JP2009507224A - 連続グルコースセンサの精度の改善 - Google Patents
連続グルコースセンサの精度の改善 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
当該分野ではCGS較正の精度は血液グルコース(以後BG)変化率と、較正時刻(t)におけるBG値(BG(t))に依存するということが知られている。BG変化率をBG(t):d(BG(t))/dtという時間導関数として数学的に表すことができる。バリアント入力を有する較正が単一または非変動入力を有する較正より良好であることを考えて、本発明のCGS較正はバリアント入力を用いる。
上述したような精度改善方法を具現化するCGSの精度をテストするために、1型真性糖尿病(T1DM)を有する39人の被験者に対して測定を行う。39人の患者は以下の統計を有する。平均年齢42.5歳で標準偏差(SD)が12(SD=12)、T1DMの平均病期21.6年(SD=94)、平均HbAlc=7.4%(SD=0.8)、男性16人。
上記のクランプ調査中に取った2つの基準BG値を用いたセンサの再較正が、センサ誤差を2つのBG値間の差の関数として表わす図5に示すようにコンピュータシミュレーションされている。シミュレーションされた再較正は、CGMSTMの標準線形較正関数を用いている。再較正による結果を実験中に表示されたセンサ自体の精度、およびすべての入手可能基準BG値を用いた「完璧な」較正と比べる。
CGSの較正に加えて、BGとIGとの間の生理学的時間差もCGS出力の不正確さを発生させる。これは現在のCGSデバイスのほとんどは血液グルコースレベルを直接に測定せず、その代わりに間質液のIGレベルを測定するということから生じる。CGSデバイスはその後IG測定値をBGの推定値に変換する。そのためIGからBGへの改善変換方法はCGSの改善性能につながる。本発明の目的はIGレベルとBGレベルとの間の生理学的時間差を含むことによりIGからBGへの変換を改善する。このような改善はIGとBGとの間の時間依存性の分析および結合により達成される。具合的にはBGおよびIGまたはCGS出力の間の時間依存性を記述するための数学モデルを確立する。確立したモデルに基づいて、数式を導出してBGへのCGS出力の時間依存性を定量的に表現する、すなわちCGSはBGの関数である。そしてこの数式を変換してBGをCGSの関数として表わす。こうして反転式を用いて所与のCGS出力値に対するBGレベルを予測することができる。適用の際反転式を生のCGSデータに適用して正確なBG推定値を生成する。
グルコースが比較的小さい分子であるという事実を考えると、グルコースが血管および脂肪組織などの毛細血管壁を通して自由に拡散可能であることが考えられる。脂肪組織は血管が新生されやすいとともに、間質液は細胞間の比較的薄い層を占める。この事実は細胞表面から非常に遠い体積要素はなく、また毛細血管壁から非常に遠いこともないということを意味する。そのため間質液のグルコースの摂取および拡散は比較的位相的に均一であると思われる。
式3aは解析解を有する通常の微分方程式であるが、式3bは数値シミュレーションを必要とする第2種アーベル方程式の非線形微分方程式である。式3aに対する解析解は以下の式4で表わされる。
そして上記の数学モデルおよび式をCGS測定値に適用して、CGS出力を用いてBGレベルを予測することにより、IG(t)とBG(t)との生理学的時間差を修正することができる。本発明の例示的手順を図6のフローチャートに示す。
図7を参照して説明したようなプロセスを多数の方法で実施することが可能であり、その1つはソフトウエアである。一例として上記プロセスをリアルタイムバージョンで実施することが可能であり、CGS出力に直接適用して生のCGS出力をBG推定値に変換するとともにリアルタイム結果を生じることができる特定の用法であり得る。一組のリアルタイム実施プログラムコードが別紙Dとして本明細書に添付されている。代替的にはプロセスを、CGS精度の遡及的改善を行うための特定の用法であるとともに、リアルタイムデータを表示しないCGSに適用可能な遡及バージョンとして実施することができる。遡及的実施のための一組のプログラムコードが別紙Eとして本明細書に添付されている。なお参照を容易にするために各線番号の始めが除去されている。計算速度を優先してパラメータの線形化バージョンが採用される。当業者には別紙DおよびEに表わされたプログラムコードが実証の目的に基づいていることは理解されるであろうとともに、限定として解釈されるべきではない。本発明の要旨から逸脱することなく多くの他の変形例も適用可能である。
BGとCGS出力との間の生理学的時間差を修正するための上記のプロセスを、バージニア大学総合病院研究センター(University of Virginia General Clinical Research Center)(GCRC)で行った研究中に獲得したデータに関して評価したが、それは進行中のNIH研究助成金(RO1 DK 51562、主研究員ボリス・コヴァチェフ(Boris Kovatchev))に対する「付加」プロジェクトであった。付加研究にアボット糖尿病治療(Abbott Diabetes Care)(P.I.ウイリアム・クラーク(William Clarke))により資金提供を受けて、2つのCGS、アボット・ナビゲータ(商標)(Abbott NavigatorTM)とミニメド(Minimed)CGMS間の直接比較を行った。付加研究の目的にはモデルの開発および試験があった。
