JP2013515902A - 車両ポジティブ点火内燃機関用排気システム - Google Patents
車両ポジティブ点火内燃機関用排気システム Download PDFInfo
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- JP2013515902A JP2013515902A JP2012545454A JP2012545454A JP2013515902A JP 2013515902 A JP2013515902 A JP 2013515902A JP 2012545454 A JP2012545454 A JP 2012545454A JP 2012545454 A JP2012545454 A JP 2012545454A JP 2013515902 A JP2013515902 A JP 2013515902A
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Images
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Abstract
Description
実際のエンジン空燃比/理論エンジン空燃比 (1)
ここで、1のラムダ値は化学量論的に安定した排気ガスの組成を示し、1より大きいラムダ値は過度なO2及びNOxを示し、組成は「リーン(lean)」と表現され、1より小さなラムダ値は過度なHCとCOを示し、組成は「リッチ(rich)」と表現される。一般的に空燃比によってエンジンが「理論空燃比」、「リーン」又は「リッチ」に作動し、空燃比に伴う排気ガスの組成により化学量論的に作動するガソリンエンジン又はリーン燃焼ガソリンエンジンがある。
(i)PM-10-粒子:空気動力学径が10μm未満
(ii)微粒子:空気動力学径が2.5μm未満(PM-2.5)
(iii)超微粒子:空気動力学径が0.1μm(又は100nm)未満
(iv)ナノ粒子:空気動力学径が50nm未満
NO+1/2O2→NO2 (2)及び
BaO+NO2+1/2O2→Ba(NO3)2 (3)
反応式(2)において、酸化窒素は白金上の活性酸化サイトで酸素と反応してNO2を形成する。反応式(3)は、無機硝酸塩形態の貯蔵物質によるNO2の吸着と関連する。
Ba(NO3)2→BaO+2NO+3/2O2又はBa(NO3)2→BaO+2NO2+1/2O2 (4);及び
NO+CO→1/2N2+CO2 (5)
(他の反応式はNH3+NOx→N2+yH2O又は2NH3+2O2+CO→N2+3H2O+CO2に繋がるBa(NO3)2+8H2→BaO+2NH3+5H2Oなどを含む。)
{HC}+NOx→N2+CO2+H2O (6)
酸素との競争、非選択的な反応は、式(7)の通りである。
{HC}+O2→CO2+H2 (7)
従って、優れたHC-SCR触媒は、反応式(7)よりも反応式(6)に対して更に選択的である。
2つのTWCコーティング物質が2.4g/in3のウォッシュコート含有量及び85g/ft3の貴金属含有量(Pd:Rh16:1)で製造された。1つは小さな粒子サイズ(D90<5μm)に粉砕されてウォールフローフィルタの多孔性構造内に通過すること(「イン-ウォール(in-wall)」)が予想され、もう1つは粉砕が不十分であり(D90<17μm)ウォールフローフィルタウォールの表面に更に多く位置することが予想される。前記コーティング物質は、4.66×4.5インチに300cpsiで平均細孔サイズが20マイクロメートル(以下、「マイクロン」)である12/1000インチのウォール厚さを持つ(「300/12」)(62%細孔率)コーディエライトウォールフローフィルタ基材に塗布された。各フィルタは、オーブンで980℃で4時間熱水的に加熱され、1.4Lの直接噴射ガソリンエンジンを有するユーロ5乗用車で近接-結合位置に設置された。各フィルタは、3MVEG-Bサイクルの最低を通って評価され、基準触媒に対する排気ガス粒子数の減少を測定し、フィルタは同一のウォッシュコートと貴金属含有量で流動貫通基材モノリス上にコーティングされたTWCに交換され、背圧差はフィルタ(又は基準触媒)の上流と下流に装着されたセンサの間で決定された。
