JP4837992B2 - 蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤 - Google Patents
蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4837992B2 JP4837992B2 JP2005515988A JP2005515988A JP4837992B2 JP 4837992 B2 JP4837992 B2 JP 4837992B2 JP 2005515988 A JP2005515988 A JP 2005515988A JP 2005515988 A JP2005515988 A JP 2005515988A JP 4837992 B2 JP4837992 B2 JP 4837992B2
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- protein modification
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Description
すなわち、本発明は、蛋白修飾物生成抑制作用を有し、かつ、副作用としてのビタミンB6欠乏症が抑制された化合物を有効成分とする、蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤を提供するものである。その技術的範囲には、具体的に、以下の技術的態様が包含される:
(1) 遊離形または塩形の1−置換または非置換−3−置換または非置換−2−ピラゾリン−5−オンの4位に、ビタミンB6分子の結合を妨げる置換基(ビタミンB6分子自体に由来するものを含む)を導入した化合物またはその分子内転位体を有効成分とする、蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤。
(2) 有効成分である化合物が、遊離形または塩形の式(I):
で示される化合物から選択される、上記(1)項記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤。
(3) R1で表される芳香環基が、4個を越えることのないヘテロ原子を含むことがある、20個を越えることのない環構成原子を有する炭素環または異項環の芳香環基であって、3つを越えない置換基を有することがあるものである、上記(2)項記載の蛋白質修飾物生成抑制剤。
(4) R2、R3またはR4で表される1価の有機基が、それぞれ独立して、炭素数30個を越えない、鎖状または環状の脂肪族、脂環式または芳香族炭化水素基であって、3つを越えない置換基を有することのあるものであるか、またはハロゲン基、ニトロ基、アミノ基、ヒドロキシ基、チオール基、カルボキシ基、カルボキシ(低級)アルキル基、低級アルコキシカルボニル基、ホルミル基、低級アルカノイル基、低級アルキルアミノ基、ジ(低級)アルキルアミノ基、低級アルカノイルアミノ基、アリール(低級)アルカノイル基、アリールオキシアミノ基、スルホン酸基または3〜7員ヘテロ環基であって、置換基を有することのあるものである、上記(2)または(3)項記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤。
(5) R2とR3が両者合して形成する縮合環が、5〜6員炭素飽和環であって、置換基を有することもあるものである、上記(2)または(3)項記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤。
(6) R3とR4が両者合して形成する2価の有機基が、フェニルメチレン、フェニルアルケニルメチレン、キノリニルメチレン、フラニルメチレン、ジアゾリルメチレン、アミノメチレン、ジ(低級)アルキルアミノメチレン、ピリジルメチレンおよびチオフェニルメチレンから選択されたものであって、置換基を有することもあるものである、上記(2)または(3)項記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤。
(7) 置換基が、低級アルキル基、低級アルケニル基、低級アルコキシ基、低級アルケニルオキシ基、低級アルカノイル基、ハロ(低級)アルキル基、カルボキシル基、低級アルコキシカルボニル基、カルボキシ(低級)アルキル基、ハロゲン基、ニトロ基、アミノ基、低級アルキルアミノ基、ジ(低級)アルキルアミノ基、低級アルカノイルアミノ基、ヒドロキシ基、チオール基、ヒドロキシスルホニル基、アミノスルホニル基、アリール(低級)アルカノイル基、アリールオキシアミノ基、アリール基、アリール(低級)アルキル基、シクロ(低級)アルキル基、シクロ(低級)アルケニル基、シクロ(低級)アルキル(低級)アルキル基および3〜7員ヘテロ環基から選択されたものである、上記(3)〜(7)項のいずれか記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤。
(8) 式(I)において、R1がフェニル基、R2がメチル基、R3とR4が合して3−ヒドロキシ−5−ヒドロキシメチル−2−メチルピリジン−4−イルメチレン基である、上記(2)項記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤。
(9) 式(II)において、R1がフェニル基、R2がメチル基、R3が6−メチル−1,3−ジヒドロフロ[3,4−c]ピリジン−7−オール基である、上記(2)項記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤。
(10) 蛋白修飾物が、AGEs、ALEsおよびこれらの組合せよりなる群から選択されるものである、上記(1)〜(9)項のいずれか記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤。
(11) 蛋白修飾物がAGEsである、上記(10)項記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤。
(12) AGEsがペントシジンである、上記(11)記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤。
(13) 上記(1)〜(12)項のいずれか記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤を含む、腎組織保護剤。