TIDMを有する16人の被験者(男性11人、女性5人)、年齢42歳で標準偏差(SD)が3歳、糖尿病の病期20年でSDが3年。各々からインフォームドコンセントを得た。被験者は健康診断の後、研究の前夜に総合病院研究センター(General Clinical Research Center)に入院した。製造業者の指示により、CGSシステム、フリースタイル・ナビゲータ(商標)(Freestyle NavigatorTM)を各被験者に、データ記録の開始前におよそ12時間適用するとともに、推奨されるように較正した。すべてのシステムを腹部に挿入した。翌朝までBG基準対CGS比較を行わなかった。研究プロトコルは同等なインシュリン過剰クランプを連続する2日に行ったとして規定される。
オープンソース・フリープログラミング言語であるとともに統計的分析(http://www.r−project.org)に適した、R2.1.1を用いて数値解析を行った。基本パッケージの範囲以外にCRANリポジトリからの「odesolve」、「fields」および「dsel」パッケージおよびそれらの依存性を用いて、マイクロソフト・エクセル(Microsoft Excel(登録商標))を用いてグラフを作成した。
式12aを非線形最小二乗により求められたパラメータを有する未フィルタリングナビゲータ(商標)(NavigatorTM)生データに適用した。各データランは低血糖への低下の開始時に始まる。表1は全29クランプ事象に対する結果のまとめを表わす。ナビゲータ(商標)(NavigatorTM)の平均RMS誤差が、3倍を超えて低下するとともに、%RMS誤差が5倍を超えて低下したしたことが分かる。加えて基準とセンサBGとの相関がモデルにより改善した。
上述したようにCGS出力の精度を本発明の一例により改善較正方法によって改善することができる。代替的にはCGS精度をBGとIGとの間の生理学的時間差を修正することによって改善することもできる。本発明の他の例では上記の2つの補正方法を組み合わせてCGS精度をさらに改善することができる。図11は本発明の他の例による結合精度改善プロセスを行うフローチャートを図示する。
Claims (53)
- 連続グルコースセンサ(CGS)の精度を改善する方法であって、
第1の時刻にCGSを較正するステップと、
動的に監視されたCGS値およびCGS変化率のうちの少なくとも一方に基づいて決定された第2の時刻にCGSを較正するステップと
を含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 前記動的に監視されたCGS値が、前記第2の較正が行われる前に少なくとも15mg/dlだけ異なることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記動的に監視されたCGS値が、前記第2の較正が行われる前に少なくとも20mg/dlだけ異なることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記動的に監視されたCGS値が、前記第2の較正が行われる前に少なくとも30mg/dlだけ異なることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。
- 経時的に前記CGS値と前記CGS変化率とを動的に監視するステップをさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記監視されたCGS値の一次時間導関数を算出するステップと、
前記CGS値の前記一次時間導関数の絶対値が実質的に1未満であるか否かを判定するステップと、
前記CGS値の前記一次時間導関数の絶対値が実質的に1未満である場合、前記第1の時刻のCGSの較正を維持するステップとをさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項5に記載の方法。 - 前記CGS値の一次時間導関数の絶対値が実質的に1未満である場合、前記第2の時刻のCGSと前記第1の時刻の較正のCGSとの間の絶対変化が所定値より大きいと判定するテップと、
前記第2の時刻のCGSと前記第1の時刻の較正のCGSとの間の絶対変化が所定値より大きい場合、前記第1の時刻のCGSの較正を維持するステップとをさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項6に記載の方法。 - 前記所定値が30mg/dlであることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記所定値が40mg/dlであることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の時刻のCGSと前記第1の時刻の較正のCGSとの間の絶対変化が所定値より大きいと判定された場合、前記CGSを再較正するステップをさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項7に記載の方法。
- 血液グルコースレベルと血液グルコースと相互作用する間質液のグルコースレベルとの間の生理学的時間差を修正することにより、前記CGS出力の精度を改善するステップをさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記精度を改善するステップが、
前記血液グルコースレベルへのCGS出力の時間依存性を記述する数式を導出するステップと、
前記時間依存血液グルコースレベルを前記CGS出力の関数として導出するステップと、
