JP5551432B2 - 遺伝子不活性化のための方法と組成物 - Google Patents
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Description
本発明は、米国仮特許出願第60/808,501号(2006年5月25日出願);米国仮特許出願第60/847,269号(2006年9月26日出願);米国仮特許出願第60/926,911号(2007年4月30日出願)(これらの開示内容のすべては参照することによりその全体が本明細書に援用される)の利益を請求する。
該当せず。
ゲノムDNAの標的化切断のための種々の方法と組成物が記載される。かかる標的化切断は、例えば標的化突然変異誘発を誘導し、細胞DNA配列の標的化欠失を誘導し、所定の染色体遺伝子座での標的化組換えを促進するのに使用することができる。例えば米国特許公報第20030232410号、20050208489号、20050026157号、20050064474号、20060188987号、及び国際特許公報WO07/014275号(これらの開示内容は参照することによりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる)を参照のこと。
標的遺伝子の部分的又は完全な不活性化のための組成物と方法が開示される。また例えば治療目的で細胞内の遺伝子を不活性化するために及び/又は標的遺伝子が不活性化されている細胞株を産生するために、これらの組成物(試薬)の製造法と使用法が開示される。
ヒトCCR5遺伝子を標的化するジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼ(ZFN)(CCR5−ZFN)が本明細書に記載される。これらのZFNは、例えばCCR5コード領域中の所定の部位で2本鎖ブレーク(DSB)を効率的に生成する。この部位は例えばCCR5Δ32変異の上流にある。本明細書に記載のZFNの一過性発現は、ヒト細胞(初代ヒトCD4Tリンパ球を含む)中のCCR5遺伝子の高度に効率的で永久的な破壊を促進し、HIV−1感染に対する強固な防御を付与し、そしてインビトロとインビボの両方でこれらの細胞に対する強力な選択的利点を提供する。
用語「核酸」、「ポリヌクレオチド」、及び「オリゴヌクレオチド」は同義に使用され、線状又は環状コンフォメーション、及び1本鎖もしくは2本鎖型のデオキシリボヌクレオチド又はリボヌクレオチドポリマーを意味する。本発明の開示目的のために、これらの用語はポリマーの長さについて決して制限的ではない。この用語は、天然のヌクレオチドならびに塩基、糖、及び/又はリン酸成分が修飾されているヌクレオチド(例えばホスホロチオエート骨格)の既知の類似体を包含する。一般に特定のヌクレオチドの類似体は同じ塩基対合特異性を有する;すなわち、Aの類似体はTと塩基対合する。
遺伝子不活性化、例えばCCR5遺伝子の不活性化に使用できるジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼ(zinc finger nuclease)が本明細書に記載される。ZFNはジンクフィンガータンパク質(ZFP)とヌクレアーゼ(切断)ドメインとを含む。
ジンクフィンガー結合ドメインは選択された配列に結合するように遺伝子操作することができる。例えば、Beerli et al. (2002) Nature Biotechnol. 20:135-141; Pabo et al. (2001) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 70:313-340; Isalan et al. (2001) Nature Biotechnol. 19:656-660; Segal et al. (2001) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 12:632-637; Choo et al. (2000) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 10:411-416を参照のこと。遺伝子操作されたジンクフィンガー結合ドメインは、天然に存在するジンクフィンガータンパク質と比較して新規結合特異性を有することができる。遺伝子操作法には、特に限定されないが、合理的設計と種々のタイプの選択とがある。合理的設計は、例えばトリプレット(又はクアドルプレット)ヌクレオチド配列と個々のジンクフィンガーミノ酸配列とを使用し、ここで各トリプレット又はクアドルプレットは、特定のトリプレット又はクアドルプレット配列に結合するジンクフィンガーの1つ又はそれ以上のアミノ酸配列と結合している。例えば本出願人の米国特許第6,453,242号及び6,534,261号を参照(これらは参照することによりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる)。
