CN113773387A - Pd-l1抗体及其用途 - Google Patents
Pd-l1抗体及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113773387A CN113773387A CN202111082739.8A CN202111082739A CN113773387A CN 113773387 A CN113773387 A CN 113773387A CN 202111082739 A CN202111082739 A CN 202111082739A CN 113773387 A CN113773387 A CN 113773387A
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Abstract
本发明公开了PD‑L1抗体或其片段。所述抗体或其片段特异性结合PD‑L1蛋白的免疫球蛋白C结构域。在各实施例中,所述抗体或其片段包含如SEQ ID NO:1所示的VH CDR1、如SEQ ID NO:2所示的VH CDR2、如SEQ ID NO:3所示的VH CDR3、如SEQ ID NO:4所示的VL CDR1、如SEQ ID NO:5所示的VL CDR2、如SEQ ID NO:6所示的VH CDR3,或上述每种的变体。本发明还公开了使用上述抗体或其片段治疗和诊断如癌症和传染性疾病等疾病的方法。
Description
背景技术
程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)也称为分化簇274(CD274)或B7同源物1(B7-H1),是一种40kDa的1型跨膜蛋白,在特殊事件如发生怀孕、组织同种异体移植、自身免疫性疾病和其他疾病状态如肝炎时,PD-L1被认为其在抑制免疫系统过程中发挥主要作用。PD-L1与PD-1或B7.1的结合能够传递一种抑制信号,该抑制信号能够减少淋巴结中CD8+ T细胞的增殖,并且所述结合还能使得PD-1通过凋亡控制淋巴结中的外源抗原特异性T细胞的堆积,所述凋亡进一步通过基因Bcl-2下调来介导。
研究表明,PD-L1的上调可能使癌症逃脱宿主免疫系统的攻击。对来自肾细胞癌患者的肿瘤标本进行分析发现,肿瘤PD-L1的高表达与肿瘤侵袭性增加和死亡风险增加有相关性。许多PD-L1抑制剂被用于研究在肿瘤免疫疗法中的应用,并在临床试验中显示出有良好效果。
除癌症治疗外,PD-L1的抑制性还有望在治疗感染性疾病中发挥作用。在胞内感染小鼠模型中,单核细胞增生李斯特菌(L.monocytogenes)能够诱导T细胞、NK细胞和巨噬细胞中PD-L1蛋白的表达。PD-L1阻断剂(例如,使用阻断抗体)能够导致被感染小鼠的死亡率增加。阻断剂减少了巨噬细胞中TNFα和一氧化氮的产生和NK细胞中颗粒酶B的产生,并降低了对单核细胞增生李斯特菌抗原特异性的CD8 T细胞(而非CD4 T细胞)的增殖。这些证据表明PD-L1在胞内感染中起着正性共刺激分子的作用。
发明内容概述
本发明提供一种对人PD-L1蛋白具有高亲和力的抗PD-L1抗体,并且该抗体可有效阻断PD-L1与其受体PD-1之间的相互作用。同样重要的是,相关实例显示这些抗PD-L1抗体能够促进T细胞免疫应答并抑制肿瘤生长。不同于已知的与PD-L1蛋白胞外部分的免疫球蛋白V结构域结合的抗PD-L1抗体,这些抗体与免疫球蛋白C结构域结合,特别是与氨基酸残基Y134、K162和N183结合。这些抗PD-L1抗体可用于治疗各种类型的癌症以及感染等治疗目的,也可用于诊断和预后。
本发明公开的一个实施例提供了一种抗PD-L1抗体或其片段,该抗体或其片段可以特异性结合人程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)蛋白的免疫球蛋白C(Ig C)结构域。在一些实施例中,该免疫球蛋白C结构域由133-225个氨基酸残基组成。在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段可以结合至PD-L1蛋白的Y134、K162或N183中的至少一个氨基酸残基。在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段可以结合至PD-L1蛋白的Y134,K162或N183中的至少一个氨基酸残基。在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段不结合PD-L1蛋白的免疫球蛋白V(Ig V)结构域,其中Ig V结构域由19-127个氨基酸残基组成。
本发明公开的其中一个实施例提供了一种抗PD-L1抗体或其片段,其中所述抗体或其片段能够特异性结合人程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)蛋白并且包含如SEQ ID NO:1所示的VH CDR1、如SEQ ID NO:2所示的VH CDR2、如SEQ ID NO:3所示的VH CDR3、如SEQ ID NO:4所示的VL CDR1、如SEQ ID NO:5所示的VL CDR2,以及如SEQ ID NO:6所示的VL CDR3。在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段还包含重链恒定区、轻链恒定区、Fc区或其组合。在一些实施例中,轻链恒定区是κ或λ链恒定区。在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段是IgG、IgM、IgA、IgE或IgD其中一种同种型。在一些实施例中,同种型是IgG1、IgG2、IgG3或IgG4。没有限制地,抗体或其片段是一种嵌合抗体、一种人源化抗体或是一种全人源抗体。在某一方面,抗体或其片段是一种人源化抗体。
在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段包含重链可变区,所述重链可变区包含选自下述组的一个或多个根据Kabat编号的氨基酸残基及其组合,所述组由:(a)第44位的Ser,(b)第49位的Ala,(c)第53位的Ala,(d)第91位的Ile,(e)第1位的Glu,(f)第37位的Val,(g)第40位的Thr,(h)第53位的Val,(i)第54位的Glu,(j)第77位的Asn,(k)第94位的Arg,(l)第108位的Thr组成。在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段包含重链可变区,所述重链可变区包含下述根据Kabat编号的氨基酸残基及其组合:(a)第44位的Ser,(b)第49位的Ala,(c)第53位的Ala,和/或(d)第91位的Ile。
在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段包含轻链可变区,所述轻链可变区包含下述根据Kabat编号的一个或多个氨基酸残基及其组合:(a)第22位的Ser,(b)第42位的Gln,(c)第43位的Ser,(d)第60位的Asp,和(e)第63位的Thr。
抗体或其片段不局限于实施例所述,其包括重链可变区,所述重链可变区包含一条选自由SEQ ID NO:7-26组成的组中的氨基酸序列,或一条与由SEQ ID NO:7-26组成的组中的氨基酸序列至少有90%的序列同源性的肽链。抗体或其片段不局限于实施例所述,其包括轻链可变区,所述轻链可变区包含一条选自由SEQ ID NO:27-33组成的组中的氨基酸序列,或一条与选自由SEQ ID NO:27-33组成的组中的氨基酸序列至少有90%的序列同源性的肽链。抗体或其片段不局限于实施例所述,其包括氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO:20所示的重链可变区和氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO:28所示的轻链可变区。
本发明还描述了抗体及其片段的生物学上的等效变体。在一些实施例中提供了一种分离的抗体或其片段,其中所述抗体或其片段特异性结合人PD-L1蛋白,并且包含:(a)如SEQ ID NO:1所示的VH CDR1,或SEQ ID NO:1的变体,其在如SEQ ID NO:1所示的序列的第1、2或5位有单一位点的取代、缺失或插入;(b)如SEQ ID NO:2所示的VH CDR2,或SEQ IDNO:2的变体,其在SEQ ID NO:2序列的第7、8、14或15位有单一位点的取代、缺失或插入;(c)如SEQ ID NO:3所示的VH CDR3,或SEQ ID NO:3的变体,其在SEQ ID NO:3序列的第1、2、3、4、5或6位有单一位点的取代、缺失或插入;(d)如SEQ ID NO:4所示的VL CDR1,或SEQ IDNO:4的变体,其在SEQ ID NO:4序列的第3位有单一位点的取代、缺失或插入;(e)如SEQ IDNO:5所示的VL CDR2,或SEQ ID NO:5的变体,其在SEQ ID NO:5序列的第1、2、3、4、5或6位有单一位点的取代、缺失或插入;以及(f)如SEQ ID NO:6所示的VL CDR3,或SEQ ID NO:6的变体,其在SEQ ID NO:6序列的第11或2位有单一位点的取代、缺失或插入。
在一些实施例中,SEQ ID NO:1的变体选自由SEQ ID NO:61-67组成的组中。在一些实施例中,SEQ ID NO:2的变体选自由SEQ ID NO:68-77组成的组中。在一些实施例中,SEQ ID NO:3的变体选自由SEQ ID NO:78-90组成的组中。在一些实施例中,SEQ ID NO:4的变体选自由SEQ ID NO:91-92组成的组中。在一些实施例中,SEQ ID NO:5的变体选自由SEQID NO:93-105组成的组中。在一些实施例中,SEQ ID NO:6的变体选自由SEQ ID NO:106-111组成的组中。
在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段包含重链可变区,所述重链可变区包含选自由下述根据Kabat编号的一个或多个氨基酸残基组成的组及其组合:(a)第44位的Ser,(b)第49位的Ala,(c)第53位的Ala,(d)第91位的Ile,(e)第1位的Glu,(f)第37位的Val,(g)第40位的Thr,(h)第53位的Val,(i)第54位的Glu,(j)第77位的Asn,(k)第94位的Arg,和(1)第108位的Thr及其组合。在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段包含重链可变区,所述重链可变区包含以下根据Kabat编号的氨基酸残基及其组合:(a)第44位的Ser,(b)第49位的Ala,(c)第53位的Ala,和/或(d)第91位的Ile,及其组合。
