CN1547470A - 用于治疗类阿片依赖性的吡啶-2-基-甲胺衍生物 - Google Patents
用于治疗类阿片依赖性的吡啶-2-基-甲胺衍生物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1547470A CN1547470A CNA028166981A CN02816698A CN1547470A CN 1547470 A CN1547470 A CN 1547470A CN A028166981 A CNA028166981 A CN A028166981A CN 02816698 A CN02816698 A CN 02816698A CN 1547470 A CN1547470 A CN 1547470A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
- A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
- A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/30—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence
- A61P25/36—Opioid-abuse
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- Nitrogen And Oxygen Or Sulfur-Condensed Heterocyclic Ring Systems (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及用于治疗类阿片药物依赖性的如通式(I)的化合物。
Description
本发明的目的是某些吡啶-2-基-甲胺化合物用于治疗药物依赖性的新用途。
对精神作用物质的药物依赖性是一种病理现象,其在世界卫生组织的国际分类法中归类于精神疾病。产生药物依赖性或依赖综合症症的物质清单很长。然而,本发明的应用领域限于类阿片药物依赖性的治疗。本发明人总体上将类阿片意指具有吗啡活性的天然的、半合成的或合成的化合物。
药物依赖性的治疗原理基于能够使依赖者改变、随后保持、戒除他或她所依赖的物质。特别就类阿片依赖性来说,所用的药理学治疗是所谓的替代治疗。他们的原理在于用相对于那些引起依赖性的物质来说具有较低的特定效果并具有较长活性周期的类阿片产品代替引起依赖性的物质。国家关于在替代适应症中可以获得的药物为美沙酮氯水合物、左旋-α-乙酰美沙醇(LAAM)和布诺啡。然而,这些治疗方案的成功率是有限的。另外,由于在替代治疗中所用的产品本身属于药理学类阿片类,它们也引起对公众健康直接或间接的风险。因此,替代产品可能引起依赖性综合症,和/或增加滥用以及对其它物质例如可卡因的依赖性的风险。□2受体的某些促效剂如可乐定和洛非西定有时也与替代治疗相结合用于对类阿片脱瘾治疗之后的复发进行维持性和预防性治疗。
因此,目前关于类阿片药物依赖性的治疗不完全令人满意。因而非常期望发现新的具有不同于现有产品机理作用的分子的治疗。
这种依赖性综合症的基本机理是复杂的,因此也是难以确定的。事实上,所述机理牵涉到不同种类的受体和神经传递素。但是似乎已确定多巴胺起中枢作用。同样清楚的是去甲肾上腺素和5-羟色胺,作为与依赖性现象关系密切的大脑区域中多巴胺能神经元活性的调节剂和/或调整剂,成为治疗的优先目标。
事实上,自80年代末期以来已在科学报道中论述过包括5-HT1A亚型的某些5-羟色胺亚型结合部位和吗啡依赖性之间存在联系。随后,对5-HT1A受体具有亲合力的化合物应用的潜在领域已或多或少系统性地扩展到用于治疗对精神作用物质包括酒精和尼古丁的脱瘾综合症症和/或滥用和/或药物依赖性。
因此,在欧洲申请EP356997中,Bristol-Myers Co.公司提出了氮杂吡隆类(azapirones)如丁螺环酮用于治疗精神作用物质滥用的用途。
在国际申请WO0035892、WO0035874和WO0035878中,American Home Products Corporation公司披露了哌嗪-乙酰胺类、芳基-哌啶类和1,4-哌嗪类衍生物,分别作为5-HT1A受体的促效剂和拮抗剂,有效地用于治疗药物成瘾性。在国际申请WO9938864中,该公司披露了1,3-氧氮杂茂类衍生物作为5-HT1A受体的促效剂,有效地用于治疗药物脱瘾综合症和成瘾性。在申请WO9808817和WO9717343中,披露了4-氨基乙氧基-吲哚类和苯二氧杂环乙烷-甲胺类衍生物,分别要求作为5-HT1A受体的配体,有效地用于治疗滥用和依赖性。在国际申请WO0035875中,披露了芳基-哌啶类衍生物要求作为5-HT1A受体的拮抗剂,有效地用于治疗药物成瘾性。
