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EP1601657A1 - Pyrazoles, modulateurs de transporteurs de cassettes de liaison a l'atp - Google Patents

Pyrazoles, modulateurs de transporteurs de cassettes de liaison a l'atp

Info

Publication number
EP1601657A1
EP1601657A1 EP04720345A EP04720345A EP1601657A1 EP 1601657 A1 EP1601657 A1 EP 1601657A1 EP 04720345 A EP04720345 A EP 04720345A EP 04720345 A EP04720345 A EP 04720345A EP 1601657 A1 EP1601657 A1 EP 1601657A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
aliphatic
phenyl
hydroxy
optionally
aryl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP04720345A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Frederick F. Vangoor
Sarah S. Hadida Ruah
Ashvani K. Singh
Eric R. Olson
Lewis R. Makings
Jesus E. Gonzalez, Iii
James A. Rader
Fred Chambers, Iii
Mark T. Miller
Peter Grootenhuis
Yahua Liu
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc
Original Assignee
Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc filed Critical Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc
Publication of EP1601657A1 publication Critical patent/EP1601657A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C07D231/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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    • C07D401/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
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    • C07D413/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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    • C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to modulators of ATP-Binding Cassette (“ABC”) transporters or fragments thereof, including Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (“CFTR”), compositions thereof, and methods therewith.
  • the present invention also relates to methods of treating ABC transporter mediated diseases using such modulator .
  • ABC transporters are a family of membrane transporter proteins that regulate the transport of a wide variety of pharmacological agents, potentially toxic drugs, and xenobiotics, as well as anions .
  • ABC transporters are homologous membrane proteins that bind and use cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for their specific activities. Some of these transporters were discovered as multidrug resistance proteins (like the MDRl-P glycoprotein, or the multidrug resistance protein, MRP1) , defending malignant cancer cells against chemotherapeutic agents. To date, 48 ABC Transporters have been identified and grouped into 7 families based on their sequence identity and function.
  • ABC transporters regulate a variety of important physiological roles within the body and provide defense against harmful environmental compounds. Because of this, they represent important potential drug targets for the treatment of diseases associated with defects in the transporter, prevention of drug transport out of the target cell, and intervention in other diseases in which modulation of ABC transporter activity may be beneficial.
  • CFTR cAMP/ATP-mediated anion channel
  • CFTR is expressed in a variety of cells types, including absorptive and secratory epithelia cells, where it regulates anion flux across the membrane, as well as the activity of other ion channels and proteins. In epithelia cells, normal functioning of CFTR is critical for the maintenance of electrolyte transport throughout the body, including respiratory and digestive tissue.
  • CFTR is composed of approximately 1480 amino acids that encode a protein made up of a tandem repeate of transmembrane domains, each containing six transmembrane helices and a nucleotide binding domain. The two transmembrane domains are linked by a large, polar, regulatory (R) -domain with multiple phosphorylation sites that regulate channel activity and cellular trafficking.
  • the most prevalent mutation is a deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 of the CFTR amino acid sequence, and is commonly referred to as ⁇ F508-CFTR. This mutation occurs in approximately 70% of the cases of cystic fibrosis and is associated with a severe disease.
  • CFTR transports a variety of molecules in addition to anions
  • this role represents one element in an important mechanism of transporting ions and water across the epithelium.
  • the other elements include the epithelial Na + channel, ENaC, Na + /2C1 ⁇ /K + co-transporter, Na + -K + -ATPase pump and the basolateral membrane K + channels, that are responsible for the uptake of chloride into the cell .
  • CFTR activity may be beneficial for other diseases not directly caused by mutations in CFTR. These include, but are not limited to, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) , dry eye disease, and Sj ⁇ gren' s Syndrome.
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • COPD dry eye disease
  • Sj ⁇ gren' s Syndrome Sj ⁇ gren' s Syndrome
  • COPD is characterized by airflow limitation that is progressive and not fully reversible.
  • the airflow limitation is due to mucus hypersecretion, emphysema, and bronchiolitis .
  • Activators of mutant or wild-type CFTR offer a potential treatment of mucus hypersecretion and impaired mucociliary clearance that is common in COPD.
  • increasing anion secretion across CFTR may facilitate fluid transport into the airway surface liquid to hydrate the mucus and optimized periciliary fluid viscosity. This would lead to enhanced mcuociliary clearance and a reduction in the symptoms associated with COPD.
  • Dry eye disease is characterized by a decrease in tear aqueous production and abnormal tear film lipid, protein and mucin profiles.
  • causes of dry eye some of which include age, Lasik eye surgery, arthritis, medications, chemical/thermal burns, allergies, and diseases, such as Cystic Fibrosis and Sjogrens's syndrome.
  • Increasing anion secretion via CFTR would enhance fluid transport from the corneal endothelial cells and secretory glands surrounding the eye to increase corneal hydration. This would help to alleviate the symptoms associated with dry eye disease.
  • Sjogrens's syndrome is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks moisture-producing glands throughout the body, including the eye, mouth, skin, respiratory tissue, liver, vagina, and gut. Symptoms, include, dry eye, mouth, and vagina, as well as lung disease. The disease is also associated with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, systemic sclerosis, and polymypositis/dermatomyositis . Defective protein trafficking is believed to cause the disease, for which treatment options are limited. Modulators of CFTR activity may hydrate the various organs afflicted by the disease and help to elevate the associated symptoms.
  • Compounds that are found to modulate CFTR activity by modulating protein folding may be beneficial for the treatment of a wide variety of other protein folding diseases, including, but not limited to, cancer (due to mutations in the tumor suppressor protein, p53), Prion disease, ⁇ -1 antitrypsin deficiency, hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and Dubin Johnson Syndrome .
  • CFTR modulators may be beneficial for the treatment of secretory diarrheas, in which epithelial water transport is dramatically increased as a result of secretagogue activated chloride transport.
  • the mechanism involves elevation of cAMP and stimulation of CFTR.
  • Acute and chronic diarrheas represent a major medical problem in many areas of the world. Diarrhea is both a significant factor in malnutrition and the leading cause of death (5,000,000 deaths/year) in children less than five years old.
  • Diarrhea in barn animals and pets such as cows, pigs and horses, sheep, goats, cats and dogs, also known as scours, is a major cause of death in these animals. Diarrhea can result from any major transition, such as weaning or physical movement, as well as in response to a variety of bacterial or viral infections and generally occurs within the first few hours of the animal's life.
  • the most common diarrheal causing bacteria is enterotoxogenic E-coli (ETEC) having the K99 pilus antigen.
  • ETEC enterotoxogenic E-coli
  • Common viral causes of diarrhea include rotavirus and coronavirus .
  • Other infectious agents include cryptosporidium, giardia lamblia, and salmonella, among others .
  • Symptoms of rotaviral infection include excretion of watery feces, dehydration and weakness. Coronavirus causes a more severe illness in the newborn animals, and has a higher mortality rate than rotaviral infection. Often, however, a young animal may be infected with more than one virus or with a combination of viral and bacterial microorganisms at one time. This dramatically increases the severity of the disease.
  • the present invention provides a method of modulating ABC transporter activity, comprising the step of contacting said ABC transporter with a compound of • formula (I) :
  • a and B are independently selected from aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, or cycloaliphatic ring;
  • C is H, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, cycloaliphatic, aliphatic, C(O) R 2 , C(O) R 3 , C(0)NH 2 , C(0)NH R 2 , C(0)NHR 3 , C(0)N(R 2 ) 2 , C(0)N(R 3 ) 2 ;
  • X is H, (CH 2 ) n -Y, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or R 6 ; wherein each of A, B, C, and X optionally comprises up to 4 substituents independently selected from R-*-, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , or R 5 ;
  • R 1 is oxo, R 6 or (CH 2 ) n -Y; n is 0, 1 or 2 ;
  • Y is halo, CN, N0 , CHF , CH F, CF 3 , OCF3 , OH,
  • R 2 is aliphatic, wherein each R 2 optionally comprises up to 2 substituents independently selected from R 1 , R 4 , or R 5 ;
  • R 3 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally comprising up to 3 substituents, independently selected from R ⁇ , R 2 , R4 or
  • R 4 is OR 5 , OR 6 , OC(0)R 6 , OC(0)R 5 , OC(0)OR 6 ,
  • R 5 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally optionally comprising up to 3
  • R 6 is H or aliphatic, wherein R 6 optionally comprises a R ⁇ substituent;
  • ⁇ 7 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring and each ⁇ optionally comprising up to 2 substituents independently chosen from H, (C1-C )- straight or branched alkyl, (C 2 -C ) straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, 1,2- ethylenedioxy, or (CH 2 ) n -Z;
  • Z is selected from halo, CN, N0 2 , CHF , CH 2 F, CF3 , OCF3, OH, SCHF 2 , S-aliphatic, S (0) -aliphatic, S0 2 - aliphatic, NH , N-aliphatic, N (aliphatic) 2 ,
  • N(aliphatic)R 8 COOH, C (O) 0 (-aliphatic, or O-aliphatic ;
  • R 8 is an amino protecting group.