在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段包含轻链可变区,所述轻链可变区包含下述根据Kabat编号的一个或多个氨基酸残基及其组合:(a)第22位的Ser,(b)第42位的Gln,(c)第43位的Ser,(d)第60位的Asp,和(e)第63位的Thr,及其组合。
在一些实施例中还提供了包含本发明公开的抗体或其片段的组合物和药学上可接受的载体。此外,在一些实施例中还提供了一种分离的细胞,所述细胞包含编码本发明公开的抗体或其片段的一个或多个多聚核苷酸。
本发明还提供了治疗方法和用途。在其中一个实施例中提供了在有需求的患者中治疗癌症或感染的方法,包括向患者施用有效剂量的本发明公开的抗体或其片段。在一些实施例中,所述癌症是实体瘤。在一些实施例中,所述癌症是膀胱癌、肝癌、结肠癌、直肠癌、子宫内膜癌、白血病、淋巴瘤、胰腺癌、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、乳腺癌、尿道癌、头颈癌、胃肠癌、胃癌、食道癌、卵巢癌、肾癌、黑色素瘤、前列腺癌和甲状腺癌。在一些实施例中,所述癌症可以是膀胱癌、肝癌、胰腺癌、非小细胞肺癌、乳腺癌、尿道癌、结肠直肠癌、头颈癌、鳞状细胞癌、梅克尔细胞癌、胃肠癌、胃癌、食道癌、卵巢癌、肾癌和小细胞肺癌。在一些实施例中,该方法还包括向患者施用第二种癌症治疗剂。在一些实施例中,所述感染是病毒感染,细菌感染,真菌感染或寄生虫感染。
在另一个实施例中提供了在有需求的患者中治疗癌症或感染的方法,包括:(a)在体外,用本发明公开的抗体或其片段处理细胞;和(b)将处理过的细胞施用到患者体内。在一些实施例中,该方法进一步包括,在步骤(a)之前,从个体中分离细胞。在一些实施例中,从患者体内分离细胞。在一些实施例中,从区别于患者的供体个体分离细胞。在一些实施例中,所述细胞是T细胞,其非限制性实例包括肿瘤浸润T淋巴细胞、CD4+ T细胞、CD8+ T细胞,或其组合。
本发明还提供了诊断方法和用途。在其中一个实施方案中提供了检测样品中PD-L1的表达的方法,包括使样品与抗体或其片段在一定条件下接触,使得抗体或其片段与PD-L1结合,并检测其结合,即样品中PD-L1的表达。在一些实施例中,所述样品包括肿瘤细胞、肿瘤组织、被感染的组织或血液样品。
本发明公开的抗体及其片段可用于制备双特异性抗体。在其中一个实施例中提供了分离的双特异性抗体,其包含本发明公开的片段和能够特异性结合免疫细胞上所表达分子的第二抗原结合片段。在一些实施例中,所述分子选自由PD-1、CTLA-4、LAG-3、CD28、CD122、4-1BB、TIM3、OX-40、OX40L、CD40、CD40L、LIGHT、ICOS、ICOSL、GITR、GITRL、TIGIT、CD27、VISTA、B7H3、B7H4、HEVM或BTLA、CD47和CD73组成的组。在一些实施例中,所述片段和所述第二片段分别选自Fab片段、单链可变区片段(scFv)或单域抗体。在一些实施例中,所述双特异性抗体还包含Fc片段。
发明内容详述
定义
应当注意的是,术语“一种”实体是指一种或多种该实体,例如“一种抗体”应当被理解为一种或多种抗体,因此,术语“一种”(或“一个”)、“一种或多种”和“至少一种”可以在本文中互换使用。
在本发明中,术语“多肽”旨在涵盖单数的“多肽”以及复数的“多肽”,并且是指由通过酰胺键(也称为肽键)线性连接的单体(氨基酸)组成的分子。术语“多肽”是指两个或更多个氨基酸的任何单条链或多条链,并且不涉及产物的特定长度。因此,“多肽”的定义中包括肽、二肽、三肽、寡肽、“蛋白质”、“氨基酸链”或用于指两个或多个氨基酸链的任何其他术语,并且术语“多肽”可以用来代替上述任何一个术语,或者与上述任何一个术语交替使用。术语“多肽”也意在指多肽表达后修饰的产物,包括但不限于糖基化、乙酰化、磷酸化、酰胺化、通过已知的保护/封闭基团衍生化、蛋白水解切割或非天然发生的氨基酸修饰。多肽可以源自天然生物来源或通过重组技术产生,但其不必从指定的核酸序列翻译所得。它可能以包括化学合成的任何方式产生。
本发明中关于细胞、核酸所使用的术语“分离的”,例如“分离的”DNA或RNA是指分别与存在于大分子的天然来源中的其它DNA或RNA所分离的分子。本发明使用的术语“分离的”还指当通过重组DNA技术产生时基本上不含细胞材料、病毒材料或细胞培养基的核酸或肽,或化学合成时的化学前体或其他化学品。此外,“分离的核酸”意在包括不以天然状态存在的核酸片段,并且不会以天然状态存在。术语“分离的”在本发明中也用于指从其他细胞蛋白质或组织分离的细胞或多肽。分离的多肽意在包括纯化的和重组的多肽。
在本发明中,术语“重组”涉及多肽或多聚核苷酸,意指天然不存在的多肽或多聚核苷酸的形式,不受限制的实施例可以通过组合产生通常并不存在的多聚核苷酸或多肽。
“同源性”或“同一性”或“相似性”是指两个肽之间或两个核酸分子之间的序列相似性。可以通过比较每个序列中可以比对的位置来确定同源性。当被比较的序列中的位置被相同的碱基或氨基酸占据时,则分子在该位置是同源的。序列之间的同源程度是由序列共有的匹配或同源位置的数目组成的一个函数。术语“不相关的”或“非同源的”序列表示与本发明公开的序列之一有小于40%的同一性,但优选小于25%的同一性。
多聚核苷酸或多聚核苷酸区域(或多肽或多肽区域)与另一序列有具有一定百分比(例如,60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、98%或者99%)的“序列同一性”是指当序列比对时,所比较的两个序列中该百分比的碱基(或氨基酸)相同。可以使用本领域已知的软件程序来确定该比对和同源性百分比或序列同一性,比如Ausubel et al.eds.(2007)在Current Protocols in Molecular Biology中所述的软件程序。优选使用默认参数进行比对。其中一种比对程序是使用默认参数的BLAST。特别地,程序是BLASTN和BLASTP,两者使用下列默认参数:Genetic code=standard;filter=none;strand=both;cutoff=60;expect=10;Matrix=BLOSUM62;Descriptions=50sequences;sort by=HIGHSCORE;Databases=non-redundant;GenBank+EMBL+DDBJ+PDB+GenBank CDS translations+SwissProtein+SPupdate+PIR。生物学上等同的多聚核苷酸是具有上述指定百分比的同源性并编码具有相同或相似生物学活性的多肽的多聚核苷酸。
术语“等价的核酸或多聚核苷酸”是指具有与核酸或其互补物的核苷酸序列具有一定程度的同源性或序列同一性的核苷酸序列的核酸。双链核酸的同源物意指包括具有与其或其互补序列具有一定同源性的核苷酸序列的核酸。一方面,核酸的同源物能够与核酸或其互补物杂交。同样地,“等价的多肽”是指与参考多肽的氨基酸序列具有一定同源性或序列同一性的多肽。在某些方面,序列同一性为至少约70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、98%或99%。在某些方面,与参考的多肽或多聚核苷酸相比,等价的多肽或多聚核苷酸具有1、2、3、4或5个添加、缺失、取代及其组合。在某些方面,等价的序列保留参考序列的活性(例如表位结合)或结构(例如盐桥)。
杂交反应可以在不同的“严谨性”条件下进行。通常在约40℃条件下,在约10×SSC或相同离子强度/温度的溶液中进行低严谨的杂交反应。通常在约50℃条件下,在约6×SSC中进行中度严谨的杂交反应,通常在约60℃条件下,在约1×SSC中进行高度严谨的杂交反应。杂交反应也可以在本领域技术人员熟知的“生理条件”下进行。不受限制的生理条件的实施例是在通常指在细胞中存在的温度、离子强度、pH和Mg2+浓度。
多聚核苷酸由四个核苷酸碱基的特定序列组成:腺嘌呤(A)、胞嘧啶(C)、鸟嘌呤(G)、胸腺嘧啶(T)、和当多聚核苷酸是RNA时胸腺嘧啶换为尿嘧啶(U)。因此,术语“多聚核苷酸序列”是多聚核苷酸分子的字母表示。该字母表示可以被输入到具有中央处理单元的计算机中的数据库中,并用于生物信息学应用,例如用于功能基因组学和同源性搜索。术语“多态性”是指多于一种形式的基因或其一部分的共存,具有至少两种不同形式(即两种不同的核苷酸序列)的基因的一部分被称为“基因的多态性区域”。多态性区域可以是单核苷酸,在不同的等位基因中其具有具有不同的同一性。
术语“多聚核苷酸”和“寡核苷酸”可互换使用,是指任何长度的核苷酸的聚合形式,无论是脱氧核糖核苷酸还是核糖核苷酸或其类似物。多聚核苷酸可以具有任何三维结构并且可以执行已知或未知的任何功能。以下是不受限制的多聚核苷酸的实施例:基因或基因片段(例如探针、引物、EST或SAGE标签)、外显子、内含子、信使RNA(mRNA)、转运RNA、核糖体RNA、核糖酶、cDNA、dsRNA、siRNA、miRNA、重组多聚核苷酸、分支的多聚核苷酸、质粒、载体、任何序列的分离的DNA、任何序列的分离的RNA、核酸探针和引物。多聚核苷酸可以包含修饰的核苷酸,例如甲基化的核苷酸和核苷酸类似物。如果存在该修饰,则对核苷酸的结构修饰可以在组装多聚核苷酸之前或之后进行。核苷酸的序列可以被非核苷酸组分中断。聚合后可以进一步修饰多聚核苷酸,例如通过与标记组分缀合。这个术语也指双链和单链分子。除另有说明或要求外,本公开的任何多聚核苷酸的实施例包括双链形式和已知或预测构成双链形式的两种可互补单链形式中的每一种。
术语“编码”应用于多核苷酸时,是指被称为“编码”多肽的多核苷酸,如果在其天然状态或当通过本领域技术人员公知的方法操作时,其可以被转录和/或翻译以产生多肽和/或其片段的mRNA。反义链是这种核酸的互补序列,其编码序列可以从中推导出来。
在本发明中,“抗体”或“抗原结合多肽”是指特异性识别和结合抗原的多肽或多肽复合物。抗体可以是完整的抗体及其任何抗原结合片段或其单链。因此术语“抗体”包括分子中含有具有与抗原结合的生物学活性的免疫球蛋白分子的至少一部分的任何蛋白质或肽。包括但不局限的该实施例包括重链或轻链或其配体结合部分的互补决定区(CDR)、重链或轻链可变区、重链或轻链恒定区、框架(FR)区或其任何部分、或结合蛋白的至少一部分。
在本发明中,术语“抗体片段”或“抗原结合片段”是抗体的一部分,例如F(ab’)2、F(ab)2、Fab'、Fab、Fv、scFv等。不管其结构如何,抗体片段与被完整抗体识别的同一抗原结合。术语“抗体片段”包括适体、镜像异构体和双价抗体。术语“抗体片段”还包括通过与特定抗原结合形成复合物起抗体作用的任何合成或基因工程蛋白质。
