JP5096978B2 - ハニカム触媒体 - Google Patents
ハニカム触媒体 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5096978B2 JP5096978B2 JP2008083285A JP2008083285A JP5096978B2 JP 5096978 B2 JP5096978 B2 JP 5096978B2 JP 2008083285 A JP2008083285 A JP 2008083285A JP 2008083285 A JP2008083285 A JP 2008083285A JP 5096978 B2 JP5096978 B2 JP 5096978B2
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- JP
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- Prior art keywords
- honeycomb
- catalyst body
- honeycomb catalyst
- modified
- region
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 21
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- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
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- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- AABBHSMFGKYLKE-SNAWJCMRSA-N propan-2-yl (e)-but-2-enoate Chemical compound C\C=C\C(=O)OC(C)C AABBHSMFGKYLKE-SNAWJCMRSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 229910000166 zirconium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEHFSLREWWMLPU-UHFFFAOYSA-B zirconium(4+);tetraphosphate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[Zr+4].[Zr+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LEHFSLREWWMLPU-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 description 1
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- C04B37/00—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating
- C04B37/003—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating by means of an interlayer consisting of a combination of materials selected from glass, or ceramic material with metals, metal oxides or metal salts
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/022—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters characterised by specially adapted filtering structure, e.g. honeycomb, mesh or fibrous
- F01N3/0222—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters characterised by specially adapted filtering structure, e.g. honeycomb, mesh or fibrous the structure being monolithic, e.g. honeycombs
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/033—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
- F01N3/035—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors, e.g. catalysed diesel particulate filters
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00793—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as filters or diaphragms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/0081—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as catalysts or catalyst carriers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/02—Aspects relating to interlayers, e.g. used to join ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/04—Ceramic interlayers