在国际申请WO9723485、WO9702269、WO9703071中,Knoll公司提出了杂苯-酰胺类、噻唑类、和杂环-酰胺类衍生物,分别作为5-HT1A受体非选择性的配体,有效地用于治疗精神作用物质的滥用和成瘾性的权利要求。
在国际申请WO9730050中,Pharmacia & Upjohn S.P.A报道了杂环-麦角灵类衍生物,作为5-HT1A受体选择性的配体,有效地用于治疗药物脱瘾和成瘾性;同样,在申请WO9741858中披露了哌嗪类衍生物作为5-HT1A受体非选择性的配体,有效地用于治疗精神作用物质的滥用。
在申请EP982030和EP928792中,Pfizer Products Inc.披露了2,7-取代-八氢-吡咯并-1,2-吡嗪类和双环(3.1.0.)己烷类衍生物,分别作为5-HT1A受体的配体,有效地用于治疗依赖性。
在国际申请WO9842344中,R.P.Scherer Limited要求了含有5-HT1A促效剂的药学组合物如丁螺环酮用于对某些物质的滥用和成瘾性的治疗的用途。
在国际申请WO9706155中,Synthélabo公司披露了萘-1-基-哌嗪类衍生物作为5-HT1A受体的配体,有效地用于治疗由于脱瘾或麻醉药品的滥用所造成的问题。
在申请WO9429293中,Yamanouchi Pharm Co Ltd报道了氟代苯并二氢吡喃类衍生物作为5-HT1A受体的配体,有效地用于药物依赖性的治疗。
在申请US5741789中,Eli Lilly and company披露了杂-氧-链烷氨基类,作为5-HT1A受体的促效剂或部分促效剂,有效地用于治疗物质的滥用。在国际申请WO0000196中,该公司披露了吡咯烷类和吡咯啉类,作为5-HT1A受体的非选择性的拮抗剂,有效地用于物质滥用的治疗。
然而,上述专利申请中,将5-HT1A配体用于除了酒精(WO9741858)以外的精神活性物质药物依赖性的治疗,没有一个是得到药理学数据支持的。更进一步说,用于治疗对某些麻醉药品如可卡因的依赖性的临床试验的5-HT1A促效剂具有负作用。因而直到现在,具有5-HT1A促效剂类型药理学活性的化合物对类阿片药物依赖性的治疗没有效果。根据现有的技术的状况,新5-HT1A促效剂用于类阿片药物依赖性治疗的潜在用途是难以预期的。
发明人已经意外地发现了,在专利WO98/22459中要求的和由以下通式(I)所代表的化合物以及它与药学上可接受的有机或无机酸的加成盐出乎意料和潜在可能有效地治疗类阿片药物依赖性:
其中:
u代表氢原子或甲基,条件是如果u是甲基,则v和w代表氢原子;
v代表氢原子、氯原子或甲基,条件是如果v是甲基,则u和w代表氢原子;
w代表氢原子、氟原子或甲基,条件是如果w是甲基,则u和v代表氢原子;
x代表氢原子或氟原子;
y代表氯原子或甲基;
z代表氢原子或氟原子或氯原子或甲基;
A代表:
-氢原子或氟原子或氯原子;
-C1-C5烷基,即含有1-5个碳原子的直链或支链饱和脂肪烃残基,例如甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、戊基、异丙基、1-甲基-乙基、1-甲基-丙基、1-甲基-丁基、2-甲基-丙基、2-甲基-丁基或3-甲基-丁基、1-乙基-丙基、2-乙基-丙基;
-氟代烷基,例如单氟甲基(-CH2F)、二氟甲基(-CHF2)、三氟甲基(-CF3)、1-氟-1-乙基(-CHFCH3)或1,1-二氟-1-乙基(-CF2CH3);
-环丙基或环丁基或环戊基;
-取代或未取代的5环芳香杂环基团,所述杂环基团中含有1、2、3或4个选自氮、氧和硫的杂原子,但杂环A中存在的氧和/或硫原子不超过1个。
-烷氧基(R1O-)或烷硫基(R1S-),其中R1基团代表:
-如以上定义的C1-C5烷基,
-单氟甲基或三氟甲基,
-环丙基或环丁基或环戊基;
-式II的氨基
其中R2和R3相同或不同,分别代表氢、如以上定义的C1-C5烷基、环丙基或环丁基或三氟甲基;
-式III的饱和环氨基
其中n为1或2的整数;
-烷氧基羰基,优选甲氧基羰基(CH3OCO-)或乙氧基羰基(CH3CH2OCO-)。
通式(I)的化合物是已知的选择性的5-HT1A受体促效剂,国际申请WO9822459中已经披露了他们在其它药学领域中的用途。在本发明中,优选通式(I)的化合物是(3-氯-4-氟苯基)-(4-氟-4-{[(5-甲基-嘧啶-2-基-甲基)-氨基]-甲基}-哌啶-1-基)-美沙酮延胡索酸盐,在通式(I)中:A=H,u=CH3,v和w=H,x=F,y=CL,和z=F。在下文中,所讨论的化合物被命名为化合物F。
唯一的附图显示了化合物F对吗啡依赖性的效果。
