CN1671835A - 一种建立多能人胚泡衍生的干细胞的方法 - Google Patents
一种建立多能人胚泡衍生的干细胞的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于建立多能人胚泡衍生的干细胞(BS)细胞系的方法,所述方法获得的干细胞,所述细胞向分化细胞的分化,分化的细胞,以及所述分化的细胞在制备药物中的用途。可将分化的多能干细胞分化成多种特化的细胞类型,其可用于制备治疗如下病症或病情,所述病症或病情涉及组织退化(例如胰腺退化导致例如糖尿病的形成)或CNS退化(阿尔茨海默症、帕金森氏症等)或由例如中风或物理创伤引起的中枢神经系统退化。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及一种用于建立多能人胚泡衍生的干细胞(BS)细胞系的方法,所述方法获得的干细胞,所述细胞向分化细胞的分化,分化的细胞,以及所述分化的细胞在制备药物中的用途。可将未分化的多能干细胞分化成多种特化的细胞类型,其可用于制备治疗如下病症或病情的药物,所述病症或病情涉及组织退化(例如胰腺退化导致例如糖尿病的形成)或CNS退化(例如阿尔茨海默症、帕金森氏症等)或由例如中风或物理创伤引起的中枢神经系统退化。
发明背景
干细胞是具有独特能力的一种细胞类型,其能自我更新,且可以形成特化或分化的细胞。尽管大多数机体的细胞,如心脏细胞或皮肤细胞被委以执行特定功能,干细胞是未被委派的,直到其接受形成一种特化细胞类型的信号。干细胞的独特之处在于其繁殖能力,以及其可变为特化型的能力。多年来,研究人员一直致力于寻找使用干细胞替代受损或患病的细胞和组织的途径。目前,多数研究集中在两类干细胞上:胚胎干细胞和体干细胞。胚胎干细胞衍生自预植入的受精卵母细胞,即胚泡,而体干细胞存在于成体器官如骨髓、表皮和肠中。多能性测试显示胚胎或胚泡衍生的干细胞(以下称为胚泡衍生的干细胞或BS细胞)可形成器官中的所有细胞(包括生殖细胞),体干细胞则只具有有限的能力以形成后代细胞类型。
1998年,研究人员首次能够从人受精卵母细胞中分离BS细胞,且将其在培养基中生长(见如美国专利5,843,780和6,200,806)。在上述专利说明书中所使用的方法依赖于使用带有完整透明带的胚泡。此外,在所述专利中公开的方法特别使用了内细胞团细胞,其业已经免疫切除法分离以置于小鼠胚胎饲养细胞上。该方法具有多种缺陷,例如,其费时,技术上困难且干细胞产率低。总之,上述缺陷使所述方法为昂贵的方法。
目前,只有两篇关于hBS细胞的建立和表征的文章发表,数目之低显示了与从人胚泡建立这些干细胞相关的许多意想不到的困难。结果,仅可得非常少的hBS细胞系。本发明描述了一种制备hBS细胞系的方法,以及一系列独立的方法步骤的组合,所述方法步骤单独不足以衍生hBS细胞,但一起使用时,它们构成了hBS细胞之成功衍生的最低要求。
此外,本发明还允许由孵化的和完整的胚泡成功衍生hBS干细胞,以及在将胚泡种板于饲养细胞上后hBS细胞系的衍生。
前述已有方法的困难之一在于实现胚泡在饲养细胞上的高效附着。这导致了终产物细胞的低产率。本发明克服了上述困难。
也许,hBS细胞力所能及的潜在应用是产生可用于所谓细胞治疗的细胞和组织。许多疾病和紊乱源自细胞功能的破坏或机体组织的结构丧失。今天,捐赠的器官和组织经常用于替换生病或受损的组织。然而,患有适于通过上述方法治疗的疾病的人数远远超过可供移值的器官数。hBS细胞的可得性以及引导所述细胞形成不同细胞(如产胰岛素β-细胞,心肌细胞和产多巴胺神经元)的命运之有效方法的大力研究,为将来在退化性疾病(如糖尿病、心肌梗塞和帕金森氏症)的基于细胞的治疗上的应用提供了日益增长的可能性。
发明描述
本发明人建立了用于从受精卵母细胞建立多能人胚泡衍生的干细胞系的方法,包括在未分化状态中细胞系的增殖。
因此,本发明涉及一种获得多能人胚泡衍生的干细胞系的方法,包括步骤:
i)利用任选的具有1级或2级的受精的卵母细胞,以获得任选的具有A级或B级的胚泡;
ii)将胚泡与饲养细胞共培养,以建立内细胞团细胞的一个或多个集落;
iii)通过机械切开分离内细胞团细胞;
iv)将内细胞团细胞与饲养细胞共培养,以获得胚泡衍生的干细胞系;
v)任选的,扩增胚泡衍生的干细胞系。
由上述,本发明的一个目的为提供一种建立未分化的人胚泡衍生的干细胞系的方法。作为此方法的起始材料,使用受精的卵母细胞。受精卵母细胞的质量对所得胚泡的质量很重要。
在本发明的方法中,按如下方法进行胚泡的建立和评估。在方法步骤i)中,人胚泡可衍生自冷冻或新鲜的人体外受精卵母细胞。下面描述了筛选用于本发明方法中的合适卵母细胞的步骤。本发明人发现本方法之重要的成功标准是卵母细胞的正确选择。因此,如果仅应用3级卵母细胞,获得满足一般性要求(见下述)的hBS细胞系的可能性就低。
捐献的新鲜受精卵细胞:于第0日将卵母细胞在Asp-100(Vitrolife)中抽吸,在第1日于IVF-50(Vitro life)中受精。基于第3日的形态和细胞分裂评估受精的卵母细胞。下表用于受精卵母细胞的评估:
1级受精卵母细胞:均为卵裂球,无碎片;
2级受精卵母细胞:<20%的碎片;
3级受精卵母细胞:>20%的碎片。
于第3日评估后,受精的1级和2级卵母细胞或植入或冷冻贮存。受精的3级卵母细胞移入ICM-2(Vitrolife)。进一步将受精的卵母细胞培养3-5天(即,受精后5-7天)。按下表评估胚泡