- C04B2237/08—Non-oxidic interlayers
- C04B2237/083—Carbide interlayers, e.g. silicon carbide interlayers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
- C04B2237/32—Ceramic
- C04B2237/36—Non-oxidic
- C04B2237/365—Silicon carbide
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2330/00—Structure of catalyst support or particle filter
- F01N2330/60—Discontinuous, uneven properties of filter material, e.g. different material thickness along the longitudinal direction; Higher filter capacity upstream than downstream in same housing
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2510/00—Surface coverings
- F01N2510/06—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction
- F01N2510/068—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction characterised by the distribution of the catalytic coatings
- F01N2510/0682—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction characterised by the distribution of the catalytic coatings having a discontinuous, uneven or partially overlapping coating of catalytic material, e.g. higher amount of material upstream than downstream or vice versa
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Description
式(1):2≦X−Y≦20
(但し、Xは、前記未修飾隔壁の気孔率(%)であり、Yは、前記修飾隔壁の気孔率(%)である)
式(2):0.1≦A−B≦10
(但し、Aは、前記未修飾隔壁の平均細孔径(μm)であり、Bは、前記修飾隔壁の平均細孔径(μm)である)
本発明のハニカム触媒体の一実施形態は、二つの端面間を連通する複数のセルが形成されるように配置された、多数の細孔を持った多孔質の隔壁及び所定のセルにおける一方の開口端部を目封止するとともに、残余のセルにおける他方の開口端部を目封止する目封止部を有する修飾ハニカム構造体と、隔壁の所定箇所に担持された触媒と、を備え、修飾ハニカム構造体は、細孔の内表面に多数の微粒子が付着した修飾隔壁を有し、一方の端面の少なくとも一部を包摂する第一の領域と、微粒子が付着していない未修飾隔壁を有し、他方の端面の少なくとも一部を包摂する第二の領域と、を含み、修飾隔壁の気孔率は、未修飾隔壁の気孔率に比して小さく、第一の領域の単位体積当りの触媒の担持量が、第二の領域の単位体積当りの触媒の担持量に比して少ないものである。
本実施形態のハニカム触媒体に備えられる修飾ハニカム構造体は、二つの端面間を連通する複数のセルが形成されるように配置された、多数の細孔を持った多孔質の隔壁を有するものであり、所定のセルにおける一方の開口端部を目封止するとともに、残余のセルにおける他方の開口端部を目封止する目封止部を備えたものであることが好ましく、端面が市松模様状を呈するように目封止部を備えることが更に好ましい。例えば、図1及び図2に示すように、複数のセル12のうち、所定のセルにおける開口端部を目封止するとともに、残余のセルにおける開口端部を目封止するものであって、端面が市松模様状を呈するように、即ち、隣接するセルが互いに反対側となる端部に目封止部14を配置していることが好ましい。このような目封止部を備えたハニカム触媒体は、目封止部を備えていないハニカム触媒体に比べて、排ガスと触媒の接触頻度が向上し、効率的に排ガスを浄化することができる。目封止部を形成する材料は、特に制限はなく、後述する隔壁の材料と同様のものを好適に用いることができる。
修飾ハニカム構造体が有する隔壁の材料は、特に制限されないが、強度、耐熱性等の観点から、セラミックスであることが好ましい。セラミックスとしては、例えば、アルミナ、ムライト、コージェライト、炭化珪素(SiC)、窒化珪素、炭化珪素を骨材とし珪素を結合材として形成された珪素−炭化珪素系複合材料、炭化珪素−コージェライト系複合材料、スピネル、アルミニウムチタネート、リチウムアルミニウムシリケート(LAS)、及び、Fe−Cr−Al系金属からなる群より選択される少なくとも一種の材料を主成分とするものであることが好ましい。ここで、「主成分」とは、全量に対して、50質量%以上含まれる成分を意味する。これらの中でも、強度、耐熱性等の観点から、炭化珪素、珪素−炭化珪素系複合材料、コージェライト、アルミニウムチタネートが好ましい。