(14) 上記(1)〜(12)項のいずれか記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤を含む、腹膜透析液。
(15) 上記(1)〜(12)項のいずれか記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤を含む、血液透析液。
(16) 上記(1)〜(12)項のいずれか記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤を液体試料と接触させる工程を含む、液体試料のカルボニル化合物含有量を低減させる方法。
(17) 上記(1)〜(12)項のいずれか記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤を患者の血液または腹膜透析液と接触させる工程を含む、蛋白修飾物の生成抑制方法。
(18) 蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤として有用な、遊離形または塩形の1−置換または非置換−3−置換または非置換−2−ピラゾリン−5−オンの4位に、ビタミンB6分子の結合を妨げる置換基(ビタミンB6分子自体に由来するものを含む)を導入することを特徴とする、当該蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤に起因するビタミンB6欠乏症を抑制する方法。
(19) 1−置換または非置換−3−置換または非置換−2−ピラゾリン−5−オンが、式(III):
で表される化合物から選択されるものである、上記(18)記載の方法。
(20) 4位に導入される、ビタミンB6分子の結合を妨げる置換基が有機基から選択されるものである、上記(16)項記載の方法。
(21) 遊離形または塩形の1−置換または非置換−3−置換または非置換−2−ピラゾリン−5−オンの4位に、ビタミンB6分子の結合を妨げる置換基(ビタミンB6分子自体に由来するものを含む)を導入した化合物またはその分子内転位体。
(22) 遊離形または塩形の式(I):
で示される化合物。
(23) 式(I)において、R1がフェニル基、R2がメチル基、R3とR4が合して3−ヒドロキシ−5−ヒドロキシメチル−2−メチルピリジン−4−イルメチレン基である、上記(22)項記載の化合物。
(24) 式(II)において、R1がフェニル基、R2がメチル基、R3が6−メチル−1,3−ジヒドロフロ[3,4−c]ピリジン−7−オール基である、上記(22)項記載の化合物。
(25) 蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤の製造における上記(21)〜(24)項のいずれか記載の化合物の使用。
(26) 蛋白修飾物生成により仲介される疾患の処置方法であって、当該処置を必要としている対象に、治療上有効量の上記(21)〜(24)項のいずれか記載の化合物を投与することを含んでなる方法。
1. 2−(3−アミノ−5−オキソ−1−フェニル−4,5−ヒドロ−1H−ピラゾール−4−イル)−2−オキソ−N−フェニル−アセトアミド;
2. 2−(3−アミノ5−オキソ−1−フェニル−4,5−ヒドロ−1H−ピラゾール−4−イル)−2−オキソ−N−チアゾール−2−イル−アセトアミド;
3. 2−(3−アミノ−5−オキソ−1−フェニル−4,5−ヒドロ−1H−ピラゾール−4−イル)−2−オキソ−アセトアミド;
4. 2−(3−アミノ−5−オキソ−1−フェニル−4,5−ヒドロ−1H−ピラゾール−4−イル)−N−(3,4−ジメチル−フェニル)−4−オキソ−ブチルアミド;
5. 2−(4−アミノ−フェニル)−4−(2−ヒドロキシ−エチル)−5−メチル−2,4−ヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
7. 3−(3−メチル−5−オキソ−1−ペニル−4,5−ジヒドロ−1H−ピラゾール−4−イル)−プロピオン酸;
8. N−(3−メチル−5−オキソ−1−フェニル−4,5−ジヒドロ−1H−ピラゾール−4−イル)−アセトアミド;
9. 4−[(5−ヒドロキシ−3−メチル−1−フェニル−1Hピラゾール−4−イル)−フェニル−メチル]−5−メチル−2−フェニル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
10. 2−フェニル−3a,4,5,6−テトラヒドロ−2H−シクロペンタピラゾール−3−オン;
12. N−(3−メチル−5−オキソ−1−フェニル−4,5−ジヒドロ−1H−ピラゾール−4−イル)−アセトアミド;
13. 5−メチル−2−(3−ニトロ−フェニル)−4−(1−フェニル−1H−テトラゾール−5−イルスルファニル)−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
14. N−[5−オキソ−1−フェニル−4−(1−フェニル−1H−テトラゾール−5−イルスルファニル)−4,5−ジヒドロ−1H−ピラゾール−3−イル]−ベンズアミド;
15. 4−(ヒドロキシ−フェニル−メチル)−2−フェニル−5−トリフルオロメチル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
17. 5,5’−ジメチル−2,2’−ジフェニル−2,4,2’,4’−テトラヒドロ−[4,4’]ビピラゾール−3,3’−ジオン;
18. 2−(4−クロロ−フェニル)−4−エチル−5−メチル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
19. 4−[4−(4−メトキシ−フェニル)−チアゾール−2−イルスルファニル]−5−メチル−5−フェニル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
20. 4−(2−オキソ−2−フェニル−エチル)−2−フェニル−5−プロピル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
22. 2−(4−フルオロ−フェニル)−4−[[1−(4−フルオロ−フェニル)−5−ヒドロキシ−3−メチル−1H−ピラゾール−4−イル]−(2−ヒドロキシ−フェニル)−メチル]−5−メチル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
23. N−(3,4−ジメチル−フェニル)−2−(3−メチル−5−オキソ−1−フェニル−4,5−ジヒドロ−1H−ピラゾール−4−イル)−2−オキソ−アセトアミド;