ZFNはまた、ヌクレアーゼ(切断ドメイン、切断半ドメイン)を含む。本明細書に開示された融合タンパク質の切断ドメイン部分は、任意のエンドヌクレアーゼ又はエキソヌクレアーゼから得ることができる。そこから切断ドメインが得られるエンドヌクレアーゼの例には、特に限定されないが、制限エンドヌクレアーゼ及びホーミングエンドヌクレアーゼがある。例えば、2002-2003 カタログ, New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA; 及び Belfort et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3379-3388を参照のこと。DNAを切断する追加の酵素は公知である(例えば、S1ヌクレアーゼ;大豆ヌクレアーゼ;膵臓DNaseI;ミトコンドリアヌクレアーゼ;酵母HOエンドヌクレアーゼ;またLinn et al. (編) Nucleases, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1993を参照のこと。これらの酵素(又はその機能性断片)の1つ又はそれ以上は、切断ドメイン及び切断半ドメインの供給源として使用することができる。
CCR5遺伝子中に標的部位を有する任意のヌクレアーゼを本明細書に記載の方法で使用することができる。例えばホーミングエンドヌクレアーゼとメガヌクレアーゼは非常に長い認識配列を有し、その一部は統計的にヒトサイズのゲノム中で1回存在しているようである。CCR5遺伝子中にユニークな標的部位を有するかかるヌクレアーゼは、CCR5遺伝子中の標的化切断のためにジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼの代わりに、又は追加的に使用することができる。
本明細書に記載のZFNは、任意の適切な方法により標的細胞に送達することができる。ジンクフィンガーを含むタンパク質を送達する方法は、例えば米国特許第6,453,242号;6,503,717号;6,534,261号;6,599,692号;6,607,882号;6,689,558号;6,824,978号;6,933,113号;6,979,539号;7,013,219号;及び7,163,824号に記載されている(これらの開示内容は、参照することによりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる)。
開示された方法と組成物は、細胞クロマチン中の目的の領域(例えばゲノム、例えば変異体又は野生型の遺伝子中の所望の位置又は所定の位置)でDNAを切断するために;ゲノム配列(例えば、細胞クロマチン中の目的の領域、また後述の実施例5も参照)を相同的な非同一配列で置換するために(すなわち標的化組換え);ゲノム中の1つ又はそれ以上の部位でDNAを切断することによりゲノム配列を欠失させるために(この切断部位は次に非相同的末端結合(NHEJ)により結合される);相同的組換えを促進する細胞因子をスクリーニングするために;野生型配列を変異配列で置換するために;及び/又は1つの対立遺伝子を異なる対立遺伝子に変換するために、使用することができる。かかる方法はまた遺伝疾患を治療するために、細胞株の作成及び/又は修飾(治療及び非治療用途)、宿主の感染症(ウイルス性又は細菌性)の治療(ウイルス又は細菌受容体の発現を阻止し、こうして宿主生物中の感染及び/又は拡散を防ぐ)を可能にする。
(a)単一遺伝子の遺伝子治療のためのショートパッチ遺伝子変換又は標的化組み込みによる体細胞変異の修正
(b)優性陰性対立遺伝子の破壊
(c)細胞内への病原体の侵入又は生産性感染に必要な遺伝子の破壊
(d) 例えば以下の:
(i)機能的組織の分化又は形成を促進するために遺伝子活性を修飾し;及び/又は
(ii)機能的組織の分化又は形成を促進するために遺伝子活性を破壊すること
による組織遺伝子操作の増強
(e)例えば以下の:
(i)分化を阻止する遺伝子を破壊して、幹細胞が特定の系統経路に分化することを促進し
(ii)幹細胞分化を刺激することができる遺伝子又はsiRNA発現カセットを標的化挿入し
(iii)幹細胞分化を刺激することができ、多能性の良好な拡張と維持を可能にする遺伝子又はsiRNA発現カセットを標的化挿入し