  • the present invention also provides compositions comprising compounds of formula (I) , and methods of treating ABC transporter mediated diseases using compounds of formula (I) .
  • ABS-transporter as used herein means an ABC-transporter protein or a fragment thereof comprising at least one binding domain, wherein said protein or fragment thereof is present in vivo or in vi tro .
  • binding domain as used herein means a domain on the ABC-transporter that can bind to a modulator. See, e.g., Hwang, T. C. et al., J. Gen. Physiol. (1998): 111(3), 477-90.
  • CFTR is an example of an ABC-transporter .
  • CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator or a mutation thereof capable of regulator activity, including, but not limited to, ⁇ F508 CFTR and G551D CFTR (see, e.g., http: //www. genet . sickkids . on. ca/cftr/ , for CFTR mutations) .
  • modulating means increasing or decreasing by a measurable amount. Suitable means for such measurements are well known in the art .
  • aliphatic or "aliphatic group”, as used herein, means a straight-chain or branched, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated (alkyl) or is unsaturated (alkenyl or alkynyl) .
  • an aliphatic group has 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably, 1-6 carbon atoms, and more preferably, 1-4 carbon atoms.
  • up to three, and preferably up to two, -CH 2 - in said aliphatic may be replaced with 0, S, or -NH.
  • cycloaliphatic means a saturated or partically unsaturated monocyclic or bicyclic hydrocarbon ring that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule.
  • preferred cycloaliphatic rings are 3-8 membered monocyclic rings, more preferably 3-6, and ever more preferably, 3, 5, or 6.
  • 8-12 membered bicyclic rings are also preferred, unless otherwise specified, are 8-12 membered bicyclic rings, more preferably 10 membered bicyclic rings.
  • heteroatom means nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen and sulfur, and the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen.
  • nitrogen includes a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic ring.
  • the nitrogen in a saturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, the nitrogen may be N (as in 3 , 4-dihydro-2iT-pyrrolyl) , NH (as in pyrrolidinyl) or as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl .
  • unsaturated as used herein, means a double bond or a triple bond. Each such bond constitutes one unit of unsaturation.
  • aryl used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl”, “aralkoxy”, or “aryloxyalkyl” , refers to monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic aromatic carbocyclic ring systems. Unless otherwise specified, preferred aryl rings have a total of five to fourteen ring members, wherein at least one ring, if bicyclic or tricyclic, in the system is aromatic and wherein each ring in the system contains up to 6 ring members.
  • aryl may be used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring”. Phenyl is an example of aryl.
  • heterocycle means non-aromatic, monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring systems, wherein one or more ring members is a heteroatom. Unless otherwise specified, each ring in the system preferably contains contains 3 to 7 ring members with preferably 1-3 heteroatoms .
  • heteroaryl used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “heteroaralkyl” or “heteroarylalkoxy”, refers to monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic ring systems, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic, and at least one ring in the system contains one or more heteroatoms. Unless otherwise specified, such ring systems preferably have a total of 5 to 15 ring members, wherein each ring in the system preferably contains 3 to 7 ring members, with preferably 1-3 heteroatoms.
  • heteroaryl may be used interchangeably with the term “heteroaryl ring” or the term “heteroaromatic” .
  • a combination of substituents or variables is permissible only if such a combination results in a stable or chemically feasible compound.
  • a stable compound or chemically feasible compound is one that is not substantially altered when kept at a temperature of 40°C or less, in the absence of moisture or other chemically reactive conditions, for at least a week.
  • the present invention provides a method of modulating ABC transporter activity, comprising the step of contacting said ABC transporter with a compound of formula (I) :
  • a and B are independently selected from aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, or cycloaliphatic ring;
  • C is H, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, cycloaliphatic, aliphatic, C(0) R , C(O) R 3 , C(0)NH 2 , C(0)NH R 2 , C(0)NHR 3 , C(0)N(R 2 ) 2 , C(0)N(R 3 ) 2 ;
  • X is H, (CH 2 ) n -Y, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or R 6 ; wherein each of A, B, C, and X optionally comprises up to 4 substituents independently selected from R- R , R 3 , R 4 , or R 5 ;
  • R 1 is oxo, R 6 or (CH ) n -Y; n is 0, 1 or 2 ;
  • Y is halo, CN, N0 , CHF , CH F, CF 3 , OCF 3 , OH,
  • R 2 is aliphatic, wherein each R 2 optionally comprises up to 2 substituents independently selected from R 1 , R 4 , or R 5 ;
  • R 3 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally comprising up to 3 substituents, independently selected from R- ⁇ -, R 2 , R 4 or
  • R 4 is OR 5 , OR 6 , OC(0)R 6 , 0C(0)R 5 , OC(0)OR 6 , OC(0)OR 5 , OC(0)N(R 6 ) 2 , OC(0)N(R 5 ) 2 , OC (0) N (R 6 R 5 ) ,
  • R 5 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally optionally comprising up to 3
  • R 6 is H or aliphatic, wherein R 6 optionally comprises a R ⁇ substituent;
  • R ⁇ is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring and each R ⁇ optionally comprising up to 2 substituents independently chosen from H, (C]_-Cg)- straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C ) straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, 1,2- ethylenedioxy, or (CH 2 ) n -Z;
  • Z is selected from halo, CN, N0 2 , CHF 2 , CH 2 F, CF3 ,
  • N (aliphatic) R 8 COOH, C (0) 0 (-aliphatic) , or O-aliphatic;
  • R° is an amino protecting group.
  • amino protecting group refers to a suitable chemical group that may be attached to a nitrogen atom.
  • protected refers to when the designated functional group is attached to a suitable chemical group (protecting group) .
  • suitable amino protecting groups and protecting groups are described in T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d. Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1991); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994); L. Paquette, ed. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995) , the disclosures whereof is incorporated herein by reference.
  • C is H.
  • C is C(0)CH 3 , C(0)Ph, phenyl, C (O)NH (C1-C4) -alkyl, or C(0)N[ (Cl-C4)-alkyl] 2 .
  • C is optionally substituted H, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, cycloaliphatic, aliphatic.
  • X is H.
  • X is X is (CH 2 ) n -Y.
  • X is R 2 .
  • X is R .
  • X is R 4 .
  • a and B are independently selected from optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl. Or, A is an optionally substituted phenyl.
  • a and B are independently selected from optionally substituted C5-C10 heteroaryl. Or, A and B each is an optionally substituted C5-C7 heteroaryl.
  • a and B are independently selected from phenyl, triazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuranyl, benzo [b] thiophenyl, lH-indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8- naphthyridinyl ,
  • a and B are independently selected from optionally substituted phenyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiophenyl, or furanyl. Or, A and B are independently selected from phenyl, furanyl, or pyridyl.
  • a and B are independently selected from optionally substituted phenyl, pyridyl, thiophenyl, or furanyl.
  • A is optionally substituted phenyl .
  • Exemplary embodiments of A include 2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl, 2-hydroxy-5- methylphenyl , 2-hydroxy-5-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxy-5- ethylphenyl, 2-hydroxy-5-propylphenyl, 2-hydroxy-5- chlorophenyl , 2-hydroxy-5-isopropylphenyl, 2-hydroxy-5- tetrazol-2H-3-ylphenyl, 2-hydroxy-5-bromophenyl, 2- hydroxy-5-methylsulfonylphenyl , 2-hydroxy-5-amidophenyl , 2-hydroxy-6-methoxyphenyl , 2-hydroxy-4 , 6-dimethylphenyl , 2-hydroxy-4 , 5-dimethylphenyl , 2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl , or 2-hydroxy-4-fluoropheny1.
  • Preferred embodiments of B include the following optionally substituted ring systems:
  • Exemplary embodiments of B include 2- methoxyphenyl , 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2,4- dimethoxy-phenyl , 3 , 4-dimethoxy-phenyl , 3 , 5-dimethoxy- phenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 2- hydroxyphenyl , 2-chloro-phenyl, 4-chloro-phenyl, 2,6- dichloro-phenyl, 4-fluoro-phenyl, 3-fluoro-phenyl, 2- fluoro-phenyl, 3 , 4-difluoro-phenyl, 2 , 6-difluoro-phenyl, phenyl, 4-butoxy-phenyl, 2-ethoxy-phenyl, 2-nitro-phenyl, 3-nitro-phenyl, 4-nitro-phenyl, 2-trifluoromethoxy- phenyl, 3-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl, 4-trifluorometh
  • R 1 is oxo, 1,2,- methylene dioxy, 1, 2-difluoromethylenedioxy, or 1,2- ethylenedioxy.
