dbマウス)。
具体的な手順としては,まずCAG-Cre-ER;syvn1flox/flox:ob/obマウス及びCAG-Cre-ER;syvn1flox/flox:db/dbマウスを作製するため,CAG-Cre-ER;syvn1flox/floxマウスをob/+及びdb/+マウスと交配させた。
二次交配でCAG-Cre-ER;syvn1flox/+:ob/+マウスを交配させてCAG-Cre-ER;syvn1flox/flox:ob/obマウス(syvn1 cKO:ob/ob)及びsyvn1flox/flox:ob/obマウス(syvn1 WT:ob/ob)を作製した。同様にして,二次交配でCAG-Cre-ER;syvn1flox/+:db/+マウスを交配させてCAG-Cre-ER;syvn1flox/flox:db/dbマウス(syvn1 cKO:db/db)及びsyvn1flox/flox:db/dbマウス(syvn1 WT:db/db)を作製した。
生後7-8週間後の前記マウス(syvn1 cKO:ob/ob,syvn1 WT:ob/ob,syvn1 cKO:db/db及びsyvn1 WT:db/db)の腹腔内に,一日当たり125mg/kgのタモキシフェン(Tam)溶液を5日間連続して投与した。タモキシフェン投与後の体重測定を毎日行い,体重変化率を求めた。結果を図3A及びCに示す。また,タモキシフェン投与後25日目のsyvn1 WT:ob/obマウス及びsyvn1 WT:db/dbマウスと,syvn1 cKO:ob/obマウス及びsyvn1 cKO:db/dbマウスの脂肪組織を解剖により観察した。結果を図3B及びDに示す。
図3B及びDから,syvn1 cKO:ob/obマウス及びsyvn1 WT:db/dbマウスに比べ,syvn1 cKO:ob/obマウス及びsyvn1 cKO:db/dbマウスでは脂肪の体積が減少していることが明らかとなった。つまり,新生後のシノビオリンノックアウトがob/obマウス及びdb/dbマウスの白色脂肪細胞を減少させることが分かった。
上記の摂食量に変化ないというデータ(図2B)と併せて考えると,これらの結果は,中枢神経系レベルでのレプチンシグナルの不活性化及び/又は高エネルギー摂取によって誘導される肥満に対して,シノビオリン欠失による体重の減少が優性耐性であることを示唆している。すなわち,シノビオリンの欠失は,中枢神経系に対する作用ではなく,末梢の脂肪細胞におけるエネルギー消費に作用していると考えられる。
マウスの脂肪前駆細胞である3T3−L1細胞を,10%FBS(ウシ胎児血清)含有DMEM(ダルベッコ変法イーグル培地;High Glucose)でconfluentに達した後3日間培養した。500μM IBMX(isobutyl-methylxanthine),1μM Dexamethasone,5 μg/mL Insulinを添加し分化を誘導した。同時に10μM LS−102(シノビオリンのユビキチン化活性阻害剤)もしくはDMSOを添加した。3日間培養後,4μg/mL Insulinを含む培地に置換し10μM LS−102もしくはDMSOを添加した。3日間培養後,10%FBS含有DMEM(High Glucose)に置換し3日間培養した。siRNAに関しては,分化誘導2日前に200pmolのsiRNA Syvn1770(センス鎖が下記配列番号2の配列からなる)をLipofectamine2000により導入した。
配列番号2:5’−GCUGUGACAGAUGCCAUCA−3’
シノビオリン遺伝子(SYVN1)のノックアウトが白色脂肪組織を直接標的にしているか否かを確認するため,脂肪特異的シノビオリンノックアウトマウス(aP2-Cre;Syvn1flox/floxマウス:adipose KO)を作製した。
脂肪特異的シノビオリンノックアウトマウスを作製するため,まずはSyvn1flox/floxマウスと脂肪酸結合蛋白質4(aP2)-Creマウス(Jackson Immunoresearch Laboratories)とを交配させてaP2-Cre-ER;Syvn1flox/+マウスなどを含む複合ヘテロ接合体を得た。次に二次交配としてaP2-Cre;Syvn1flox/+マウスをSyvn1flox/floxマウスと交配させ,aP2-Cre;Syvn1flox/floxマウスを得た。なお,Syvn1flox/flox又はSyvn1flox/+の遺伝子型を持つ,Creトランスジーンを欠いたマウスを対照マウスと呼ぶ。