“单链可变片段”或“scFv”是指免疫球蛋白的重链(VH)和轻链(VL)的可变区的融合蛋白。在一些方面,这些区域与10个至约25个氨基酸的短接头肽连接。接头可以富含甘氨酸以增加柔韧性,以及富含丝氨酸或苏氨酸以增加溶解性,并且可以连接VH的N端和VL的C端,反之亦然。尽管该蛋白质被除去了恒定区和引入了接头,但其保留了原始免疫球蛋白的特异性。ScFv分子是本领域中已知的,例如在美国专利5,892,019中有相关描述。
术语“抗体”包括可以在生物化学上区分的各种广泛种类的多肽。本领域技术人员将会理解,重链的类别包括gamma、mu、alpha、delta或epsilon(γ、μ、α、δ、ε),其中还有一些亚类(例如γ1-γ4)。该链的性质决定了抗体的“种类”分别为IgG、IgM、IgA、IgG或IgE。免疫球蛋白亚类(同种型),例如IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgG5等已被充分表征并且赋予的功能特异性也已知。本领域普通技术人员容易想到这些种类和同种型中的每一种改变形式,因此都在本发明公开的保护范围内,所有的免疫球蛋白种类都显然在本发明公开的保护范围内,后面的讨论通常针对免疫球蛋白分子的IgG种类。关于IgG,标准的免疫球蛋白分子包含分子量约23,000道尔顿的两条相同的轻链多肽和分子量约为53,000-70,000的两条相同的重链多肽。这四条链典型地通过二硫键以“Y”构型连接,其中轻链从“Y”口开始并延续通过可变区包围重链。
本发明公开的抗体、抗原结合多肽、变体或衍生物包括但不限于多克隆、单克隆、多特异性,全人源、人源化、灵长类化,或嵌合抗体、单链抗体、表位结合片段例如Fab、Fab'和F(ab')2、Fd、Fvs、单链Fvs(scFv)、单链抗体,二硫键连接的Fvs(sdFv),包含VK或VH结构域的片段,由Fab表达文库产生的片段和抗独特型(抗Id)抗体(包括例如本发明公开的LIGHT抗体的抗Id抗体)。本发明公开的免疫球蛋白或抗体分子可以是免疫球蛋白的任何类型(例如IgG、IgE、IgM、IgD、IgA和IgY)或种类(例如,IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgA1和IgA2)或者亚类。
轻链可以分为kappa或lambda(κ、λ)。每个重链可以与κ或λ轻链结合。一般来说,当由杂交瘤,B细胞或基因工程宿主细胞生产免疫球蛋白时,其轻链和重链通过共价键结合,两条重链的“尾巴”部分通过共价二硫键或非共价键结合。在重链中,氨基酸序列从Y构型的叉状末端的N末端延伸至每条链底部的C末端。
轻链和重链都分成结构和功能同源性的区域。术语“恒定的”和“可变的”根据功能被使用。就这点而言,应理解,轻链(Vκ)和重链(VH)链部分的可变区决定了抗原识别和特异性。相反地,轻链(CK)和重链(CH1、CH2或CH3)的恒定区赋予重要的生物学性质,如分泌、经胎盘移动、Fc受体结合、补体结合等。按照惯例,恒定区的编号随着它们变得更远离抗体的抗原结合位点或氨基末端而增加。N端部分是可变区,C端部分是恒定区;CH3和CK结构域实际上分别包含重链和轻链的羧基端。
如上所述,可变区使得抗体能够选择性识别和特异性结合抗原上的表位。也就是说,抗体的VK结构域和VH结构域或互补决定区(CDR)的子集结合形成了限定三维抗原结合位点的可变区。该抗体四级结构形成存在于Y的每个臂末端的抗原结合位点。更具体地说,抗原结合位点由VH和VK链中各自的三个CDR定义(即CDR-H1、CDR-H2、CDR-H3、CDR-L1、CDR-L2和CDR-L3)。在某些情况下,例如某些来源于骆驼科动物的免疫球蛋白分子或基于骆驼科动物免疫球蛋白改造的免疫球蛋白分子,完整的免疫球蛋白分子可以仅由重链组成,没有轻链。例如参见Hamers-Casterman et al.,Nature 363:446-448(1993)。
在天然存在的抗体中,假设抗体在含水环境中呈现其三维构型时,存在于每个抗原结合域中的六个“互补决定区”或“CDR”是特异性地定位以形成抗原结合结构域的短的、非连续的氨基酸序列。抗原结合结构域中被称为“构架”区域的剩余其它氨基酸显示出较小的分子间可变性。构架区大部分采用β-折叠构象,CDR形成与之连接的环状结构,或在某些情况下形成β折叠结构的一部分。因此,框架区通过形成支架从而通过链间非共价相互作用使CDR定位在正确的方位上。特定位置的CDR形成的抗原结合域界定了与免疫反应性抗原上的表位互补的表面,该互补表面促进抗体和其同源表位的非共价结合。对于任何给定的重链或轻链可变区,本领域普通技术人员都可以容易地鉴定出包含CDR和框架区的氨基酸,因为其已经被精确定义(参见"Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,"Kabat,E.,et al.,U.S.Department of Health and Human Services,(1983)和Chothiaand Lesk,J.Mol.Biol.,196:901-917(1987))。
在本领域中使用和/或接受的术语有两个或多个定义的情况下,除非明确地对立指出,否则本文使用的术语的定义包括所有这些含义。一个具体的例子是使用“互补决定区”(“CDR”)一词来描述在重链和轻链多肽的可变区内发现的非连续的抗原结合位点。这一特定区域在Kabat et al.,U.S.Dept.of Health and Human Services,“Sequences ofProteins of Immunological Interest"(1983)和Chothia等在J.Mol.Biol.196:901-917(1987)有相关描述,其通过引用全部并入本文。
根据Kabat和Chothia定义的CDR包括相互比较时的氨基酸残基的重叠或子集。尽管如此,应用任一定义来指代抗体或其变体的CDR都在本发明所定义和使用的术语的范围内。包含以上引用的每个参考文献所定义的CDR的适量的氨基酸残基在下表中被列出进行比较。包含特定CDR的确切残基编号将根据CDR的序列和大小而变化。本领域技术人员可以常规地根据抗体的可变区氨基酸序列确定出哪些残基包含特定的CDR。
Kabat | Chothia | |
CDR-H1 | 31-35 | 26-32 |
CDR-H2 | 50-65 | 52-58 |
CDR-H3 | 95-102 | 95-102 |
CDR-L1 | 24-34 | 26-32 |
CDR-L2 | 50-56 | 50-52 |
CDR-L3 | 89-97 | 91-96 |
Kabat等人还定义了适用于任何抗体的可变区序列的编号系统。本领域普通技术人员可以毫无疑义地将该“Kabat编号”系统应用到任何可变区序列,而不依赖于序列本身以外的任何实验数据。本发明所使用的“Kabat编号”是指由Kabat et al.,U.S.Dept.ofHealth and Human Services在“Sequence of Proteins of Immunological Interest"(1983)提出的编号系统。
除上述表格之外,Kabat编号系统如下述方式介绍CDR区:CDR-H1在大约第31个氨基酸(即第一个半胱氨酸残基之后的大约9个残基)开始,包括大约5-7个氨基酸,并在下一个色氨酸残基处结束。CDR-H2在CDR-H1结束后的第15个残基处开始,包括大约16-19个氨基酸残基,并在下一个精氨酸或赖氨酸残基处结束。CDR-H3从CDR-H2结束后的大约第33个氨基酸残基开始;包括3-25个氨基酸;并以序列W-G-X-G结束,其中X指任何氨基酸。CDR-L1大约从第24个残基开始(即在半胱氨酸残基之后);包括约10-17个残基;并在下一个色氨酸残基处结束。CDR-L2从CDR-L1结束后的大约第16个残基开始,包括大约7个残基。CDR-L3在CDR-L2结束后的大约第33个残基(即在半胱氨酸残基之后)开始;包括大约7-11个残基并且以序列F或W-G-X-G结束,其中X指任何氨基酸。
本发明公开的抗体可以来源于任何动物,包括鸟类和哺乳动物。较佳地,抗体是人源、鼠源、驴源、兔源、山羊源、豚鼠源、骆驼源、美洲驼源、马源或鸡源抗体。在另一实施例中,可变区可以是软骨鱼纲(condricthoid)来源(例如来自鲨鱼)。
在本发明中,术语“重链恒定区”包括来源于免疫球蛋白重链的氨基酸序列。包含重链恒定区的多肽包括CH1结构域、铰链(例如上、中和/或下铰链区)结构域、CH2结构域、CH3结构域,或变体或片段中的至少一种。例如,本发明公开的抗原结合多肽可以包括含有CH1结构域的多肽链;包含CH1结构域、至少一部分铰链区以及CH2结构域的多肽链;包含CH1结构域和CH3结构域的多肽链;包含CH1结构域以及至少一部分铰链区以及CH3结构域的多肽链;或包含CH1结构域、至少一部分铰链区以及CH2结构域和CH3结构域的多肽链。在另一实施例中,本发明公开的多肽包括包含CH3结构域的多肽链。此外,本发明中使用的抗体可能缺少至少一部分CH2结构域(例如全部或部分CH2结构域)。如上所述,本领域普通技术人员应当理解,重链恒定区可以被修饰从而使得它们天然存在的免疫球蛋白分子的氨基酸序列发生变化。
在本发明中,抗体的重链恒定区可以来源于不同的免疫球蛋白分子。例如,多肽的重链恒定区可以包括源自IgG1分子的CH1结构域和源自IgG3分子的铰链区。在另一实施例中,重链恒定区可以包括部分源自IgG1分子和部分源自IgG3分子的铰链区。在另一实施例中,部分重链可以包括部分源自IgG1分子和部分源自IgG4分子的嵌合铰链区。
在本发明中,术语“轻链恒定区”包括来自抗体轻链的氨基酸序列。较佳地,轻链恒定区包含恒定κ结构域或恒定λ结构域中的至少一个。
“轻链-重链对”是指可通过轻链的CL结构域和重链的CH1结构域之间的二硫键形成二聚体的轻链和重链的集合。
如上所述,各种免疫球蛋白种类的恒定区的亚基结构和三维构型是众所周知的。在本发明中,术语“VH结构域”包括免疫球蛋白重链的氨基末端可变结构域,术语“CH1结构域”包括免疫球蛋白重链的第一个(大部分氨基末端)恒定区。CH1结构域与VH结构域相邻,并且是免疫球蛋白重链分子铰链区的氨基端。
在本发明中,术语“CH2结构域”包括使用常规编号方案时,从抗体的约第244个残基延伸至第360个残基的部分重链分子(第244至360个残基,Kabat编号系统;第231-340个残基,EU编号系统;参见Kabat et al.,U.S.Dept.of Health and Human Services,“Sequence of Proteins of Immunological Interest"(1983))。CH2结构域是独特的,因为该结构域不与其它结构域紧密配对,而是在完整的天然IgG分子的两个CH2结构域之间插入两个N-连接的分支碳水化合物链。还有文献记载,CH3结构域从CH2结构域开始延伸到IgG分子的C-末端,大约包含108个残基。