300cpsiのセル密度と12/1000インチ(約0.3mm)のウォール厚さを持つ5.66×3インチのコーディエライトウォールフローフィルタ基材が0.8g/in3のウォッシュコートの含有量及び80g/ft3のパラジウム含有量を有するTWCコーティング物質でコーティングされた。65%の細孔率で38マイクロンの平均細孔サイズ、62%の細孔率で20マイクロンの平均細孔サイズ及び52%の細孔率で15マイクロンの平均細孔サイズを有する3つの細孔構造が比較された。各フィルタはオーブンで980℃で4時間熱水的に加熱され、1.4Lの直接噴射ガソリンエンジンを有するユーロ4乗用車でアンダフロア位置に設置し、近接-結合位置(即ち、フィルタの上流側)に位置する流動貫通基材モノリス上にコーティングされる全体的に形成されたTWCを備える。各フィルタは3MVEG-Bサイクルの最低を通って評価され、基準システムに対する排気ガス粒子数の減少を測定し、アンダフロアフィルタは同一のウォッシュコートとパラジウムの含有量で流動貫通基材モノリス上にコーティングされたTWCに交換され、背圧差は近接-結合TWCの上流とフィルタ(又は基準触媒)の下流に装着されたセンサの間で決定された。表2に与えられた最大背圧の結果は、MVEG-Bサイクルを3回繰り返して得た背圧である。
20マイクロンの平均細孔サイズと62%の細孔率を有する4.66×4.5インチ、300/12コーディエライトウォールフローフィルタ基材が0.8、1.6及び2.4g/in3のウォッシュコート含有量である各TWCコーティング物質でコーティングされた。各サンプルは、85g/ft3の貴金属含有量(Pd:Rh16:1)を有する。各フィルタは、オーブンで980℃で4時間熱水的に加熱され、1.4Lの直接噴射ガソリンエンジンを有するユーロ4乗用車で近接-結合位置に設置された。各フィルタは3MVEG-Bサイクルの最低を通って評価され、基準触媒に対する排気ガス粒子数の減少を測定し、近接-結合フィルタは同一のウォッシュコートと貴金属含有量で流動貫通基材モノリス上にコーティングされたTWCに交換され、背圧差と気体HC、CO及びNOx排気ガスに対する転換効率は、フィルタ(又は基準触媒)の上流と下流に装着されたセンサの間で決定された。非メタン炭化水素(NMHC)だけの転換率が表3に記載される(ユーロ6のためのNMHCは100mg/kmの全体炭化水素排出の制限内である68mg/kmである)。
300cpsiのセル密度と約0.3mmのウォール厚さを持つ4.66×4.5インチ、300/12コーディエライトウォールフローフィルタ基材が1.6g/in3のウォッシュコート含有量と85g/ft3の貴金属含有量(Pd:Rh16:1)でTWCコーティング物質でコーティングされた。65%の細孔率として38マイクロンの平均細孔サイズ、62%の細孔率として20マイクロンの平均細孔サイズを有する2つの細孔構造が比較された。より小さな細孔サンプルは評価されていないが、これは実施形態2の結果から背圧がこのテストでユーロ4乗用車に対してあまりにも大きいことが予想されたためである。各フィルタは、オーブンで980℃で4時間熱水的に加熱され、1.4Lの直接噴射ガソリンエンジンを有するユーロ4乗用車で近接-結合位置に設置された。各フィルタは、3MVEG-Bサイクルの最低を通って評価され、基準触媒に対する排気ガス粒子数の減少を測定し、近接-結合フィルタは、同一のウォッシュコートと貴金属含有量で流動貫通基材モノリス上にコーティングされたTWCに交換され、背圧差と気体HC、CO及びNOx排気ガスに対する転換効率は、フィルタ(又は基準触媒)の上流と下流に装着されたセンサの間で決定された。非メタン炭化水素(NMHC)だけの転換率が表4に記載される。