得られたaP2-Cre;Syvn1flox/floxマウスのWAT(白色脂肪組織)及びBAT(褐色脂肪組織)においてCreリコンビナーゼを介したSyvn1ノックアウトが起きていることは,PCRで確認した(図5A)。
また,aP2-Cre;Syvn1flox/floxマウスの体重変化を観察したところ,対照マウス(Syvn1flox/flox及びSyvn1flox/+マウス)及びaP2-Cre;Syvn1flox/+マウス(Syvn1ヘテロ接合体)と比較し,aP2-Cre;Syvn1flox/floxマウスでは,体重がほぼ半減することが分かった(図5C及びD)。
更に,aP2-Cre;Syvn1flox/floxマウスの脂肪組織を観察したところ,WATの顕著な減少が観察された(図5E及びF)。一方,aP2-Cre;Syvn1flox/floxマウスにおいてBATの減少は見られなかった(図5G)。
また,aP2-Cre;Syvn1flox/floxマウスの組織切片を観察するため,ヘマトキシリン・エオジン(HE)染色を行ったところ,対照マウスと比較してaP2-Cre;Syvn1flox/floxマウスでは多数の脂肪滴が減少することが示された(図5H)。
これらの結果は,体重調節においてシノビオリンがWATを直接の標的としていることを示唆している。
LS-102がシノビオリン(SYVN1)のE3ユビキチンリガーゼ活性の選択的阻害剤であることはこれまでに示されてきた(Yagishita, N., et al. Int. J. Mol. Med. 30, 1281-1286 (2012).)。そこで,SYVN1の薬理学的な阻害が肥満を改善するか否かを調べた。
また,LS-102で処理したマウスを解剖して,精巣上体のWATにおける脂肪を観察し,計量したところ,脂肪量の減少が認められた(図6C)。
更に,マウスの組織切片を観察したところ,対照マウスと比較してLS-102処理したマウスでは脂肪滴も減少していた(図6D)。
これらの結果から,LS−102はSYVN1の阻害を通じて肥満を抑制することが強く示唆された。
実施例3から肥満マウスであるob/obマウスでシノビオリンをノックアウトさせたことにより体重や白色脂肪細胞を減少することがわかった。このことから,次にシノビオリンを肥満のバイオマーカーとして利用できるかどうかを確認した。syvn1 WTマウス,syvn1 cKOマウス,ob/+マウス,ob/obマウスの皮下脂肪にある白色脂肪組織(WAT)から得た細胞抽出液を用意した。抗シノビオリン(SYVN1)抗体及び抗-beta-actin抗体(内部標準用)を用いてウエスタンブロッティングを行った。その結果を図7に示す。図7は,ob/+ 及びob/ob
マウスの皮下脂肪白色脂肪組織におけるシノビオリン蛋白質の発現を示すウエスタブロット(左図)及び画像解析に基づく発現量の度合いを示すグラフ(右図)である。
syvn1
cKOマウスではシノビオリンタンパク質の発現は確認されなかった。一方,ob/obマウスはsyvn1 WTマウスに比べてシノビオリンタンパク質の発現量が増加した。肥満マウスでシノビオリンの発現量が増加していたことから,シノビオリンをバイオマーカーとしての利用できる可能性が見出された。
また,本発明の抗肥満薬は,シノビオリンの発現又はシノビオリン蛋白質の自己ユビキチン化を抑制することで,摂食制限することなく脂肪細胞の分化を抑制でき,脂肪組織量及び体重を調整するものであり,従来の食欲抑制剤や消化吸収阻害剤と異なる,新たな種類の抗肥満薬として有用である。
配列番号3:合成RNA
配列番号4:合成RNA
配列番号5:合成RNA
配列番号6:合成RNA
配列番号7:合成RNA
Claims (1)
- シノビオリンのデコイ核酸を有効成分として含み,
前記シノビオリンのデコイ核酸が,配列番号7で示される塩基配列を有する,
抗肥満薬。
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