在本发明中,术语“铰链区”包括连接CH1结构域和CH2结构域的部分重链分子。所述铰链区包含约25个残基并且是有韧性的,从而使得两个N端抗原结合区能够独立移动。铰链区可以被细分为三个不同的结构域:上、中和下铰链结构域(Roux et al.,J.Immunol161:4083(1998))。
在本发明中,术语“二硫键”包括两个硫原子之间形成的共价键。半胱氨酸包含可以与第二个硫醇基团形成二硫键或桥接的硫醇基团。在大多数天然存在的IgG分子中,CH1和CK区通过二硫键连接,两条重链通过两个二硫键在Kabat编号系统中对应的位置239和242(位置226或229,EU编号系统)处相连接。
在本发明中,术语“嵌合抗体”被认为是指其免疫反应性区域或位点从第一个物种中获得或衍生,而其恒定区(在本发明中可以是完整的、部分的或修饰过的)来源于第二个物种的任何抗体。某些实施例中,靶结合区或位点来自非人源(例如小鼠或灵长类动物),而恒定区是人源。
在本发明中,“人源化百分比”是通过测定人源化结构域与种系结构域之间的框架氨基酸差异(即非CDR区的差异)的数目,从氨基酸的总数中减去该数目,然后除以氨基酸总数乘以100计算而来。
“特异性结合”或“对……具有特异性,”通常是指抗体通过其抗原结合结构域与表位结合,并且该结合需要抗原结合结构域和表位之间具有互补性。根据这个定义,当抗体通过其抗原结合结构域与该表位结合时比它结合到随机的、不相关的表位更容易,其被称为“特异性结合”该表位。术语“特异性”在本发明中用于限定特定抗体与特定表位结合的相对亲和力。例如,可以认为抗体“A”比抗体“B”对特定表位具有更高的特异性,或者可以认为抗体“A”以比结合相关表位“D”更高的特异性结合表位“C”。
在本发明中,术语“治疗”是指治疗性治疗和预防性或防治性措施,其目的是预防或减缓(减少)不良的生理改变或紊乱,例如癌症的进程。有益的或期望的临床结果包括但不限于以下无论是可检测还是不可检测的结果,包括症状的缓解、疾病程度的减小、疾病状态的稳定(即不恶化)、疾病进展的延迟或减缓、疾病状态的改善或缓和,以及减轻(无论是部分还是全部)。“治疗”还意指与不接受治疗时预期的生存期限相比所延长的生存期限。需要治疗的包括那些已经患有病症或紊乱的人,以及那些容易患有病症或紊乱的人,或者那些需要预防该病症或紊乱的人。
“受试者”或“个体”或“动物”或“患者”或“哺乳动物”通常指需要诊断、预后或治疗的任何受试者,特别是哺乳动物受试者。哺乳动物受试者包括人类、家养动物、农场动物和动物园、运动或宠物动物如狗、猫、豚鼠、兔子、大鼠、小鼠、马、牛、奶牛等。
在本发明中,诸如“需要治疗的患者”或“需要治疗的受试者”等短语包括从施用本发明公开的抗体或组合物用于检测、诊断过程和/或治疗中受益的受试者,例如哺乳动物受试者。
抗PD-L1抗体
本发明提供了对人PD-L1蛋白具有高亲和力的抗PD-L1抗体。受测抗体表现出有效的结合和抑制活性,并可用于治疗和诊断用途。
PD-L1蛋白是40kDa的I型跨膜蛋白。其胞外部分包含N-末端免疫球蛋白V(IgV)结构域(19-127个氨基酸)和C末端免疫球蛋白C(IgC)结构域(133-225个氨基酸)。如同抗体的IgV结构域和T细胞受体的相互作用一样,PD-1和PD-L1通过它们的IgV结构域的保守的正面和侧面相互作用。毫无悬念地,目前的抗PD-L1抗体全都结合到IgV结构域,从而破坏PD-1和PD-L1之间的结合。因此,本发明揭示了一个令人惊讶的并且意想不到的发现,即本发明多次提及的抗体,其与PD-L1蛋白的IgC结构域结合后可以有效地、甚至更佳地抑制PD-L1,导致治疗效果能够更进一步的改善。
因此,本发明公开的一个实施例提供了抗PD-L1抗体或其片段,该抗体或其片段可以特异性结合人程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)蛋白的免疫球蛋白C(IgC)结构域。在一些实施例中,IgC结构域由133-225个氨基酸残基组成。
在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段可以结合至PD-L1蛋白的Y134、K162或N183中至少一个氨基酸残基。在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段可结合PD-L1蛋白的Y134、K162或N183中至少两个氨基酸残基。在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段可以与PD-L1蛋白的Y134,K162和N188中的至少一个氨基酸残基结合。在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段不结合PD-L1蛋白的免疫球蛋白V(IgV)结构域,其中IgV结构域由19-127个氨基酸残基组成。
本发明公开的一个实施例提供了包含如序列SEQ ID NO:1-6中所定义的CDR区的重链和轻链可变结构域的抗体。
表1CDR区的序列
Name | Sequence | SEQ ID NO: |
VH CDR1 | <u>SY</u>DM<u>S</u> | 1 |
VH CDR2 | TISDGG<u>GY</u>IYYSD<u>SV</u>KG | 2 |
VH CDR3 | <u>EFGKRY</u>ALDY | 3 |
VL CDR1 | KA<u>S</u>QDVTPAVA | 4 |
VL CDR2 | <u>STSSRYT</u> | 5 |
VL CDR3 | <u>QQ</u>HYTTPLT | 6 |
如实施例中的实验所示,含有这些CDR区的抗体,无论是小鼠、人源化还是嵌合体,都具有有效的结合和抑制PD-L1的活性。进一步的计算机建模结果表明可以修饰CDR内的特定残基从而保留或改善抗体的特性。这样的残基被称为“热点残基”,在表1中如下划线所示。在一些实施例中,本发明公开的抗PD-L1抗体包含表1中列出的VH和VL的CDR,其一个、两个或三个可以被进一步修饰,这些修饰可以是氨基酸的添加、删除或取代。
在一些实施例中,所述修饰是在各个CDR中的至多一个热点位置处进行取代。在一些实施例中,所述修饰是在一个、两个或三个这样的热点位置处进行取代。在一个实施例中,所述修饰是在一个热点位置处进行取代。在一些实施例中,这样的取代是保守取代。
“保守性氨基酸取代”是指其中氨基酸残基被具有相似侧链的氨基酸残基置换。本领域已经定义了具有相似侧链的氨基酸家族、包括碱性侧链(例如赖氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸)、酸性侧链(例如天冬氨酸、谷氨酸)、不带电荷的极性侧链(例如甘氨酸、天冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、酪氨酸、半胱氨酸)、非极性侧链(例如丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、脯氨酸、苯丙氨酸、甲硫氨酸、色氨酸)、β-分支侧链(例如苏氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸)和芳族侧链(例如酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸)。因此,优选将免疫球蛋白多肽中的非必需氨基酸残基置换为来自同一侧链家族的另一种氨基酸残基。在另一个实施例中,一串氨基酸可以用同一个侧链家族成员中顺序和/或组成不同的结构相似的一串氨基酸进行置换。
下表中提供了保守的氨基酸取代的非限制性实施例,其中0或更高的类似得分表明了两个氨基酸之间的保守取代。
表2氨基酸相似性矩阵
C | G | P | S | A | T | D | E | N | Q | H | K | R | V | M | I | L | F | Y | W | |
W | -8 | -7 | -6 | -2 | -6 | -5 | -7 | -7 | -4 | -5 | -3 | -3 | 2 | -6 | -4 | -5 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
Y | 0 | -5 | -5 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -4 | -4 | -2 | -4 | 0 | -4 | -5 | -2 | -2 | -1 | -1 | 7 | 10 | |
F | -4 | -5 | -5 | -3 | -4 | -3 | -6 | -5 | -4 | -5 | -2 | -5 | -4 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 9 | ||
L | -6 | -4 | -3 | -3 | -2 | -2 | -4 | -3 | -3 | -2 | -2 | -3 | -3 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 6 | |||
I | -2 | -3 | -2 | -1 | -1 | 0 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | 4 | 2 | 5 | ||||
M | -5 | -3 | -2 | -2 | -1 | -1 | -3 | -2 | 0 | -1 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | |||||
V | -2 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 0 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | 4 | ||||||
R | -4 | -3 | 0 | 0 | -2 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | |||||||
K | -5 | -2 | -1 | 0 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | ||||||||
H | -3 | -2 | 0 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | |||||||||
Q | -5 | -1 | 0 | -1 | 0 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||||
N | -4 | 0 | -1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||