前記導出された時間依存血液グルコースレベル関数を、一組のCGS生出力に適用して、後の血液グルコースレベルを予測するか、または前記CGS出力を補正するステップとをさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項11に記載の方法。 - 前記数式が、前記血液グルコースと間質液のグルコースとの間の拡散相互作用の記述を含むモデルに基づいて導出されることを特徴とする請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記数式が、前記間質液のグルコースの想定の記述を含むモデルに基づいて導出されることを特徴とする請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の時刻が、前記動的に監視されたCGS値および前記CGS変化率の両方に基づいて決定されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。
- 第1の血液グルコース値と第2の血液グルコース値とを用いて、連続グルコースセンサを較正するステップと、
前記連続グルコースセンサが、対応する第1の間質グルコース値を測定する場合、前記第1の血液グルコース値を測定するステップと、
前記連続グルコースセンサが、前記第1の間質グルコース値とは所定量だけ異なる対応する第2の間質グルコース値を測定する場合、前記第2の血液グルコース値を測定するステップとを含むことを特徴とする、連続グルコースセンサの精度を改善する方法。 - 前記所定量が少なくとも15mg/dlであることを特徴とする請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記所定量が少なくとも20mg/dlであることを特徴とする請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記第1および第2のグルコースデータが異なる時刻に得られることを特徴とする請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記第2のグルコースデータが、所定の判定基準に基づくCGS変化率の判定を含む決定ループにより得られることを特徴とする請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記所定の判定基準が、前記CGS変化率が所定値以上である場合には前記第1のグルコースデータによる前記CGS較正を維持すること、を指定することを特徴とする請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記所定値が1であることを特徴とする請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記所定の判定基準が、前記CGS変化率が1未満である場合には他の所定値に基づいて他の決定を行うこと、をさらに指定することを特徴とする請求項22に記載の方法。
- 前記他の所定の判定基準が、前記CGSと前記第1の血液グルコースデータによる較正CGSとの間の絶対差が所定の差分値以下である場合には、前記第1のグルコースデータによる前記CGS較正を維持すること、を指定することを特徴とする請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記他の所定の判定基準が、前記CGSと前記第1の血液グルコースデータによる較正CGSとの間の絶対差が前記所定の差分値より大きい場合には、前記第2の血液グルコースデータによる他の較正を行うこと、をさらに指定することを特徴とする請求項24に記載の方法。
- 血液グルコースレベルと、血液グルコースと相互作用する間質液のグルコースレベルとの間の生理学的時間差を修正することにより、前記CGS出力の精度を改善するステップをさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記精度を改善するステップが、
前記血液グルコースレベルへのCGS出力の時間依存性を記述する数式を導出するステップと、
前記時間依存血液グルコースレベルを前記CGS出力の関数として導出するステップと、
前記導出された時間依存血液グルコースレベル関数を、一組のCGS生出力に適用して、固有の時間差に対して前記CGS出力を補正するステップとをさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項26に記載の方法。 - 前記数式が、前記血液グルコースと前記間質液のグルコースとの間の拡散相互作用の記述を含むモデルに基づいて導出されることを特徴とする請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記数式が、前記間質液のグルコースの想定の記述を含むモデルに基づいて導出されることを特徴とする請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記CGS出力の関数としての前記時間依存血液グルコースレベルが、前記血液グルコースレベルへの前記CGS出力の時間依存性を記述する数式の逆関数であることを特徴とする請求項27に記載の方法。
- 連続グルコースセンサの出力にアクセス可能な精度改善モジュールを備えた連続グルコースセンサの精度を改善するシステムであって、
連続グルコースセンサの動的に監視された出力の少なくとも1つに基づいて、ある時刻に較正を判定可能な決定メカニズムをさらに備えることを特徴とするシステム。 - 前記決定メカニズムが、前記連続グルコースセンサの出力と前記連続グルコースセンサの出力変化率とに基づいて前記時刻に較正を判定可能であることを特徴とする請求項31に記載のシステム。
