JP2006079107A - エンコードまたはデコードの方法および装置 - Google Patents
エンコードまたはデコードの方法および装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【構成】複数のフレームを含むスピーチ信号(S(n))のフレームにおける背景雑音の現在の推定値(B’)を生成する方法であって、スピーチ信号(S(n))のフレームのエネルギレベル(R(0))を計算し、スピーチ信号の前のフレームにおける背景雑音の推定値(B)を得、エネルギレベル(R(0))およびスピーチ信号の前のフレームにおける背景雑音の推定値(B)に基づいて背景雑音の現在の推定値(B’)を生成することを含む方法および装置が提供される。
【選択図】 図17
Description
ピッチ探索に関して、図6に示されているような全速度において、ピッチ更新は各1/4のスピーチフレームに対して1度づつ4度計算される。全速度での各ピッチ更新に対して、10ビットは新しいピッチパラメータをエンコードするために使用される。ピッチ更新は図7乃至図9に示されているように別の速度に対して変化する回数で実行される。速度が減少すると、ピッチ更新の数もまた減少する。図7は、スピーチフレームの各半分に対して1度づつ2度計算される1/2速度に対するピッチ更新を示す。同様に、図8は全ての各スピーチフレームで一度計算される1/4速度に対するピッチ更新を示す。全速度に対するように、10ビットは1/2および1/4速度の各ピッチ更新に対して新しいピッチパラメータをエンコードするために使用される。しかしながら、図9に示されているように1/8速度に対して、この速度は少数のスピーチしかないか、或はスピーチが存在せず、ピッチ冗長性が存在しないときにフレームをエンコードするために使用されるため、ピッチ更新は計算されない。
コードブック探索に関して、図6に示されたように全速度において、コードブック更新はスピーチフレームの各1/8に対して1度づつ8度計算される。全速度における各コードブック更新に対して、10ビットは新しいコードブックパラメータをエンコードするために使用される。コードブック更新は、図7乃至図9に示されているように他の速度において変化する回数行われる。しかしながら、速度が減少すると、コードブック更新の数も減少する。図7は、スピーチフレームの各1/4に対して1度づつ4度計算される1/2速度に対するコードブック更新を示す。図8は、スピーチフレームの各1/2に対して1度づつ2度計算される1/4に対するコードブック更新を示す。全速度に対するように、10ビットは1/2および1/4速度の各ピッチ更新に対して新しいコードブックパラメータをエンコードするために使用される。最後に、図9は全ての各スピーチフレームに対して1度計算される1/8速度に対するコードブック更新を示す。1/8速度で2ビットがコードブック利得を表し、他の4ビットがランダムビットである6ビットが伝送されることに留意しなければならない。以下、コードブック更新用のビット割当てに関してさらに詳細に説明する。
1/P(z)=1/(1−bz−L) (3)
以下に説明される加重フィルタであるフォルマント合成フィルタ60は、以下の式を特徴とする:
H(z)=[1/A(z)]W(z)
=1/A(z/μ) (4)
入力スピーチサンプルs(n)は、加重されたスピーチサンプルx(n)が加算器62の和入力に供給されるように知覚加重フィルタ52によって加重される。知覚加重は、小さい信号パワーしかない周波数でエラーに加重するために使用される。これらの低い信号パワー周波数において、雑音はさらに知覚的に顕著である。合成スピーチサンプルx´(n)は、サンプルx(n)から減算される加算器62の差入力にフォルマント合成フィルタ60から出力される。加算器62から出力されたサンプルの差は、それらが2乗され、その後加算される2乗平均エラー(MSE)素子64に入力される。MSE素子64の計算結果は、ピッチ遅延L、ピッチ利得b、コードブックインデクスIおよびコードブック利得に対する値を生成する最小化素子66に供給される。