与药物依赖性有关的用于研究神经生物学和行为学机制的动物模型的有效性,可以追溯到超过二十年的研究。因此依赖性个体行为的一些方面能从实验室动物身上复现。例如,对于通过长期吗啡给药而形成了依赖性的老鼠,吗啡的突然中断或通过给予鸦片受体拮抗剂引起称为痛觉过敏的症状,该症状可以依靠疼痛反映容易地记录下来。因此,这些痛觉过敏状态引起和构成了能有效和普遍地从鸦片依赖性中识别出来的敏感标志。因此本发明人选择使用如此标志去评估本发明化合物对抗吗啡依赖性综合症的能力。
将化合物F与挑选作为5-HT1A促效剂参照物的吉吡隆和来索吡琼进行比较。丁螺旋酮[33386-08-2]和坦度匹隆[112457-95-1]的相近结构类似物吉吡隆[83928-76-1],是一个处在三期临床试验的5-HT1A促效剂。按照现有的发展,来索吡琼[132449-46-8]是唯一在适用于药物依赖性的活性开发方面的5-HT1A促效剂(Pharmaprojects 2001年3月)。
以下的实施例举例说明了化合物F药学活性,以及其在本发明要求的治疗目标中的潜在可能应用。
实施例1
化合物F和参照物对于5-HT1A受体亲合力的测试。
研究与5-HT1A受体的结合是通过一个标准方法(Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch.Pharmaco.1991,343,106)实现的。用来自EBDA(平衡结合数据分析)(Biosoft,Cambridge,UK,McPherson,1985)的非线性回归方程RADLIG第4版从置换实验中估算本发明产品的抑制常数(Ki)。计算中所用的放射性配体的解离常数对于3H-8-OH-DPAT是0.31nmole。所给出的PKi(-logKi)值为至少3次实验的平均值±SEM。
所得结果在下表中给出:
化合物 | PKi位点5-HT1A a) |
化合物F吉吡隆来索吡琼 | 9.077.177.26 |
a)组织:老鼠的大脑皮层
实施例2
化合物F和参照物对吗啡依赖性的作用。
产品通过渗透微型泵(2ML2模型;流速5μl/hr:Alzacorporation,Palo Alto,USA)给药,该泵在实验的第一天皮下植入并在两星期后取出。该泵通过老鼠背部皮肤上所作的横向切口放入适当的位置,释放孔直接朝向头部。
吗啡氯水化物以5mg/鼠/天(41.7mg/ml)的在蒸馏水中的溶液进行给药。化合物F以0.63mg/鼠/天(41.7mg/ml)的在蒸馏水中的溶液进行给药。吉吡隆和来索吡琼以2.5mg/鼠/天(41.7mg/ml)的在蒸馏水中的溶液进行给药。植入对照动物的泵释放0.9%的NaCl(生理盐水)0.12ml)/鼠/天;这些剂量与未成盐化合物的重量有关。
研究由两阶段组成:慢性治疗阶段持续2周,脱瘾阶段持续1周。
实验的第一天老鼠被植入两个渗透微型泵。6个实验组接受下述治疗中的一种:(a)泵1=生理盐水和泵2=生理盐水(n=11);(b)泵1=生理盐水和泵2=量为0.63mg/鼠/天的化合物O(n=11);(c)泵1=量为5mg/鼠/天的吗啡和泵2=生理盐水(n=13);(d)泵1=量为5mg/鼠/天的吗啡和泵2=量为0.63mg/鼠/天的化合物F(n=13);(e)泵1=量为5mg/鼠/天的吗啡和泵2=量为2.5mg/鼠/天的吉吡隆(n=13);(f)泵1=量为5mg/鼠/天的吗啡和泵2=量为2.5mg/鼠/天的来索吡琼(n=13)。
在两周的慢性治疗后,开始脱瘾阶段。在第14天经过基本的测量后,所有的动物接受皮下注射0.63mg/kg的纳洛酮。随后,在注射后的30分钟、1小时、2小时、4小时和8小时,进行另外一系列的测量。泵在注射纳洛酮后8小时经过最后的测量后取出。每天24小时都将进行一系列的测量,直至注射纳洛酮后4天。在脱瘾阶段,疼痛反映阈值使用Randall和Selitto方法(Arch.Int.Pharmacodyn.1957,CXI,409)测量,其通过增加施用于后爪的压力直至达到声阈。该结果以克表示并以750g为限。
为了评估疼痛反映的阈值,确定曲线下面积(AUCs)并通过方差分析(ANOVA)进行处理。在各组之间通过使用Student-Newman-Keuls(SNK)检验作后比较(即它在方差分析之后进行,条件是后者是显著的)。统计学上的显著效果定义为P<0.05。所附的曲线图中显示了通过使用纳洛酮进行脱瘾后30分钟和4天之间的曲线下面积(AUCs)。
结果
体外结合测试的结果(见以上的表)表明化合物F对于5-HT1A亚型的受体具有强大的亲合力。此外,化合物F对于这些位点的亲合力远远强于那些参照物:吉吡隆和来索吡琼。