24. 5−(4−クロロ−ベンゾイル)−4,4−ジヒドロキシ−2−フェニル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
25. ソジウム;4−ヒドロキシ−3−メチル−5−オキソ−1−フェニル−4,5−ジヒドロ−1H−ピラゾール−4−スルホン酸ナトリウム;
27. 3−ベンゾイルアミノ−4−ヒドロキシ−5−オキソ−1−フェニル−4,5−ジヒドロ−1H−ピラゾール−4−スルホン酸ナトリウム;
28. 3−メチル−1−フェニル−5−オキソ−4−スピロ(3オキソ−2,3−ジヒドロ−ベンゾ[b]チオフェン−2−イル)−4,5−ジヒドロ−1H−ピラゾール;
29. 4,4,5−トリメチル−2−フェニル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
30. 4,10−ジメチル−2,8,11−トリフェニル−2,3,8,9−テトラザ−ジスピロ[4.0.4.1]ウンデカ−3,9−ジエン−1,7−ジオン;
32. 2−(2−クロロ−フェニル)−4−(4−ジメチルアミノ−ベンジリデン)−5−メチル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
33. 5−メチル−4−(3−フェニル−アリリデン)−2−(3−トリフルオロメチル−フェニル)−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
34. 3−{5−[3−メチル−5−オキソ−1−(4−スルファモイル−フェニル)−1,5−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−4−イリデンメチル]−フラン−2−イル}−安息香酸;
35. 4−(4−ヂメチルアミノ−ベンジリデン)−2−(3−フルオロ−フェニル)−5−メチル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
37. 3−[4−(2−ヒドロキシ−ベンジリデン)−5−オキソ−3−フェニル−4,5−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−1−イル]−安息香酸;
38. 3−[1−(3−クロロ−フェニル)−3−メチル−5−オキソ−1,5−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−4−イリデンメチル]−1H−キノリン−2−オン;
39. 3−{5−[3−メチル−5−オキソ−1−(4−スルファモイル−フェニル)−1,5−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−4−イリデンメチル]−フラン−2−イル}−安息香酸メチル;
40. 4−(4−ベンゾ[1,3]ジオキソール−5−イルメチレン−3−メチル−5−オキソ−4,5−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−1−イル)−安息香酸メチル;
42. 2−(4−クロロ−フェニル)−4−(2,4−ジヒドロキシ−ベンジリデン)−5−メチル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
43. 2−(4−クロロ−フェニル)−4−(3−ヒドロキシ−ベンジリデン)−5−メチル−2,4−ジヒドロピラゾール−3−オン;
44. 4−(3,4−ジヒドロキシ−ベンジリデン)−5−メチル−2−p−トルイル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
45. 3−[1−(4−アセチル−フェニル)−3−メチル−5−オキソ−1,5−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−4−イリデン]−1,3−ジヒドロ−インドール−2−オン;
47. 2−(4−クロロ−フェニル)−4−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−メトキシ−ベンジリデン)−5−トリフルオロメチル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
48. 2−(4−エチル−フェニル)−4−(4−ヒドロキシ−ベンジリデン)−5−メチル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
49. 4−[4−(4−ヒドロキシ−ベンジリデン)−3−メチル−5−オキソ−4,5−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−1−イル]−ベンゼンスルホンアミド;
50. 4−(5−オキソ−4−チオフェン−2−イルメチレン−3−トリフルオロメチル−4,5−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−1−イル)−安息香酸エチル;
52. 4−イソプロピリデン−5−メチル−2−フェニル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
53. 4−(4−ヒドロキシ−ベンジリデン)−2−フェニル−5−トリフルオロメチル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
54. 4−(2,4−ジヒドロキシ−ベンジリデン)−2−(3,4−ジメチル−フェニル)−5−メチル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
55. 3−[4−(3−エトキシ−4−ヒドロキシ−ベンジリデン)−3−メチル−5−オキソ−4,5−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−1−イル]−安息香酸;
57. 3−[3−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−メトキシ−ベンジリデン)−3−メチル−5−オキソ−4,5−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−1−イル]−安息香酸;
58. 3−[3−ヒドロキシ−4−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−メトキシ−ベンジリデン)−5−オキソ−ピラゾリジン−1−イル]−安息香酸;