図11は、図10のエンコーダによるスピーチのエンコード化に含まれるステップのフローチャートを示す。説明のために、速度決定を含むステップが図11のフローチャートに含まれる。デジタル化されたスピーチサンプルはブロック80でサンプリング回路から得られ、その後LPC係数がブロック82でサンプリング回路から計算される。LPC係数計算の一部分としてハミングウインドウおよび自己相関技術が使用される。開始速度決定は、好ましい実施例においてブロック84でフレームエネルギに基づいた重要なフレームに対して行われる。
小さい数のビットでLPC係数を効率的にコード化するために、LPC係数はブロック86でラインスペクトル対(LSP)周波数に変換され、その後ブロック88に伝送するために量子化される。選択として、付加的な速度決定はブロック90で行われ、ブロック92において最初の速度に対するLSPの量子化が不十分であると考えられた場合に速度の増加が行われる。
ブロック110 において、解析が終了されたコードブックサブフレームがピッチ探索が行われたピッチサブフレームに対応したコードブックサブフレームの組の最後のコードブックサブフレームであるか否かを決定するために検査が行われる。換言すると、ピッチサブフレームに対応したコードブックサブフレームがさらに存在しているか否かに関する決定が行われる。実施例において、1ピッチサブフレーム当り2つのコードブックサブフレームだけが存在している。ピッチサブフレームに対応した別のコードブックサブフレームがあることが決定された場合、ステップ102 乃至ステップ108 はそのコードブックサブフレームに対して反復される。
フレームエネルギは、3つのしきい値T1(B)、T2(B)およびT3(B)に対して比較される。フレームエネルギが3つの全てのしきい値より下である場合、伝送の最低速度(1kbps)、RTp =4である速度1/8が選択される。フレームエネルギが2つのしきい値より下である場合、伝送の第2の速度(2kbps)、RTp =3である速度1/4が選択される。フレームエネルギがただ1つのしきい値より下である場合、伝送の第3の速度(4kbps)、RTp =2である速度1/2が選択される。フレームエネルギが全てのしきい値より上である場合、伝送の最高速度(8kbps)、RTp =1である速度1が選択される。
別の実施例において、フレームエネルギEf はそれが実効的なウインドウ長により正規化された第1の自己相関係数R(0)の対数によって近似されるdBの対数ドメインで表される:
加算器290 の出力から、結果的な2の補数差の符号ビットの補数は比較器またはリミタ292 によって抽出され、レジスタ270 の出力と加算される加算器272 に供給される。したがって、R(0)とT1 との間の差が正ならば、レジスタ270は1だけインクレメントされる。差が負ならば、レジスタ270 は同じ状態である。
図17はさらに背景雑音評価アルゴリズムの実施例を示す。第1の値V1 は、マルチプレクサ300 の1つの入力に直接供給される現在のフレームエネルギEfだけである。
LPC係数をエンコードする前に、フィルタの安定性が保証されなければならない。フィルタの安定性は、ピーク周波数応答の大きさを減少し、一方ピークの帯域幅を拡大する少量だけ内側にフィルタ極を放射方向にスケールすることによって達成される。この技術は一般に帯域幅拡大として知られており、さらに文献( Tohkura氏他による“SpectralSmoothing in PARCOR Speech Analysis−Synthesis”,ASSP Transactions ,1978年12月)に示されている。この場合、帯域幅拡大は各LPC係数にスケールすることによって効率的に実行されることができる。したがって、表III に示されているように、結果的なLPC係数はそれぞれLPC解析サブシステム206 の最終的な出力LPC係数α1 乃至α10を生成するように対応した6つの値によって乗算される。表III に与えられた値は2の補数表記で15の小数ビットを持つヘキサデシマールで与えられる。この形態において、値 0×8000は値-1.0を表し、値 0×7333(または29491 )は0.899994=29491/32768 を表す。