300cpsiのセル密度と約0.3mmのウォール厚さを持つ4.66×4.5インチ、300/12コーディエライトウォールフローフィルタ基材が2.4g/in3のウォッシュコート含有量と85g/ft3の貴金属含有量(Pd:Rh16:1)でTWCコーティング物質でコーティングされた。65%の細孔率として38マイクロンの平均細孔サイズ、62%の細孔率として20マイクロンの平均細孔サイズを有する2つの細孔構造が比較された。より小さな細孔サンプルは評価されていないが、これは実施形態2の結果から背圧がこのテストでユーロ5乗用車に対してあまりにも大きいことが予想されたためである。各フィルタは、オーブンで980℃で4時間熱水的に加熱され、1.4Lの直接噴射ガソリンエンジンを有するユーロ5乗用車で近接-結合位置に設置された。各フィルタは3MVEG-Bサイクルの最低を通って評価され、基準触媒に対する排気ガス粒子数の減少を測定し、近接-結合フィルタは、同一のウォッシュコートと貴金属含有量で流動貫通基材モノリス上にコーティングされたTWCに交換され、背圧差と気体HC、CO及びNOx排気ガスに対する転換効率は、フィルタ(又は基準触媒)の上流と下流に装着されたセンサの間で決定された。非メタン炭化水素(NMHC)だけの転換率が表5に記載される。
13マイクロンの平均細孔サイズと48%の細孔率を有し、5/1000インチのセルウォール厚さを有し、18×60mm、360cpsi(360/5)のコーディエライトウォールフローフィルタ基材が0.4及び0.8g/in3のウォッシュコート含有量のTWCコーティング物質でコーティングされた。各サンプルは、85g/ft3の貴金属含有量(Pd:Rh16:1)を有する。更に高いウォッシュコート含有量は、評価されていないが、これはこのテストでユーロ4乗用車に対して結果背圧があまりにも大きいことが予想されたためである。フレッシュ(即ち、un-aged)フィルタが1.4Lの直接噴射ガソリンエンジンを備えるユーロ4乗用車で近接-結合位置に設置された。各フィルタは3MVEG-Bサイクルの最低を通って評価され、基準触媒に対する排気ガス粒子数の減少を測定し、近接-結合フィルタは、同一のウォッシュコートと貴金属含有量で流動貫通基材モノリス上にコーティングされたTWCに交換され、背圧差と気体HC、CO及びNOx排気ガスに対する転換効率は、フィルタ(又は基準触媒)の上流と下流に装着されたセンサの間で決定された。非メタン炭化水素(NMHC)だけの転換率が表6に記載される。
2.0Lの直接噴射ガソリンエンジンを備え、近接-結合位置で流動貫通基材モノリスにコーティングされた全体の形成TWCが装着されたユーロ5乗用車がMVEG-BとFTP(Federal Test Procedure)75ドライブサイクルにかけてテストされた。MVEG-Bドライブサイクルにかけて発生した粒子の数は、PMPの手順に従って測定された。FTP75ドライブサイクルにかけて発生した粒子性物質の質量は、次の標準プロトコルに測定された。0.8g/in3のウォッシュコートの含有量と20g/ft3の貴金属含有量(Pd:Rh3:1)のTWCコーティング物質でコーティングされた12マイクロンの平均細孔サイズと55%の細孔率を有する125×120mm、300/12のコーディエライトウォールフローフィルタがアンダフロア位置(即ち、流動貫通基材モノリスの下流側)に設置された。粒子質量と数の測定は繰り返された。
本発明は、活動的な三元触媒とフィルタモデルを用いる。前記モデルは、キネティック(kinetic)反応係数、基材とウォッシュコート特性及び車両で触媒温度と後部排気管の排気ガスを予想するためにユーロピアンMVEG-B排気ガステストから実証的に測定されたエンジン-アウト排気ガス温度と排気ガス成分の濃度を用いる。この実験のために、ユーロ5の1.4Lの直接噴射ガソリン車両から出るエンジン-アウト排気と温度が入力データとして用いられ、アンダフロア三元触媒コーティングされたガソリンフィルタに次いで近接-結合流動貫通三元触媒を含むシステムをモデリングした(300cpsi、20マイクロンの平均細孔直径、64%の細孔率、原形断面、118.4mmの直径及び114.3mmの長さ、2.4gin-3のウォッシュコート含有量、85gft-3で16Pd:Rhを有するセラミックウォールフローフィルタ)。商業的に利用可能な1.25L(400cpsi、118.4mm直径の原形断面、114.3mm軸方向の長さ)近接-結合三元触媒(エンジン排気量の90%、60gft-3で19Pd:Rh、3.5gin-3ウォッシュコート含有量)が同一の白金族金属組成物と含有量及び基材セル密度と直径を有するが、長さが1.25L触媒の半分(57.15mm)である0.625L触媒(エンジン排気量の45%)と比較された(基本的に125L近接-結合三元触媒がその軸方向の長さに半分に切られる)。
Claims (17)