59. 4−(3−ヒドロキシ−2,4−ジメトキシ−ベンジリデン)−5−メチル−2−フェニル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
60. 4−[4−(4−ヒドロキシ−3−メトキシ−ベンジリデン)−3−メチル−5−オキソ−ピラゾリジン−1−イル]−安息香酸イソプロピル;
62. 4−[4−(4−ヒドロキシ−ベンジリデン)−3−メチル−5−オキソ−4,5−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−1−イル]−安息香酸エチル;
63. 4−[4−(4−ヒドロキシ−ベンジリデン)−5−オキソ−3−トリフルオロメチル−4,5−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−1−イル]−安息香酸エチル;
64. 4−[4−(4−ヒドロキシ−ベンジリデン)−3−メチル−5−オキソ−4,5−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−1−イル]−安息香酸;
65. 4−ジメチルアミノメチレン−5−メチル−2−フェニル−2,4−ジヒトロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
67. 4−(4−クロロ−ベンジリデン)−5−メチル−2−フェニル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
68. 1−(5−ヒドロキシ−3−メチル−1−フェニル−1H−ピラゾール−4−イル)−6−メチル−1,3−ジヒドロ−フロ[3,4−c]ピリジン−7−オール;
69. 1−(5−ヒドロキシ−3−メチル−1−フェニル−1H−ピラゾール−4−イル)−6−メチル−1,3−ジヒドロ−フロ[3,4−c]ピリジン−7−オール(塩酸塩);
70. 4−(4−ヒドロキシ−ベンジリデン)−5−メチル−2−フェニル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
72. 4−(4−ベンジルオキシ−ベンジリデン)−5−メチル−2−フェニル−2,4−ジヒドロピラゾール−3−オン;
73. 2−(3−クロロ−フェニル)−5−メチル−2H−ピラゾール−3,4−ジオン 4−オキシム;
74. 5−(5−オキソ−1,3−ジフェニル−1,5−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−4−イリデン)−4−フェニル−4,5−ジヒドロ−[1,3,4]チアゾール−2−カルボン酸エチル;
75. 4−[1,3]ジチオラン−2−イリデン−5−メチル−2−フェニル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
77. 4−(5−ベンゾイル−3−フェニル−3H−[1,3,4]チアジアゾール−2−イリデン)−2,5−ジフェニル−2,4−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−3−オン;
78. フォスフォリックアシッド モノ−[5−ヒドロキシ−6−メチル−4−(3−メチル−5−オキソ−1−フェニル−1,5−ジヒドロ−ピラゾール−4−イリデンメチル)−ピリジン−3−イルメチル]エステルなど。
(1)代表的なAGEsであるペントシジンを指標として、非糖尿病の腎不全透析患者から血漿を採取し、本発明の化合物を添加し、一定時間後のペントシジン生成量を測定した。
(2)フェニルアラニンは、ヒドロキシラジカル存在下でOHラジカルと結合し、o−またはm−チロシンを生成する。さらに、チロシンは、パーオキシナイトライト存在下でNOラジカルと反応してニトロチロシンを生成する。一方、ラジカルは生体内で腎に障害を与えることが知られている。そこで、フェニルアラニン−ラジカル反応系における本発明の化合物のラジカル捕捉能を検証した。
(1)ビタミンB6溶液に本発明の化合物を加え、一定時間後のビタミンB6残存量を測定した。
(2)正常ラットに本発明の化合物を投与し、一定期間後のビタミンB6欠乏症発症の有無を確認した。
[製造例1]1−(5−ヒドロキシ−3−メチル−1−フェニル−1H−ピラゾール−4−イル)−6−メチル−1,3−ジヒドロ−フロ[3,4−c]ピリジン−7−オールの製造
1−(5−ヒドロキシ−3−メチル−1−フェニル−1H−ピラゾール−4−イル)−6−メチル−1,3−ジヒドロ−フロ[3,4−c]ピリジン−7−オール(以下、「TM−2002」という。)について、代表的なAGEsであるペントシジンの生成抑制効果を調べた。
フェニルアラニン(最終濃度:1mM)、TM−2002(最終濃度:0.1、0.5、2.5mM)、過酸化水素(最終濃度:5mM)、硫酸銅(最終濃度:0.1mM)を200mMのリン酸緩衝液(pH 7.4)に溶解し(全量500μL)、37℃で4時間インキュベートした。インキュベート終了後、DTPA(最終濃度:1mM)、260 unitのカタラーゼを添加して反応を停止させた。o−チロシンおよびm−チロシンの生成量をHPLCで分析した。
試験は、Pannala ASらの方法(Free Radic Biol Med 24: 594−606, 1998)に準じて実施された。すなわち、チロシン(最終濃度:100μM)、TM−2002(最終濃度:0.1、0.5、2.5mM)、パーオキシナイトライト(同仁化学製)(最終濃度:500μM)を200mMのリン酸緩衝液(pH 7.4)に溶解し(液量500μL)、37℃で15分間インキュベートさせた。インキュベート終了後、ニトロチロシンの生成量をHPLCで分析した。すなわち、一定時間後、反応液(20μL)をHPLCにインジェクトし、C18カラム(4.6×250mm、5μm:ウォーターズ製)で分離後、紫外検出器(RF−10A:島津製)を用い280nmの波長で検出した。移動相は、0.6mL/分の流速で、バッファB濃度を5.0%から30%まで30分間で変化させた(バッファA:0.10%トリフルオロ酢酸、バッファB:0.08%トリフルオロ酢酸を含む80%アセトニトリル)。4−ヒドロキシ−3−ニトロ安息香酸(100μM)を内部標準として使用した。結果を、アミノグアニジン、ピリドキサミン、オルメサルタンおよびエダラボンについて得られた結果とともに、図4に示す。
患者血漿に代え、BSAとアラビノースとともにインキュベートする以外は、[試験例1]と同様にして、他の化合物(I)または(II)のペントシジン生成抑制活性を調べた。結果は、表1に示すとおりであった。なお、「−」は、試験を行わなかったことを示す。