図18において、上記の式(15)乃至(20)を実行するLPCサブシステム206 の実施例のブロック図が示されている。LPCサブシステム206 は、主計算回路330 および主計算回路330 のレジスタを更新するために使用される2つのバッファ更新回路332 および334 の3つの回路部分から構成されている。計算はバッファ340 に値R(1)乃至R(10)を最初に負荷することによって開始される。計算を開始するために、レジスタ348 はマルチプレクサ344 を介して値R(1)により予め負荷される。レジスタはマルチプレクサ350 を介してR(0)により初期化され、バッファ352 (10個のαj(i―1) 値を保持する)はマルチプレクサ354 を介して全てゼロに初期化され、バッファ356 (10個のαj (i) 値を保持する)はマルチプレクサ358 を介して全てゼロに初期化され、iは計算サイクルのために1に設定される。簡明化のために、iおよびjに対するカウンタおよびその他の計算サイクル制御装置は示されていないが、このタイプの論理回路の設計および集積はデジタル論理回路設計で当業者の能力内において容易に実行される。
ここでjはカウント値である。
ここにおいて、
a=全速度に対して0
a=1/2速度に対して0.1
a=1/4速度に対して0.5
a=1/8速度に対して0.85
前のフレーム(f−1)の再構成されたLSP周波数ω´i,f-1 の値および現在のフレーム(f)の再構成されたLSP周波数ω´i,f の値は量子化サブシステム210 からピッチサブフレームLSP補間サブシステム216 およびコードブックサブフレームLSP補間サブシステム226 に出力される。量子化されたLSP周波数値Δωi は、伝送のためにLSP量子化サブシステム210 からデータアセンブラサブシステム236 に出力される。
y(n)=h(n)*p(n-L) (30)
ここでy(n)はb=1のときピッチ遅延Lを持つ加重合成スピーチであり、およびh(n)は式(3)によるフィルタ特性を有する加重フォルマント合成フィルタのインパルス応答である。
この探索は、Lの全ての許容可能な値に対して繰返される。最適bは正に限定され、したがって結果的に任意の負であるExyにより生じるLは探索において無視される。最後に、EL を最大化する遅延Lおよびピッチ遅延bが伝送のために選択される。
このようにして、y17(n)に対する最初の循環的な畳み込みが実行されると、要求される計算数が大幅に減少される。上記の速度1に対して与えられた例に対して、値y17(n)は番号付けされたフォルマント残留サンプルの組n=-17乃至n=22を使用して式(36)によって計算される。
速度と共にLSP、I、G、Lおよびbの値は、データが伝送のために配列されるデータパッキングサブシステム236 に供給される。1つの構成において、速度と共にLSP、I、G、Lおよびbの値は、データパッキングサブシステム236 を介してデコーダ234 に供給される。別の構成において、これらの値はピッチ探索において使用するためにデータバッファ222 を介してデコーダ234 に供給される。しかしながら、好ましい実施例において、コードブック符号ビットの保護はコードブックインデクスに影響を与えるデータパッキングサブシステム236 内において使用される。したがって、この保護は、IおよびGデータがデータバッファ222 から直接供給された場合を考慮しなければならない。
ωi= 0.9(前のωi −ωi のバイアス値+ωi のバイアス値)
に向かって強制的に減衰させられる。LSP周波数バイアス値は表5に示されている。受信されたパラメータおよび対応したサブフレーム情報は図33に示されている。
H(z)=A(z/ρ)/A(z/σ)
0<ρ<σ<1 (48)
のポストフィルタを生じさせることによって減少される。ここにおいて、A(z)はフォルマント予測フィルタであり、値ρおよびσはポストフィルタスケール処理係数であり、ここにおいてρは0.5 に設定され、σは0.8 に設定される。
B(z)=(1−κz-1)/(1+κz-1) (49)
であり、ここにおいてκ(この1タップフィルタの係数)の値はA(z)のスペクトル傾斜の変化を近似するLSP周波数の平均値によって決定される。
滑らかなβ=0.2 現在のβ+0.98前のβ (50)
また、フィルタ出力は出力スピーチを生成するようにこの滑らかな反転利得と乗算される。
Claims (14)
- 複数のフレームを含むスピーチ信号(S(n))のフレームにおける背景雑音の現在の推定値(B’)を生成する方法であって、