(iv)簡単なマーカーが、幹細胞の分化状態をスコア化し、かつ培地、サイトカイン、増殖条件、遺伝子発現、siRNA分子の発現、細胞表面マーカーへの抗体の暴露、又は薬剤の変化が如何にこの状態を変化させるかをスコア化することを可能にする、多能性又は分化状態のマーカーである内因性遺伝子のフレーム内のレポーター遺伝子の標的化挿入すること
による分化の阻止又は誘導:
(f)体細胞核移植、例えば患者自身の体細胞を単離することができ、目的の標的遺伝子を適切な方法で修飾し、細胞クローンを作成し(及びゲノム安全性を確保するために品質管理をする)、そしてこれらの細胞から核を単離し未受精卵中に移して患者特異的hES細胞し、これを直接注入するか又は分化した後患者に移植し、こうして組織拒絶を低減又は排除
(g)MHC受容体をノックアウトすることによる万能幹細胞−(このアプローチは、免疫学的個性が低下したか又は完全に除去された細胞を作成するのに使用されるであろう。この方法のための細胞タイプには、特に限定されないが、T細胞、B細胞、造血幹細胞、及び胚幹細胞がある。従ってこれらの幹細胞又はその誘導体(分化細胞タイプ又は組織)は、その起源又は組織適合性に関係なく、任意のヒトに移植できるであろう。)
A.Ad5/35−GFPとAd5/35−ZFNベクターの構築
ドナーベクター(Ad5/35Pori、図1の下の線)を作成するために、CCR5遺伝子座に対応するヒトゲノムの1881bp断片をPCR増幅し、PCR4−TOPOベクター(Invitrogen)中にクローン化した。この断片の配列を図5に示す(配列番号36)。
実施例1に記載したAd5/35−GFPベクターを以下のようにヒト胚幹細胞(hES)中に導入した。
CD4+T細胞とPBMCはAllCellsから得た。細胞を、RPMI+10%FBS+1%L−グルタミン(30mg/ml)+IL−2(1ng/ml、Sigma)で培養し、製造業者のプロトコール(Dynal)に従って抗CD3−CD28ビーズで活性化した。24ウェルプレート中に1ml容量で細胞を3×105細胞/mlで接種した。
CD4+T細胞とCD34+細胞はAllCellsから得た。0日目にCD4+T細胞をRPMI+10%FBS+1%L−グルタミン(30mg/ml)+IL−2(1ng/ml、Sigma)で培養し、製造業者のプロトコール(Dynal)に従って抗CD3−CD28ビーズで活性化した。CD34+細胞を無血清培地(Stemspan H3000, Stem Cell Technologies)で培養し、サイトカイン(Stemspan CClOO, Stem Cell Technologies)を補足した。24ウェルプレート中に1ml容量で細胞を6×105細胞/mlで接種した。翌日(1日目)アデノウイルスベクター(Ad5/35GF又はAd5/35224)を、異なるMOI(MOIは感染力価に基づいて計算した)で加えた。
標的化切断に続いて非相同的末端結合(NHEJ)により作成したZFN介在変異のタイプを調べるために、修飾細胞のゲノムCCR−5配列を配列決定し解析した。簡単に説明すると、実施例3に記載したものと同じ方法でAd5/35ZFN215で形質導入したPBMCとCD4+T細胞を採取し、これらの細胞からゲノムDNAを抽出した。次にCCR5遺伝子座をPCR増幅し、PCR4−TOPOベクター(Invitrogen)中にTopoクローン化し、細菌クローンを配列決定し、野生型CCR5遺伝子座と比較した。
Ad5/35−ZFN構築体で形質導入後の細胞生存活性も評価した。簡単に説明すると、CD4+T細胞とPBMCはAllCellsから得た。0日目に細胞をRPMI+10%FBS+1%L−グルタミン(30mg/ml)+IL−2(1ng/ml、Sigma)で培養し、製造業者のプロトコール(Dynal)に従って抗CD3−CD28ビーズで活性化した。24ウェルプレート中に1ml容量で細胞を3×105細胞/mlで接種した。2日後(2日目)、アデノウイルスベクター(Ad5/35GFP、Ad5/35215、又はAd5/35224)をMOIが10、30、及び100(MOIは感染力価に基づいて計算した)で加えた。GUAVA分析フローサイトメーターで提供されたVIACOUNTプロトコールを使用して、製造業者の説明書(Guava Technologies)に従って、4、6、8、10、及び12日目に細胞数と細胞生存活性を測定した。
Ad5/35−ZFN構築体で形質導入後の細胞増殖(倍加)も評価した。