  • R 1 is R 6 , wherein R 6 is straight chain or branched (C1-C6) alkyl or (C2-C6 alkenyl) or alkynyl, optionally substituted with R 7 .
  • R 1 is (CH 2 ) - Y, wherein n is 0, 1, or 2 , and Y is halo, CN, N0 2 , CHF 2 ,
  • Y is halo, CN, N0 2 ,
  • R 1 is selected from halo, CH 2 F, CHF , CF 3 , NH 2 , NH(C1-C4 alkyl), NHC(0)CH 3 , OH, 0(C1-C4 alkyl), OPh, O-benzyl, SCHF 2 , S- (C1-C4 alkyl) , C1-C4 alkyl, N0 2 , CN, ethylenedioxy, ethylenedixoy, S0 2 NH(C1-C4 alkyl), or S0 2 N(C1-C4 alkyl) 2 -
  • R 1 is selected from methyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, t-butyl, halo, CF 3 , NH 2 , NH(CH 3 ), NHC(0)CH 3 , OH, OCH 3 , 0-(n) ropyl, 0-(n) butyl, N(CH3) 2 , OPh, O-benzyl, S-(ethyl), S- (n) propyl, C(0)OCH 3 , COOH, NH2 , NHCH3 , N(CH 3 ) 2 , S-CH 3 , N0 2 , CN, methylenedioxy, SO 2 NH (n-propyl) , or S0 2 N(n- propyl) 2 •
  • R 2 is a straight chain or branched (C1-C6) alkyl or (C2-C6) alkenyl or alkynyl, optionally substituted with R 1 , R 4 , or R 5 . More preferably, R 2 is a straight chain or branched (C1-C4) alkyl or (C2-C4) alkenyl or alkynyl, optionally substituted with R 1 , R 4 , or R 5 as defined hereinabove .
  • R 3 is an optionally substituted phenyl, napthyl, C5-C10 heteroaryl or C3-C7 heterocyclyl. More preferably, R 3 is an optionally substituted phenyl, C5-C6 heteroaryl, or C3-C6 heterocyclyl .
  • R 4 is selected from OR 5 , OR 6 , SR 5 , S0 2 R s , S0 2 R 6 , SR 6 , C(0)OR 5 , C(0)0R 6 , C(0)N(R 6 ) 2 , C(0)N(R 5 ) 2 , C(0)N(R 5 R 6 ), NR 5 COR 5 ,
  • R 4 is selected from OH, C(0)OMe, NHC(0)Me, C(0)NH 2 , C(0)NHMe, C(0)NMe 2 , S0 2 NMe 2 , S0 2 NEt 2 , NH 2 , or NMe 2 .
  • R 5 is C5-C6 cycloalkyl, C6 or CIO aryl, C5-C10 heteroaryl or C3-C7 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with up to 2 R 1 .
  • R 5 is an optionally substituted cyclohexyl, phenyl, C5-C6 heteroaryl, or C3-C6 heterocyclyl.
  • R 5 is pyridyl, tetrazolyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, pyrazolyl, or furanyl.
  • R 6 is H.
  • R 6 is a straight chain or branched (C1-C6) alkyl or (C2-C6 alkenyl) or alkynyl, optionally substituted with R 7 .
  • R 6 is a straight chain or branched (C1-C6) alkyl or (C2-C6 alkenyl) or alkynyl.
  • R 7 is C5-C6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C5-C10 heteroaryl or C3-C7 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with straight chain or branched (C1-C6) alkyl or (C2-C6 alkenyl) or alkynyl.
  • R 7 is C5-C6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C5-C10 heteroaryl or C3-C7 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with 1-2-methylenedioxy, 1, 2-ethylenedioxy, or (CH 2 ) n -Z.
  • R 7 is an optionally substituted cyclohexyl, phenyl, C5-C6 heteroaryl, or C3-C6 heterocyclyl.
  • Embodiments of Z include those described hereinabove for R ⁇ .
  • Z is selected from halo, CN, N0 2 , CF3 , OCF3 , OH, S-aliphatic, S (0) -aliphatic, S0 2 -aliphatic, NH 2 , N-aliphatic,
  • R 8 is C (0) aliphatic, C(0)aryl, arylsulfonyl or alkylsulfonyl .
  • R 8 is acyl
  • the methods of the present invention employ compounds of formula (IA) :
  • m is 0 to 3;
  • Bi is selected from:
  • R-L, R 2 , R 3 , or R 4 are as defined above in formula (I) .
  • n is 1 or 2. Or, m is 1. Or, m is 2.
  • Exemplary embodiments of ring Z, together with the hydroxyl group and optional substituents, include 2- hydroxy-5-methoxypheny1 , 2-hydroxy-5-methylphen 1 , 2- hydroxy-5-fluorophenyl , 2-hydroxy-5-ethylpheny1 , 2- hydroxy-5-propylpheny1, 2-hydroxy-5-chlorophenyl, 2- hydroxy-5-isopropylpheny1, 2-hydroxy-5-tetrazol-2H-3- ylpheny1 , 2-hydroxy-5-bromopheny1 , 2-hydroxy-5- methylsulfonylpheny1 , 2-hydroxy-5-amidophenyl , 2-hydroxy-6-methoxyphenyl , 2-hydroxy-4 , 6-dimethylphenyl , 2-hydroxy-4, 5-dimethylphenyl, 2-hydroxy-4-methylpheny1, or 2-hydroxy-4-fluorophenyl .
  • Exemplary embodiments of Bi include 2- methoxyphenyl , 3-methoxypheny1, 4-methoxypheny1, 2,4- dimethoxy-phenyl , 3 , 4-dimethoxy-phenyl , 3 , 5-dimethoxy- phenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl , 2- hydroxyphenyl , 2-chloro-phenyl, 4-chloro-phenyl, 2,6- dichloro-phenyl, 4-fluoro-phenyl, 3-fluoro-phenyl, 2- fluoro-phenyl, 3 , 4-difluoro-phenyl, 2 , 6-difluoro-phenyl, phenyl, 4-butoxy-phenyl, 2-ethoxy-phenyl, 2-nitro-phenyl, 3-nitro-phenyl, 4-nitro-phenyl, 2-trifluoromethoxypheny1, 3-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl, 4-trifluoromethoxy- phen
  • E ⁇ and E include those groups within R ⁇ , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 that are electronegative. Examples of such groups are halo, CF 3 , C0NH 2 , S0 2 NEt 2 , CN, COOH, COO- (aliphatic) , S0 2 (aliphatic) , S0 2 (aryl), etc.
  • the present invention provides a compound having formula (II) :
  • C x is H, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, aliphatic, C(0)R 2 , C(0)R 3 , C(0)NH 2 , C(0)NH R 2 , C(0)NHR 3 , C(0)N(R 2 ) 2 , C(0)N(R ) 2 ;
  • X x is selected from halo, R 2 , CF 3 , CN, COOH, COOR, C(0)R, C(0)NH 2 , C(0)NHR, or C(0)N(R) 2 ; each R is independently R 2 or R 3 ; wherein each of ring B, optionally including X x and OH, and C x optionally comprises up to 4 substituents, and ring A optionally comprises up to 3 substituents, wherein said substituents are independently selected from R ⁇ ,
  • R 1 is R 6 or (CH ) n -Y; n is 0, 1 or 2 ;
  • Y is halo, CN, N0 2 , CF 3 , CHF 2 , CH F,
  • NR 6 R 8 COOH, COOR 6 or OR 6 ; or two R-L on adjacent ring atoms, taken together, form 1, 2-methylenedioxy, 1, 2-difluoromethylenedioxy, or 1,2- ethylenedioxy;
  • R 2 is aliphatic, wherein each R 2 optionally comprises up to 2 substituents independently selected from R 1 , R 4 , or R 5 ;
  • R 3 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally comprising up to 3 substituents, independently selected from R ⁇ , R , R 4 or
  • R 4 is OR 5 , OR 6 , 0C(0)R 6 , OC(0)R 5 , OC(0)OR 6 , 0C(0)0R 5 , 0C(O)N(R 6 ) , 0C(0)N(R 5 ) 2 , OC (O)N (R 6 R 5 ) ,
  • R 5 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally optionally comprising up to 3
  • R 6 is H or aliphatic, wherein R 6 optionally comprises a R "7 substituent;
  • R “7 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring and each R ⁇ optionally comprising up to 2 substituents independently chosen from H, (C ⁇ -Cg)- straight or branched alkyl, (C -Cg) straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, 1,2- ethylenedioxy, or (CH ) n -Z;
  • Z is selected from halo, CN, N0 , CHF 2 , CH 2 F,
  • N (aliphatic) R 8 COOH, C (0) 0 (-aliphatic) , or O-aliphatic;
  • R 8 is an amino protecting group.
  • Embodiments of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 in formula (II) include those described hereinabove for compounds of formula (I) .
  • Compounds of formula (II) are, e.g., useful in the methods of the present invention.