スピーチ信号(S(n))のフレームのエネルギレベル(R(0))を計算し、
スピーチ信号の前のフレームにおける背景雑音の推定値(B)を得、
エネルギレベル(R(0))およびスピーチ信号の前のフレームにおける背景雑音の推定値(B)に基づいて背景雑音の現在の推定値(B’)を生成することを含む方法。 - 生成することが、スピーチ信号の前のフレームにおける背景雑音の推定値(B)を越える背景雑音の現在の推定値(B’)の増加を、予め定められた値未満に限定することを含む請求項1の方法。
- 限定することが、背景雑音の現在の推定値(B’)をエネルギレベル(R(0))以下である値に制限することを含む請求項2の方法。
- 増加がパーセンテージ増加を含む請求項2の方法。
- 増加が絶対値増加を含む請求項2の方法。
- 複数のフレームを含むスピーチ信号(S(n))を処理するように構成されたスピーチ処理装置であって、
スピーチ信号のフレームのエネルギレベル(R(0))を計算する手段(202)と、
スピーチ信号の前のフレームにおける背景雑音の推定値(B)を得る手段と、
エネルギレベル(R(0))およびスピーチ信号の前のフレームにおける背景雑音の推定値(B)に基づいて背景雑音の現在の推定値(B’)を生成する手段とを含むスピーチ処理装置。 - 生成する手段が、スピーチ信号の前のフレームにおける背景雑音の推定値(B)を越える背景雑音の現在の推定値(B’)の増加を、予め定められた値未満に限定する手段(312、318)を含む請求項6のスピーチ処理装置。
- 限定する手段(312、318)が、背景雑音の現在の推定値(B’)をエネルギレベル(R(0))以下である値に制限する手段(318)を含む請求項7のスピーチ処理装置。
- 増加がパーセンテージ増加を含む請求項7のスピーチ処理装置。
- 増加が絶対値増加を含む請求項7のスピーチ処理装置。
- 前記計算する手段が、
スピーチ信号のフレームの前記エネルギレベル(R(0))を計算するように構成された第1の回路(202)を含み、
前記得る手段および前記生成する手段がさらに、
スピーチ信号の前のフレームにおける背景雑音の前記推定値(B)を計算し、かつスピーチ信号の前のフレームにおける背景雑音の前記推定値(B)を予め定められた量だけ増加させて増加された推定値を生成するように構成された第2の回路と、
第1および第2の回路に接続され、増加された推定値およびエネルギレベル(R(0))を受け、かつスピーチ信号の現在のフレームにおける背景雑音の推定値(B’)として、増加された推定値またはエネルギレベル(R(0))のいずれかを選択するように構成された第1のマルチプレクサ(300)とを含む請求項6のスピーチ処理装置。 - 第2の回路に接続され、増加された推定値を予め定められたレベル未満である値に限定するように構成された第1のリミタ(314)をさらに含む請求項11のスピーチ処理装置。
- 第1のマルチプレクサに接続され、スピーチ信号の現在のフレームにおける背景雑音の推定値をエネルギレベル(R(0))以下の値に限定するように構成された第2のリミタ(318)をさらに含む請求項12のスピーチ処理装置。
- 第2の回路が、
スピーチ信号の前のフレームにおける背景雑音の推定値に公称の一定値を加算して絶対増加推定値を生成するように構成された第1の加算器(304)と、
スピーチ信号の前のフレームにおける背景雑音の推定値に1よりわずかに大きい一定値(k)を乗算してパーセンテージ増加推定値を生成するように構成された乗算器(306)と、
第1の加算器(304)および乗算器(306)に接続され、絶対増加推定値およびパーセンテージ増加推定値を受けるように構成された第2のマルチプレクサ(308)と、
第1の加算器(304)、乗算器(306)および第2のマルチプレクサ(308)に接続され、第2のマルチプレクサ(308)を制御して、絶対増加推定値およびパーセンテージ増加推定値の大きい方を増加された推定値として選択するように構成された第3の回路とを含む請求項12のスピーチ処理装置。
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1992
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