A级胚泡:扩增,于第6日带有独立的内细胞团(ICM),
B级胚泡:不扩增,但其它方面类似于A级,
C级胚泡:无可见ICM。
捐赠的冷冻受精卵母细胞;于第2日(受精后)受精卵母细胞于4细胞期利用Freeze-kit(Vitrolife)冷冻。在液氮中贮存冷冻的受精卵母细胞。在5年限期满前取得捐赠人的知情同意。利用Thaw-kit(Vitrolife)融化受精的卵母细胞,自第2天起按照上述步骤操作。
如前述,新鲜的受精细胞来自3级质量,而冷冻的受精卵母细胞来自1级和2级,依本发明方法所得的数据,发育成胚泡的新鲜受精卵母细胞的百分比为19%,而50%的冷冻受精卵母细胞发育成胚泡。这意味着冷冻的受精卵母细胞对于获得胚泡而言更好,这可能是由于受精卵母细胞的质量更高。衍生自新鲜的受精卵母细胞的胚泡中11%发育成干细胞系,而衍生自冷冻的受精卵母细胞的胚泡中15%发育成干细胞系。总之,在经培养的受精卵母细胞中,2%的新鲜受精卵母细胞发育成干细胞系,7%的冷冻受精卵母细胞发育成干细胞系。
受精卵母细胞至胚泡阶段的培养之进行参照本领域周知的方法。用于制备胚泡的方法参见Gardner等人,Embryo culture systems,InTrounson,A.O.和Gardner,D.K.(编),Handbook of in vitro fertilization,第二版,CRC Press,Boca Raton,pp.205-264;Gardner等人,Fertil.Steril.,74,Suppl3,O-086;Gardner等人,HumReprod.,13,3434,3440;Gardner等人,J.Reprod.Immunol.,In press,和Hooper等人,Biol Reprod,62,Suppl1,249。
在步骤i)中任选地衍生自1级或2级的受精卵母细胞的胚泡建立后,具有A级或B级的胚泡与饲养细胞共培养,以建立一个或多个内细胞团细胞集落。在种板于饲养细胞上后,监测其生长,且当集落足够大以手工传代时(种板后约1-2周),细胞可与其它类型的细胞分开,通过在新饲养细胞上生长而扩增。内细胞团细胞的分离通过机械切开而实行,其可通过利用玻璃毛细管作为切割工具来进行。内细胞团细胞的检测可容易地通过显微镜目测完成,且相应的,不需要使用任何用酶和/或抗体损坏或移去滋养外胚层的对卵母细胞的处理。
因此,本方法避免了使用免疫切除术。通过比较使用免疫切除术与可保持滋养外胚层完整的本方法的成功率,发现免除免疫切除术的本方法更简便、快捷且非创伤方法,比免疫切除术更有效率。新方法允许制备这样的干细胞系,其分化更有商业实用性。由总共122个胚泡共建立19个细胞系(15.5%)。用免疫切除法处理42个胚泡,其中6个成功建立了细胞系(14%)。用本方法处理的80个胚泡,其中建立了13个细胞系(16%)。
在切开内细胞团后,内细胞团细胞与饲养细胞共培养,以获得胚泡衍生的干细胞(BS)细胞系。在获得BS细胞系后,任选的增殖细胞系以扩增细胞的量。因此,本发明涉及上述方法,其中,增殖胚泡衍生的干细胞系。一方面,本发明涉及如下方法,其中胚泡衍生的干细胞系的增殖包括每4-5天的干细胞系传代。如果传代前干细胞系的培养长于4-5天,不希望的细胞分化之可能性增加。
细胞传代的具体方法见实施例5。
可从自发孵化的胚泡或从扩增的具有完整的透明带之胚泡中分离hBS细胞系。因此,本发明涉及如上述方法,其中步骤i)中的胚泡是自发孵化的胚泡。对于孵化的胚泡,滋养外胚层可保持完整。孵化的胚泡或具有移除或部分移除的透明带之胚泡可置于灭活的饲养细胞上。
在步骤ii)之前,例如通过用一种或多种酸化剂,如ZDTM-10(Vitrolife,Gothenburg,瑞典)、一种或多种酶或酶混合物(如链霉蛋白酶)处理,可至少部分消化或化学折皱(frill)胚泡的透明带。
对带有完整透明带的胚泡的短暂链霉蛋白酶(Sigma)处理造成透明带的移除。也可使用与链霉蛋白酶之蛋白酶活性相同或相似的其它类型的蛋白酶。在链霉蛋白酶处理后可将胚泡平板接种于所述灭活的饲养细胞上。
在本发明一个实施方案中,步骤ii)和/或步骤iv)可以在一种试剂中进行,所述试剂改善胚泡和/或有关的内细胞团细胞对饲养细胞的附着。
适于此目的的物质是透明质酸。
适于将胚泡种于饲养细胞上的培养基可为BS培养液,其可补加透明质酸,所述培养液似乎可促进胚泡在饲养细胞上的附着和内细胞团的生长。透明质酸(Hyaluronan,HA)是关节中胞外基质的重要葡糖胺聚糖组成成分。其似乎通过与至少两种细胞表面受体:CD44和针对HA介导的运动之受体(RHAMM)以及胞外基质中的蛋白的结合相互作用显示其生物学作用。在hBS细胞建立过程中,HA的积极作用可通过其与细胞膜中磷脂的表面活性剂极性头部的相互作用显示,由此稳定表面活性剂层,且因此降低胚泡或内细胞团的表面张力,其可导致与饲养细胞结合的效率增加。或者,HA可与其在内细胞团或胚泡上的受体结合和/或与饲养细胞结合,且显示对附着和内细胞团生长有积极影响的生物学作用。由此,除了透明质酸,可以改变液体表面张力或以其它方式影响胚泡和饲养细胞之间的相互作用之其它试剂也可使用。
本发明人还发现饲养细胞的培养对于hBS细胞系建立也很重要。在一个实施方案中,胚泡衍生的干细胞系的增殖包括最多3次,例如最多2次的饲养细胞传代。