血管拡張術後再狭窄モデルであるラット頸動脈バルーン傷害モデルによる、血管内皮肥厚の抑制効果を検討した。
TM−2002をカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム(CMC)水溶液(0.5%)で乳鉢を用いて懸濁し、メスシリンダーで12.5mg/mLの濃度に調製した。
陽性対照としてアミノグアニジン塩酸塩(シグマ)を用い、同様にCMC水溶液(0.5%)で乳鉢を用いて懸濁し、メスシリンダーで11.25mg/mLの濃度に調製した。各調製液は用時調製してディスポーザブル注射筒および経口ゾンデを用いて懸濁させながら強制経口投与した。
投与はバルーン傷害前日から開始し、傷害日を1日目として14日目までの合計15日間、1日朝夕2回6時間以上の間隔をあけて投与した(バルーン傷害15日目に解剖、15日目の投与は実施しない)。
ビタミンB6(ピリドキサール−5’−リン酸)(50μM)とTM−2002(0.5μM)をリン酸塩緩衝食塩水(PBS)中、37℃でインキュベートした。0〜20時間の間でカイネテイックスを測定するために、残存するピリドキサール−5’−リン酸濃度をHPLCで分析した。すなわち、一定時間後、10μLの反応液をHPLCにインジェクトし、PurecilC18カラム(4.6×250mm、5μm:ウォーターズ製)で分離後、励起波長300nm、蛍光波長400nmの条件で蛍光検出器(RF−10A:島津製)を用いて検出した。移動相は、0.6ml/Lの流速で、バッファB濃度を0%から3%まで25分間で変化させた(バッファA:0.10%トリフルオロ酢酸、バッファB:0.08%トリフルオロ酢酸を含む80%アセトニトリル)。対照として、ビタミンB6捕捉作用が知られているアミノグアニジンを用いた。
なお、他の化合物(I)および(II)もTM−2002と同様の結果を示した。
正常ラット(WKYラット:日本エスエルシー)にTM−2002を投与し、ビタミンB6欠乏症の有無を検討した。対照として、ビタミンB6捕捉作用が知られているアミノグアニジンを用いた。動物数は、各群10匹とし、カルボキシメチルセルロース(0.5%)に懸濁したTM−2002またはアミノグアニジンをおのおの13mg/kg/匹/回の量でゾンデにより1日2回強制経口投与した。投与期間は、20週とした。餌は、一般餌(CRF1:オリエンタル酵母)を用いた。
なお、他の化合物(I)および(II)もTM−2002と同様の結果を示した。
従来より、高血圧、高血糖、高脂血症、肥満、高インスリン血症を呈することが知られ、週令の増加とともに腎機能に障害を来たすことが知られているSHR/NDmcr−cp(SHR等疾患モデル共同研究会)ラットを用いて、腎保護効果を観察した。
9週令のSHR/NDmcr−cpラットおよびWistar Kyotoラット(SHR等疾患モデル共同研究会)を3週間馴化後、投薬前の体重測定・採血を行った。体重が440g±32gの範囲にあるものを群分けして1群5匹とした。群分け後、陰性対照としての賦形剤、陽性対照化合物および被検化合物を20週間投与した。賦形剤としてはカルボキシメチルセルロース(carboxymethyl cellulose Na/和光純薬工業株式会社製)溶液を、また、陽性対照化合物としては腎保護作用が知られているアンジオテンシンII受容体拮抗剤の1つであるオルメサルタンを用い、被検化合物であるTM−2002の効果を確認した。投与量としては、オルメサルタンは体重1kg当たり3mgとし、被検化合物のTM−2002は体重1kg当たり50mgに設定した。投与する検体については、オルメサルタンは、その必要量を1.0mlの0.5%カルボキシメチルセルロース溶液または蒸留水に懸濁・溶解して調製し、被検化合物のTM−2002についてはその必要量を1日に与える一定量(30g)の飼料に混合して調製した。試験動物は体重増加が大きく、毎週行う体重測定に基づいて陽性対照化合物および被検化合物の量を調整した。投与法としては陰性対照投与群においては賦形剤の0.5%カルボキシメチルセルロース溶液を、また、陽性対照化合物投与群においては必要量を調整したオルメサルタンの0.5%カルボキシメチルセルロース溶液をそれぞれ1mlずつゾンデで経口投与し、被検化合物群においてはTM−2002の必要量を調整した飼料の1日の設定投与量を自由に摂取させた。飼料の摂取量は陰性対照としての賦形剤投与群、陽性対照化合物群、被検化合物群とも1日当たり30gとして全量を摂取させた。投与期間中、体重については毎週測定したが、採血、採尿、および血圧測定の各測定項目については、4週令までは隔週毎に行い、5週令以降は4週毎に行った。採血は動物を38℃の保温器で温めた後、尾静脈より800μl採血を行った(ヘパリン処理:ヘパリン量は血液1mlに対して15μlの割合とする)。採尿は採尿代謝ケージ(日本クレア社製)により行った。採尿時には1日尿量を測定した。血圧測定は非観式血圧測定装置(株式会社ソフトロン社製)を用いて行った。
各採血、採尿サンプルを用い、血液サンプルでは血中グルコ−ス、トリグリセライド、総コレステロ−ル、ヘモグロビンA1c、インシュリンの濃度を測定した。また、尿サンプルを用い、尿中の蛋白、クレアチニン、尿素窒素量を測定した。これらの検査は日本SRL株式会社に依頼して行った。
本病態モデルはメサンギウム増殖性腎炎を呈する代表的な糸球体腎炎モデルであり、Wistarラット(雄、体重150g、6週齢)に抗Thy−1抗体であるOX−7を1.2mg/kg尾静脈投与することによって作製する。抗Thy−1抗体を投与した後、被検化合物(TM−2002、50mg/kg体重、1日2回)を0.5%カルボキシメチルセルロースに懸濁させゾンデにより5日間連続強制投与、6日目に採材し、腎臓を採取、病理解析(糸球体細胞数のカウント)を行った。具体的には、常法に従いPAS染色した染色像を3CCDカメラ(オリンパス)で取り込んだ後、イメ―ジグラヴァPCI(富士写真フィルム)とマックアスペクト(三谷株式会社)のソフトウエアを使用して糸球体細胞数を解析した。また、血液・尿の生化学的解析(臨床解析受託会社:SRL)も行った。その結果、TM−2002投与群では蛋白尿の値が改善され、BUN値においてはその値が有意(p<0.01)に改善されているとともに、障害に伴い増殖する糸球体細胞数も有意差をもって大幅に抑制(p<0.0001)され、その腎保護作用が示された。その結果を図8〜図10に示す。