第一の領域にある隔壁(修飾隔壁)には、その細孔の内表面の少なくとも一部に多数の微粒子が付着している。このような微粒子を細孔の内表面に付着させることによって、隔壁内部に形成された空隙(気孔)の体積が、微粒子を付着させていない隔壁内部に形成された空隙(気孔)の体積に比して小さくなる。即ち、細孔の内表面に微粒子が付着することによって、細孔が狭くなるため、この細孔は、排気ガスなどのガスや水分などの気体は通過できるが、所定以上の大きさの粒子(例えば、触媒)などは通過しづらくなる。従って、微粒子の粒子径や付着量を調整することによって、触媒を担持させる領域、その担持量を設定することができる。
本実施形態のハニカム触媒体に備えられる触媒は、修飾ハニカム構造体の隔壁の所定箇所に担持されるものであり、第一の領域の単位体積当りの触媒の担持量は、第二の領域の単位体積当りの触媒の担持量に比して少ないことが必要である。このように触媒を担持させると、急激な圧力損失の上昇を抑制することができる。また、触媒の担持量を減少させることができるため、製造コストを減少させることができる。
式(1):2≦X−Y≦20
(但し、Xは、前記未修飾隔壁の気孔率(%)であり、Yは、前記修飾隔壁の気孔率(%)である)
式(1−1):3≦X−Y≦12
(但し、Xは、前記未修飾隔壁の気孔率(%)であり、Yは、前記修飾隔壁の気孔率(%)である)
式(2):0.1≦A−B≦10
(但し、Aは、前記未修飾隔壁の平均細孔径(μm)であり、Bは、前記修飾隔壁の平均細孔径(μm)である)
式(2−1):0.1≦A−B≦5
(但し、Aは、前記未修飾隔壁の平均細孔径(μm)であり、Bは、前記修飾隔壁の平均細孔径(μm)である)
本実施形態のハニカム触媒体は、以下のようにして製造することができる。
本実施形態のハニカム構造体は、複数個のセグメントを組み合わせて接合一体化することにより形成されたもの(以下、「第二のハニカム構造体」と記す場合がある)であることが好ましい。更に、本実施形態のハニカム構造体(第二のハニカム構造体)は、外周部に位置する外周セグメントと、その内側に位置する中央セグメントと、を備え、第一の領域が、中央セグメントの一方の端面から、セルの連通方向に沿って、中央セグメント全長の1/10〜1/2の長さまでの部分であることが更に好ましい。なお、このようなハニカム構造体としては、具体的には、後述する第四の態様、及び第五の態様を挙げることができる。
修飾ハニカム構造体から隔壁厚みの平板を試験片として切り出し、アルキメデス法で測定する。
修飾ハニカム構造体から所定形状(□5×15mm)の試験片を切り出し、水銀ポロシメーターで測定する。
式:X−Yにより算出される値を気孔率減少量(%)とする。但し、Xは、前記未修飾隔壁の気孔率(%)であり、Yは、前記修飾隔壁の気孔率(%)である。
式:A−Bにより算出される値を平均細孔径減少量(μm)とする。但し、Aは、前記未修飾隔壁の平均細孔径(μm)であり、Bは、前記修飾隔壁の平均細孔径(μm)である。
微粒子によって修飾されている隔壁の一方の端面からの、全体に対する距離の割合を算出する。
まず、初期のハニカム構造体(修飾ハニカム構造体)の重さを測定する。次に、後述する実施例1で調製する触媒スラリーと同様のものを第二の領域となるべき部分に含浸し、乾燥する。その後、得られた修飾ハニカム構造体の重さを測定する。次に、第一の領域となるべき部分に上記触媒スラリーを含浸し、乾燥する。その後、得られた修飾ハニカム構造体の重さを測定する。次に、触媒スラリーに含浸した部分の修飾ハニカム構造体の体積から焼付け前の触媒量をg/Lにて算出する。次に、第一の領域と第二の領域の単位体積当りの触媒含浸量(g/L)の比を算出する。触媒焼付け後、重さを測定し、初期のハニカム構造体に対する重さの増加量を算出する。触媒焼付け前に算出した上記比、及び触媒焼付け後に算出した比から触媒量を算出する。
まず、スート(PM)を含む200℃の排ガスを2.27Nm3/分の流量で、修飾ハニカム構造体に流して、その内部にスートを徐々に堆積させる。スートの堆積量が4g/Lに達した時点における修飾ハニカム構造体の圧力損失を測定して、これをスート堆積後の修飾ハニカム構造体圧力損失とした。次に、修飾ハニカム構造体に代えて、ハニカム触媒体について上記と同様の操作を行い、ハニカム触媒体の圧力損失を測定して、これをスート堆積後のハニカム触媒体圧力損失とした。その後、以下の式によって圧力損失増加率(%)を算出する。
圧力損失増加率(%)={(ハニカム触媒体圧力損失/修飾ハニカム構造体圧力損失)−1}×100
まず、エンジン(2.0Lエンジン、2000rpm、60Nm)にスス(6g/L)を付ける。次に、サンプルの重さを測定する。エンジン条件2000rpm、60Nmでエンジンを駆動し、ハニカム触媒体の入口側のガスの温度が安定したら、再生を10分間行う。次に、再生後のハニカム触媒体の重さを測定し、初期の重さに対する、燃焼したススの割合を算出する。なお、ポスト噴射量を調節することにより、再生時のハニカム触媒体の温度を調節し、600〜650℃の間の数点の温度における、再生温度と再生効率との関係により、ある温度における再生効率を算出する。
再生効率向上量(%)=ハニカム触媒体の再生効率−修飾ハニカム構造体の再生効率
