JP4858238B2 - レーザ溶接部材およびそれを用いた半導体装置 - Google Patents
レーザ溶接部材およびそれを用いた半導体装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4858238B2 JP4858238B2 JP2007053959A JP2007053959A JP4858238B2 JP 4858238 B2 JP4858238 B2 JP 4858238B2 JP 2007053959 A JP2007053959 A JP 2007053959A JP 2007053959 A JP2007053959 A JP 2007053959A JP 4858238 B2 JP4858238 B2 JP 4858238B2
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- Prior art keywords
- laser
- welding
- copper
- plating film
- laser welding
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 title claims description 87
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims description 30
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 80
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 claims description 77
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 76
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 76
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910016525 CuMo Inorganic materials 0.000 description 27
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007772 electroless plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/32—Bonding taking account of the properties of the material involved
- B23K26/323—Bonding taking account of the properties of the material involved involving parts made of dissimilar metallic material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/18—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring using absorbing layers on the workpiece, e.g. for marking or protecting purposes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/21—Bonding by welding
- B23K26/22—Spot welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/32—Bonding taking account of the properties of the material involved
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B23K2101/35—Surface treated articles
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/36—Electric or electronic devices
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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Description
図7に示したのは、IGBT(絶縁ゲート型バイポーラトランジスタ)が6チップ、FWD(フリーホイーリングダイオード)が6チップで構成される半導体モジュールの例であり、コンバータ回路やインバータ回路などの上下2アーム分で1相分に相当する。
また、図7で半導体モジュール100の右半分に位置する配線パターン4に形成された3個の並列接続されたIGBTチップ16と3個の並列接続されたFWDチップ18は、後述する図10で示す上アームを構成し、左半分に位置する配線パターン7上に形成された3個の並列接続されたIGBTチップ16と3個の並列接続されたFWDチップ18は図10で示す下アームを構成する。
図10は、三相モータを駆動するインバータ回路である。IGBT51とFWD52は逆並列に接続して上アームまたは下アームを構成し、その3個の出力端子14は三相モータ53に接続する。IGBT51は図7の3個の並列接続されたIGBTチップ16で構成され、FWD52は図7の3個の並列接続されたFWDチップ18で構成される。
プラス端子8⇒アルミワイヤ9⇒配線パターン3⇒アルミワイヤ10⇒配線パターン4⇒配線パターン上に搭載されたIGBTチップ16⇒IGBTチップ16上に搭載されたヒートスプレッダ17⇒アルミワイヤ20⇒配線パターン5⇒アルミワイヤ12⇒出力端子14⇒図10の三相モータ53などの負荷装置⇒ここでは便宜的に図7の半導体モジュール100で説明するが、実際は別の半導体モジュールの出力端子14へ電流は流れる(図10参照)⇒アルミワイヤ12⇒配線パターン5⇒アルミワイヤ11⇒配線パターン7⇒7上のIGBTチップ16⇒IGBTチップ16上のヒートスプレッダ17⇒アルミワイヤ20⇒配線パターン6⇒アルミワイヤ13⇒マイナス端子15となる。この場合のアルミワイヤの線径は、φ300μm〜500μmが用いられる。