CD4+T細胞をRPMI+10%FBS+1%L−グルタミン(30mg/ml)+IL−2(1ng/ml、Sigma)で培養し、製造業者のプロトコール(Dynal)に従って抗CD3−CD28ビーズで活性化した。24ウェルプレート中に1ml容量で細胞を6×105細胞/mlで接種した。翌日アデノウイルスベクター(Ad5/35215、又はAd5/35224)をMOIが10、30、及び100(MOIは感染力価に基づいて計算した)で加えた。細胞を4日目と14日目に採取した。DNAをMasterpureキット(Epicenter Biotechnologies)を用いて抽出した。アデノウイルスゲノムの持続を、TaqMan(登録商標)PCR(Applied Biosystem)によりAdゲノムDNAの存在により定量した。細胞当たりのアデノウイルスゲノムのE4領域を標的し検出するために、プライマー/プローブを設計した。TaqMan(登録商標)PCRプロトコールの検出限界は、約10-4アデノウイルスゲノム/細胞である。
0日目に、CD4+T細胞を実施例9に記載のように培養し活性化した。活性化の翌日(1日目)にアデノウイルスベクター(Ad5/35GFP)をMOIが50、100、250、及び500(MOIは感染力価に基づいて計算した)で加えた。GUAVA分析フローサイトメーターにより2〜3日毎に、GFP陽性細胞パーセントと平均蛍光強度(MFI)を測定した。
0日目に、CD4+T細胞を実施例9に記載したように培養し活性化した。翌日(1日目)アデノウイルスベクター(Ad5/35215又はAd5/35224)をMOIが30及び100(MOIは感染力価に基づいて計算した)で加えた。3日目と9日目(すなわち形質導入後2日目と8日目)に細胞を採取し、RNAをHigh Pure(登録商標)RNA単離キット(Roche)を用いて抽出した。ZFN mRNAをRT-TaqMan(登録商標)PCR(Applied Biosystems)により定量した。プライマー/プローブセットを設計し、最適化して、FokI切断半ドメインをコードする配列にアニーリングさせた。
初代ヒトCD4+T細胞(Univ. of Pennsylvaniaから得た)をモック形質導入したか、又はAd5/35GFP、Ad5/35215、又はAd5/35224で形質導入した。
さらに実施例12に記載のようにAd5/35ベクターで形質導入した初代ヒトCD4+T細胞を非形質導入細胞で1:3希釈し、モック感染したか又は複製可能HIV株US1で感染させた(MOIは0.1)。次にこれらの細胞を継代して、HIV感染と複製を複数回行った。感染後それぞれ0、5、11、及び17日目に、モック感染及びHIV感染培養物の両方から少量の細胞を単離して、破壊したCCR5遺伝子を含有する細胞のパーセントを追跡した。ゲノムDNAを各細胞試料から単離し、変異CCR5対立遺伝子の存在をCel−1アッセイを使用して測定した。
A.GHOST−CCR5細胞中のZFN誘導変異の測定
GHOST−CCR5細胞[HIV−2 LTRの制御下で自己由来CCR5発現カセットと誘導性GFPマーカー遺伝子の複数の(約4)のコピーを含むHIV−1感染のレポーター細胞株(Morner et al. ( 1999) J. Virol. 73:2343-2349)]をNIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Programから得て、CCR5−ZFN対215(表1についての上記本文参照)と224(表1で8196zと8266として示したZFNを含有する)をコードするアデノウイルス(Ad5/35)ベクター(Schroers et al. (2004) Experimental Hematology 32:536-546)で形質導入した。これらのZFN対の両方の結合部位は同じであり、図12に示す。
さらに形質導入細胞集団を培養で維持し、1週間後にHIV−1BAL(プロトタイプCCR5向性HIV−1分離株)を感染させた。暴露ウイルスは、NIH ADDS Research and Reference Reagent Program から得て、CD8枯渇PBMC中で増殖させて使用ストックを作成した。
CCR5のZFN介在破壊が永久的遺伝的変化から予測されるHIV−1に対する長期耐性を付与するかどうかを評価するために、以下の実験を行った。
PM1細胞(CCR5発現レベルが初代CD4+T細胞に似ているCD4+T細胞株)を、ZFN201対をコードするCCR5−ZFN発現プラスミドを用いて電気穿孔して、2.45%の対立遺伝子の内因性CCR5破壊レベルを得た。
PM1細胞中のCCR5遺伝子のZFN介在変異の分子的本体をまた、感染後52日目にCCR5の標的化領域のPCR増幅と配列決定により測定した。