  • Embodiments of Ci include those described above for radical C in formula (I) above. According to one embodiment, Ci is H.
  • Xi is selected from (C1-C4) -aliphatic, or C(0)-NH 2 .
  • Compounds of formula (II) include those having one or more, or, more preferably, all, of the features selected from the group:
  • Xx is chloro, fluoro, CF 3 , CN, COOH, C0NH 2 , C0NHR 2 ;
  • Ci is H or phenyl.
  • Compounds of formula (II) include IA-6 in Table 1.
  • the present invention provides a compound having formula (III) :
  • X 2 is selected from halo, R 2 , CF 3 , CN, COOH, COOR 2 ,
  • R 1 is oxo, R 6 or (CH 2 ) n -Y; n is 0, 1 or 2 ;
  • Y is halo, CN, N0 2 , CHF , CH F, CF3 , OCF3 , OH,
  • R 2 is aliphatic, wherein each R 2 optionally comprises up to 2 substituents independently selected from R 1 , R 4 , or R 5 ;
  • R 3 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally comprising up to 3 substituents, independently selected from R ⁇ , R 2 , R 4 or
  • R 4 is OR 5 , OR 6 , OC(0)R 6 , 0C(0)R 5 , OC(0)OR 6 ,
  • R 5 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally optionally comprising up to 3
  • R 6 is H or aliphatic, wherein R 6 optionally comprises a R 7 substituent;
  • R 7 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring and each R 7 optionally comprising up to 2 substituents independently chosen from H, (C1-C5)- straight or branched alkyl, (C 2 -C ) straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, 1,2- ethylenedioxy, or (CH 2 ) n -Z;
  • Z is selected from halo, CN, N0 2 , CHF , CH F, CF 3 , OCF3, OH, SCHF 2 , S-aliphatic, S (0) -aliphatic, S0 - aliphatic, NH 2 , N-aliphatic, N (aliphatic) 2 ,
  • N(aliphatic)R 8 COOH, C (0) O (-aliphatic, or O-aliphatic;
  • R 8 is an amino protecting group; provided that:
  • Embodiments of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R , R 5 , and R 6 in formula (III) include those described hereinabove for compounds of formula (I) .
  • Compounds of formula (III) are, e.g., useful in the methods of the present invention.
  • Compounds of formula (III) include those having one or more, or, more preferably, all, of the features selected from the group:
  • X 3 is halo, CF 3 , or N0 2 ;
  • X 2 is halo, CF 3 , methyl, ethyl, propyl, or CONH 2 .
  • exemplary compounds of formula (III) include
  • the present invention provides a compound having formula (IV) :
  • B is selected from:
  • C 2 is H, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, aliphatic, C(0)R 2 , C(0)R 3 , C(0)NH 2 , C(0)NH R 2 , C(0)NHR 3 , C(0)N(R 2 ) 2 ,
  • each of X 4 , X 5 , X 6 , X 7 , and X a is selected from (CH ) n -
  • each of B 2 and C 2 optionally comprises up to
  • R 1 is oxo, R 6 or (CH 2 ) n -Y; n is 0 , 1 or 2 ;
  • Y is halo, CN, N0 2 , CHF 2 , CH F, CF 3 , OCF 3 , OH,
  • R 2 is aliphatic, wherein each R 2 optionally comprises up to 2 substituents independently selected from R 1 , R 4 , or R 5 ;
  • R 3 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally comprising up to 3 substituents, independently selected from R , R 2 , R 4 or R 5 ;
  • R 4 is OR 5 , OR 6 , 0C(0)R 6 , OC(0)R 5 , OC(0)OR 6 , OC(0)OR 5 , OC(0)N(R 6 ) 2 , OC(0)N(R 5 ) 2 , OC (0) N(R 6 R 5 ) ,
  • R 5 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally optionally comprising up to 3
  • R 6 is H or aliphatic, wherein R 6 optionally comprises a R 7 substituent;
  • R 7 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring and each R 7 optionally comprising up to 2 substituents independently chosen from H, (C1-C5)- straight or branched alkyl, (C 2 -Cg) straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, 1,2- ethylenedioxy, or (CH 2 ) n -Z;
  • Z is selected from halo, CN, N0 2 , CF 3 , OCF3 , OH, SCHF 2 , S-aliphatic, S (0) -aliphatic, S0 2 -aliphatic, NH ,
  • R 8 is an amino protecting group; provided that:
  • Embodiments of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 in formula (IV) include those described hereinabove for compounds of formula (I) .
  • Compounds of formula (IV) are, e.g., useful in the methods of the present invention.
  • B 2 is optionally
  • B 2 is optionally
  • B 2 is optionally
  • B 2 is optionally
  • Embodiments of C 2 include those described above for radical C in formula (I) . According to another embodiment, C 2 is H or phenyl. Or, C 2 is H.
  • Embodiments of X 8 include those described hereinabove for radical X in formula (I) .
  • Xs is H or phenyl.
  • Xs is H.
  • Compounds of formula (IV) include those having one or more, or, more preferably, all, of the features selected from the group:
  • X 4 is halo, (C1-C4) alkyl, CF 3 , CN, or N0 2 ;
  • X 4 , X s , X 6 , and X 7 taken together with the hydroxyphenyl group, is selected from 2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl, 2-hydroxy-5- methylphenyl , 2-hydroxy-5-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxy-5- ethylphenyl, 2-hydroxy-5-propylphenyl, 2-hydroxy-5- chlorophenyl , 2-hydroxy-5-isopropylpheny1, 2-hydroxy-5- tetrazol-2H-3-ylphenyl, 2-hydroxy-5-bromophenyl 2-hydroxy-5-methylsulfonylpheny1, or 2-hydroxy-5- amidophenyl .
  • Compounds of formula (IV) include IA-7, IA-28, IA-42, IA-50, IA-64, IA-76, and IA-92 of Table 1.
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula (V) :
  • C 3 is H, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, aliphatic, C(0)R 2 , C(0)R 3 , C(0)NH 2 , C(0)NH R 2 , C(0)NHR 3 , C(0)N(R 2 ) 2 , C(0)N(R 3 ) 2 ;
  • X 9 is selected from (CH 2 ) n -Y, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 or R 6 ; wherein each of ring P, optionally including the hydroxyl group, and ring Q optionally comprises up to 4 substituents independently selected from R ⁇ , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , or R 5 ;
  • R 1 is oxo, R 6 or (CH 2 ) n -Y; n is 0, 1 or 2 ;
  • Y is halo, CN, N0 2 , CHF 2 , CH F, CF 3 , 0CF 3 , OH,
  • R 2 is aliphatic, wherein each R 2 optionally comprises up to 2 substituents independently selected from R 1 , R 4 , or R 5 ;
  • R 3 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally comprising up to 3 substituents, independently selected from R ⁇ , R 2 , R 4 or
  • R 4 is OR 5 , OR 6 , 0C(0)R 6 , OC(0)R 5 , 0C(0)0R 6 ,
  • R 5 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally optionally comprising up to 3
  • R 6 is H or aliphatic, wherein R 6 optionally comprises a R 7 substituent;
  • R 7 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring and each ⁇ 7 optionally comprising up to 2 substituents independently chosen from H, (C ⁇ -Cg)- straight or branched alkyl, (C 2 -Cg) straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, 1,2- ethylenedioxy, or (CH ) n -Z;
  • Z is selected from halo, CN, N0 2 , CHF 2 , CH F,
  • N (aliphatic) R 8 COOH, C (0) 0 (-aliphatic, or O-aliphatic;
  • R 8 is an amino protecting group.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 included in formula (V) are those described hereinabove for compounds of formula (I) .
  • Compounds of formula (V) are, e.g., useful in the methods of the present invention.
  • Embodiments of C 3 include those described hereinabove for radical C in formula (I) .
  • C 3 is H or phenyl.
  • C 3 is H.
  • Embodiments of X 9 include those described hereinabove for radical X in formula (I) . According to another embodiment X 9 is H or phenyl. Or, X 9 is H.
  • ring P, together with the 2-hydroxy group is a 2-hydroxy-5- substituted phenyl ring.
  • Compounds of formula (V) include those having one or more, or, more preferably, all, of the features selected from the group:
  • ring Q is isoxazol-3-yl or 5-methyl-isoxazol-3- yi;
  • Compounds of formula (V) include IA-107 of Table 1.