本病態モデルは、代表的な急性腎不全モデルである。作製方法として、Wistarラット(雄、体重150g、6週齢)の右腎摘出手術を行い、翌日全身麻酔下に残った左片腎の腎動脈をクリップで結紮する。クリップ後体温が下がらないように加温器の上で45分間観察(虚血)した後、クリップをはずし再灌流を行う。虚血再還灌流モデル作製後、被検化合物(TM−2002、50mg/kg体重、1日2回)を0.5%カルボキシメチルセルロースに懸濁させゾンデにより2日間連続強制投与し、3日目に腎臓を採取し、病理解析(尿細管間質障害のスコアリング)を行った。具体的には、常法に従いPAS染色した腎染色像の尿細管間質障害は尿細管壊死,尿細管肥大、尿細管萎縮、尿細管基底膜肥厚、castの有無を評価した。併せて血液の生化学的解析(臨床解析受託会社:SRL)も行った。その結果、TM−2002投与群では蛋白尿の値およびBUN値が改善され、また、障害に伴い増殖する糸球体細胞数は有意差をもって大幅に抑制(p<0.0001)され、その腎保護作用が示された。その結果を(図11〜図13)に示す。
中大脳動脈虚血再還流モデルにおける脳保護作用
体重270〜350gのCD(SD)IGS雄性ラット(日本チャルスリバー株式会社 日野生産場22号室特定生産)(1群8匹)を2%イソフルラン(70%N2O(笑気ガス)と30%O2の混合ガス)で麻酔して不動化した後に、ヒーティングパット上に置き、動物の直腸温と脳温を37〜38℃に保持した。次いで、実験上の安定性を観察するために、該動物の尾動脈にポリエチレン製カニューレ(PE−50/ベクトン・ディッキンソン社製)を挿入、留置し、これより採血や血圧測定を行い血糖値、ヘマトクリット、CO2濃度、酸素分圧、pH、血圧等の生化学的パラメーターをモニターした。また、皮質における脳血流量はレイザー・ドップラー・フルオメトリー(neuroscience.inc社製/製品名:OMEGA FLOW(FLO−C1))検出部位をブレグマ左4mmの位置に、直接頭蓋にあてて測定した。このように準備された動物左頚部を切開し、総頚動脈の内頚・外頚動脈分岐点から内頚動脈の上流に向け、長さ16mm、直径0.2〜0.3mmで先端3mmをシリコンコーティングしたナイロン製外科用スレッドを通したまま留置し、2時間のあいだ中大脳動脈を閉塞した。その後スレッドを抜き取り中大脳動脈を開放し21時間のあいだ血液を再還流した。対照であるエダラボン(3.0mg/kg)および被験薬物であるTM−2002(5.58mg/kg)を、は中大脳動脈を閉塞後5分後と5時間後に尾動脈に留置したカニューレより2回投与した。上記手技が終了後、動物より脳を摘出し、2mm厚で7枚の脳切片を調製後、生理食塩水40mlに2,3,5−triphenyltetrazolium chloride(シグマ社製)を0.8g溶解した液(TTC染色液)に37℃で15分間浸漬して染色処理を施した後に10%の中性ホルマリン液を用いて固定し、標本とした。これらの標本は、それぞれCCDカメラで画像化し、Swanson等の方法(J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 10:290−293; 1994)によって解析した。その結果、対照薬剤のエダラボンおよび被検薬剤のTM−2002は、それぞれ、賦形剤単回投与群と比較して有意差をもって脳梗塞巣を縮小した。結果を図14および図15に示す。また、神経状態の評価は施術マウスを水平な台の上におき、横から押して麻痺なく正常に歩ける状態のものをグレード0、横から押して抵抗があり、前にまっすぐ歩けるが、前脚の屈曲を呈するような状態をグレード1、横から押して抵抗がないが、前にまっすぐ歩ける状態のものをグレード2、横から押すと抵抗がなく前にまっすぐ歩けない(回転や転倒する)状態のものをグレード3に分類し、四段階の基準による、Bedersonらの方法によるグレーディングシステム(Stroke 17:472−476, 1990)で評価した。更に、機能回復の面では、回転ローター上にマウスを歩かせ、その歩行状態がどの程度可能であるかを評価する方法による、ローターロッド試験を施術前後に行いその評価を行った。その結果、対照薬剤のエダラボンおよび被検薬剤のTM−2002において、それぞれ、賦形剤単開投与群と比較して有意差をもって神経状態の改善および機能回復が認められた。その結果を表2に示す。
TM−2002を1ml中10mgになるように精製水の中に加え、塩酸を加えてpH2.0に調整して溶解した。次いで、この溶液のpHを1N水酸化ナトリウム溶液でpH7.0、pH8.0およびpH2.0(無調整)に調整し、3溶液を製造した。この溶液を室温冷暗所に置き24時間後に溶液の状態を観察した。その結果、pH2.0においては澄明な溶液状態を維持していたが、pH7.0、pH8.0では沈殿物の析出が見られた。特にpH7.0、pH8.0では色調の変化も見られた。この結果より、TM−2002の注射製剤には塩酸、硫酸などの無機酸の他、各種の有機酸を用いて酸性状態を維持するか、該各種酸を用いて作成したTM−2002塩酸塩、硫酸塩を原料に用いることにより溶解性において安定な製剤を作れることが示唆された。
通常、疾患治療用薬剤の安定化には各種の安定化剤が用いられ、有効な方法としては抗酸化剤の添加がよく知られている。特に酸化を受けやすい化合物の安定化には酸化還元電位の低い物質を共存させることがよいとされている。そこで、通常注射製剤等に用いられる亜硫酸水素ナトリウム(NaHSO3)とL−システイン(C3H7O2S・HCl)について、TM−2002塩酸塩の水溶液を用いて添加実験を行い、その安定性を検討した。
次いで、L−システイン塩酸塩の添加によるTM−2002塩酸塩の溶解状態を検討した。実験方法は、L−システイン塩酸塩1mgおよび2mgを精製水に溶解した水溶液を各1mlずつ用意した。L−システイン塩酸塩を加えた溶液においてはpHを6.5に調整した。次いで、それぞれの溶液にTM−2002塩酸塩を63mgずつ加え、よく撹拌して溶解した。これらの溶液を室温で放置し、その溶解状態を観察した。その結果、いずれの溶液にも沈殿物、析出物は見られず、24時間後でも安定な溶解状態を保った。また、分解性においては薄層クロマトグラフィー(TLC/ Silica−gel 60F254(メルクジャパン株式会社)/展開溶媒:クロロホルム:メタノール=9:1/検出:UV=254nm)での観察により、24時間以上の室温放置で徐々に分解するが、L−システインの添加により大幅に安定化された。さらに、本溶液を−20℃に保存すると1週間後でも安定であった。すなわち、本発明により、L−システインを含有するTM−2002塩酸塩の溶液を低温で処理し、凍結乾燥することで、TM−2002の凍結乾燥製剤が得られる。