CCR5−ZFN改変PM1細胞がCXCR4向性HIV−1に対する感受性を維持し、CCR5向性ウイルスで再感染した時選択的利点を維持していることを確認するために、重感染実験も行った。
A.ZFNによるCCR5の破壊
初代ヒト細胞中のCCR5−ZFNの効力を調べるために、野生型CCR5遺伝子を有する健常ドナーからのCD4+T細胞を、CCR5−ZFN215又はCCR5−ZFN224をコードするAd5/35ベクターで形質導入して、一過性の高効率ZFN送達を得た。異なるドナーから単離された細胞を使用する多重実験で、ZFN介在CCR5破壊の感染多重度(MOI)依存性レベル(CCR5対立遺伝子の40〜60%に達する)が観察された。例を図17に示す。
インビトロのHIV感染に対するバルクZFN改変CD4 T細胞の抵抗性も評価した。
A.2本鎖ブレーク
ZFN発現後に生成された2本鎖ブレーク(DSB)の数を定量するために、我々は核内のZFN作用の偏りの無い尺度としてP53BP1の免疫検出によりゲノム全体DSBの核内染色を行った。P53BP1は修復応答の早期にDSBの部位に動員され、NHEJに必要である(Schultz et al. (2000) J Cell Biol. 151:1381-1390)。簡単に説明すると、CCR5標的化ZFNを発現するAd5/35ベクターでCD4+T細胞を形質導入後の24時間目に、CD4 T細胞の核当たりの53BP1免疫反応性巣の数を測定した。
ZFN224作用の特異性を確認するために、コンセンサスZFN結合部位を測定し、CCR5中のユニークな目的の標的配列と一致することがわかった。ZFN224を含む2つのジンクフィンガータンパク質のそれぞれの結合部位選択性を以下の部位選択法を使用して測定した:(1)まず、目的のZFPのHAタグ体をTnTクイック結合転写−翻訳システム(Promega)により発現させ、ビオチン化抗HA Fab断片(Roche)及びポリdIdC競合DNA(Sigma)との存在下で、部分的ランダム化DNA配列のプールとインキュベートした;(2)タンパク質(任意の生産的に結合したDNA配列とともに)をストレプトアビジン被覆磁性ビーズ(Dynal)上に捕捉した;(3)適切なプライマーを含有するRoche PCRマスターミックス中に磁性ビーズを入れ、次に結合DNAを放出させ、PCR増幅した。次にこのDNAの増幅プールを以後のラウンドのZFP結合、濃縮、及び増幅のための出発DNAプールとして使用した。工程(1)〜(3)を含むサイクルを全部で4回の選択ラウンドで繰り返した。最後のラウンド後に増幅されたDNA断片をクローン化し、配列決定した。各DNA配列のランダム化領域を整列させて、ジンクフィンガーDNA結合ドメインについてコンセンサス結合部位配列を測定した。この方法により測定したコンセンサス結合部位は、表1で特定された結合部位と一致した。
HIV感染のNOG/SCIDマウスモデルを使用して、インビボでZFN改変CD4 T細胞の養子免疫細胞移入とHIV感染からの防御を試験した。Schultz et al. (2007) Nat. Rev. Immunol. 7:118を参照のこと。
Claims (15)
- ホスホジエステル結合の酵素的加水分解を行う切断ドメインと、遺伝子操作されたジンクフィンガータンパク質DNA結合ドメインとを含み、CCR−5遺伝子に特異的に結合する、融合タンパク質であって、当該DNA結合ドメインが、N末端からC末端の順にF1からF4と名付けられた4のジンクフィンガー認識領域を含み、ここでF1〜F4は、以下の:
(1) F1:DRSNLSR(配列番号2)
F2:ISSNLNS(配列番号5)
F3:RSDNLAR(配列番号4)
F4:TSGNLTR(配列番号8);又は
(2) F1:DRSNLSR(配列番号2)
F2:VSSNLTS(配列番号6)
F3:RSDNLAR(配列番号4)
F4:TSGNLTR(配列番号8);
である、前記融合タンパク質。 - 前記切断ドメインが、切断半ドメインである、請求項1に記載のタンパク質。
- 前記切断半ドメインが、野生型FokI切断半ドメインである、請求項1又は2に記載のタンパク質。
- 前記切断半ドメインが、遺伝子操作されたFokI切断半ドメインである、請求項3に記載のタンパク質。
- 請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載されるタンパク質をコードするポリヌクレオチド。
- 請求項5に記載のポリヌクレオチドを含む、遺伝子送達ベクター。