  • the present invention provides a compound having formula (VI) :
  • B 3 is selected from:
  • C 4 is H, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, aliphatic,
  • X 10 is selected from (CH ) n -Y, R 2 , R 3 , R , R 5 or R 6 ; wherein each of ring M, optionally including the hydroxyl group, C 4 , and B 3 optionally comprises up to 4 substituents independently selected from R- R 2 , R , R , or R 5 ;
  • R 1 is oxo, R 6 or (CH ) n -Y; n is 0, 1 or 2 ;
  • Y is halo, CN, N0 2 , CHF , CH 2 F, CF3 , OCF3 , OH,
  • R 2 is aliphatic, wherein each R 2 optionally comprises up to 2 substituents independently selected from R 1 , R 4 , or R 5 ;
  • R 3 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally comprising up to 3 substituents, independently selected from R ⁇ , R 2 , R 4 or R 5 ;
  • R 4 is OR 5 , OR 6 , OC(0)R 6 , OC(0)R 5 , OC(0)OR 6 , 0C(0)0R 5 , OC(0)N(R 6 ) , 0C(0)N(R 5 ) 2 , OC (O)N (R 6 R 5 ) ,
  • R 5 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally optionally comprising up to 3
  • R 6 is H or aliphatic, wherein R 6 optionally comprises a R 7 substituent;
  • R 7 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring and each R 7 optionally comprising up to 2 substituents independently chosen from H, (C ⁇ -Cg)- straight or branched alkyl, (C 2 -Cg) straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, 1,2- ethylenedioxy, or (CH 2 ) n -Z;
  • Z is selected from halo, CN, N0 , CF3 , OCF3 , OH, S- aliphatic, S (0) -aliphatic, S0 -aliphatic, NH 2 , N- aliphatic, (aliphatic) 2 , N (aliphatic ) R 8 , COOH, C(0)0(- aliphatic, or O-aliphatic; and
  • R 8 is an amino protecting group.
  • Embodiments of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 in formula (VI) include those described hereinabove for compounds of formula (I) .
  • Compounds of formula (VI) are, e.g., useful in the methods of the present invention.
  • Embodiments of C 4 include those described hereinabove for radical C in formula (I) .
  • C 4 is H or phenyl.
  • C 4 is H.
  • X 10 is H or phenyl. Or, X 10 is H.
  • B 3 is optionally
  • ring M together with the 2-hydroxy group, is a 2-hydroxy-5- substituted phenyl ring.
  • Specific embodiments thereof include 2-hydroxy-5-methoxypheny1 , 2-hydroxy-5- methylphenyl , 2-hydroxy-5-fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxy-5- ethylphenyl, 2-hydroxy-5-propylpheny1, 2-hydroxy-5- chlorophenyl, 2-hydroxy-5-isopropylphenyl, 2-hydroxy-5- tetrazol-2H-3-ylphenyl, 2-hydroxy-5-bromopheny1 2-hydroxy-5-methylsulfonylphenyl, or 2-hydroxy-5- amidophenyl .
  • Compounds of formula (VI) include IA-31 in Table 1.
  • the present invention provides compounds of formula (VII) :
  • B is selected from:
  • X ⁇ l is selected from (CH 2 ) n -Y, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 or R 6 ; wherein each of ring N, optionally including the hydroxyl group, C s , and B 4 optionally comprises up to 4 substituents independently selected from R-*-, R 2 , R , R 4 , or R 5 ;
  • R 1 is oxo, R 6 or (CH ) n -Y; n is 0, 1 or 2 ;
  • Y is halo, CN, N0 2 , CHF , CH 2 F, CF 3 , OCF3 , OH,
  • R 2 is aliphatic, wherein each R 2 optionally comprises up to 2 substituents independently selected from R 1 , R 4 , or R 5 ;
  • R 3 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally comprising up to 3 substituents, independently selected from R ⁇ , R , R 4 or R 5 ;
  • R 4 is OR 5 , OR 6 , 0C(0)R 6 , 0C(0)R 5 , 0C(O)OR 6 , OC(0)OR 5 , OC(0)N(R 6 ) 2 , OC(0)N(R 5 ) 2 , OC (O)N (R 6 R 5 ) ,
  • R 5 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally optionally comprising up to 3
  • R 6 is H or aliphatic, wherein R 6 optionally comprises a R 7 substituent;
  • R 7 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring and each R 7 optionally comprising up to 2 substituents independently chosen from H, (C ⁇ -Cg)- straight or branched alkyl, (C 2 -Cg) straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, 1,2- ethylenedioxy, or (CH 2 ) n -Z;
  • Z is selected from halo, CN, N0 2 , CF3 , OCF3 , OH, S- aliphatic, S (O) -aliphatic, S0 2 -aliphatic, NH 2 , N- aliphatic, (aliphatic) 2 , (aliphatic) R 8 , COOH, C(0)0(- aliphatic, or O-aliphatic; and
  • R 8 is an amino protecting group; provided that :
  • Embodiments of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 in formula (VII) include those described hereinabove for compounds of formula (I) .
  • Compounds of formula (VII) are, e.g., useful in the methods of the present invention.
  • Embodiments of C 5 include those described hereinabove for radical C in formula (I) .
  • C 5 is H or phenyl. Or, C 5 is H.
  • Embodiments of Xu include those described hereinabove for radical X in formula (I) . According to another embodiment, Xu is H or phenyl. Or, Xu is H.
  • B 4 is
  • B 4 is
  • B 4 is
  • ring N, together with the 2-hydroxy group is a 2-hydroxy, 5- substituted phenyl ring.
  • Exemplary compounds of ring N, together with the 2-hydroxy group include 2-hydroxy-5- methoxyphenyl , 2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl , 2-hydroxy-5- fluorophenyl, 2-hydroxy-5-eth.ylpb.enyl, 2-hydroxy-5- propylphenyl , 2-hydroxy-5-chlorophenyl, 2-hydroxy-5- isopropylpheny1, 2-hydroxy-5-tetrazol-2H-3-ylphenyl, 2- hydroxy-5-bromophenyl , 2-hydroxy-5-methylsulfonylpheny1 , 2-hydroxy-5-amidophenyl, 2-hydroxy-6-methoxypheny1, 2- hydroxy-4 , 6-dimethylphenyl , 2-hydroxy-4 , 5-dimethylphenyl , 2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl, or 2-hydroxy-4-fluorophenyl .
  • Compounds of formula (VII) include IA-95 in Table 1.
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula (VIII) :
  • B 5 is optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocyclyl;
  • C 6 and X 13 each is independently selected from H, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, aliphatic, C(0)R 2 , C(0)R 3 , C(0)NH 2 , C(0)NH R 2 , C(0)NHR 3 , C(0)N(R 2 ) 2 , C(0)N(R 3 ) 2 ;
  • X 12 is selected from (CH ) n -Y, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 or R 6 ; wherein each of ring L, including the hydroxyl group, C 6 , and B s optionally comprises up to 4 substituents independently selected from ⁇ , R , R 3 , R 4 , or R 5 ;
  • R 1 is oxo, R 6 or (CH 2 ) n -Y; n is 0, 1 or 2 ;
  • Y is halo, CN, N0 , CHF , CH F, CF3 , OCF3 , OH,
  • R 2 is aliphatic, wherein each R 2 optionally comprises up to 2 substituents independently selected from R 1 , R 4 , or R 5 ;
  • R 3 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally comprising up to 3 substituents, independently selected from K , R 2 , R 4 or
  • R 4 is OR 5 , OR 6 , OC(0)R 6 , OC(0)R 5 , OC(0)OR 6 ,
  • R 5 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally optionally comprising up to 3
  • R 6 is H or aliphatic, wherein R 6 optionally comprises a R 7 substituent;
  • R 7 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring and each R 7 optionally comprising up to 2 substituents independently chosen from H, (C ⁇ -Cg)- straight or branched alkyl, (C 2 -Cg) straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, 1,2- ethylenedioxy, or (CH 2 ) n -Z;
  • Z is selected from halo, CN, N0 2 , CF3 , OCF3 , OH, S- aliphatic, S (0) -aliphatic, S0 2 -aliphatic, NH 2 , N- aliphatic, N(aliphatic) , N (aliphatic) R 8 , COOH, C(0)0(- aliphatic, or O-aliphatic; and
  • R 8 is an amino protecting group.
  • Embodiments of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 in formula (VIII) include those described hereinabove for compounds of formula (I) .
  • Compounds of formula (VIII) are, e.g., useful in the methods of the present invention.
  • Embodiments of C 6 include those described hereinabove for radical C in formula (I) .
  • ⁇ is H or phenyl.
  • C 6 is phenyl.
  • Embodiments of X ⁇ 2 include those described hereinabove for radical X in formula (I) .
  • each of X ⁇ 2 and X ⁇ 3 is H or phenyl. Or, each is independently H.
  • B 5 is optionally substituted aryl.
  • B 5 is optionally substituted phenyl.
  • B 5 is phenyl.
  • B 5 is optionally substituted heteroaryl.
  • B 5 is optionally substituted pyridyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, or pyrazolyl.
  • B5 is cycloaliphatic.
  • B 5 is cyclohexyl or cyclopentyl.
  • B 5 is heterocyclyl.