用于本发明方法的合适的饲养细胞为胚胎饲养细胞。在根据本发明的一个方法中,在步骤ii)和iv)中采用的饲养细胞是相同或不同的,且来自诸如包括人、小鼠、大鼠、猴子、仓鼠、蛙、兔等在内的任一哺乳动物的动物来源。优选来自人或小鼠的饲养细胞。
获得满足一般性要求的hBS干细胞系的另一重要标准为培养胚泡的条件。胚泡衍生的干细胞系可相应地通过用饲养细胞培养干细胞而增殖,其中所述饲养细胞的密度小于约60,000个细胞/cm2,如小于约55,000个细胞/cm2,或小于约50,000个细胞/cm2。在一个特定实施方案中,胚泡衍生的干细胞系的增殖包括用密度约45,000个细胞/cm2的饲养细胞培养干细胞。这些数值适用于使用小鼠饲养细胞的情形,且预期对于其它类型的饲养细胞也能找到合适的密度。基于本发明人的发现,本领域普通技术人员能够找出所述合适的密度。
在依本发明的方法中,饲养细胞可以为有丝分裂失活的,以避免饲养细胞不希望的生长。
由本发明获得的胚泡衍生的干细胞系维持了自我更新和在适当时期内的多能性,且相应地,其在适当的时期内稳定。在本文中,术语“稳定”意指当于有丝分裂失活的胚胎饲养细胞上生长时在未分化状态中保持增殖能力超过21个月。
由本发明获得的干细胞系满足一般性要求。因此,该细胞系
i)当于有丝分裂失活的胚胎饲养细胞上生长时,显示在未分化状态中的增殖能力超过21个月,且
ii)显示正常的整倍体染色体核型,且
iii)维持在体内和体外发育成胚层的所有类型衍生物的潜力,且
iv)显示至少两种如下的分子标记,OCT-4,碱性磷酸酶,糖表位SSEA-3,SSEA-4,TRA1-60,TRA1-81,和由单克隆抗体GCTM-2识别的硫酸角蛋白/硫酸软骨素外周细胞基质蛋白聚糖的蛋白质核心,且
v)不显示分子标记SSEA-1或其它分化标记,且
vi)保留其多能性且当注射入无免疫应答的小鼠中形成畸胎瘤,且
vii)能分化。
根据本发明之未分化的hBS细胞由下列标准定义:其从人植入前受精卵母细胞,即胚泡中分离;且当在有丝分裂失活的饲养细胞上生长时在未分化状态中显示增殖能力;显示正常染色体核型;表达未分化hBS细胞的典型标记,如OCT-4,碱性磷酸酶,糖表位SSEA-3,SSEA-4,TRA1-60,TRA1-81,和由单克隆抗体GCTM-2识别的硫酸角蛋白/硫酸轮骨素外周细胞基质蛋白聚糖的蛋白质核心,且不显示任何糖表位SSEA-1或其它分化标记的表达。此外,体外和体内(畸胎瘤)多能性测试显示分化成所有胚层的衍生物。
由上述,本发明是一种基本上纯的多能hBS细胞制剂,其i)显示当于有丝分裂失活的胚胎饲养细胞上生长时在未分化状态中的增殖能力超过21个月;ii)显示正常的整倍体染色体核型;iii)维持在体内和体外发育成胚层所有类型衍生物的潜力;iv)显示至少两种如下的分子标记,OCT-4,碱性磷酸酶,糖表位SSEA-3,SSEA-4,TRA1-60,TRA1-81,和由单克隆抗体GCTM-2识别的硫酸角蛋白/硫酸软骨素外周细胞基质蛋白聚糖的蛋白质核心;v)不显示分子标记SSEA-1或其它分化标记;vi)保留其多能性且当注射入无免疫应答的小鼠中形成畸胎瘤;和vii)能分化。
检测细胞标记的方法参见Gage,F.H.,Science,287:1433-1438(2000)。所述方法为本领域技术人员周知,且包括诸如RT-PCR方法,或使用针对细胞标记的抗体之免疫测定。在下文描述了检测细胞标记的方法,杂交方法,核型分析,测定端粒酶活性以及畸胎瘤形成的方法。这些方法可用于研究根据本发明获得的hBS细胞是否满足上述标准。
免疫组化
维持在培养基中的人BDP干细胞常规监测其分化的状态。用于监测未分化BS细胞的细胞表面标记为SSEA-1,SSEA-3,SSEA-4,TRA1-60,TRA1-81。将hBDP干细胞固定在4%PFA中,随后用0.5%TritonX-100渗透。用10%奶粉洗涤和封闭后,与一级抗体一起温育细胞。充分洗涤后,将细胞与二抗一起温育,通过DAPI染色观察核。
碱性磷酸酶
利用市售试剂盒依制造商指示(Sigma Diagnostics)确定碱性磷酸酶活性。
OCT-4 RT-PCR
用RT-PCR和特定基因引物套(5’-CGTGAAGCTGGAGAAGGAGAAGCTG,5’-CAAGGGCCGCAGCTTACACATGTTC),用GAPDH作为看家基因(5’-ACCACAGTCCATGCCATCAC,5’-TCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTA)测定转录因子Oct-4的mRNA水平,原位荧光杂交(FISH)
在FISH一轮中,用染色体特异性探针选择一个或多个染色体。此技术允许检测数量遗传畸变,如果存在的话。为了分析,CTS使用含有针对染色体13、18、21和性染色体(X和Y)之探针的市售试剂盒(Vysis.Inc,Downers Grove,IL,USA)。对于每一细胞系,至少分析200个细胞核。细胞重悬于Carnoy’s固定剂中,且滴于带正电的载玻片上。探针ISL 13/21与LSI杂交缓冲液混合,加至载玻片,用盖玻片加盖。探针CEP X/Y/18与CEP杂交缓冲液混合,且以相同方式加入另一载玻片。在70℃变性5分钟,随后于湿室中37℃下杂交14-20小时。在三步洗涤步骤后,用DAPI II染色核,在装有合适的滤片和软件的倒置显微镜中(Cyto Vision,Apph’ed Imagig)分析载玻片。