L−システイン塩酸塩160mgを精製水80mlに加えた後、よく撹拌して溶解した。次いで、この溶液のpHを1N水酸化ナトリウム溶液でpH6.7に調整した後、TM−2002の塩酸塩を1g加えよく撹拌して溶解した後、メスフラスコで100mlに定溶した。該調製液は6.3mlずつを50ml容積のバイアル瓶に6.3mlずつ分注し、直ちにドライアイスで凍結させた後−80℃に放置して完全に凍結させた。次いで、これを凍結乾燥機に3日間かけて凍結乾燥を行った。凍結乾燥終了後、ゴム蓋をした後、アルミキャップで締機を用いて密封し、TM−2002注射用凍結乾燥製剤を得た。
上記調製法により作成したTM−2002注射用凍結乾燥製剤に、1バイアル当たり20mlの精製水を加えた。凍結乾燥物は直ちに溶解し、淡黄色の澄明な溶液となった。この溶液1mlに生理食塩水1.5mlを加え、室温に放置した状態で、溶解状態並びに安定性を、溶解の3時間後、6時間後および10時間後に観察した。成分の変化の有無はTLC(Kiezel gel 60F254/展開溶媒:CHCl3:MeOH=9:1/検出:UV=254nm)を用いて行った。その結果、本溶液は、溶解の10時間後においても沈殿物や結晶、不溶物の析出などはまったく見られず、また、目立った色調の変化も見られなかった。さらに成分の安定性においては、対照としたTM−2002塩酸塩の水溶液は10時間目に分解物が観察されるのに対して、本注射用製剤の溶液では分解物は観察されなかった。その薄層クロマトグラフィーによる結果を図16に示す。また、生理食塩水での希釈率を高めても同様に安定であることも明らかとなった。さらに、該注射用凍結乾燥製剤は30日間室温に放置したものを同様の溶解法により溶解性、安定性を観察したが、製作直後のものと差異は見られず、用時調製用の注射用凍結乾燥製剤として充分な性能を発揮し、安定かつ実用的である。
従来より、高血圧、高血糖、高脂血症、肥満、高インスリン血症を呈することが知られ、週令の増加とともに腎機能に障害を来たすことが知られているSHR/NDmcr−cp(SHR等疾患モデル共同研究会)ラットの腎組織を用いて、抗ORP150抗体で免疫染色を行いTM−2002の小胞体ストレスの軽減作用を評価した。染色に用いた染色切片サンプルは、SHR/NDmcr−cpラットに、被検化合物TM−2002の投与量を体重1kg当たり100mgに設定して、その必要量を1日に与える一定量(30g)の飼料に混合してその全量を摂取させた群と薬剤を投与しない群、また、比較対照に置いたSHR(高血圧)ラットおよびWistar Kyotoラットのそれぞれの腎組織を薬剤投与期間終了後(33週齢)に採材して、全てをカルノア固定した後にパラフィン包埋したものを用いて切片標本を作成した。各サンプルの切片の染色は、DAKO社のCatalyzed Sifnal Amplification(CSA) Systemを使用するので、そのプロトコルに準じて行った。まず、脱パラフィンをHisto−Clear(pational diagnotics社)で5分間3回、100%エタノールで3分間3回ずつ行い、蒸留水に5分間馴染ませた。その後、10mMクエン酸ナトリウム水溶液(pH.6.0)の中に入れ、マイクロウエーブで5分間沸騰させて加熱処理を施し、抗原を賦活化した。このサンプルを室温で冷やし、TBS−T(0.05M Tris−HCl pH7.6、0.3M NaCl、0.1% Tween 20)にて4分間3回洗浄した。その後、3%過酸化水素水(DACO社)に3分間漬け、内因性ペルオキシダ−ゼをブロックした。次いで、PROTEIN BLOCK(DACO社)にて5分間、抗体の非特異的反応の阻止を行い、1.5%ヤギ血清で400倍に希釈した抗ORP150抗体を一次抗体として15分間反応させた後に、TBS−Tにて4分間3回洗浄した。その後、200倍に希釈したビオチン標識ヤギ抗ウサギ抗体を2次抗体として15分間反応させ、TBS−Tにて4分間3回洗浄した。このようにして処理したサンプルに、Streptavidin−Biotin Complex(DACO社)を15分間反応後、TBS−Tにて4分間3回洗浄した。次いで、Amplification Reagent(DACO社)で15分間反応後、TBS−Tにて4分間3回洗浄した後に、Streptavidin−peroxidase(DACO社)と15分間反応させた後、TBS−Tにて4分間3回洗浄した。そして、Substrate−Chromogen Solutionにて、DAB発色を行い、蒸留水にて水洗し、脱水を100%エタノールで3分間3回、Histo−Clear(pational diagnotics)で5分間3回行い、封入して標本を完成した。該標本は光学顕微鏡(オリンパス社製)により検鏡し、結果の解析を行った。その結果、コントロールであるWistar Kyotoラット、高血圧モデルであるSHRラットでのORP150陽性染色部位が無く、2型糖尿病高血圧モデルであるSHR/NDmcr−cpラットに陽性染色部位を認め、SHR/NDmcr−cpラットにおいて小胞体ストレスの亢進を認めた。さらに、SHR/NDmcr−cpのTM−2002投与群では、陽性染色部位の減少を認め、小胞体ストレスが抑制されていた(図17参照)。
6穴培養皿にラット膵臓β細胞株(RIN−5F)を1.0×105cells/wellになるよう播種し、24時間後、DMSOに200mM、50mMの濃度で溶解したTM−2002を最終濃度200μM、50μMになるよう添加した。さらに1時間後、メタノールで1mg/mlに溶解したツニカマイシン(Sigma社)を0.2μl添加した。8時間培養後、細胞を2mlのPBS(+)で2回洗浄後、溶解液(50mM Tris−HCl(pH7.5)、150mM NaCl、100mM NaF、100mMリン酸ナトリウム(pH7.4)、2mM Na3VO4、0.1% protease inhibitor cocktail(Sigma社)、1% Triton X−100)100μlで細胞を溶解した。この細胞溶解液の不溶化画分を除くため12,000×gで10分間遠心分離し、上清を回収し、細胞抽出液とした。得られた細胞抽出液をDC protein assay kit(Bio Rad社)を使用し、蛋白濃度の定量を行った後、各検体1μgをSDS−PAGEで電気泳動し、PVDFメンブレンに転写した。その後、5%スキムミルク/0.1% Tween20−TBSで1時間、室温でブロッキングを行い、特異抗体として抗ORP150抗体を5%スキムミルク/0.1% Tween20−TBSで2000倍希釈、抗GRP78抗体(Santa Cruz社)を5%スキムミルク/0.1% Tween20−TBSで100倍希釈、抗アクチン抗体(Sigma社)5%スキムミルク/0.1% Tween20−TBSで200倍希釈し、それぞれ室温で2時間反応させた。