E | -5 | 0 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | ||||||||||||
D | -5 | 1 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | |||||||||||||
T | -2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | ||||||||||||||
A | -2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||||||
S | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
P | -3 | -1 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||
G | -3 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||
C | 12 |
表3保守的氨基酸取代
实施例11中的SEQ ID NO:61-111序列提供了适当取代后的CDR的具体实例。因此,在一些实施例中,本发明公开的抗体包括如SEQ ID NO:1或61-67中任一所述的VH CDR1。在一些实施例中,本发明公开的抗体包括如SEQ ID NO:2或68-77中任一所述的VH CDR2。在一些实施例中,本发明公开的抗体包括如SEQ ID NO:1或78-90中任一所述的VH CDR3。在一些实施例中,本发明公开的抗体包括如SEQ ID NO:4或91-92中任一所述的VL CDR1。在一些实施例中,本发明公开的抗体包括如SEQ ID NO:5或93-105中任一所述的VL CDR2。在一些实施例中,本发明公开的抗体包括如SEQ ID NO:6或106-110中任一所述的VL CDR3。
在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段包含至多一、至多两个或至多三个上述取代。在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段包含如SEQ ID NO:1或SEQ ID NO:61-67中任一所示的VH CDR1、如SEQ ID NO:2所示的VH CDR2、如SEQ ID NO:3所示的VH CDR3、如SEQ ID NO:4所示的VLCDR1、如SEQ ID NO:5所示的VL CDR2和如SEQ ID NO:6所示的VL CDR3。
在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段包含如SEQ ID NO:1所示的VH CDR1、如SEQ IDNO:2或SEQ ID NO:68-77中任一所示的VH CDR2、如SEQ ID NO:3所示的VH CD3、如SEQ IDNO:4所示的VL CDR1、如SEQ ID NO:5所示的VL CDR2和如SEQ ID NO:6所示的VL CDR3。
在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段包含如SEQ ID NO:1所示的VH CDR1、如SEQ IDNO:2所示的VH CDR2、如SEQ ID NO:3或SEQ ID NO:78-90中的任一所示的VH CDR3、如SEQID NO:4所示的VL CDR1、如SEQ ID NO:5所示的VL CDR2和如SEQ ID NO:6所示的VL CDR3。
在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段包含如SEQ ID NO:1所示的VH CDR1、如SEQ IDNO:2所示的VH CDR2、如SEQ ID NO:3所示的VH CDR3、如SEQ ID NO:4或SEQ ID NO:91-92中任一所示的VL CDR1、如SEQ ID NO:5所示的VL CDR2和如SEQ ID NO:6所示的VL CDR3。
在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段包含如SEQ ID NO:1所示的VH CDR1、如SEQ IDNO:2所示的VH CDR2、如SEQ ID NO:3所示的VH CDR3、如SEQ ID NO:4所示的VL CDR1、如SEQID NO:5或SEQ ID NO:93-105中任一所示的VL CDR2和如SEQ ID NO:6所示的VL CDR3。
在一些实施例中,抗体或其片段包含如SEQ ID NO:1所示的VH CDR1、如SEQ IDNO:2所示的VH CDR2、如SEQ ID NO:3所示的VH CDR3、如SEQ ID NO:4所示的VL CDR1、如SEQID NO:5所示的VL CDR2和如SEQ ID NO:6或SEQ ID NO:106-111中任一所示的VL CDR3。
SEQ ID NO:7-26和113提供了VH的非限制性实施例,其中SEQ ID NO:113是小鼠VH,SEQ ID NO:7-26是人源化VH。此外,在人源化VH中,SEQ ID NO:9-15、17-21和23-26包括一个或多个突变回鼠源的回复突变。同样地,SEQ ID NO:27-33提供了VL(VK)的非限制性实施例。SEQ ID NO:28和30是如实施例所示的最初衍生的CDR移植的人源化序列。SEQ ID NO:29和31-33是经过回复突变的人源化VL。
回复突变可用于保留抗PD-L1抗体的某些特性。因此在一些实施例中,本发明公开的抗PD-L1抗体,特别是全人源或人源化的抗体,包括一个或多个回复突变。在一些实施例中,VH回复突变(即在指定位置处包含的氨基酸)选自以下根据Kabat编号的一个或多个位点及其组合:(a)第44位的Ser,(b)第49位的Ala,(c)第53位的Ala,(d)第91位的Ile,(e)第1位的Glu,(f)第37位的Val,(g)第40位的Thr,(h)第53位的Val,(i)第54位的Glu,(j)第77位的Asn,(k)第94位的Arg和(1)第108位的Thr。在一些实施例中,回复突变选自以下根据Kabat编号的位点及其组合:(a)第44位的Ser,(b)第49位的Ala,(c)第53位的Ala,和/或(d)第91位的Ile。
在一些实施例中,VL回复突变是选自以下根据Kabat编号的一个或多个位点及其组合:(a)第22位的Ser,(b)第42位的Gln,(c)第43位的Ser,(d)第60位的Asp,和(e)第63位的Thr。
在一些实施例中,本发明公开的抗PD-L1抗体包含如SEQ ID NO:7-26所示的VH、如SEQ ID NO:27-33所示的VL或其各自的生物学等价物。VH或VL的生物学等价物是包含特定氨基酸的序列,即该序列总体具有80%、85%、90%、95%、98%或99%的序列同一性。例如,SEQ ID NO:20的生物学等价物可以是与SEQ ID NO:20具有总体80%、85%、90%、95%、98%或99%序列同一性的VH,但保留CDR(SEQ ID NO:1-6或其变体),并且选择性地保留一个或多个或所有的回复突变。在一个实施例中,VH具有如SEQ ID NO:20所示的氨基酸序列,VL具有如SEQ ID NO:28所示的氨基酸序列。
本领域普通技术人员还应当理解,本发明所公开的抗体是可以被修饰的,修饰后其氨基酸序列不同于衍生出该抗体的天然存在的结合多肽的氨基酸序列。例如,衍生自同一指定蛋白质的多肽或氨基酸序列可以是与起始序列相似的,比如与起始序列具有一定比例的同一性,比如它可以与起始序列的同一性是60%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、98%或99%。
在某些实施例中,抗体包含氨基酸序列或一个或多个通常与抗体无关的基团。下面更详细地描述了代表性修饰。例如,本发明公开的抗体可以包含有韧性的接头序列,或者可以被修饰以添加功能性基团(例如PEG、药物、毒素或标签)。
本发明公开的抗体、变体或衍生物包括被修饰的衍生物,即通过任何类型的分子与抗体的共价连接进行修饰,其中共价连接不会阻止抗体与表位结合。包括但不限制以下实例,抗体可以通过例如糖基化、乙酰化、聚乙二醇化、磷酸化、磷酸化、酰胺化、通过已知的保护/封闭基团衍生化、蛋白水解切割、连接至细胞配体或其他蛋白质等。众多化学修饰中的任一种修饰可以通过现有技术进行,包括但不限于特异性化学裂解、乙酰化、甲酰化、衣霉素的代谢合成等。此外,抗体可以含有一个或多个非经典的氨基酸。
在一些实施例中,抗体可以与治疗剂、药物前体、肽、蛋白质、酶、病毒、脂类、生物反应调节剂、药剂或PEG缀合。
抗体可以与治疗剂缀合或融合,所述治疗剂可包括可检测标记,如放射性标记、免疫调节剂、激素、酶、寡核苷酸、光敏治疗剂或诊断剂、可以是药物或毒素的细胞毒性剂、超声增强剂、非放射性标记物及其组合物,和本领域已知的其它此类试剂。
抗体可通过将其偶联至化学发光化合物来被可检测地标记。然后通过检测在化学反应过程中出现的发光从而确定化学发光标记的抗原结合多肽的存在。特别有用的化学发光标记化合物的实例包括鲁米诺、异鲁米诺、芳香吖啶酯、咪唑、吖啶盐和草酸酯。
抗体还可以使用荧光发射金属元素例如152Eu或其它镧系元素来可检测地标记。这些金属元素可以使用如二乙基三胺五乙酸(DTPA)或乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)这样的金属螯合基团连接到抗体上。用于将各种基团缀合至抗体的技术是众所周知的,参见例如Arnon etal.,“Monoclonal Antibodies For Immunotargeting Of Drugs In Cancer Therapy”,inMonoclonal Antibodies And Cancer Therapy、Reisfeld et al.(eds.),pp.243-56(AlanR.Liss,Inc.(1985)、Hellstrom et al.,“Antibodies For Drug Delivery”,inControlled Drug Delivery(2nd Ed.)、Robinson et al.,(eds.),Marcel Dekker,Inc.,pp.623-53(1987)、Thorpe,“Antibody Carriers Of Cytotoxic Agents In CancerTherapy:A Review”,in Monoclonal Antibodies'84:Biological And ClinicalApplications,Pinchera et al.(eds.),pp.475-506(1985)、“Analysis,Results,AndFuture Prospective Of The Therapeutic Use Of Radiolabeled Antibody In CancerTherapy”,in Monoclonal Antibodies For Cancer Detection And Therapy、Baldwin etal.(eds.),Academic Press pp.303-16(1985)和Thorpe et al.,“The Preparation AndCytotoxic Properties Of Antibody-Toxin Conjugates”,Immunol.Rev.(52:119-58(1982))。