特許文献1において、半導体チップ上面のエミッタ電極に、銅箔などのリードフレームを超音波溶接する方法が開示されている。また、絶縁基板上の配線パターンと銅箔との接合は超音波接合もしくはレーザ溶接方法とすることが開示されている。
図11〜図13は、リードフレームをレーザ溶接した従来の半導体装置の構成図であり、図11は要部平面図、図12は図11のY−Y線で切断した要部断面図、図13は図11のX−X線で切断した要部断面図である。
また、特許文献2によれば、表面に母材よりもレーザ吸収率の高い金属膜を形成してこの高い金属膜にレーザ照射して溶接することが開示されている。
また、特許文献1においては、レーザ溶接するときNiめっき膜を銅箔に被覆することなどは示されていない。
発明者がYAGレーザを用いて、図12に示すリードフレーム60を形成する銅の表面に無電解Niめっき処理を行い、ヒートスプレッダ17、19であるCuMo材とレーザ溶接をしたので、その結果について説明する。ヒートスプレッダ17、19は半導体チップで発生した熱を効率よく放散させる効果があり、シリコンとの熱膨張係数が銅より近いCuMo材やダングステンの焼結体に銅を含浸させた複合材(以下、CuW材という)などの銅より高融点材料が多用される。
図15は、無酸素銅の表面に無電解Niめっき膜を形成し、CuMo材とレーザ溶接した場合の溶接様態を示す図で、同図(a)は溶接の初期状態の図、同図(b)はパワーを増大させて溶接した場合の図、同図(c)はパワーをさらに増大した場合の図である。これは無酸素銅37の表面に無電解Niめっき膜38を行ったリードフレーム60と、CuMo材39で形成したヒートスプレッダ17、19とをYAGレーザ36を用いて溶接した状態を示す。レーザ溶接部材としては上側が無酸素銅37であり下側がCuMo材39である。
図15(c)において、充分な溶接強度を得るためにさらにレーザパワーを高くすると、今度は銅溶接部41が下側のCuMo材39を貫通してしまう。図15では省略しているが、下側のCuMo材39の下には、はんだ23、25を介してIGBTチップ16およびFWDチップ18が配置されているため、銅溶接部41が貫通することでチップ破壊を引き起こしてしまう。また、仮に下側のCuMo材39がセラミックス2a、2b上の配線パターン3〜7である場合(通常は銅であるが)には、銅溶融部41が配線パターン3〜7下のセラミックス2a、2bを破壊し、電気的な不具合を引き起こしてしまう。
このように、表面がNiめっき膜などの他の金属膜で被覆されていない無垢の無酸素銅37の表面ではレーザ吸収率が低いため、無酸素銅37の表面に無電解Niめっき膜38を形成しても、無酸素銅37で形成されたリードフレーム60とCuMo材39で形成されたヒートスプレッダ17、19とのレーザ溶接においては所望の溶接状態を得ることが困難である。また、無電解Niめっき膜38の飛散状態により、溶接状態が左右されるため溶接バラツキが多く、所望の溶接強度が得られるレーザパワー領域は狭い。これにより、出力の変動や、部材厚さのバラツキ、表面状態のバラツキなど、許容寸法公差内であっても、無電解めっき膜38を形成した無酸素銅37とCuMo材39のレーザ溶接部材の場合には、溶接バラツキが大きく、高パワー・高エネルギーのレーザ溶接となる。
また、前記第1部材が、無酸素銅もしくはタフピッチ銅であるとよい。
また、前記金属膜が、電解Niメッキ膜、Cr膜、Co膜、Ti膜もしくはPd膜のいずれか一つであるとよい。
また、前記金属膜の膜厚が、1μm〜10μmであるとさらに好ましい。
また、前記のレーザ溶接部材を用いて形成した半導体装置において、ヒートスプレッダが前記第2部材で形成され、リードフレームが前記金属膜を被覆した前記第1部材で形成される半導体装置とする。
モリブデンの焼結体に銅を含浸させた複合材(CuMo材)、タングステンの焼結体に銅を含浸させた複合材(CuW材)である。また、このヒートスプレッダ17、19とレーザ溶接で固着されるリードフレーム29は無酸素銅37(もしくはタフピッチ銅)の表面にこれらの銅より融点の高い金属膜(例えば、電解Niめっき膜43)などが被覆されている。この電解Niめっき膜43の厚さは1μm〜100μmとし、好ましくは1μm〜10μmの範囲とする。厚さが1μm未満にするとNi膜が形成されない箇所が発生する。また、100μmを超えるとめっきする時間が長くなり製造コストが増大する。尚、前記のヒートスプレッダ17、19の表面にも電解Niめっき膜43を形成した場合にも同様の結果が得られる。
尚、前記の電解Niめっき膜43の代わりに、銅(Cu:融点1083℃)より高融点材料である、クロム(Cr:同1857℃)、コバルト(Co:同1495℃)、チタン(Ti:同1660℃)およびパラジウム(Pd:同1554℃)などを用いてもよい。膜厚や使用するレーザ光の波長の範囲は電解Niめっき膜43の場合と同じである。
ここで、電解Niめっき膜43で被覆した無酸素銅37とCuMo材39とのレーザ溶接について詳細に説明する。
図5は、電解Niめっき膜を形成した銅と銅より高融点材料であるCuMo材との溶接強度のバラツキとレーザパワーの関係を示した図である。参考までに図14で説明した無電解Niめっき膜38の場合も図示した。
図6は、無酸素銅に電解Niめっき膜を形成し、CuMo材とレーザ溶接した場合の溶接形態を説明する図で、同図(a)は溶接の初期状態の図、同図(b)は溶接後の状態の図である。
溶融状態の金属に対するYAGレーザ36の吸収率は、固体状態の金属より数倍高くなることは一般的によく知られていることである。よって、表面に電解Niめっき膜43を形成したものは、表面に無電解Niめっき膜38を形成した場合よりも低いレーザパワーで溶接が可能となったと考えられる。