  • Exemplary embodiments of B 5 include 2- methoxyphenyl , 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxypheny1, 2,4- dimethoxy-phenyl, 3 , 4-dimethoxy-phenyl, 3 , 5-dimethoxy- phenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl , 2- hydroxyphenyl, 2-chloro-phenyl, 4-chloro-phenyl, 2,6- dichloro-phenyl, 4-fluoro-phenyl, 3-fluoro-phenyl, 2- fluoro-phenyl, 3 , 4-difluoro-phenyl, 2 , 6-difluoro-phenyl, phenyl, 4-butoxy-phenyl, 2-ethoxy-phenyl, 2-nitro-phenyl, 3-nitro-phenyl, 4-nitro-phenyl, 2-trifluoromethoxy- phenyl, 3-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl, 4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula (IX) :
  • Be is phenyl
  • C 7 is selected from H, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, aliphatic, C(0)R 2 , C(0)R 3 , C(0)NH 2 , C(0)NH R 2 , C(0)NHR 3 , C(0)N(R 2 ) 2 , C(0)N(R 3 ) 2 ;
  • X 14 is R 2 , R 3 , NHR 2 , NHR 3 , NR 2 R 3 , N(R 2 ) 2 ;
  • X 15 is selected from (CH 2 ) n -Y, R , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 or R 6 ; wherein each of ring K, optionally including the hydroxyl group, C 7 , and B 6 optionally comprises up to 4 substituents independently selected from R ⁇ , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , or R 5 ;
  • R 1 is oxo, R 6 or (CH 2 ) n -Y; n is 0 , 1 or 2 ;
  • Y is halo, CN, N0 2 , CHF 2 , CH 2 F, CF 3 , 0CF 3 , OH,
  • R 2 is aliphatic, wherein each R 2 optionally comprises up to 2 substituents independently selected from Ri, R 4 , or R 5 ;
  • R 3 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally comprising up to 3 substituents, independently selected from R ⁇ , R 2 , R 4 or
  • R 4 is OR 5 , OR 6 , OC(0)R 6 , OC(0)R 5 , 0C(0)0R 6 , 0C(0)0R 5 , 0C(0)N(R 6 ) 2 , 0C(0)N(R 5 ) 2 , OC (O)N (R 6 R 5 ) ,
  • R 5 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally optionally comprising up to 3
  • R 6 is H or aliphatic, wherein R 6 optionally comprises a R 7 substituent;
  • R 7 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring and each R 7 optionally comprising up to 2 substituents independently chosen from H, (C ⁇ -Cg)- straight or branched alkyl, (C 2 -Cg) straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, 1,2- ethylenedioxy, or (CH 2 ) n -Z;
  • Z is selected from halo, CN, N0 2 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , OH, S- aliphatic, S (0) -aliphatic, S0 2 -aliphatic, NH 2 , N- aliphatic, N (aliphatic) , N (aliphatic) R 8 , COOH, C(0)0(- aliphatic, or O-aliphatic; and
  • R 8 is an amino protecting group.
  • Embodiments of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 in formula (IX) include those described hereinabove for compounds of formula (I) .
  • Compounds of formula (IX) are, e.g., useful in the methods of the present invention.
  • Embodiments of C 7 include those described hereinabove for radical C in formula (I) .
  • C 7 is H or phenyl.
  • C is phenyl.
  • X15 is H or phenyl.
  • X ⁇ 5 is phenyl.
  • X ⁇ 4 is selected from optionally substituted (C1-C6) aliphatic, aryl, NH(C1-C6) aliphatic, NH(aryl), or NH 2 .
  • Preferred X i4 include optionally substituted (C1-C4) -alkyl, phenyl, NH[ (C1-C4) -alkyl] , NH(phenyl), or NH 2 .
  • Be is optionally substituted with up to 2 substituents.
  • Exemplary embodiments of Be include 2-methoxypheny1 , 3- methoxyphenyl , 4-methoxyphenyl , 2 , 4-dimethoxy-phenyl , 3 , 4-dimethoxy-phenyl, 3 , 5-dimethoxy-phenyl, 4- hydroxyphenyl , 3-hydroxyphenyl , 2-hydroxyphenyl , 2- chloro-phenyl, 4-chloro-phenyl, 2 , 6-dichloro-phenyl, 4- fluoro-phenyl, 3-fluoro-phenyl, 2-fluoro-phenyl, 3,4- difluoro-phenyl, 2 , 6-difluoro-phenyl, phenyl, 4-butoxy- phenyl, 2-ethoxy-phenyl, 2-nitro-phenyl, 3-nitro-phenyl, 4-nitro-phenyl, 2-trifluoromethoxy-
  • Compounds of formula (IX) include IA-61 in Table 1.
  • the present invention provides a compound of formula (X) :
  • C ⁇ is selected from H, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, aliphatic, C(0)R 2 , C(0)R 3 , C(0)NH 2 , C(0)NH R 2 , C(0)NHR 3 , C(0)N(R 2 ) 2 , C(0)N(R 3 ) 2 ;
  • X 16 is selected from selected from (CH 2 ) n -Y, R , R 3 ,
  • X 17 is CN, tetrazolyl, S0 R 2 , S0 2 R 3 , S0 NHR 2 ,
  • each of ring G, optionally including the hydroxyl group, C B , and ring H optionally comprises up to
  • R 1 is oxo, R 6 or (CH 2 ) n -Y; n is 0, 1 or 2 ;
  • Y is halo, CN, N0 2 , CHF , CH F, CF 3 , OCF 3 , OH,
  • R 2 is aliphatic, wherein each R 2 optionally comprises up to 2 substituents independently selected from R 1 , R 4 , or R 5 ;
  • R 3 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally comprising up to 3 substituents, independently selected from R ⁇ , R , R 4 or
  • R 4 is OR 5 , OR 6 , 0C(0)R 6 , 0C(0)R 5 , 0C(0)0R 6 ,
  • R 5 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally optionally comprising up to 3
  • R 6 is H or aliphatic, wherein R 6 optionally comprises a R 7 substituent;
  • R 7 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring and each R 7 optionally comprising up to 2 substituents independently chosen from H, (C ⁇ -Cg)- straight or branched alkyl, (C 2 -Cg) straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, 1,2- ethylenedioxy, or (CH 2 ) n -Z;
  • Z is selected from halo, CN, N0 2 , CF3 , OCF3 , OH, S- aliphatic, S (0) -aliphatic, S0 -aliphatic, NH 2 , N- aliphatic, N (aliphatic) 2 N (aliphatic) R 8 , COOH, C(0)0(- aliphatic, or O-aliphatic ; and
  • R 8 is an amino protecting group.
  • Embodiments of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 in formula (X) include those described hereinabove for compounds of formula (I) .
  • Compounds of formula (X) are, e.g., useful in the methods of the present invention.
  • Embodiments of C 8 include those described hereinabove for radical X in formula (I) .
  • Cs is H or phenyl. Or, Cs is H.
  • X 15 is H or phenyl.
  • e is H.
  • X i7 is CN, S0 2 [ (C1-C6) aliphatic] , S0 2 (aryl) , S0 2 NH[(C1-
  • An exemplary aryl group is optionally substituted phenyl.
  • ring G together with the 2-hydroxy group is 2-hydroxy-5- substituted phenyl .
  • preferred compounds of formula (I) are those that measurably increase the activity of an ABC-transporter or of a fragment thereof, and preferably CFTR activity.
  • preferred compounds of formula (I) are those that measurably decrease the activity of an ABC-transporter or of a fragment thereof .
  • the present invention provides a method of modulating CFTR activity in a cell membrane of a mammal in need thereof, comprising the step of administering to said mammal a composition comprising a compound having the formula (I) as defined above.
  • the compounds of the present invention potentiate the activity the CFTR in a cell membrane of a mammal in need thereof .
  • the preferred embodiments of compound of formula (I) useful in modulating the activity of CFTR include the preferred embodiments of formula (I) described above.
  • the present invention provides a method of increasing the number of functional ABC transporters in a membrane of a cell, comprising the step of contacting said cell with a compound of formula (I) .
  • the term "functional ABC transporter” as used herein means an ABC transporter that is capable of transport activity.
  • said functional ABC transporter is CFTR.
  • the preferred embodiments of compounds of formula (I) useful in increasing the number of functional ABC transporters include preferred embodiments of formula (I) as described above.
  • depiction of one form includes the depiction of the other and that all such isomeric forms, including tautomeric forms (when C is H) of the compounds are within the scope of this invention.
  • structures depicted herein are also meant to include all stereochemical forms of the structure; i.e., the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center. Therefore, single stereochemical iso ers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention.
  • structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms.
  • compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of a hydrogen by a deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a 13 C- or 14 C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.
  • Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools or probes in biological assays .
  • the present invention includes within its scope pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention.
  • a "pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug” means any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, salt of an ester, or other derivative of a compound of the present invention which, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound of this invention or an active metabolite or residue thereof.