双功能分子
PD-L1是免疫检查点分子,也是肿瘤抗原。作为肿瘤抗原靶向分子,可将特异性结合PD-L1的抗体或抗原结合片段与具有免疫细胞特异性的另一种抗原结合片段组合以产生双特异性抗体。
在一些实施例中,所述免疫细胞选自由T细胞、B细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、树突细胞、吞噬细胞、天然杀伤细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和肥大细胞组成的组。免疫细胞上的靶向分子包括例如CD3、CD16、CD19、CD28和CD64。以及其他例子包括PD-1、CTLA-4、LAG-3(也称CD223)、CD28、CD122、4-1BB(也称CD137)、TIM3、OX-40或OX40L、CD40或CD40L、LIGHT、ICOS/ICOSL、GITR/GITRL、TIGIT、CD27、VISTA、B7H3、B7H4、HEVM或BTLA(也称CD272)、杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(KIRs)和CD47。双特异性的具体实例包括但不限于PD-L1/PD-1、PD-L1/LAG3、PD-L1/TIGIT和PD-L1/CD47。
作为免疫检查点抑制剂,可将特异性结合PD-L1的抗体或抗原结合片段与具有肿瘤抗原特异性的另一种抗原结合片段组合以产生双特异性抗体。“肿瘤抗原”是肿瘤细胞产生的一种抗原物质,即在宿主中引发免疫应答。肿瘤抗原可用于肿瘤细胞的鉴定,可作为癌症治疗的候选药物。体内的正常蛋白质不是抗原性的,而在肿瘤发生过程中会产生或过度表达某些蛋白质,因此其对身体来说是“外来的”。这些蛋白质可能包括被免疫系统很好地隔离的正常蛋白质、通常以极小量生成的蛋白质、通常仅在发育的某些阶段中产生的蛋白质,或者由于突变而结构被修饰的蛋白质。
本领域中大量的肿瘤抗原已被发现,并且通过筛选可以容易地鉴定出新的肿瘤抗原。肿瘤抗原非限制性的实例包括:EGFR、Her2、EpCAM、CD20、CD30、CD33、CD47、CD52、CD133、CD73、CEA、gpA33、粘蛋白、TAG-72、CIX、PSMA、叶酸结合蛋白、GD2、GD3、GM2、VEGF、VEGFR、整合蛋白、αVβ3、α5β1、ERBB2、ERBB3、MET、IGF1R、EPHA3、TRAILR1、TRAILR2、RANKL、FAP和细胞粘合素。
在某些方面,与相应的非肿瘤细胞相比,单价单元对肿瘤细胞上过度表达的蛋白质具有特异性。这里使用的“相应的非肿瘤细胞”是指与肿瘤细胞的起源为相同细胞类型的非肿瘤细胞。值得注意的是,此类蛋白质并非一定不同于肿瘤抗原,非限制性实例包括:癌胚抗原(CEA),其在大多数结肠癌、直肠癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、胰腺癌和胃肠道癌中过表达;神经调节蛋白受体(HER-2,neu或c-erbB-2),其经常在乳腺癌、卵巢癌、结肠癌、肺癌、前列腺癌和宫颈癌中过表达;表皮生长因子受体(EGFR),其在包括乳腺癌、头颈癌、非小细胞肺癌和前列腺癌的一系列实体瘤中高表达;去唾液酸糖蛋白受体;转铁蛋白受体;丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂复合物受体,其在肝细胞上表达;成纤维细胞生长因子受体(FGFR),其在胰腺导管腺癌细胞上过表达;用于抗血管生成基因治疗的血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGFR);叶酸受体,其在90%的非粘性卵巢癌中选择性过表达;细胞表面糖萼;碳水化合物受体;以及聚合免疫球蛋白受体,其主要将基因递送至呼吸道上皮细胞,并且对于治疗如囊性纤维化之类的有潜在吸引力。在这方面的双特异性的非限制性实例包括:PD-L1/EGFR、PD-L1/Her2、PD-L1/CD33、PD-L1/CD133、PD-L1/CEA和PD-L1/VEGF。
本发明还公开了不同形式的双特异性抗体。在一些实施例中,抗PD-L1片段和另一片段分别选自Fab片段、单链可变片段(scFv)或单域抗体。在一些实施例中,双特异性抗体还包括Fc片段。
本发明还公开了除抗体或抗原结合片段以外的双功能分子。作为肿瘤抗原靶向分子,可以将本发明所述的特异性结合PD-L1的抗体或抗原结合片段与免疫细胞因子或配体通过肽接头选择性地连接。所述被连接的免疫细胞因子或配体包括但不限于:IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-7、IL-10、IL-12、IL-13、IL-15、GM-CSF、TNF-α、CD40L、OX40L、CD27L、CD30L、4-1BBL、LIGHT和GITRL。此类双功能分子可以将免疫检查点阻断效应与肿瘤部位局部免疫调节结合起来。
编码抗体的多聚核苷酸和制备抗体的方法
本发明还公开了编码本发明所述抗体、变体及其衍生物的分离的多核苷酸或核酸分子(例如SEQ ID NO:34-60、112和114)。本发明公开的多聚核苷酸可以编码在相同的多聚核苷酸分子上或在分离的多聚核苷酸分子上的抗原结合多肽、变体或衍生物的整个重链和轻链可变区。此外,本发明公开的多聚核苷酸可以编码在相同的多聚核苷酸分子上或在分离的多聚核苷酸分子上的抗原结合多肽、变体或衍生物的部分重链和轻链可变区。
制备抗体的方法是本领域公知的并且在本发明中有所描述。在某些实施例中,本发明公开的抗原结合多肽的可变区和恒定区都是全人源的。可以使用本领域中公开的技术和本发明所述的技术制备全人源抗体。例如,针对特定抗原的全人源抗体可以通过将抗原施用于转基因动物中来制备,所述转基因动物已经被改良过以响应抗原攻击而产生此类抗体,但其内源基因座已被禁用。可用于制备这种抗体的示例性技术参见美国专利6,150,584;6,458,592;6,420,140,其全部内容通过引用并入本文。
在某些实施例中,制备的抗体不会在待治疗的动物,例如人类中引起有害的免疫应答。在一个实施例中,本发明公开的抗原结合多肽、变体或衍生物使用本领域公认的技术修饰以降低其免疫原性。例如,抗体可以被人源化、灵长类化、去免疫化或者可以制备嵌合抗体。这些类型的抗体来源于非人抗体,通常是鼠类或灵长类抗体,其保留或基本保留亲本抗体的抗原结合特性但在人体中免疫原性较低。其可以通过多种方法来实现,包括(a)将整个非人源的可变区移植到人源的恒定区以产生嵌合抗体;(b)将一个或多个非人类互补决定区(CDR)的至少一部分移植到人源的框架和恒定区中,保留或不保留关键的框架残基;或(c)移植整个非人源的可变区,但通过用类人源的部分置换表面残基从而“隐藏”它们。此类方法参见Morrison et al.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 57:6851-6855(1984)、Morrison etal.,Adv.Immunol.44:65-92(1988)、Verhoeyen et al.,Science 239:1534-1536(1988)、Padlan,Molec.Immun.25:489-498(1991)、Padlan,Molec.Immun.31:169-217(1994)和U.S.Pat.Nos.:5,585,089,5,693,761,5,693,762以及6,190,370,其全部内容通过引用并入本文。
去免疫化也可用于降低抗体的免疫原性。在本发明中,术语“去免疫化”包括改变抗体以修饰T细胞表位(参见例如国际申请公开号:WO/9852976A1和WO/0034317A2)。例如,分析来自起始抗体的可变重链和可变轻链的序列,并产生来自每个V区的人T细胞表位“图谱”,其显示表位相对于互补决定区(CDRs)和序列内其它关键残基的位置。分析来自T细胞表位图的单个T细胞表位,以鉴定具有较低风险改变最终抗体活性的可选择的氨基酸取代。设计包含氨基酸取代组合的一系列可选的可变重链和可变轻链序列,随后将这些序列掺入到一系列结合多肽中。典型地,产生12至24种抗体的变体,并检测其结合能力和/或功能。然后将包含修饰过的可变区和人类恒定区的完整重链和轻链的基因克隆到表达载体中,随后将质粒转入细胞系以产生完整的抗体。然后利用合适的生物化学和生物学实验中比较抗体,鉴定出最佳的变体。
本发明公开的抗原结合多肽的结合特异性可以通过体外实验,例如免疫共沉淀、放射免疫实验(RIA)或酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)来检测。
可选地,用于生产单链单元的技术(U.S.Pat.No.4,694,778;Bird,Science 242:423-442(1988)、Huston et al.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 55:5879-5883(1988)和Wardet al.,Nature 334:544-554(1989))可适用于生产本发明公开的单链单元。通过氨基酸桥接Fv区的重链和轻链片段形成单链单元,产生单链融合肽。也可以使用在大肠杆菌中组装功能性Fv片段的技术(Skerra et al.,Science 242:1038-1041(1988))。
可用于生产单链Fv(scFv)和抗体的技术的实例包括如美国专利4,946,778和5,258,498,以及Huston et al.,Methods in Enzymology 203:46-88(1991)、Shu et al.,Proc.Natl.Sci.USA 90:1995-1999(1993)和Skerra et al.,Science 240:1038-1040(1988)中所述。对于包括在人体内使用抗体和体外检测实验的某些用途,可以优选使用嵌合抗体、人源化抗体或全人源抗体。嵌合抗体是抗体的不同部分源自不同动物物种的一类分子,例如具有鼠源单克隆抗体的可变区和人源免疫球蛋白恒定区的抗体。生产嵌合抗体的方法是本领域已知的,参见Morrison,Science 229:1202(1985);Oi et al.,BioTechniques 4:214(1986)、Gillies et al.,J.Immunol.Methods 125:191-202(1989)和美国专利5,807,715、4,816,567和4,816397,其全部内容通过引用并入本文。