在体内,接受吗啡治疗的动物的AUC的值(见图)相比较于那些接受生理血清治疗的要显著减小,表明吗啡脱瘾综合症的预期出现[ANOVA,疗效,F(5.68)=5.7;P<0.001]。接受吗啡治疗动物的疼痛反映阈值的显著降低(SNK;P<0.05),表明了这种综合症能通过在脱瘾阶段所测得的痛觉过敏幅度清楚地体现出来。与单独用吗啡治疗和同时用吗啡和吉吡隆(SNK;P<0.05)或来索吡琼(SNK;P<0.05)治疗的动物相反,通过同时使用吗啡和化合物F联合治疗的动物的AUC值(SNK;P>0.05)在统计学上相当于从对照动物上获得的AUC值。化合物F自身没有诱导效果,正如对照动物和单独使用化合物F治疗动物的阈值相当表明(P>0.05)。由此可见仅通过吗啡和化合物F联合治疗的动物没有出现痛觉过敏,即证明没有任何吗啡脱瘾综合症。对于吗啡脱瘾综合症,5-HT1A参照促效剂(如吉吡隆和来索吡琼)没有任何可检测到的对痛觉过敏的作用。从而可以断定,与参照化合物相反,化合物F具有对抗吗啡依赖性的潜在能力。
这些研究证明了如通式(I)的化合物及其与无机酸或药学上可接受的有机酸所加成的盐,与属于其它化学种类的5-HT1A促效剂不同,潜在有效地治疗类阿片药物依赖性。
本发明进一步的目的是药物组合物,所述组合物含有作为活性成分的至少一种通式(I)的衍生物或它的一种盐或它的盐的水合物和一种或多种药学上可接受的赋形剂或载体。
例如根据本发明的药物组合物可以是通过口、鼻、舌下、直肠或非肠道方法给药的组合物。作为能够口服给药的组合物的例子,可以提及丸剂、胶囊、颗粒剂、粉末和口服混悬液或溶液。
例如,适合于所选定的给药方法的制剂是已知的并记载于Remington,药物科学和实践(The Science and Practice ofPharmaccy),19版,1995,Mack Publishing Company。
本发明化合物的有效剂量应随大量参数如选择的给药途径、重量、年龄、性别、引起病理症状的物质和被治疗个体的敏感度而变化。因此,最适宜的剂量必须通过医学专家考虑相关参数个别确定。尽管本发明化合物的有效剂量可以大比例的变化,其每日剂量可以计量为0.01mg-100mg/(kg被治疗者体重)。但优选每日一剂包含0.10mg-100mg/(kg被治疗者体重)的本发明的化合物。
Claims (2)
1.如通式(I)的化合物及其治疗学上可以接受的盐来制备欲用于治疗类阿片药物依赖性的药物的用途:
其中:
u代表氢原子或甲基,条件是如果u是甲基,则v和w代表氢原子;
v代表氢原子、氯原子或甲基,条件是如果v是甲基,则u和w代表氢原子;
w代表氢原子、氟原子或甲基,条件是如果w是甲基,则u和v代表氢原子;
x代表氢原子或氟原子;
y代表氯原子或甲基;
z代表氢原子或氟原子或氯原子或甲基;
A代表:
-氢原子或氟原子或氯原子;
-C1-C5烷基,即含有1-5个碳原子的直链或支链饱和脂肪烃残基,例如甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、戊基、异丙基、1-甲基-乙基、1-甲基-丙基、1-甲基-丁基、2-甲基-丙基、2-甲基-丁基或3-甲基-丁基、1-乙基-丙基、2-乙基-丙基;
-氟代烷基,例如单氟甲基(-CH2F)、二氟甲基(-CHF2)、三氟甲基(-CF3)、1-氟-1-乙基(-CHFCH3)或1,1-二氟-1-乙基(-CF2CH3);
-环丙基或环丁基或环戊基;
-取代或未取代的5环芳香杂环基团,所述杂环基团中含有1、2、3或4个选自氮、氧和硫的杂原子,但杂环A中存在的氧和/或硫原子不超过1个。
-烷氧基(R1O-)或烷硫基(R1S-),其中R1基团代表:
-如以上定义的C1-C5烷基,
-单氟甲基或三氟甲基,
-环丙基或环丁基或环戊基;
-式II的氨基
其中R2和R3相同或不同,分别代表氢、如以上定义的C1-C5烷基、环丙基或环丁基或三氟甲基;
-式III的饱和环氨基
其中n为1或2的整数;
-烷氧基羰基,优选甲氧基羰基(CH3OCO-)或乙氧基羰基(CH3CH2OCO-)。
2.根据权利要求1的式(I)的化合物的用途,其特征在于A代表氢原子,u代表甲基,v和n代表氢原子,x代表氟,y代表氯而z代表氟。
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CNB028166981A Expired - Lifetime CN1276753C (zh) | 2001-07-13 | 2002-07-11 | 用于治疗类阿片依赖性的吡啶-2-基-甲胺衍生物 |