- 車両のポジティブ点火内燃機関用の排気システムであって、
前記内燃機関から排出された排気ガスの粒子性物質を濾過するためのフィルタを備えてなり、
前記フィルタが、入口表面と出口表面を有する多孔性基材を備えてなり、
前記入口表面が、第1平均細孔サイズを有する孔隙を含む多孔性構造により前記出口表面と分離されてなるものであり、
前記多孔性基材が、多数の固体粒子を含む三元触媒ウォッシュコートでコーティングされてなり、
前記ウォッシュコートでコーティングされた多孔性基材の前記多孔性構造が、第2平均細孔サイズを有してなるものであり、
前記第2平均細孔サイズが、前記第1平均細孔サイズよりも小さく、かつ、前記三元触媒ウォッシュコートが、前記フィルタの上流に位置する分離した基材モノリス上に形成され、
前記上流の基材モノリス上の前記三元触媒ウォッシュコートの質量が、前記三元触媒ウォッシュコートの質量全体の75%以下である、排気システム。 - 前記上流の基材モノリス上の三元触媒(TWC)ウォッシュコートの質量が、前記システム内でTWCの質量全体の70%以下である、請求項1に記載の排気システム。
- 前記フィルタの上流に位置する前記分離した基材モノリスが、流動-貫通基材モノリスである、請求項1又は2に記載の排気システム。
- 前記多孔性基材の前記多孔性構造の第1平均細孔サイズが、8〜45μmである、請求項1〜3の何れか一項に記載の排気システム。
- 前記フィルタのウォッシュコート含有量が、0.50g in-3よりも大きいものである、請求項1〜4の何れか一項に記載の排気システム。
- 表面ウォッシュコートを備えてなり、
ウォッシュコート層が前記多孔性構造の表面細孔を実質的に覆ってなり、
前記ウォッシュコートでコーティングされた多孔性基材の細孔が、前記ウォッシュコートで粒子間の空間(粒子間の細孔)の一部で定義されてなるものである、請求項1〜5の何れか一項に記載の排気システム。 - 前記多孔性ウォッシュコートの粒子間の平均細孔サイズが、5.0nm〜5.0μmである、請求項6に記載の排気システム。
- 固体ウォッシュコート粒子の平均大きさが、前記第1平均細孔サイズよりも大きいものである、請求項1〜7の何れか一項に記載の排気システム。
- 前記固体ウォッシュコート粒子の平均大きさが、1〜40μmである、請求項8に記載の排気システム。
- 前記多孔性構造の表面での前記細孔が、細孔の開口を備えてなり、かつ、
前記ウォッシュコートが、前記表面細孔の開口の全てを実質的に狭窄させてなる、請求項1〜5の何れか一項に記載のウォッシュコートを含む排気システム。 - 前記ウォッシュコートが、前記多孔性基材の前記多孔性構造内に実質的に位置する、請求項1〜5の何れか一項に記載の排気システム。
- 固体ウォッシュコート粒子の平均大きさが、前記多孔性基材の平均細孔サイズよりも小さいものである、請求項10又は11に記載の排気システム。
- 前記ウォッシュコートが、入口表面、出口表面又は両方にコーティングされてなる、請求項1〜12の何れか一項に記載の排気システム。
- 前記多孔性基材が、セラミックウォールフローフィルタ、金属フィルタ又はセラミックフォームである、請求項1〜13の何れか一項に記載の排気システム。
- 請求項1〜14の何れか一項による記載の排気システムを備えてなる、ポジティブ点火エンジン。
- 化学量論的に作動してなる、請求項15に記載のポジティブ点火エンジン。
- ポジティブ点火エンジンから排出された排気ガスの粒子性物質(PM)を深層濾過により捕獲し燃焼させる方法であって、
PMを含む排気ガスを排気システムに導入し、
前記排気システム内において、前記PMを含む前記排気ガスを基材モノリス上に位置する三元触媒ウォッシュコートと接触させ、
前記三元触媒基材モノリスの下流の前記排気システム内において、前記PMを含む排気ガスをフィルタと接触させることを含んでなるものであり、
前記フィルタが、入口表面と出口表面を有する多孔性基材を備えてなり、
前記入口表面が、第1平均細孔サイズを有する孔隙を含む多孔性構造により前記出口表面と分離されてなるものであり、
前記多孔性基材が、多数の固体粒子を含む三元触媒ウォッシュコートでコーティングされてなり、
前記ウォッシュコートでコーティングされた多孔性基材の前記多孔性構造が、第2平均細孔サイズを有してなるものであり、
