JP2005064518A - 低比誘電率膜を形成する方法 - Google Patents
低比誘電率膜を形成する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2005064518A JP2005064518A JP2004235463A JP2004235463A JP2005064518A JP 2005064518 A JP2005064518 A JP 2005064518A JP 2004235463 A JP2004235463 A JP 2004235463A JP 2004235463 A JP2004235463 A JP 2004235463A JP 2005064518 A JP2005064518 A JP 2005064518A
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- Prior art keywords
- silicon carbide
- power
- carbide layer
- film
- oxygen
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 116
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 115
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 43
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- CZDYPVPMEAXLPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C CZDYPVPMEAXLPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000009832 plasma treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- QRHCILLLMDEFSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(ethenyl)-dimethylsilane Chemical compound C=C[Si](C)(C)C=C QRHCILLLMDEFSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N krypton atom Chemical compound [Kr] DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920003209 poly(hydridosilsesquioxane) Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- PQDJYEQOELDLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylsilane Chemical compound C[SiH](C)C PQDJYEQOELDLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940104869 fluorosilicate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 83
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 73
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 8
- -1 Alkyl silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000005268 plasma chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000623 plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
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- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005137 deposition process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018540 Si C Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
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- H01L21/0226—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process
- H01L21/02263—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase
- H01L21/02271—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase deposition by decomposition or reaction of gaseous or vapour phase compounds, i.e. chemical vapour deposition
- H01L21/02274—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase deposition by decomposition or reaction of gaseous or vapour phase compounds, i.e. chemical vapour deposition in the presence of a plasma [PECVD]
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/50—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating using electric discharges
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- C23C16/509—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating using electric discharges using radio frequency discharges using internal electrodes
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- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/31—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to form insulating layers thereon, e.g. for masking or by using photolithographic techniques; After treatment of these layers; Selection of materials for these layers
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- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
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- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Internal Circuitry In Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Devices (AREA)
- Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Formation Of Insulating Films (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】基板上にシリコンカーバイド層を蒸着するための方法であって、シリコンソース、炭素ソース及び酸素ソース並びに不活性ガスを基板を含む反応領域内に与える工程と、反応領域内に電場を生成する工程であって、該電場はRF電源によって生成された低及び高周波RFエネルギーを使って生成され、該RF電源は反応領域内でプラズマ放電用に使用される電極表面において平均電力を生成するところの工程と、基板上にシリコンカーバイド膜を蒸着するべくシリコン及び炭素ソースガスを反応させる工程と、から成り、RF電源は処理時間中に高周波RF電力及び低周波RF電力を生成する、ところの方法。
【選択図】図1
Description
a)比誘電率が3.0以下である。