Country Status (17)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20050065348A1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1406627B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP4357958B2 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1276753C (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE344666T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2002336130B2 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR0211127A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2453445C (zh) |
CY (1) | CY1105987T1 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE60215947T2 (zh) |
DK (1) | DK1406627T3 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2275913T3 (zh) |
FR (1) | FR2827172B1 (zh) |
MX (1) | MXPA04000364A (zh) |
PT (1) | PT1406627E (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2003006020A1 (zh) |
ZA (1) | ZA200400824B (zh) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20050192271A1 (en) * | 2003-07-15 | 2005-09-01 | Hythiam, Inc. | Use of selective chloride channel modulators to treat alcohol and/or stimulant substance abuse |
FR2891274B1 (fr) * | 2005-09-27 | 2007-11-23 | Pierre Fabre Medicament Sa | Procede de preparation du (3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-(4- fluoro-4-{[(5-methyl-pyrimidin-2-ylmethyl)-amino]-methyl}- piperidin-1-yl)-methanone et nouveaux derives pyrimidiniques intermediaires. |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IL91451A0 (en) * | 1988-08-30 | 1990-04-29 | Bristol Myers Co | Pharmaceutical compositions comprising azapiron compounds and their use in the treatment of addiction |
SE9601708D0 (sv) * | 1996-05-06 | 1996-05-06 | Pharmacia Ab | Pyridyl- and pyrimidyl-piperazines in the treatment of substance abuse disorders |
FR2755967B1 (fr) * | 1996-11-21 | 1999-01-29 | Pf Medicament | Derives de la pyridin-2-yl-methylamine, leur procede de preparation et leur application comme medicaments |
-
2001