核型分析
核型分析可以以直接方式研究所有染色体,且信息量大,可检测数值和较大结构畸变。为检测镶嵌现象,至少需要30个核型。然而,此技术非常耗时,且技术复杂。为改善测定条件,可通过秋水仙胺,一种合成的秋水仙素类似物和引起细胞停滞在间期的微管去稳定剂提高有丝分裂指数,但仍需要大量的细胞(6×106个细胞/分析)。细胞在0.1μg/ml秋水仙胺的存在下培养1-2小时,然后用PBS洗涤和胰蛋白酶化。于1500rpm下离心10分钟收集细胞。用乙醇和冰醋酸固定细胞,且用改进的Wrights染色观察染色体。
竞争性基因组杂交
竞争性基因组杂交(CGH)是对核型分析的补充。CGH提供了染色体之较高的分辨率,且技术上较容易。在DNA、A4、德州红-dUTP/FITC12-dUTP和DNA聚合酶I混合物中缺口翻译分离的DNA。进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳以控制所得DNA片段的大小(600-2000bp)。沉淀测试和参比DNA,并重悬于含有甲酰胺、硫酸葡聚糖和SSC的杂交混合物中。在湿室中于变性载玻片上用中期进行杂交,37℃下3天。充分洗涤后,加入一滴抗退色固定混合物(Vectashield,0.1μg/ml DAPI II),加盖盖玻片。随后在显微镜下用影像分析系统评估载玻片。
端粒酶活性
由于高活性被定义为BS细胞6的标准,在BS细胞系中测定端粒酶活性。已知当细胞达到更为分化的状态,端粒酶活性逐渐减低。活性的定量因此必须针对早期传代和对照样品,且可被用作检测分化的工具。方法,端粒酶PCR ELISA试剂盒(Roche)利用端粒酶内部活性,通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增产物,用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测。依制造商指示进行检测。由该测定的结果显示通常BS细胞的高端粒酶活性(>1)。
细胞系保留其多能性且当注射入无免疫应答的小鼠,体内形成畸胎瘤。此外,这些细胞体外可形成BS细胞衍生体。在这些模型中,可见所有胚层的细胞特征。
在无免疫应答小鼠中畸胎瘤的形成
分析hBS细胞系是否保持多能性的一个方法是将细胞异种移植入无免疫应答小鼠以获得肿瘤,畸胎瘤。在肿瘤中可见的多种组织类型应代表所有三个胚层。报告显示在衍生自异种移植的无免疫应答小鼠的肿瘤之多种组织,如横纹肌,软骨和骨骼(中胚层)肠(内胚层)和神经玫瑰花结(外胚层)。还有,肿瘤细胞的大部分由去器官化(disorganized)组织组成。
使用严重联合免疫缺陷(SCID)小鼠,缺乏B和T淋巴系细胞的一株分析畸胎瘤的形成。hBS细胞经手术置于睾丸或在肾囊下。睾丸或肾中,以10,000-100,000个细胞的范围移植BS细胞。理想地,一次每个细胞系用五六只小鼠。初步结果显示,雌性小鼠比雄性小鼠更具操作后(post-operative)稳定性,且异种移植入肾中与在睾丸中产生肿瘤一样有效。因此,优选雌性SCID-小鼠畸胎瘤模型。通常,肿瘤在约1月后可触及。在1-4月后处死小鼠,切除肿瘤,固定用于石蜡包埋或冷冻切片。随后肿瘤组织用免疫组化方法分析。使用所有三个胚层的特异性标记。目前使用的标记有:人E-钙粘蛋白用于区分小鼠组织和人肿瘤组织,α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(中胚层),α-胎蛋白(内胚层),和β-III-微管蛋白(外胚层)。此外,对于一般形态学观察进行苏木精一伊红染色。
由本发明方法获得的hBS细胞系可用于制备分化的细胞。因此,本发明也涉及所述分化的细胞。
在另一实施方案中,根据本发明的hBS细胞系具有分化成产胰岛素细胞的能力。其可以形成胰岛样结构,且产胰岛素β-细胞的量一般高于25%,例如高于35%,或高于40%,或高于45%,或高于50%。
因此,在一个实施方案中,产胰岛素细胞产生至少约300ng胰岛素/mg总蛋白,如至少约380ng胰岛素/mg总蛋白或至少约450ng胰岛素/mg总蛋白。
胚泡衍生的干细胞可具有分化为分化的细胞之能力,其显示胰腺细胞类型标记,包括至少一种胰岛素、Glut-2、Pdx-1、葡糖激酶、胰高血糖素和抑生长素的表达。
另外,hBS细胞具有分化成产胰岛素细胞的能力,其特征在于其组织成胰岛样结构,包括一个由神经元型细胞外层包围的β细胞内核,所述神经元型细胞显示至少一种下列神经元细胞型标记的表达,包括神经元特异性β-III微管蛋白(TUJ1),NeuN,DoubleCortin,酪氨酸水解酶和Map2。
本发明的一个目的是提供可分化成少突胶质细胞之BS干细胞的基本上纯的制剂,和提供由此方法制备的少突胶质细胞之基本上纯的制剂。少突胶质细胞可用诸如RIP、GalC或O4的细胞标记的存在来表征。
可被分化成分化的细胞之胚泡衍生的干细胞可显示至少一种下列神经元细胞型标记的表达,包括神经元特异性β-III微管蛋白(TUJ1),NeuN,DonbleCortin,酪氨酸水解酶和Map2。
另一方面,本发明涉及衍生自依本发明方法所得胚泡衍生的干细胞的分化细胞的制剂之用途,其用于制备预防或治疗由组织退化引起的病理或疾病的药物。