  • Preferred prodrugs are those that increase the bioavailability of the compounds of this invention when such compounds are administered to a mammal or which enhance delivery of the parent compound to a biological compartment relative to the parent species .
  • Scheme IA exemplifies the synthetic route of Scheme 1 for embodiments wherein A is 2- hydroxyphenyl , and B is phenyl.
  • An example of a suitable base for this route is KOH.
  • Scheme 2 illustrates a yet another synthetic route that may be employed to produce compounds of formula (I) .
  • Scheme 2A below exemplifies the synthetic route of Scheme 1 for embodiments wherein A and B each is phenyl .
  • Scheme 2A :
  • compositions of this invention refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that does not destroy the pharmacological activity of the compound with which it is formulated.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles that may be used in the compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as prota ine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-poly
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases.
  • suitable acid salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2- naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oxalate, palmo
  • Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium and N + (C ⁇ _ alkyl) 4 salts.
  • alkali metal e.g., sodium and potassium
  • alkaline earth metal e.g., magnesium
  • ammonium and N + (C ⁇ _ alkyl) 4 salts e.g., sodium and potassium
  • ammonium e.g., sodium and potassium
  • N + (C ⁇ _ alkyl) 4 salts e.g., sodium and potassium
  • compositions of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir.
  • parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
  • the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously.
  • Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol .
  • a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol .
  • acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides .
  • Fatty acids such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
  • These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents that are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions.
  • Other commonly used surfactants such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.
  • compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions.
  • carriers commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
  • Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
  • useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch.
  • aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.
  • compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.
  • suppositories for rectal administration.
  • suppositories can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug.
  • suitable non-irritating excipient include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
  • compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs .
  • Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers.
  • Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, poiyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.
  • compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.
  • Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
  • compositions of this invention are formulated for oral administration.
  • amount of the compounds of the present invention that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a composition in a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated, the particular mode of administration.
  • the compositions should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01-100 mg/kg body weight/day of the modulator can be administered to a patient receiving these compositions .
  • a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated.
  • the amount of a compound of the present invention in the composition will also depend upon the particular compound in the composition.
  • additional therapeutic agents which are normally administered to treat or prevent that condition, may also be present in the compositions of this invention.
  • additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat or prevent a particular disease, or condition are known as "appropriate for the disease, or condition, being treated. "
  • the present invention provides a method of treating a ABC transporter mediated disease in a mammal, comprising the step of administering to said mammal a composition comprising any one of compound of formula (I) to formula (X) , or a preferred embodiment thereof as set forth above .
  • the ABC transporter mediated disease is selected from immunodeficiency disorder, inflammatory disease, allergic disease, autoimmune disease, destructive bone disorder, proliferative disorder, infectious disease or viral disease.
  • the ABC transporter mediated disease is selected from Tangier's disease, stargardt disease 1, dry eye disease, age related macular dystrophy 2, retinintis pigmentosa, bare lymphocyte syndrome, PFIC-3, anemia, progressive intrahepatic cholestasis-2 , Dublin-Johnson syndrome, Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, cystic fibrosis, familial persistent hyperinsulinemic hyproglycemia of infancy, adrenolecukodystrophy, sitosterolemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, disseminated bronchiectasis, chronic pancreatitis, male infertility, emphysema, or pneumonia.
  • the ABC transporter mediated disease is secretory diarrhea, or polycystic kidney disease in a mammal.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating cystic fibrosis or secretory diahrrea comprising the step of administering to said mammal a composition comprising a compound of the present invention.
  • said disease is cystic fibrosis.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound of the present invention as described above ; a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and an additional agent selected from a mucolytic agent, bronchodialator, an anti-biotic, an anti-infective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, CFTR corrector, or a nutritional agent.
  • Embodiments of compounds formula (I) to formula (X) in the above pharmaceutical composition include the various embodiments of each of formula (I) through formula (X) described hereinabove.
  • the present invention provides a kit for use in measuring the activity of a ABC transporter or a fragment thereof in a biological sample in vi tro or in vivo, comprising: a composition comprising a compound of the present invention; and instructions for: contacting the composition with the biological sample; measuring activity of said ABC transporter or a fragment thereof .
  • the kit is useful in measuring the activity of CFTR.
  • the activity of the ABC transporter is measured by measuring the transmembrane voltage potential.
  • Means for measuring the voltage potential across a membrane in the biological sample may employ any of the known methods in the art, such as optical membrane potential assay or other electrophysiological methods .
  • the optical membrane potential assay utilized voltage-sensitive FRET sensors described by Gonzalez and Tsien (See, Gonzalez, J. E. and R. Y. Tsien (1995) "Voltage sensing by fluorescence resonance energy transfer in single cells” Biophys J 69(4): 1272-80, and Gonzalez, J. E. and R. Y. Tsien (1997) “Improved indicators of cell membrane potential that use fluorescence resonance energy transfer” Chem Biol 4(4): 269-77) in combination with instrumentation for measuring fluorescence changes such as the Voltage/Ion Probe Reader (VIPR) (See, Gonzalez, J. ⁇ ., K. Oades, et al . (1999) "Cell-based assays and instrumentation for screening ion- channel targets” Drug Discov Today 4(9): 431-439).
  • VIPR Voltage/Ion Probe Reader
  • These voltage sensitive assays are based on the change in fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) between the membrane-soluble, voltage-sensitive dye, DiSBAC 2 (3), and a fluorescent phospholipid, CC2-DMPE, which is attached to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and acts as a FRET donor.
  • FRET fluorescence resonant energy transfer
  • V m fluorescent phospholipid
  • the changes in fluorescence emission can be monitored using VIPRTM II, which is an integrated liquid handler and fluorescent detector designed to conduct cell-based screens in 96- or 384-well microtiter plates.
  • Exemplary ABC transporters in the kit of the present invention include CFTR.
  • These voltage sensitive assays are based on the change in fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) between the membrane-soluble, voltage-sensitive dye, DiSBAC 2 (3), and a fluorescent phospholipid, CC2-DMPE, which is attached to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and acts as a FRET donor .
  • FRET fluorescence resonant energy transfer
  • V m fluorescent phospholipid
  • the changes in fluorescence emission were monitored using VIPRTM II, which is an integrated liquid handler and fluorescent detector designed to conduct cell-based screens in 96- or 384-well microtiter plates.
  • Figure lA Double-addition assay format in which C1-- free medium was added with or without the test compound prior to forskolin addition. The cells were incubated at 27 °C for 16 - 24 hr prior to use.
  • Figure IB Membrane potential-response to forskolin following Cl--free addition with or without Genistein (20 mM) . No response was observed following addition of DMSO alone during the second addition.
  • Chloride-free bath solution Chloride salts in Bath
  • Solution #1 are substituted with gluconate salts.
  • CC2-DMPE Prepared as a 10 mM stock solution in DMSO and stored at -20°C.
  • DiSBAC 2 (3) Prepared as a 10 mM stock in DMSO and stored at -20°C.
  • NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts stably expressing ⁇ F508- CFTR are used for optical measurements of membrane potential.
  • the cells are maintained at 37 2 C in 5% C0 2 and 90 % humidity in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 2 mM glutamine, 10 % fetal bovine serum, 1 X NEAA, ⁇ -ME, 1 X pen/strep, and 25 mM HEPES in 175 cm 2 culture flasks.
  • the cells were seeded at 30,000/well in 384-well matrigel-coated plates and cultured for 2 hrs at 37 °C before culturing at 27 °C for 24 hrs.
  • the potentiation for each test compound was normalized to the peak genistein response in each plate.
  • the data is normalized to % genistein response and the data is fitted using sigmoidal curve fit.
  • Figure 2A Representative Vm curves of the response to 1 mM forskolin (FK) in the presence of the ⁇ F508-CFTR potentiators or genistein applied at concentrations from 100 - 0.1 ⁇ M.
  • FIG. 2B Representative dose-response for the curves shown in Figure 2A.
  • Example 2 Electrophysiological Assays for assaying ⁇ F508-CFTR potentiation properties of compounds
  • Ussing chamber experiments were performed on polarized epithelial cells expressing ⁇ F508-CFTR to further characterize the ⁇ F508-CFTR potentiators identified in the optical assays.
  • FR I ⁇ F508 - CFTR epi helial cells grown on Costar Snapwell cell culture inserts were mounted in an Ussing chamber (Physiologic Instruments, Inc., San Diego, CA) , and the monolayers were continuously short-circuited using a Voltage-clamp System (Department of Bioengineering, University of Iowa, IA, and, Physiologic Instruments, Inc., San Diego, CA) .
  • Transepithelial resistance was measured by applying a 2-mV pulse.
  • the FRT epithelia demonstrated resistances of 4 K ⁇ / cm 2 or more.