人源化抗体是能够结合目标抗原的非人源抗体衍生的抗体分子,所述目标抗原具有非人源的一个或多个互补决定区(CDR)和来自人免疫球蛋白分子的框架区。通常人框架区中的框架残基将被来自CDR供体抗体的相应残基取代,优选能够改善抗原结合的残基。这些框架替换可以通过本领域公知的方法鉴定,例如通过模拟CDR和框架残基的相互作用以鉴定对抗原结合起重要作用的框架残基和通过序列对比以鉴定特定位置上异常的框架残基。(参考Queen et al.,U.S.Pat.No.5,585,089;Riechmann et al.,Nature 332:323(1988),其全部内容通过引用并入本文)。可以使用本领域公知的多种技术使抗体人源化,例如CDR移植(EP 239,400、PCT publication WO 91/09967、U.S.Pat.Nos.5,225,539、5,530,101和5,585,089),修复或者表面重排(EP 592,106、EP 519,596、Padlan,MolecularImmunology 28(4/5):489-498(1991)、Studnicka et al.,Protein Engineering 7(6):805-814(1994)、Roguska.et al.,Proc.Natl.Sci.USA 91:969-973(1994)),以及链的重排(U.S.Pat.No.5,565,332),其全部内容通过引用并入本文。
对于治疗人类患者来说,全人源抗体是特别理想的。全人源抗体可以通过本领域已知的多种方法制备,包括使用来自人免疫球蛋白序列的抗体文库进行的噬菌体展示方法。也可参考美国专利4,444,887和4,716,111,以及PCT公布文本WO 98/46645、WO 98/50433、WO 98/24893、WO 98/16654、WO 96/34096、WO 96/33735和WO 91/10741,每个专利的全部内容通过引用并入本文。
还可以转基因小鼠来生产人源抗体,所述小鼠不能表达功能性内源性免疫球蛋白但能表达人类免疫球蛋白基因。例如,人重链和轻链免疫球蛋白基因复合物可以随机引入或通过同源重组引入到小鼠胚胎干细胞。或者,除了人重链和轻链基因之外,还可以将人的可变区、恒定区和多样性区域引入小鼠胚胎干细胞中。小鼠重链和轻链的免疫球蛋白基因可以通过同源重组分别或同时通过引入人免疫球蛋白基因座而丧失功能。特别地,JH区域的纯合缺失可以防止内源抗体的产生。将修饰过的胚胎干细胞扩增并显微注射进囊胚中以产生嵌合小鼠。然后培育嵌合小鼠以产生表达人源抗体的纯合后代。用选择出的抗原例如全部或部分期望的多肽靶点以常规方式免疫转基因小鼠。可以使用常规杂交瘤技术从免疫的转基因小鼠获得靶向抗原的单克隆抗体。转基因小鼠携带的人免疫球蛋白转基因在B细胞分化过程中重排,随后发生类别转换和体细胞突变。因此,使用这种技术可以产生可用于治疗的IgG、IgA、IgM和IgE抗体。关于这种生产全人源抗体的技术相关综述,可以参见Lonberg and Huszar Int.Rev.Immunol.73:65-93(1995)。关于生产全人源抗体和人单克隆抗体的该技术的详细讨论和生产这种抗体的步骤,参见PCT公布文本WO 98/24893、WO96/34096、WO 96/33735,以及美国专利5,413,923、5,625,126、5,633,425、5,569,825、5,661,016、5,545,806、5,814,318和5,939,598,其全部内容通过引用并入本文。此外,诸如Abgenix(Freemont,Calif.)和GenPharm(San Jose,Calif.)之类的公司,可以使用上述类似技术提供针对所选抗原的全人源抗体。
也可以使用被称为“引导选择”的技术来生产识别选择性表位的全人源抗体。在该方法中,使用选择的非人单克隆抗体、例如小鼠抗体来引导识别相同表位的全人源抗体的筛选。(Jespers et al.,Bio/Technology 72:899-903(1988)以及美国专利5,565,332,其全部内容通过引用并入本文)。
在另一个实施例中,使用常规方法(例如使用能够特异性结合编码鼠抗体重链和轻链的基因的寡核苷酸探针),可以容易地分离编码所需单克隆抗体的DNA并对其进行测序。分离的和亚克隆的杂交瘤细胞作为此类DNA的优选来源。一旦分离出来,DNA可以被置于表达载体中,然后被转染到原核或真核宿主细胞如大肠杆菌细胞、猿猴COS细胞、中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞或不另外产生免疫球蛋白的骨髓瘤细胞中。更特别地,分离的DNA(如本文所述可以是合成的)可用于克隆用于制备抗体的恒定区和可变区的序列,如Newman et al和公布于1995年1月25日的美国专利5,658,570中所述,其全部内容通过引用并入本文。实质上,这需要从所选细胞中提取RNA并转化成cDNA,然后使用Ig特异性引物通过PCR技术进行扩增。适于此目的的合适的探针在美国专利5,658,570中也有所提及。如下面将更详细地讨论的,可以相对大批量培养表达所需抗体的转化细胞以提供免疫球蛋白的临床和商业需求。
此外,使用常规重组DNA技术,可将本发明的抗原结合多肽的一个或多个CDR插入框架区,例如插入到人类框架区以构建人源化非全人源抗体。框架区可以是天然存在的或共有的框架区,并且优选人类框架区(参见Chothia et al.,J.Mol.Biol.278:457-479(1998),其列出一系列人类框架区)。优选地,用框架区和CDR组合产生的多核苷酸编码与所需多肽(例如LIGHT)的至少一个表位特异性结合的抗体。优选地,在框架区内进行一个或多个氨基酸取代,并且优选能够改善抗体与其抗原结合的氨基酸取代。另外,可用此法进行参与链间二硫键形成的一个或多个可变区中半胱氨酸残基的取代或缺失,从而产生缺少一个或多个链间二硫键的抗体分子。本领域技术范围内的对多核苷酸进行的其他改变也涵盖于本发明中。
此外,还开发了用于生产“嵌合抗体”的技术(Morrison et al.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA:851-855(1984)、Neuberger et al.,Nature 372:604-608(1984)、Takeda et al.,Nature 314:452-454(1985)),其通过剪接来自鼠抗分子、具有合适抗原特异性的基因,以及可以使用的来自具有合适生物学活性的人抗分子的基因。在本发明中,嵌合抗体是其不同部分来源于不同动物物种的分子,例如那些含有源自鼠单克隆抗体的可变区和人免疫球蛋白恒定区的嵌合抗体。
此外,在Newman,Biotechnology 10:1455-1460(1992)中公开了另一种生产重组抗体的高效方法,特别地,该技术能产生含有猴可变区和人恒定区序列的灵长类抗体,该参考文献的全部内容通过引用并入本文。此外,该技术也在共同转让的美国专利5,658,570、5,693,780和5,756,096中有所提及,每个专利的全部内容通过引用并入本文。
或者,可以使用本领域技术人员公知的技术选择和培养生产抗体的细胞系。这些技术在各种实验室手册和主要出版物中均有描述。在这方面,下文描述的适合本发明使用的技术参考Current Protocols in Immunology,Coligan et al.,Eds.,GreenPublishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience,John Wiley and Sons,New York(1991),其全部内容包括补充内容通过引用并入全文。
此外,可以使用本领域技术人员已知的标准技术在编码本发明所述抗体的核苷酸序列中引入突变,包括但不限于导致氨基酸取代的定点突变和PCR介导的突变。优选地,变体(包括衍生物)编码相对于参考的重链可变区CDR-H1、CDR-H2、CDR-H3和轻链可变区CDR-L1、CDR-L2或CDR-L3来说少于50个氨基酸的取代、少于40个氨基酸的替换、少于30个氨基酸的取代、少于25个氨基酸的取代、少于20个氨基酸的取代、少于15个氨基酸的取代、少于10个氨基酸的取代、小于5个氨基酸的取代、小于4个氨基酸的取代、小于3个氨基酸的取代或小于2个氨基酸的取代。或者可以沿着全部或部分编码序列时随机引入突变,例如通过饱和突变,以及可以筛选所得突变体的生物活性以鉴定保留活性的突变体。
癌症治疗
在本发明中,本发明的抗体、变体或衍生物可用于某些治疗和诊断方法中。
本发明将进一步描述基于抗体的疗法,将本发明所述的抗体施用于患者例如动物、哺乳动物和人,从而治疗本文所述的一种或多种紊乱或病症。本发明的治疗性化合物包括但不限于本发明所述抗体(包括本发明所述的变体和衍生物)和编码本发明所述抗体(包括本发明所述的变体和衍生物)的核酸或多聚核苷酸。
本发明所述抗体还可用于治疗或抑制癌症。PD-L1可以在肿瘤细胞中过表达。肿瘤来源的PD-L1可以结合免疫细胞上的PD-1,从而限制抗肿瘤T细胞的免疫。在小鼠肿瘤模型中使用靶向PD-L1的小分子抑制剂或单克隆抗体的结果表明,靶向PD-L1的疗法是有效控制肿瘤生长重要的替代方法和现实途径。正如在实施例中所证实的,抗PD-L1抗体能激活适应性免疫应答机制,从而提高癌症患者的存活率。
因此,在一些实施例中提供了用于治疗有此需要的患者的癌症的方法。在一个实施例中,该方法需要向患者施用有效剂量的本发明所述抗体。在一些实施例中,患者体内的至少一种癌细胞(例如基质细胞)会表达、过表达或诱导表达PD-L1。例如,PD-L1的诱导表达可以通过施用肿瘤疫苗或放射疗法来完成。
表达PD-L1蛋白的肿瘤包括膀胱癌、非小细胞肺癌、肾癌、乳腺癌、尿道癌、结肠癌、头颈癌、鳞状细胞癌、梅克尔(Merkel)细胞癌、胃肠道癌、胃癌、食道癌、卵巢癌、肾癌和小细胞肺癌。因此,本发明公开的抗体可用于治疗任何一种或多种此类癌症。
在本发明中还提供了细胞疗法,例如嵌合抗原受体(CAR)T细胞疗法。可以使用合适的细胞与本发明所述的抗PD-L1抗体接触(或者可选地,工程改造以表达本发明所述抗PD-L1抗体)。通过这样的接触或工程改造,细胞可以被引入需要治疗的癌症患者体内。癌症患者可能具有本文所述的任何类型的癌症。细胞(例如T细胞)包括但并不限制以下类型例如肿瘤浸润T淋巴细胞、CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞及其组合。