本发明又一目标是提供可用于制备治疗和/或预防可由“细胞发生”治愈的疾病之药物的制剂。术语“细胞发生”是指诸如下列新细胞的产生:神经元、少突胶质细胞、神经膜细胞、星形神经胶质细胞、所有血细胞、软骨细胞、心肌细胞、少突胶质、星形神经胶质、和/或不同类型的上皮组织、内皮、肝、肾、骨、结缔组织、胰组织、外分泌和内分泌腺组织细胞。
在一个实施方案中,本发明涉及衍生自所获胚泡衍生的干细胞之分化的细胞制剂用于制备药物的用途,所述药物用于防止或治疗诸如包括I型糖尿病之糖尿病的胰腺中的病理或疾病。
衍生自所获胚泡衍生的干细胞系之分化的细胞也可用于制备预防或治疗神经系统中的病理或疾病的药物。所述疾病包括多发性硬化、脊索损伤、脑病、帕金森氏症、亨廷顿氏症、中风、创伤性脑损伤、缺氧诱发的脑损伤、缺血诱发的脑损伤、低血糖性脑损伤、神经系统的退行性疾病、脑肿瘤和外周神经系统中的神经疾病。
在另一实施方案中,本发明涉及实施本发明的方法之试剂盒。试剂盒至少包含在分隔的区室中的第一和第二成分。成分包括改善胚泡附着的试剂,消化试剂,BS细胞培养基和/或饲养细胞或其混合物。
试剂盒可进一步包括带有完整透明带的胚泡或自发孵化的胚泡。
另一方面,本发明涉及产生产胰岛素分化干细胞之基本上纯的制剂的方法,包括如下步骤:
i)通过在适当培养基中失活的饲养细胞上生长,扩增人胚泡衍生的干细胞;
ii)通过将步骤i)中形成的集落解离成较小的聚集体或单个细胞,产生胚泡衍生的干细胞体,随后将所述聚集体或单个细胞移入非粘附容器,在其中于适当培养基中培养;
iii)将容器中的胚泡衍生的干细胞体平板接种入适当培养基;
iv)在ITFSn培养基中选择巢蛋白阳性的神经元前体;
v)在含有B27培养基补充物和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的N2培养基中扩增胰腺内分泌先祖细胞;
vi)将培养基换为不含碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的N2培养基。
利用玻璃毛细管作为切割工具可进行手工切开。
用于本发明上述方法的人胚泡衍生的干细胞一般是如上述所获得的那些。
更具体的,用于步骤i)中的培养基为人胚泡衍生的干细胞培养基,用于步骤ii)中的培养基为胚泡衍生的干细胞体培养基,用于步骤iii)中的是胚泡衍生的干细胞体培养基。
在步骤iv)后可加入烟酰胺。
本发明的试剂盒也可用于上述方法。在这种情况下,试剂盒含有在分隔区室中的至少两种如下成分:丝裂霉素C、hBS培养基、BS细胞体培养基、ITSFn培养基、N2培养基、B27培养基补充物、烟酰胺和bFGF。
试剂盒可进一步包含获自本发明的基本上纯的人胚泡衍生的干细胞系。
本发明还通过如下图示:
图1:胚泡(链霉蛋白酶处理前),hBS细胞系167由其建立。
图2:胚泡(链霉蛋白酶处理后),hBS细胞系167由其建立。
图3:种板于胚胎小鼠成纤维细胞上两天后的胚泡167。
图4:培养于胚胎小鼠成纤维细胞上的hBS细胞第69代。
图5:培养于胚胎小鼠成纤维细胞上的hBS细胞第71代。
图6:BS细胞中的碱性磷酸酶(10X)。
图7:BS细胞中的碱性磷酸酶(40X)。
图8:未分化hBS细胞的分子标记表达。(A)用于Oct-4、胰岛素、GLUT-2、高血糖素和PDX-1之mRNA存在的、提取自未分化的(ud)和已分化的(d)人BS细胞之总RNA的RT-PCR分析。对照中省略了反转录酶(-RT)。β-肌动蛋白作为看家基因。(B)在未分化的人BS细胞集落中由免疫染色显示碱性磷酸酶的存在。(C)由未分化人BS细胞集落之免疫染色分析SSEA-1的表达。(D)未分化BS细胞对SSEA-3(数据未显示)和SSEA-4呈免疫阳性。(E)对TRA-1-60免疫阳性的hBS细胞集落,和(F)对TRA-1-81显示其未分化的状态。放大40X。
图9:BS细胞的核型分析。
图10:畸胎瘤分析:骨。
图11:畸胎瘤分析:软骨。
图12:畸胎瘤分析:骨骼肌。
图13:畸胎瘤分析:肾小球。
图14:畸胎瘤分析:神经元上皮玫瑰花环。
图15:畸胎瘤分析:腺上皮。
图16:畸胎瘤分析:产粘液上皮。
图17:hBS细胞体外分化为所有胚层细胞类型。相应的荧光显微图片显示体外10天后用胚层特异性标记染色的免疫阳性细胞。(A和B)显示表达神经元前体巢蛋白的神经外胚层细胞(A)和分裂后神经元的β-III-微管蛋白(B)的例子,而(C)显示对结蛋白(Desmin)免疫反应性的中胚层细胞的例子;(D)表达α-胎蛋白的细胞的例子。
图18:体外分化的hBS细胞中巢蛋白的免疫染色。
图19:体外分化的hBS细胞中胰岛素的免疫染色。
图20:体外分化的hBS细胞中β-III-微管蛋白的免疫染色。
定义和缩略语
如此处所用,术语“胚泡衍生的干细胞”称为BS细胞,人型的则称为“hBS细胞”。
如此处所用,术语“胚泡衍生的干细胞体”称为“BS细胞体”。
如此处所用,术语“EF细胞”是指“胚胎成纤维饲养细胞”。这些细胞可衍生自任一哺乳动物,如小鼠或人。
用于本发明的一种合适的培养基称为“BS细胞培养基”或“BS培养基”,且可由如下组成:KNOCKOUTDulbecco’s改良Eagle’s培养基,补加了20%KNOCKOUT血清替代物,和终浓度分别为如下的组分:50单位/ml青霉素、50μg/ml链霉素,0.1mM非必需氨基酸、2mM L-谷氨酰胺、100μMβ-巯基乙醇、4ng/ml人重组bFGF(碱性成纤维生长因子)。