- 2001-07-13 FR FR0109350A patent/FR2827172B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-07-11 DE DE60215947T patent/DE60215947T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-07-11 EP EP02770024A patent/EP1406627B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-07-11 WO PCT/FR2002/002449 patent/WO2003006020A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 2002-07-11 US US10/483,567 patent/US20050065348A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-07-11 PT PT02770024T patent/PT1406627E/pt unknown
- 2002-07-11 AT AT02770024T patent/ATE344666T1/de active
- 2002-07-11 CA CA2453445A patent/CA2453445C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-07-11 BR BR0211127-6A patent/BR0211127A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-07-11 MX MXPA04000364A patent/MXPA04000364A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2002-07-11 CN CNB028166981A patent/CN1276753C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-07-11 AU AU2002336130A patent/AU2002336130B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-07-11 ES ES02770024T patent/ES2275913T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-07-11 JP JP2003511826A patent/JP4357958B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-07-11 DK DK02770024T patent/DK1406627T3/da active
-
2004
- 2004-02-02 ZA ZA200400824A patent/ZA200400824B/xx unknown
-
2007
- 2007-02-05 CY CY20071100156T patent/CY1105987T1/el unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP4357958B2 (ja) | 2009-11-04 |
CN1276753C (zh) | 2006-09-27 |
EP1406627A1 (fr) | 2004-04-14 |
FR2827172A1 (fr) | 2003-01-17 |
MXPA04000364A (es) | 2004-05-04 |
JP2004537545A (ja) | 2004-12-16 |
EP1406627B1 (fr) | 2006-11-08 |
BR0211127A (pt) | 2004-06-29 |
ES2275913T3 (es) | 2007-06-16 |
PT1406627E (pt) | 2007-02-28 |
CA2453445A1 (fr) | 2003-01-23 |
DE60215947T2 (de) | 2007-07-26 |
DK1406627T3 (da) | 2007-03-19 |
WO2003006020A1 (fr) | 2003-01-23 |
US20050065348A1 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
FR2827172B1 (fr) | 2004-07-02 |
ZA200400824B (en) | 2004-07-20 |
AU2002336130B2 (en) | 2008-05-01 |
CA2453445C (fr) | 2011-01-11 |
CY1105987T1 (el) | 2011-04-06 |
ATE344666T1 (de) | 2006-11-15 |
DE60215947D1 (de) | 2006-12-21 |
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