  • Typical protocol utilized a basolateral to apical membrane Cl ⁇ concentration gradient. To set up this gradient, normal ringers was used on the basolateral membrane and was permeabilized with nystatin (360 ⁇ g/ml) , whereas apical NaCl was replaced by equimolar sodium gluconate (titrated to pH 7.4 with NaOH) to give a large Cl ⁇ concentration gradient across the epithelium. All experiments were performed 30 min after nystatin permeabilization. The solutions were maintained at 27 2 C and bubbled with air. The electrode offset potential and fluid resistance were corrected using a cell-free insert.
  • the current reflects the flow of Cl ⁇ through ⁇ F508-CFTR expressed in the apical membrane.
  • the I S c was digitally acquired using an MP100A-CE interface and AcqKnowledge software (version 3.2.6; BIOPAC Systems, Santa Barbara, CA) .
  • Forskolin (10 ⁇ M) and all test compounds were added to both sides of the cell culture inserts.
  • the efficacy of the putative ⁇ F508-CFTR potentiators was compared to that of the known potentiator, genistein.
  • Basolateral solution (in mM) : NaCl (135), CaCl 2 (1.2),
  • FRT Fisher rat epithelial cells expressing ⁇ F508- CFTR
  • FRT ⁇ F508 ⁇ CFTR Fisher rat epithelial cells expressing ⁇ F508- CFTR
  • the cells were cultured on Costar Snapwell cell culture inserts and cultured for five days at 37 °C and 5% C0 in Coon's modified Ham's F-12 medium supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin. Prior to use, the cells were incubated at 27 °C for 16 - 48 hrs to correct for the ⁇ F508-CFTR. Under our recording conditions, the FRT ⁇ F508_CF, ⁇ R epithelia exhibited a transepithelial resistance of 4K ⁇ /cm 2 or more.
  • Figure 4A Dose-dependent effect of Compd. No. IA-12 on nystatin permeabilized FRT ⁇ F508 ⁇ CF R epithelia cultured at 27 °C overnight. Typical Isc current trace showing the concentration-dependent effects of Genistein and Compd. No. IA-12 on forskolin-activated Isc.
  • I ⁇ FSOS-CFTR The macroscopic ⁇ F508-CFTR current (I ⁇ FSOS-CFTR) in temperature-corrected NIH3T3 cells stably expressing ⁇ F508-CFTR was monitored using the perforated-patch, whole-cell recording configuration. Briefly, voltage- clamp recordings of I ⁇ F SOS - CFTR were performed at room temperature using an Axopatch 200B patch-clamp amplifier (Axon Instruments Inc., Foster City, CA) . All recordings were acquired at a sampling frequency of 10 kHz and low- pass filtered at 1 kHz. Pipettes had a resistance of 5 - 6 M ⁇ when filled with the intracellular solution.
  • IA-12 application was around -30 mV, which is the calculated E c ⁇ (-28 mV) .
  • the effects of Compd. No. IA-12 were fully reversible within 2-min after its removal.
  • Solutions Intracellular solution (in mM) Cs-aspartate (90) , CsCl (50), MgCl 2 (1), HEPES (10), and 240 ⁇ g/ml amphotericin-B (pH adjusted to 7.35 with CsOH) .
  • Extracellular solution (in mM) JV-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG)-Cl (150), MgCl 2 (2), CaCl 2 (2), HEPES (10) (pH adjusted to 7.35 with HCl).
  • NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts stably expressing ⁇ F508- CFTR are used for whole-cell recordings.
  • the cells are maintained at 37 2 C in 5% C0 2 and 90 % humidity in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 2 mM glutamine, 10 % fetal bovine serum, 1 X NEAA, ⁇ -ME, 1 X pen/strep, and 25 mM HEPES in 175 cm 2 culture flasks.
  • 2,500 - 5,000 cells were seeded on poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips and cultured for 24 - 48 hrs at 27 °C before use.
  • FIG. 5A Representative I ⁇ FSOS - CFTR -voltage relationship for ⁇ F508-CFTR in the presence of 2 mM forskolin before and during application of 1, 10, and 25 mM Compd. No. IA-12.
  • Fig 5B Dose-dependent increase in the peak I ⁇ FSOS - CFTR a 100 mV in response to increasing concentrations of Compd. No. IA-12.
  • I ⁇ F508 - CFTR was normalized to the current amplitude in the presence of the vehicle control.
  • the single-channel activity of temperature-corrected ⁇ F508-CFTR stably expressed in NIH3T3 cells were observed using excised inside-out membrane patch.
  • voltage-clamp recordings of single-channel activity were performed at room temperature with an Axopatch 200B patch-clamp amplifier (Axon Instruments Inc.). All recordings were acquired at a sampling frequency of 10 kHz and low-pass filtered at 400 Hz.
  • Patch pipettes were fabricated from Corning Kovar Sealing #7052 glass (World Precision Instruments, Inc., Sarasota, FL) and had a resistance of 5 - 8 M ⁇ when filled with the extracellular solution.
  • ⁇ F508-CFTR was activated by adding 1 mM Mg-ATP, and 75 nM of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit (PKA; Promega Corp. Madison, WI) .
  • PKA cAMP-dependent protein kinase
  • the patch was perifused using a gravity-driven microperifusion system. The inflow was placed adjacent to the patch, resulting in complete solution exchange within 1 - 2 sec.
  • the nonspecific phosphatase inhibitor F " (10 mM NaF) was added to the bath solution. Under these recording conditions, channel activity remained constant throughout the duration of the patch recording (up to 60 min) . Currents produced by positive charge moving from the intra- to extracellular solutions (anions moving in the opposite direction) are shown as positive currents.
  • the pipette potential (V p ) was maintained at 80 mV.
  • Channel activity was analyzed from 8 membrane patches containing ⁇ 2 active channels. The maximum number of simultaneous openings determined the number of active channels during the course of an experiment .
  • the data recorded from 120 sec of ⁇ F508-CFTR activity was filtered "off-line" at 100 Hz and then used to construct all-point amplitude histograms that were fitted with multigaussian functions using Bio-Patch Analysis software (Bio-Logic Comp. France) .
  • Extracellular solution (in mM) : NMDG (150), aspartic acid (150), CaCl 2 (5), MgCl 2 (2), and HEPES (10) (pH adjusted to 7.35 with Tris base) .
  • Intracellular solution in mM: NMDG-Cl (150), MgCl 2 (2), EGTA (5), TES (10), and Tris base (14) (pH adjusted to 7.35 with HCl) .
  • NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts stably expressing ⁇ F508-CFTR are used for excised-membrane patch-clamp recordings.
  • the cells are maintained at 37 2 C in 5% C0 2 and 90 % humidity in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 2 mM glutamine, 10 % fetal bovine serum, 1 X NEAA, ⁇ -ME, 1 X pen/strep, and 25 mM HEPES in 175 cm 2 culture flasks.
  • 2,500 - 5,000 cells were seeded on poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips and cultured for 24 - 48 hrs at 27 °C before use.
  • Figure 6A Representative single channel currents before, during and after application of 20 mM Compd. No. IA-12.
  • Figure 6B Effects 20 mM Compd. No. IA-12 on total I ⁇ F508-CFTR unitary I ⁇ FSOS-CFTR amplitude, and open probability (Po) .
  • the bath contained 1 M ATP with 75 nM PKA to activate ⁇ F508-CFTR. All recordings were performed at room temperature and the membrane potential was clamped at -80 mV.
  • Pentafluorophenol trifluoroacetate (275 ⁇ L, 1.6 mmol) was added to a solution of nicotinic acid (197 mg, 1.6 mmol) in pyridine (2 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour.
  • 1- (2-Hydroxyphenyl) etanone (200 mg, 1.33 mmol) was added neat and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 2 hours followed by addition of KOH (224 mg, 4.0 mmol). After 12 hours at room temperature, hydrazine hydrate (131 ⁇ L, 2.7 mmol) was added and the reaction refluxed at 80°C for 12h.
  • reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (3 mL) and filtered through celite; the ethyl acetate was evaporated under reduced pressure and the resulting solution was filtered and purified by reverse phase HPLC purified by reverse phase HPLC (AcCN/H20; 10 to 99%) to yield 166 mg of 3- (2-fluorophenyl) -5-phenyl-lH-pyrazole

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des pyrazoles de formule (I), qui sont des modulateurs de transporteurs de cassettes de liaison à l'ATP ('ABC') ou leurs fragments, y compris le régulateur transmembranaire de la fibrose kystique ('CFTR'), leurs compositions et des méthodes qui leur sont associées. L'invention concerne également des méthodes de traitement de maladies induites par les transporteurs ABC mettant en oeuvre lesdits modulateurs.
EP04720345A 2003-03-12 2004-03-12 Pyrazoles, modulateurs de transporteurs de cassettes de liaison a l'atp Withdrawn EP1601657A1 (fr)

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