另一种用于本发明的合适培养基为“BS细胞体培养基”,其可由以下组成:KNOCKOUTDulbecco’s改良Eagle’s培养基,补加了20%KNOCKOUT血清替代物和终浓度分别为如下的组分:50单位/ml青霉素,50μg/ml链霉素、0.1mM非必需氨基酸、2mM L-谷氨酰胺和100μMβ-巯基乙醇(Itskovitz-Eldor,J.等人,2000)
本文中,术语“稳定”是指当生长于有丝分裂失活的胚胎饲养细胞上时在未分化状态中的增殖能力超过21个月。
现在结合下面的实施例说明本发明。此处所包括的实施例仅为说明用的目的,而不意在限制本发明的范围。此处所述的一般性方法为本领域技术人员公知,且所有试剂和缓冲液均可得,无论是商购还是依本领域技术人员所了解的成熟方案制备。所有温育均在CO2气氛下37℃。
实施例
实施例1.来自自发孵化的胚泡之未分化干细胞的基本上纯制剂的建立
人胚泡来自体外受精的冷冻或新鲜人胚胎。自发孵化的胚泡直接置于BS细胞培养基中的饲养细胞(EF)上(所述培养基配方:KNOCKOUTDulbecco’s改良Eagle’s培养基,补加了20%KNOCKOUT血清替代物,和终浓度分别为如下的组分:50单位/ml青霉素、50μg/ml链霉素,0.1mM非必需氨基酸、2mM L-谷氨酰胺、100μMβ-巯基乙醇、4ng/ml人重组bFGF(碱性成纤维生长因子),其中补加0.125mg/ml透明质酸。在EF细胞上种板胚泡,监测生长,且当种板后约1-2周集落大到足以手工传代),从其它细胞类型中把内细胞团细胞切出,通过在新EF细胞上生长来扩增。
实施例2.
来自带有完整透明带的胚泡之未分化干细胞的基本上纯的制剂的建立
对具有完整透明带的胚泡,采用在rS2(ICM-2)培养基(Vitrolife,Gothenburh,瑞典)中链霉蛋白酶(10μ/ml Sigma)短暂温育以消化透明带,然后直接将胚泡置于补加有透明质酸(0.125mg/ml)的BS培养基中的EF细胞层上。
实施例3.
碱性磷酸酶的组化染色
收获细胞,用于RT-PCR、组织化学(碱性磷酸酶)和免疫化学分析(见下)。
RNA分离和RT-PCR。依制造商推荐用Rneasy Mini试剂盒(Qiagen)制备总细胞RNA。用AMV第一链cDNA合成试剂盒(Roche)进行RT-PCR的cDNA合成,用Platinum Taq DNA聚合酶(Imitragen)进行PCR。利用市售试剂盒(Sigma)按制造商推荐进行碱性磷酸酶的组织化学染色。
实施例4
hBS细胞系的制备和培养
在组织培养皿中于EMFI培养基中培养小鼠胚胎成纤维饲养细胞:DMEM(Dulbecco’s改良Eagle’s培养基),补加10%FCS(胎牛血清),0.1μMβ-巯基乙醇,50单位/ml青霉素,50μg/ml链霉素,和2mM L-谷氨酰胺(GibcoBRL)。用丝裂霉素C(10μg/ml,3小时)使饲养细胞有丝分裂失活。用手工切开在失活小鼠胚胎成纤维饲养细胞上扩增的hBS细胞集落。
在组织培养皿中用BS细胞培养基中于有丝分裂失活的小鼠胚胎成纤维饲养细胞上培养hBS细胞:KNOCKOUTDulbecco’s改良Eagle’s培养基,补加了20%KNOCKOUT血清替代物,和终浓度分别为如下的组分:50单位/ml青霉素、50μg/ml链霉素,0.1mM非必需氨基酸、2mML-谷氨酰胺、100μMβ-巯基乙醇、4ng/ml人重组bFGF(碱性成纤维生长因子)。传代后7天,集落大至足够产生BS细胞体。
用玻璃毛细管将BS细胞集落切成0.4×0.4mm的块,置于含有BS细胞体培养基的非粘附细菌培养皿中:KNOCKOUTDulbecco’s改良Eagle’s培养基,补加了20%KNOCKOUT血清替代物和终浓度分别为如下的组分:50单位/ml青霉素,50μg/ml链霉素、0.1mM非必需氨基酸、2mM L-谷氨酰胺和100μMβ-巯基乙醇(Itskovitz-Eldor,J.等人,2000)经7-9日后形成包括囊性BS细胞体的BS细胞体。
实施例5.
hBS细胞的传代
传代前,用Nikon Eclipse TE2000-U倒置显微镜(10X物镜)和DXM1200数码相机对hBS细胞照像。每4-5天传代集落。当集落可切成0.1-0.3×0.1-0.3mm小块时集落的大小足以传代。第一次细胞传代时,其生长了1-2周,且可被切成约4块。
在立体显微镜中逐一聚焦集落,依上述大小切成间格形式。仅将内部同质结构传代。用小刀移去集落的每一小块,吸入毛细管,置于新饲养细胞上(最大为4日龄)。在每一新IVF皿上均匀放置10-16小块。静置5-10分钟以使细胞粘附于新饲养细胞,然后置于培养箱中。每周更换hBS培养基3次。如果集落传代,则该周换两次培养基。通常进行“半更换”,即仅将一半培养基吸出且用等量的新鲜、温和培养基替换。如需要,可更换全部体积的培养基。
实施例6.
hBS细胞的玻璃化
切割来自细胞系的具有合适的未分化形态的集落用于传代。将100-200ml液氮无菌过滤入足量的冷冻管中。制备溶液A和B(A:800μlCryo PBS,含1M海藻糖,100μl etylen glycole和100μl DMSO;B:600μlCryo PBS,含有1M海藻糖,200μl etylen glycole,和200μl DMSO),将集落置于溶液A中1分钟,B中25秒。封闭的吸管用于贮存冷冻集落。集落移入吸管后,立即置于含无菌液氮的冷冻管中。
实施例7.