また、図6(b)に示すように、レーザパワーとしては、表層の電解Niめっき膜43を溶融させることができるパワーを少し超えたパワーで下側のCuMo材39を溶融させ、所望の深さの銅溶融部45(レーザ溶接部30、31)が形成されるので、溶融状態のコントロールがしやすく、溶接バラツキの少ない接合が可能となる。
2a セラミックス(上アーム)
2b セラミックス(下アーム)
3、4、5、6、7 配線パターン
8 プラス端子
14 出力端子
15 マイナス端子
16 IGBTチップ
17 ヒートスプレッダ(IGBT上)
18 FWDチップ
19 ヒートスプレッダ(FWD上)
21 裏面導電膜
22、23、24、25、26 はんだ
27、28 リードフレーム(配線パターン間接続)
29 リードフレーム(ヒートスプレッダと接続)
30、31、32、33、34、35 レーザ溶接部
36 レーザ光
37 無酸素銅
39 CuMo材
43 電解Niめっき膜
44 溶融したNiめっき層
45 銅溶融部
Claims (7)
- 第1部材と該第1部材より融点の高い金属を主材とする第2部材で構成されるレーザ溶接部材において、前記第1部材の表面に該第1部材より融点の高い金属膜を被覆し、該金属膜をレーザ光の照射面とすることを特徴とするレーザ溶接部材。
- 前記第1部材が、無酸素銅もしくはタフピッチ銅であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のレーザ溶接部材。
- 前記第2部材が、モリブデンもしくはタングステンを主材とし気孔部に銅を有する複合材であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のレーザ溶接部材。
- 前記金属膜が、電解Niメッキ膜、Cr膜、Co膜、Ti膜もしくはPd膜のいずれか一つであることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のレーザ溶接部材。
- 前記金属膜の膜厚が、1μm〜100μmであることを特徴とする請求項4に記載のレーザ溶接部材。
- 前記金属膜の膜厚が、1μm〜10μmであることを特徴とする請求項5に記載のレーザ溶接部材。
- 請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載のレーザ溶接部材を用いて形成した半導体装置において、ヒートスプレッダが前記第2部材で形成され、リードフレームが前記金属膜を被覆した前記第1部材で形成されることを特徴とする半導体装置。
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JP2010082673A (ja) * | 2008-10-01 | 2010-04-15 | Fuji Electric Systems Co Ltd | レーザ溶接部材およびレーザ溶接方法 |
JP2014056920A (ja) * | 2012-09-12 | 2014-03-27 | Calsonic Kansei Corp | 半導体装置 |
JP2014179547A (ja) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-25 | Toshiba Corp | 半導体モジュール及びその製造方法 |
FR3036303B1 (fr) * | 2015-05-21 | 2017-10-20 | Valeo Equip Electr Moteur | Procede de soudure sans apport de matiere et module electronique de puissance realise par ce procede |
WO2017130370A1 (ja) | 2016-01-29 | 2017-08-03 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 半導体装置 |
DE102016108656A1 (de) * | 2016-05-11 | 2017-11-16 | Danfoss Silicon Power Gmbh | Leistungselektronische Baugruppe mit vibrationsfreier Kontaktierung |
JP2020035960A (ja) * | 2018-08-31 | 2020-03-05 | 株式会社ジェイテクト | 接合装置および接合体の製造方法 |
JP6691984B2 (ja) * | 2019-02-04 | 2020-05-13 | ローム株式会社 | パワーモジュール |
US12080675B2 (en) | 2019-03-05 | 2024-09-03 | Rohm Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor device and bonding method |
WO2020255663A1 (ja) * | 2019-06-20 | 2020-12-24 | ローム株式会社 | 半導体装置及び半導体装置の製造方法 |
JP7562965B2 (ja) | 2020-03-10 | 2024-10-08 | 富士電機株式会社 | 製造方法、製造装置、治具アセンブリ、半導体モジュールおよび車両 |
JP2024077805A (ja) | 2022-11-29 | 2024-06-10 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 半導体装置、半導体装置の製造方法 |
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JPH08218137A (ja) * | 1995-02-14 | 1996-08-27 | Kobe Steel Ltd | レーザー溶接性に優れた銅または銅合金部材 |
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