- 前記精度改善モジュールが、
所定の時系列で較正を開始可能な初期要求モジュールをさらに備えることを特徴とする請求項31に記載のシステム。 - 前記決定メカニズムが、
前記連続グルコースセンサからの出力を動的に監視可能な監視モジュールをさらに備えることを特徴とする請求項33に記載のシステム。 - 前記決定メカニズムが、
前記連続グルコースセンサからの前記動的に監視された出力が、前記第2の較正が行われる前に少なくとも15mg/dlだけ異なることを指定する判定命令をさらに備えることを特徴とする請求項34に記載のシステム。 - 前記決定メカニズムが、
前記連続グルコースセンサからの前記動的に監視された出力が、前記第2の較正が行われる前に少なくとも20mg/dlだけ異なることを指定する判定命令をさらに備えることを特徴とする請求項34に記載のシステム。 - 前記決定メカニズムが、
絶対変化率が前記第2の較正が行われる前に実質的に1以上であることを指定する判定命令をさらに備えることを特徴とする請求項34に記載のシステム。 - 血液グルコースレベルと、血液グルコースと相互作用する間質液のグルコースレベルとの間の生理学的時間差を修正することにより、前記CGS出力の精度を改善可能な時間差補正モジュールをさらに備えることを特徴とする請求項34に記載のシステム。
- 連続グルコースセンサと、
前記連続グルコースセンサを較正するための前記連続グルコースセンサとデータ通信している較正ユニットと、
前記連続グルコースセンサからの監視出力を命令監視する命令、および少なくとも15mg/dlだけ異なる第1および第2の連続グルコースセンサ出力値で第1および第2の較正を行う命令を含む一組の命令と
を備えることを特徴とするキット。 - 前記較正ユニットが前記連続グルコースセンサに接続可能であることを特徴とする請求項39に記載のキット。
- 前記較正ユニットが前記連続グルコースセンサの一体部材であることを特徴とする請求項39に記載のキット。
- 前記命令が、前記連続グルコースセンサの前記動的に監視された出力が前記第2の較正が行われる前に少なくとも20mg/dlだけ異なることをさらに指定することを特徴とする請求項39に記載のキット。
- 前記命令が、前記連続グルコースセンサの出力の絶対変化率が前記第2の較正が行われる前に1未満であることを指定することを特徴とする請求項39に記載のキット。
- 前記精度改善メカニズムが、
前記連続グルコースセンサの出力にアクセス可能であるとともに、生理学的時間差を修正可能である時間差補正モジュールをさらに備えることを特徴とする請求項39に記載のキット。 - 第1の血液グルコースレベルと、第1のグルコースデータと所定量だけ異なる第2の血液グルコースレベルとを用いてCGSを較正するステップを含むことを特徴とする、連続グルコースセンサの精度を改善する方法。
- 前記所定量が少なくとも15mg/dlであることを特徴とする請求項45に記載の方法。
- 前記所定量が少なくとも20mg/dlであることを特徴とする請求項46に記載の方法。
- 前記第2のグルコースデータが、所定の判定基準に基づくCGS変化率の判定を含む決定ループにより得られることを特徴とする請求項47に記載の方法。
- 前記所定の判定基準が、前記CGS変化率が1以上である場合には前記第1のグルコースデータによる前記CGS較正を維持すること、を指定することを特徴とする請求項48に記載の方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法を行うためのコンピュータ実行可能な命令を有することを特徴とするコンピュータ読み取り可能媒体。
- 請求項16に記載の方法を行うためのコンピュータ実行可能な命令を有することを特徴とするコンピュータ読み取り可能媒体。
- 請求項45に記載の方法を行うためのコンピュータ実行可能な命令を有することを特徴とするコンピュータ読み取り可能媒体。
- 血液グルコースセンサを備える、連続グルコースを較正する較正ユニットと、
連続グルコースセンサからの出力を監視する命令、および少なくとも15mg/dlだけ異なる第1および第2の連続グルコースセンサ出力値で第1および第2の較正を行う命令を含む一組の命令であって、前記第1および第2の較正が前記血液グルコースセンサによる血液グルコースのそれぞれ第1および第2の判定を含むものである一組の命令と、
を含むことを特徴とするキット。
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CN101365374A (zh) | 2009-02-11 |
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US11957463B2 (en) | 2024-04-16 |
CA2620586A1 (en) | 2007-03-08 |
WO2007027691A1 (en) | 2007-03-08 |
JP2012210431A (ja) | 2012-11-01 |
US20240260866A1 (en) | 2024-08-08 |
US20080314395A1 (en) | 2008-12-25 |
CN102440785A (zh) | 2012-05-09 |
CN101365374B (zh) | 2011-11-16 |
US20160007890A1 (en) | 2016-01-14 |
EP1921980A1 (en) | 2008-05-21 |
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