胚胎小鼠饲喂(EMFi)细胞的种板
用含丝裂霉素C的EMFi培养基灭活细胞,方法是37℃培养3小时。用明胶包被IVF皿。吸出培养基,用PBS洗涤细胞。用胰蛋白酶代替PBS以分散细胞。温育后,用EMFi培养基终止胰蛋白酶活性。离心收集细胞,以1∶5稀释入EMFi培养基,在Bürker室中计数。将细胞稀释至终浓度170K细胞/mlEMFi培养液。IVF皿中的明胶用1ml细胞悬液替换,且置于培养箱中。种板后一天更换EMFi培养基。
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Claims (54)
1.一种获得多能人胚泡衍生的干细胞系的方法,包括步骤:
i)利用任选的具有1级或2级的受精的卵母细胞,以获得任选的具有A级或B级的胚泡;
ii)将胚泡与饲养细胞共培养,以建立一个或多个内细胞团细胞的集落;
iii)通过机械切开分离内细胞团细胞;
iv)将内细胞团细胞与饲养细胞共培养,以获得胚泡衍生的干细胞系;
v)任选的,增殖胚泡衍生的干细胞系。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中步骤i)中的胚泡是自发孵化的胚泡。
3.权利要求1或2的方法,其中胚泡衍生的干细胞系是稳定的。
4.权利要求1-3的方法,其中将胚泡衍生的干细胞系增殖。
5.权利要求4的方法,其中胚泡衍生的干细胞系的增殖包括每4-5天干细胞系的传代。
6.权利要求4-5的方法,其中胚泡衍生的干细胞系的增殖包括用密度小于约60,000个细胞/cm2,如小于约55,000个细胞/cm2,或小于约50,000个细胞/cm2的饲养细胞培养干细胞。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中胚泡衍生的干细胞系的增殖包括用密度约45,000个细胞/cm2的饲养细胞培养干细胞。
8.根据权利要求4-7的方法,其中胚泡衍生的干细胞系的增殖包括最多3次,例如最多2次的饲养细胞传代。
9.权利要求1-8的方法,其中在步骤ii)之前胚泡的透明带已至少被部分消化。
10.权利要求9的方法,其中胚泡的透明带已至少被用选自酸性反应物质、酶和其混合物的消化剂部分消化。
11.权利要求1-10的方法,其中步骤ii)和/或步骤iv)在一种试剂中进行,所述试剂改善胚泡和/或有关的内细胞团细胞对饲养细胞的附着。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中所述试剂是透明质酸。
13.权利要求1-12的方法,其中饲养细胞是胚胎饲养细胞。
14.权利要求1-13的方法,其中步骤ii)和iv)中所用的饲养细胞相同或不同,且来自动物来源。
15.权利要求14的方法,其中饲养细胞为小鼠或人来源的。
16.权利要求1-15的方法,其中饲养细胞为有丝分裂失活的。
17.权利要求1-16的方法,其中干细胞系
i)当于有丝分裂失活的胚胎饲养细胞上生长时,显示在未分化状态中的增殖能力超过21个月,且
ii)显示正常的整倍体染色体核型,且
iii)维持在体内和体外发育成胚层所有类型的衍生物的潜力,且
iv)显示至少两种如下的分子标记,OCT-4,碱性磷酸酶,糖表位SSEA-3,SSEA-4,TRA1-60,TRA1-81,和由单克隆抗体GCTM-2识别的硫酸角蛋白/硫酸软骨素外周细胞基质蛋白聚糖的蛋白质核心,且
v)不显示分子标记SSEA-1或其它分化标记,且
vi)保留其多能性且当注射入无免疫应答的小鼠中形成畸胎瘤,且
vii)能分化。
18.获自权利要求1-17的方法之人胚泡衍生的干细胞系用于制备分化细胞的用途。
19.权利要求1-17的方法,其中干细胞系具有分化为产胰岛素细胞的能力。
20.权利要求19的方法,其中产胰岛素细胞能形成胰岛样结构。
21.权利要求19或20的方法,其中衍生自多能人BS细胞系的产胰岛素β-细胞的量高于25%,例如高于35%,或高于40%,或高于45%,或高于50%。
22.权利要求19-21的方法,其中产胰岛素细胞系产生至少约300ng胰岛素/mg总蛋白,如至少约380ng胰岛素/mg总蛋白或至少约450ng胰岛素/mg总蛋白。
23.权利要求1-17或19-22的方法,其中胚泡衍生的干细胞具有分化为分化的细胞的能力,其显示包括胰岛素、Glut-2、Pdx-1、葡糖激酶、胰高血糖素和抑生长素中至少一种的胰腺细胞类型标记的表达。
24.权利要求1-17或19-23的方法,其中胚泡衍生的干细胞具有分化为产胰岛素细胞的能力,其特征在于其组织成胰岛样结构,包括一个由神经元型细胞外层包围的β细胞内核,所述神经元型细胞显示至少一种下列神经元细胞型标记的表达,包括神经元特异性β-III微管蛋白(TUJ1),NeuN,DoubleCortin,酪氨酸水解酶和Map2。
25.权利要求1-17的方法,其中胚泡衍生的干细胞能被分化成分化的细胞,其显示至少一种下列神经元细胞型标记的表达,包括神经元特异性β-III微管蛋白(TUJ1)、NeuN、DonbleCortin、酪氨酸水解酶和Map2。
26.衍生自根据权利要求1-17或19-25的方法所获得的胚泡衍生的干细胞之分化细胞的制剂的用途,其用于制备预防或治疗由组织退化引起的病理或疾病的药物。
27.衍生自根据权利要求1-17或19-24的方法所获得的胚泡衍生的干细胞之分化细胞的制剂的用途,其用于制备预防或治疗胰腺中的病理或疾病的药物。