まず、ハニカム焼成体を得た。具体的には、SiC粉末及び金属Si粉末を80:20の質量割合で混合し、これに造孔材、有機バインダ、界面活性剤及び水を添加して、可塑性の坏土を作製した。そして、この坏土を押出成形し、乾燥して隔壁の厚さが12mil、セル密度が約300セル/平方インチ、断面が一辺35mmの正四角形、(中心軸方向の)長さが152mmの、四角柱(柱状体)のハニカム成形体を得た。このハニカム成形体を、端面が市松模様状を呈するように、セルの両端面を目封止した。即ち、隣接するセルが、互いに反対側の端部で封じられるように目封止を行った。目封止するための材料(充填する目封止用スラリーの材料)は、上記坏土の原料と同じ材料を用いた。セルの両端面を目封止し、乾燥させた後、大気雰囲気中、約400℃で脱脂し、その後、Ar不活性雰囲気において約1450℃で焼成して、SiC結晶粒子をSiで結合させた、多孔質構造を有するハニカム焼成体を得た。
可塑性坏土に加えるSiC粒子の粒子径、造孔材の種類、粒子径、添加量、有機バインダの種類、添加量を変化させること以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で修飾ハニカム構造体を得、得られた修飾ハニカム構造体について、表1〜3に示す触媒担持量(W/C量)となるように触媒を担持させて、ハニカム触媒体を得た。得られたハニカム触媒体の各種評価結果を表1〜表3に示す。
まず、表4に示す、気孔率、平均細孔径、気孔率減少量、平均細孔径減少量、修飾高さ比となるように、可塑性坏土に加えるSiC粒子の粒子径、造孔材の種類、粒子径、添加量、有機バインダの種類、添加量を変化させること以外は、実施例1と同様な方法で、16個の修飾ハニカム構造体を得た。その後、得られた修飾ハニカム構造体について、各ハニカムセグメントを組み合わせたときに、表4に示す触媒担持量(W/C量)となるように触媒を担持させて各ハニカムセグメントを作製した。
実施例41と同様な方法で、ハニカムセグメントを作製し、作製したハニカムセグメントを組み合わせて、ハニカム触媒体を作製した。得られたハニカム触媒体について上述した各種評価を行った。評価結果を表4〜表7に示す。
Claims (12)
- 二つの端面間を連通する複数のセルが形成されるように配置された、多数の細孔を持った多孔質の隔壁及び所定のセルにおける一方の開口端部を目封止するとともに、残余のセルにおける他方の開口端部を目封止する目封止部を有する修飾ハニカム構造体と、前記隔壁の所定箇所に担持された触媒と、を備え、
前記修飾ハニカム構造体は、
前記細孔の内表面に多数の微粒子が付着した修飾隔壁を有し、一方の端面の少なくとも一部を包摂する第一の領域と、
前記微粒子が付着していない未修飾隔壁を有し、他方の端面の少なくとも一部を包摂する第二の領域と、を含み、
前記修飾隔壁の気孔率は、前記未修飾隔壁の気孔率に比して小さく、
前記第一の領域の単位体積当りの前記触媒の担持量が、前記第二の領域の単位体積当りの前記触媒の担持量に比して少ないハニカム触媒体。 - 前記修飾ハニカム構造体が、前記一方の端面の一部を包摂する、前記微粒子が付着されない非修飾隔壁を有する第三の領域を更に含む請求項1に記載のハニカム触媒体。
- 前記第一の領域は、前記ハニカム触媒体の中央から外周に向かって前記ハニカム触媒体の半径の2/5〜1/1までの部分であるとともに、前記ハニカム触媒体の一方の端面から、前記セルの連通方向に沿って、前記ハニカム触媒体全長の1/10〜1/2の長さまでの部分である請求項1に記載のハニカム触媒体。
- 複数個のセグメントを組み合わせて接合一体化することにより形成された請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のハニカム触媒体。
- 外周部に位置する外周セグメントと、その内側に位置する中央セグメントと、を備え、
前記第一の領域は、前記中央セグメントの一方の端面から、前記セルの連通方向に沿って、前記中央セグメント全長の1/10〜1/2の長さまでの部分である請求項4に記載のハニカム触媒体。 - 前記修飾ハニカム構造体の前記隔壁の気孔率が、30〜80%である請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のハニカム触媒体。
- 前記修飾ハニカム構造体の前記隔壁の平均細孔径が、5〜40μmである請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載のハニカム触媒体。
- 前記第二の領域の単位体積当りの前記触媒の担持量が、5〜50g/Lである請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載のハニカム触媒体。
- 前記第一の領域の単位体積当りの前記触媒の担持量が、0〜40g/Lである請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載のハニカム触媒体。
- 下記式(1)を満たす請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載のハニカム触媒体。
式(1):2≦X−Y≦20
(但し、Xは、前記未修飾隔壁の気孔率(%)であり、Yは、前記修飾隔壁の気孔率(%)である) - 下記式(2)を満たす請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載のハニカム触媒体。
式(2):0.1≦A−B≦10
(但し、Aは、前記未修飾隔壁の平均細孔径(μm)であり、Bは、前記修飾隔壁の平均細孔径(μm)である) - 前記一方の端面側のセルの開口率が、前記他方の端面側のセルの開口率より大きい請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載のハニカム触媒体。
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