- 請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載のタンパク質又は請求項5に記載のポリヌクレオチドを含む、単離された細胞。
- 前記細胞が、造血幹細胞、T細胞、マクロファージ、樹状細胞、及び抗原提示細胞からなる群から選択される、請求項7に記載の細胞。
- 前記T細胞が、CD4+細胞である、請求項8に記載の細胞。
- 前記細胞が、K562細胞、HEK293細胞、PM−1細胞、THP−1細胞、及びGHOST細胞からなる群から選択される、請求項8に記載の細胞。
- エクス・ビボで、ヒト細胞においてCCR−5遺伝子を不活性化する方法であって、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載のタンパク質;請求項5に記載のポリヌクレオチド、又は請求項6に記載の遺伝子送達ベクターを、当該細胞に投与することを含む、前記方法。
- 前記細胞が、造血幹細胞、T細胞、マクロファージ、樹状細胞、及び抗原提示細胞からなる群から選択される、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記T細胞が、CD4+細胞である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が、K562細胞、HEK293細胞、PM−1細胞、THP−1細胞、及びGHOST細胞からなる群から選択される、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 対象においてHIV感染を治療または予防するために有用な細胞を製造する方法であって、当該方法が、請求項11に記載の方法に従って細胞においてCCR5遺伝子を不活性化することを含む、前記方法。
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EP2447279A1 (en) | 2012-05-02 |
US11648267B2 (en) | 2023-05-16 |
US8524221B2 (en) | 2013-09-03 |
EP2206782A1 (en) | 2010-07-14 |
EP2765195A1 (en) | 2014-08-13 |
US20180312826A1 (en) | 2018-11-01 |
US7951925B2 (en) | 2011-05-31 |
US20080159996A1 (en) | 2008-07-03 |
HK1123313A1 (en) | 2009-06-12 |
JP2014221041A (ja) | 2014-11-27 |
ES2378333T3 (es) | 2012-04-11 |
US20140127811A1 (en) | 2014-05-08 |
CA2651499A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 |
AU2007267874A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 |
EP2019839A2 (en) | 2009-02-04 |
US9434776B2 (en) | 2016-09-06 |
US20160326505A1 (en) | 2016-11-10 |
US20120309091A1 (en) | 2012-12-06 |
JP2009538141A (ja) | 2009-11-05 |
US20120308528A1 (en) | 2012-12-06 |
EP2447279B1 (en) | 2014-04-09 |
EP2019839B1 (en) | 2011-12-07 |
WO2007139982A3 (en) | 2008-10-16 |
CA2651499C (en) | 2015-06-30 |
ES2465996T3 (es) | 2014-06-09 |
AU2007267874B2 (en) | 2012-03-15 |
WO2007139982A2 (en) | 2007-12-06 |
US8569253B2 (en) | 2013-10-29 |
JP5944948B2 (ja) | 2016-07-05 |
ATE536371T1 (de) | 2011-12-15 |
US20100111907A1 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
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