28.权利要求27的用途,所述疾病是糖尿病。
29.权利要求25或26的用途,其中疾病是I型糖尿病。
30.衍生自根据权利要求1-17或25的方法所获得的胚泡衍生的干细胞之分化细胞的制剂的用途,其用于制备预防或治疗神经系统中的病理或疾病的药物。
31.权利要求30的用途,其中疾病选自多发性硬化、脊索损伤、脑病、帕金森氏症、亨廷顿氏症、中风、创伤性脑损伤、缺氧诱发的脑损伤、缺血诱发的脑损伤、低血糖性脑损伤、神经系统的退行性疾病、脑肿瘤和外周神经系统中的神经疾病。
32.一种用于进行权利要求1-17的方法的试剂盒,其包括在分隔的区室中的至少两种如下成分:透明质酸、链霉蛋白酶、BS细胞培养基、和人或小鼠胚胎饲养细胞。
33.权利要求32的试剂盒,其还包括带有完整透明带的胚泡或自发孵化的胚泡。
34.一种产生产胰岛素分化干细胞之基本上纯的制剂的方法,包括如下步骤:
i)通过在适当培养基中失活的饲养细胞上生长,扩增人胚泡衍生的干细胞;
ii)通过将步骤i)中形成的集落解离成较小的聚集体或单个细胞,产生胚泡衍生的干细胞体,随后将所述聚集体或单个细胞移入非粘附容器,在其中于适当培养基中培养;
iii)将容器中的胚泡衍生的干细胞体平板接种入适当培养基;
iv)在ITFSn培养基中选择巢蛋白阳性的神经元前体;
v)在含有B27培养基补充物和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的N2培养基中扩增胰腺内分泌先祖细胞;
vi)将培养基换为不含碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的N2培养基。
35.权利要求34的方法,其中人胚泡衍生的干细胞通过权利要求1-17的方法获得。
36.权利要求34-35的方法,其中步骤i)中所用的培养基为人胚泡衍生的干细胞培养基。
37.权利要求34-36的方法,其中步骤ii)中所用的培养基为胚泡衍生的干细胞体培养基。
38.权利要求34-37的方法,其中步骤iii)中所用的培养基为胚泡衍生的干细胞体培养基。
39.权利要求34-38的方法,其中在步骤vi)后加入烟酰胺。
40.一种分化的干细胞之基本上纯的制剂,其中细胞显示包括胰岛素、Glut-2、Pdx-1、胰高血糖素、葡糖激酶和抑生长素中至少一种的胰腺细胞类型标记的表达。
41.权利要求40的制剂,其能够产生至少约320ng胰岛素/mg总蛋白,如至少约380ng胰岛素/mg总蛋白或至少约420ng胰岛素/mg总蛋白。
42.权利要求40或41的制剂,其中制剂的产胰岛素细胞的比例至少为25%,例如至少35%,或至少45%,或至少50%。
43.权利要求40-42的制剂,其特征在于其组织成胰岛样结构,包括一个由神经元型细胞外层包围的β细胞内核,所述神经元型细胞显示至少一种下列神经元细胞型标记的表达,包括神经元特异性β-III微管蛋白(TUJ1),NeuN,DoubleCortin,酪氨酸水解酶和Map2。
44.权利要求40-43的制剂,其由权利要求34-39的方法获得。
45.一种分化的干细胞之基本上纯的制剂,其中细胞显示至少一种下列神经元细胞型标记的表达,包括神经元特异性β-III微管蛋白(TUJ1)、NeuN、DoubleCortin、酪氨酸水解酶和Map2。
46.权利要求45的制剂,其由权利要求34-39的方法获得。
47.一种由权利要求34-39的方法获得的基本上纯的细胞制剂。
48.权利要求40-44的制剂用于制备预防或治疗胰腺中的病理或疾病的药物的用途。
49.权利要求48的用途,其中所述疾病是糖尿病。
50.权利要求48或49的用途,其中所述疾病是I型糖尿病。
51.权利要求45-46的制剂用于制备治疗神经系统中的病理或疾病的药物的用途。
52.权利要求51的用途,其中疾病选自多发性硬化、脊索损伤、脑病、帕金森氏症、亨廷顿氏症、中风、创伤性脑损伤、缺氧诱发的脑损伤、缺血诱发的脑损伤、低血糖性脑损伤、神经系统的退行性疾病、脑肿瘤和外周神经系统中的神经疾病。
53.用于进行权利要求34-39的方法的试剂盒,含有在分隔区室中的至少两种如下成分:丝裂霉素C、hBS培养基、BS细胞体培养基、ITSFn培养基、N2培养基、B27培养基补充物、烟酰胺和bFGF。
54.权利要求53的试剂盒,其还包括由权利要求1-17的方法获得的基本上纯的人胚泡衍生的干细胞系。
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JP2009148294A (ja) | 2009-07-09 |
EP1461421A2 (en) | 2004-09-29 |
IL162663A0 (en) | 2005-11-20 |
CA2471540A1 (en) | 2003-07-10 |
WO2003055992A3 (en) | 2004-01-15 |
AU2002367091A1 (en) | 2003-07-15 |
WO2003055992A2 (en) | 2003-07-10 |
GB2398795A (en) | 2004-09-01 |
US20050095703A1 (en) | 2005-05-05 |
JP2005512593A (ja) | 2005-05-12 |
GB0414558D0 (en) | 2004-08-04 |
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