前記第2平均細孔サイズが、前記第1平均細孔サイズよりも小さいものであり、
前記基材モノリス上の前記三元触媒ウォッシュコートの質量が、前記排気システムにおける三元触媒ウォッシュコートの質量全体の75%以下である、排気システム。
Applications Claiming Priority (7)
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GBGB0922612.7A GB0922612D0 (en) | 2009-02-26 | 2009-12-24 | Filter |
GB0922612.7 | 2009-12-24 | ||
GB1003244.9A GB2468210B (en) | 2009-02-26 | 2010-02-26 | Catalysed filter for a positive ignition engine |
GB1003244.9 | 2010-02-26 | ||
GB1014027.5 | 2010-08-23 | ||
GBGB1014027.5A GB201014027D0 (en) | 2009-02-26 | 2010-08-23 | Exhaust system for a vehicular positive ignition internal combustion engine |
PCT/GB2010/052209 WO2011077168A1 (en) | 2009-12-24 | 2010-12-23 | Exhaust system for a vehicular positive ignition internal combustion engine |
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JP2016063917A Pending JP2017006904A (ja) | 2009-12-24 | 2016-03-28 | 車両ポジティブ点火内燃機関用排気システム |
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JP (2) | JP2013515902A (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101718574B1 (ja) |
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Also Published As
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GB2476585B (en) | 2014-04-09 |
KR20120113234A (ko) | 2012-10-12 |
GB2476585A (en) | 2011-06-29 |
EP2516044A1 (en) | 2012-10-31 |
RU2012131517A (ru) | 2014-01-27 |
EP2516044B1 (en) | 2018-04-25 |
EP3372301A1 (en) | 2018-09-12 |
JP2017006904A (ja) | 2017-01-12 |
CN110030064A (zh) | 2019-07-19 |
CN110043350A (zh) | 2019-07-23 |
CN102762283A (zh) | 2012-10-31 |
DE102010056223A1 (de) | 2011-07-28 |
BR112012015467B1 (pt) | 2020-09-29 |
GB201021957D0 (en) | 2011-02-02 |
RU2548997C2 (ru) | 2015-04-20 |
WO2011077168A1 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
KR101718574B1 (ko) | 2017-04-04 |
BR112012015467A2 (pt) | 2016-03-15 |
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