0.1% Tween20−TBSで10分、3回洗浄後、ORP150、アクチンの検出には二次抗体としてHRPラベルされた抗ウサギ抗体(Bio−Rad社)を5%スキムミルク/0.1% Tween20−TBSで2,000倍希釈し、GRP78の検出には二次抗体としてアルカリフォスファターゼ標識された抗ヤギ抗体を5%スキムミルク/0.1% Tween20−TBSで5000倍希釈し使用し、室温で1時間反応させた。0.1% Tween20−TBSで10分、3回洗浄後、ECL western blotting detection reagent(Amersham Bioscience社)を使用し検出を行った。検出後のシグナルをLane analyzer(ATTO社)により解析し、シグナル強度の算出を行った。その結果、ツニカマイシン添加検体ではコントロール検体に対し、1.88倍のORP150の発現亢進、1.46倍のGRP78の発現亢進を認め、小胞体ストレスが惹起されていることが分かる。TM−2002およびツニカマイシンの共添加検体では、ツニカマイシンによるORP150、GRP78の発現亢進は抑制され、ツニカマイシンにより惹起された小胞体ストレスが軽減されていることが分かる(図18および図19参照)。
Claims (9)
- 遊離形または塩形の化合物名:
4−(3−ヒドロキシ−5−ヒドロキシメチル−2−メチルピリジン−4−イルメチレン)−1−フェニル−3−メチル−2−ピラゾリン−5−オン;または
1−(5−ヒドロキシ−3−メチル−1−フェニル−1H−ピラゾール−4−イル)−6−メチル−1,3−ジヒドロ−フロ[3,4−c]ピリジン−7−オール
の化合物。 - 遊離形または塩形の請求項1の化合物を有効成分とする、ピラゾール環4位にビタミンB6分子を導入してビタミンB6分子の結合を妨げることができる蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤であって、ここで、該蛋白修飾物が、糖化最終産物(AGEs)、脂質過酸化最終産物(ALEs)およびこれらの組合せよりなる群から選択されるものである、蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤。
- 蛋白修飾物がAGEsである、請求項2記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤。
- AGEsがペントシジンである、請求項3記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤。
- 請求項2〜4のいずれか記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤を含む、腎組織保護剤。
- 請求項2〜4のいずれか記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤を含む、腹膜透析液。
- 請求項2〜4のいずれか記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤を含む、血液透析液。
- 請求項2〜4のいずれか記載の蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤を液体試料と接触させる工程を含む、液体試料のカルボニル化合物含有量を低減させる方法。
- ピラゾール環4位にビタミンB6分子を導入してビタミンB6分子の結合を妨げることができる蛋白修飾物生成抑制剤の製造における請求項1に記載の化合物の使用であって、ここで、該蛋白修飾物が、糖化最終産物(AGEs)、脂質過酸化最終産物(ALEs)およびこれらの組合せよりなる群から選択されるものである、使用。
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WO2006129583A1 (ja) * | 2005-05-30 | 2006-12-07 | Genecare Research Institute Co., Ltd. | ピラゾロン誘導体 |
WO2007055941A2 (en) * | 2005-11-03 | 2007-05-18 | Merck & Co., Inc. | Histone deacetylase inhibitors with aryl-pyrazolyl motifs |
WO2008094319A2 (en) * | 2007-02-01 | 2008-08-07 | The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Texas Sytem | Methods and compositions of trail-death receptor agonists/activators |
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US9145424B2 (en) | 2008-11-20 | 2015-09-29 | Northwestern University | Treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
US8138371B2 (en) | 2009-03-11 | 2012-03-20 | Biofine Technologies Llc | Production of formic acid |
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CN107325079A (zh) * | 2016-04-28 | 2017-11-07 | 国药集团国瑞药业有限公司 | 一种吡唑类化合物的有关物质、其制备方法和用途 |
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KR101205748B1 (ko) | 2012-11-28 |
CN1906173B (zh) | 2010-06-23 |
JPWO2005054205A1 (ja) | 2007-06-28 |
AU2004294435A1 (en) | 2005-06-16 |
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