b)20℃から30℃の間の室温で空気に直接さらしたときでも膜応力または膜比誘電率のような膜特性の変化は観測されない。
c)1MV/cmでのリーク電流は非常に低く、5×10−9A/cm2以下である。
d)弾性率及び硬度はそれぞれ10GPa及び2GPa以上である。
本発明の好適実施例において、シリコンカーバイド層は、シリコンソース、炭素ソース、酸素ソース及び不活性ガスを含む混合ガスをプラズマ強化化学気相成長(PECVD)チャンバ内で反応させることによって形成される。処理装置の詳細が図1に示されている。
本発明に従い基板上にシリコンカーバイド膜を成長させるための処理例として、表1から3に記載されたパラメータが使用された。
200mmウエハ上にシリコンカーバイド層を蒸着するために、テトラメチルシラン(TMS)のような反応ガスソースが反応領域内に導入される。酸素は酸素ソースとして使用される。ヘリウムは不活性ガスとして使用される。ガス流量については表1から3を参照。反応チャンバは好適には約300Paから1000Paに維持され、より好適には約300Paから800Paに維持される。27.12MHz及び400kHzの混合周波数RF電力ソースは、好適にそれぞれ少なくとも約100Wから2000W及び少なくとも10Wから500Wを分配する。より好適には、400Wの27.12MHzのRF電力及び100Wの400kHzのRF電力が成膜用に適用される。
Claims (33)
- 基板上にシリコンカーバイド層を蒸着するための方法であって、シリコンソース、炭素ソース及び酸素ソース並びに不活性ガスを基板を含む反応領域内に与える工程と、反応領域内に電場を生成する工程であって、該電場はRF電源によって生成された低及び高周波RFエネルギーを使って生成され、該RF電源は反応領域内でプラズマ放電用に使用される電極表面において平均電力を生成するところの工程と、基板上にシリコンカーバイド膜を蒸着するべくシリコン及び炭素ソースガスを反応させる工程と、から成り、RF電源は処理時間中に高周波RF電力及び低周波RF電力を生成する、ところの方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、
高周波RF電力は約13MHzと約30MHzとの間の周波数及び約200ワットと約1000ワットとの間の電力を有し、
低周波RF電力は約100kHzと約500kHzとの間の周波数及び約50ワットと約500ワットとの間の電力を有する、
ところの方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法であって、全RF電力に対する低周波RF電力の比率が約0.5以下である、ところの方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、電極表面の平均電力は実質的に一定である、ところの方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、シリコン及び炭素ソースは、トリメチルシラン、テトラメチルシラン、またはジビニルジメチルシランのうちのひとつである、ところの方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、不活性ガスは、ヘリウム、アルゴンまたはクリプトンのうちのひとつである、ところの方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、酸素ソースは、酸素または二酸化炭素のいずれかまたは両方である、ところの方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、不活性ガスに対するシリコン及び炭素ソースガスの流量比は約1:1と1:10の間である、ところの方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、シリコン及び炭素ソースガスは約200sccmと約500sccmの間の流量で反応領域内に与えられる、ところの方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、基板は約200℃と約400℃の間の温度に加熱される、ところの方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、基板は約320℃と約350℃の間の温度に加熱される、ところの方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、反応領域は約300Paと約1000Paの間の圧力に維持される、ところの方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、反応領域は約500Paと約800Paの間の圧力に維持される、ところの方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、シリコンカーバイド膜形成は、
i)ベース膜形成工程であって、該ベース膜はテトラメチルシラン、酸素及びヘリウムを流しかつRF電力を印加することによって基板上に形成されるところの工程と、
ii)活性プラズマ処理工程であって、ベース膜形成工程の後、第2の膜形成工程が続けて実行され、そこではプラズマ放電を変化させずにテトラメチルシラン及び酸素の流量を減少させながらヘリウムの流量を増加させる、ところの工程と、
から成るところの方法。 - 請求項14に記載の方法であって、膜形成は活性プラズマ処理工程の間に続行される、ところの方法。
- 請求項14に記載の方法であって、活性プラズマ処理工程中のヘリウム流量は約1500sccmから約3000sccmまで増加される、ところの方法。
- 請求項14に記載の方法であって、活性プラズマ処理工程中の酸素流量は約50sccmから0sccmまで減少される、ところの方法。
- 請求項14に記載の方法であって、活性プラズマ処理工程中のテトラメチルシラン流量は約100sccmから0sccmまで減少される、ところの方法。
- 請求項14に記載の方法であって、活性プラズマ処理工程中のヘリウム、テトラメチルシラン及び酸素流量は、プラズマ放電を変化させることなくそれぞれ増加、減少及び減少される、ところの方法。
- 請求項14に記載の方法であって、活性プラズマ処理工程中に全RF電力に対する低周波RF電力の比率はベース膜形成工程中と実質的に同じであり、それは0.5以下である、ところの方法。
- 請求項14に記載の方法であって、活性プラズマ処理工程中の圧力はベース膜形成工程中と実質的に同じであり、それは約500Paと約800Paの間の圧力に維持される、ところの方法。
- 請求項14に記載の方法であって、シリコンカーバイド層は酸素がドープされており、酸素ドープシリコンカーバイド層は約3.0以下の比誘電率を有する、ところの方法。
- 請求項14に記載の方法であって、シリコンカーバイド層は1MV/cmの電場において5×10−10A/cm2以下のリーク電流を有する、ところの方法。
- 請求項14に記載の方法であって、シリコンカーバイド層は、フルオロシリケート、水素シルセスキオキサン、メチルシルセスキオキサン及びその他のような他の低比誘電率膜と比べ、弾性率及び硬度がそれぞれ10GPa以上及び2GPa以上で機械的強度が高い、ところの方法。
- 請求項14に記載の方法であって、シリコンカーバイド層は、i)より高い降伏電圧、ii)より低いリーク電流、iii)より高い膜安定性、を含む改良された電気的特性を有する、ところの方法。
- 請求項14に記載の方法であって、シリコンカーバイド層は金属拡散を最小化しかつバリア層特性を改善する、ところの方法。
- 請求項14に記載の方法であって、シリコンカーバイド層の比誘電率は、それが混合周波数RF電力の比率の関数として変化するという点で調節可能である、ところの方法。
- 請求項14に記載の方法であって、シリコンカーバイド層の比誘電率は膜形成中の混合ガスの組成の関数として調節される、ところの方法。
- 請求項14に記載の方法であって、シリコンカーバイド膜は銅拡散バリア層である、ところの方法。
- 請求項14に記載の方法であって、シリコンカーバイド膜は低比誘電率膜である、ところの方法。
- 半導体基板上に銅層と接触する膜を含む構造体を製造するための方法であって、
i)プラズマ反応によって半導体基板上にシリコンカーバイド層を形成する工程と、
ii)銅層の一部を露出させるべくシリコンカーバイド層内にビアを形成する工程と、
iii)ビアホール上のシリコンカーバイド層内にトレンチを形成する工程であって、該トレンチは金属配線を収容するのに使用されるところの工程と、
iv)穴内に銅を蒸着させる工程と、
v)余分な銅及びシリコンカーバイド層の頂面上のレジストを除去する工程と、
から成り、シリコンカーバイド層は化学気相成長処理によって形成された酸素ドープシリコンカーバイド層である、ところの方法。 - 請求項31に記載の方法であって、工程(ii)においてシリコンカーバイド層の表面上にレジストを形成し、該レジストを使ってシリコンカーバイド層をエッチングすることによりビアホール及びトレンチを形成することにより穴が形成され、工程(v)においてCMP等によりレジスト及び余分の銅が除去されその結果表面が露出する、ところの方法。
- 請求項31に記載の方法であって、工程(i)から(iv)は少なくとも1度繰り返される、ところの方法。
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