在一些实施例中,细胞从癌症患者自身体内分离出来。在一些实施例中,细胞由供体或细胞库提供。当细胞从癌症患者中分离出来时,可以将免疫反应不良反应降至最低。
可以用本发明所述抗体或变体或其衍生物来治疗、预防、诊断和/或预测与细胞存活率增加相关的其他疾病或病症,包括但不限于恶性肿瘤和/或相关疾病紊乱的进程或转移,所述疾病紊乱包括白血病{包括急性白血病[例如急性淋巴细胞性白血病、急性骨髓性白血病(包括成髓细胞性、早幼粒细胞性、粒单核细胞性、单核细胞性和红白血病)]和慢性白血病[例如慢性髓细胞性(粒细胞性)白血病和慢性淋巴细胞性白血病]}、真性红细胞增多症、淋巴瘤(例如霍奇金淋巴瘤和非霍奇金淋巴瘤)、多发性骨髓瘤、瓦尔登斯特伦氏巨球蛋白血症、重链病,以及实体瘤,包括但不限于肉瘤和癌症如纤维肉瘤、粘液肉瘤、脂肪肉瘤、软骨肉瘤、成骨肉瘤、脊索瘤、血管肉瘤、内皮肉瘤、淋巴管肉瘤、淋巴管内皮肉瘤、滑膜瘤、间皮瘤、尤因瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、结肠癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、甲状腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤、前列腺癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌、鳞状细胞癌、基底细胞癌、腺癌、汗腺癌、皮脂腺癌、乳头状癌、乳头状腺癌、囊腺癌、髓样癌、支气管癌、肾细胞癌、肝癌、胆管癌、绒毛膜癌、精原细胞瘤、胚胎癌、维尔姆斯氏瘤、宫颈癌、睾丸肿瘤、肺癌、小细胞肺癌、膀胱癌、上皮癌、胶质瘤、星形细胞瘤、成神经管细胞瘤、颅咽管瘤、室管膜瘤、松果体瘤、成血管细胞瘤、听神经瘤、少突胶质细胞瘤、脑膜瘤、黑色素瘤、成神经细胞瘤和成视网膜细胞瘤。
联合疗法
在另一个实施例中,本发明的组合物与抗肿瘤剂、抗病毒剂、抗细菌剂或抗生素剂或抗真菌剂联合施用。本领域已知的任何这些药剂可以在本发明的组合物中施用。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的组合物与化疗剂组合施用。可与本发明组合物一起施用的化疗剂包括但不限于抗生素衍生物(例如阿霉素、博来霉素、柔红霉素和放线菌素D)、抗雌激素药(如他莫昔芬)、抗代谢物(如氟尿嘧啶、5-FU、甲氨蝶呤、氟尿苷、干扰素α-2b、谷氨酸、光神霉素,巯基嘌呤和6-硫基鸟嘌呤)、细胞毒性剂(如卡莫司汀、BCNU、洛莫司汀、CCNU、阿糖胞苷、环磷酰胺、雌莫司汀、羟基脲、甲基苄肼、丝裂霉素、白消安、顺铂和硫酸长春新碱)、激素(如甲羟孕酮、雌莫司汀磷酸钠、炔雌醇、雌二醇、醋酸甲地孕酮、甲睾酮、己烯雌酚二磷酸、氯烯雌醚和睾内酯)、氮芥衍生物(例美法仑、苯丁酸氮芥、二氯甲基二乙铵(氮芥)和噻替哌)、类固醇及其组合(如倍他米松磷酸钠),以及其它化合物(如氮烯唑胺、天冬酰胺酶、米托坦、硫酸长春新碱、硫酸长春碱和依托泊苷)。
在其他实施例中,本发明的组合物与细胞因子联合施用。可以与本发明组合物一起施用的细胞因子包括但不限于IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-7、IL-10、IL-12、IL-13、IL-15、抗CD40、CD40L和TNF-α。
在其他实施方案中,本发明的组合物与其它治疗或预防方案,例如放射性疗法联合施用。
本发明还提供了联合疗法,包括使用一种或多种本发明的抗PD-L1抗体以及第二抗癌剂(化疗剂)。化疗剂可以通过其作用机制归类为例如以下分组:
-抗代谢物/抗癌剂,如嘧啶类似物氟尿苷、卡培他滨和阿糖胞苷;
-嘌呤类似物、叶酸拮抗剂和相关抑制剂;
-DNA损伤剂如放线菌素、安吖啶、白消安、卡铂、苯丁酸氮芥、顺铂、环磷酰胺放线菌素D、柔红霉素、阿霉素、表阿霉素、异环磷酰胺、美法仑、氮芥、丝裂霉素、米托蒽醌、亚硝基脲、甲基苄肼、紫杉醇、泰索帝、替尼泊苷、依托泊苷和三乙基硫代磷酰胺;
-抗生素如放线菌素D、阿霉素、伊达比星、蒽环类抗生素、米托蒽醌、博来霉素、光神霉素(光辉霉素)和丝裂霉素等;
-酶类如L-天冬酰胺酶,其系统地代谢L-天冬酰胺并且去除不具有合成其自身天冬酰胺能力的细胞;
-抗血小板药物;
-抗增殖/抗有丝分裂的烷化剂如氮芥环磷酰胺及其类似物(美法仑,苯丁酸氮芥,六甲基三聚氰胺和噻替派)、烷基亚硝基脲(卡莫司汀)及其类似物、链脲佐菌素和三氮烯(达卡巴嗪);
-抗增殖/抗有丝分裂抗代谢物,如叶酸类似物(甲氨蝶呤);
-铂配位络合物(顺铂、奥拉铂和卡铂)、甲基苄肼、羟基脲、米托坦和氨鲁米特;
-激素、激素类似物(雌激素、他莫昔芬、戈舍瑞林、比卡鲁胺和尼鲁米特)和芳香酶抑制剂(来曲唑和阿那曲唑);
-抗凝血剂,如肝素、合成肝素盐和其他凝血酶抑制剂;
-纤维蛋白溶解剂,如组织纤溶酶原激活剂、链激酶、尿激酶、阿司匹林、双嘧达莫、噻氯匹定和氯吡格雷;
-抗迁移剂;
-抗分泌剂(布雷韦丁);
-免疫抑制剂:他克莫司、西罗莫司、硫唑嘌呤和霉酚酸酯;
-化合物(TNP-470、染料木黄酮)和生长因子抑制剂(血管内皮生长因子抑制剂和成纤维细胞生长因子抑制剂);
-血管紧张素受体抑制剂,一氧化氮供体;
-反义寡核苷酸;
-抗体,如曲妥珠单抗和利妥昔单抗;
-细胞周期抑制剂和分化诱导剂,如维甲酸;
-抑制剂、拓扑异构酶抑制剂(阿霉素、柔红霉素、放线菌素D、西尼平苷(eniposid)、表柔比星、依托泊苷、依达比星、伊立替康、米托蒽醌、拓扑替康和伊立替康)和皮质类固醇(可的松、地塞米松、氢化可的松、甲基强的松龙、泼尼松和泼尼松龙);
-生长因子信号转导激酶抑制剂;
-功能障碍诱导剂;
-毒素如霍乱毒素,蓖麻毒蛋白,假单胞菌外毒素,百日咳博德特氏菌腺苷酸环化酶毒素,白喉毒素和半胱天冬酶激活剂;
-和染色质。
化疗剂的其他实例还包括:
-烷基磺酸盐,如白消安、胺丙磺酯和哌泊舒凡;
-氮丙啶类,如苯并多巴、卡波醌、偏脲多巴、脲多巴;
-埃米鲁胺(emylerumines)和二甲氨基三聚氰胺(memylamelamines),包括α-烯丙基苯乙胺、三烯丙基胺、三亚乙基磷酰胺、三亚乙基硫代磷酰胺和三甲基三聚氰胺;
-乙酰类,特别是泡番枝辛和泡番枝辛酮;
-喜树碱,包括合成的类似物拓扑替康;
-苔藓抑素;
-愈创木素(callystatin);
-CC-1065,包括阿多来新、卡折来新和比折来新的合成类似物;
-隐藻菌素,特别是隐藻菌素1和隐藻菌素8;
-多拉司他汀;
-多卡霉素,包括合成类似物KW-2189和CBI-TMI;
-软珊瑚醇;
-潘克拉他汀(pancratistatin);
-萨科迪克汀(sarcodictyin);
-海绵抑制素;
-氮芥,例如苯丁酸氮芥、氯萘嗪、环磷酰胺、雌莫司汀、异环磷酰胺、二氯甲基二乙铵、盐酸氧氮芥、美法仑、新恩比兴、苯芥胆甾醇、松龙苯芥、曲磷胺和尿嘧啶氮芥;
-亚硝基脲,如卡莫司汀、氯脲菌素、福莫司汀、洛莫司汀、尼莫司汀和拉尼莫司汀;
-抗生素,如烯二炔抗生素(如卡里奇霉素,特别是卡里奇霉素γII和卡里奇霉素φI1)、达因霉素(dynemicin)包括达因霉素A、双磷酸盐如氯膦酸盐、埃斯波霉素、新制癌菌素发色团和相关色蛋白烯二炔抗生素发色团、阿克拉霉素、放线菌素,安曲霉素、重氮丝氨酸、博来霉素、卡诺霉素、卡拉霉素、卡立霉素、嗜癌素、色霉素、放线菌素D、柔红霉素、地托比星、6-重氮-5-氧-L-正亮氨酸、阿霉素(包括吗啉代-阿霉素,氰基吗啉基-阿霉素,2-吡咯啉-阿霉素和脱氧阿霉素)、表柔比星、依索比星、伊达比星、马塞罗霉素、丝裂霉素如丝裂霉素C、麦考酚酸、诺卡霉素、橄榄霉素、培洛霉素、甲基丝裂霉素、嘌呤霉素、三铁阿霉素、罗多比星、链黑霉素、链脲霉素、杀结核菌素、乌苯美司、净司他丁和佐柔比星;
-抗代谢物,如甲氨蝶呤和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU);
-叶酸类似物,例如去氨蝶呤、甲氨蝶呤、蝶罗呤和三甲曲沙;
-嘌呤类似物,如氟达拉滨、6-巯基嘌呤、硫唑嘌呤胺和硫鸟嘌呤;
-嘧啶类似物,如安西他滨、阿扎胞苷、6-氮尿苷、卡莫氟、阿糖胞苷、双脱氧尿苷、去氧氟尿苷、依诺他滨和氟尿苷;
-雄激素,如卡鲁睾酮、丙酸屈他雄酮、环硫雄醇、美雄烷和睾内酯;
-抗肾上腺药物,如氨鲁米特、米托坦和曲洛司坦;
-叶酸补充体,如亚叶酸;
-单端孢菌毒素,特别是T-2毒素、疣孢霉素A(verracurin)、杆孢菌素A和蛇形菌素(anguidine);
-铂类似物,如顺铂和卡铂;
-醋葡醛内酯、醛磷酰胺糖苷、氨基乙酰丙酸、恩尿嘧啶、安吖啶、黑斯特拉布奇(hestrabucil)、比生群、依达曲沙、地福法胺(defofamine)、地美可辛、地亚醌、艾尔芬辛(elformthine)、依利醋铵、埃博霉素、乙环氧啶、硝酸镓、羟基脲、香菇多糖、亚叶酸、氯尼达明、美登木素生物碱如美登素和安丝菌素、米托胍腙、米托蒽醌;莫哌达醇、硝氨丙吖啶、喷司他丁、蛋氨氮芥、吡柔比星、洛索蒽醌、氟嘧啶、亚叶酸、鬼臼酸、2-乙基酰肼、甲基苄肼、多糖-K(PSK)、雷佐生、根霉素、西佐糖、螺环锗、细交链孢菌酮酸、三乙撑亚胺苯醌、2,2′,2″-三尖杉酯胺(2,2',2”-tricUorotriemylamine)、氨基甲酸乙酯、长春地辛、达卡巴嗪、甘露醇氮芥、二溴甘露醇、卫矛醇、哌血生、咖胞嘧啶(gacytosine)、阿拉伯糖苷(“Ara-C”)、环磷酰胺、噻替派、苯丁酸氮芥、吉西他滨6-硫鸟嘌呤、巯基嘌呤、甲氨蝶呤、长春碱、铂、依托泊苷(VP-16)、异环磷酰胺、米托蒽醌、长春新碱、长春瑞滨盐酸米托蒽醌、替尼泊苷;依达曲沙、柔红霉素、氨喋呤、塞罗达(xeoloda)、伊班膦酸钠、CPT-11、拓扑异构酶抑制剂RFS 2000、二氟甲基鸟氨酸(DFMO)、类视色素如视黄酸、卡培他滨、FOLFIRI(氟尿嘧啶、亚叶酸和伊立替康);
-药学上可接受的盐类、酸以及上述任一种的衍生物。
定义的“化疗剂”还包括抗激素药,如抗雌激素药和选择性雌激素受体调节剂(SERMs)、芳香酶抑制剂、抗雄激素药和上述任何一种药学上可接受的盐类、酸或衍生物,其用于调节或抑制激素对肿瘤的作用。
抗雄性激素的实例包括氟他胺、尼鲁米特、比卡鲁胺、亮脯利特和戈舍瑞林。
化疗剂的实例还包括抗血管生成剂,包括但不限于维甲酸及其衍生物、2-甲氧基雌二醇、血管抑素内皮抑素苏拉明、角鲨胺、金属蛋白酶-1的组织抑制剂、金属蛋白酶-2的组织抑制剂、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1、纤溶酶原激活剂抑制剂-2、软骨衍生抑制剂、紫杉醇(nab-紫杉醇)、血小板因子4、硫酸鱼精蛋白(鲱精蛋白)、硫酸化几丁质衍生物(由皇后蟹壳制备)、硫酸化多糖肽聚糖复合物(sp-pg)、星形孢菌素、基质代谢调节剂包括脯氨酸类似物[1-氮杂环丁烷-2-羧酸(LACA)]、顺式羟脯氨酸、d,I-3,4-脱氢脯氨酸、硫脯氨酸、α,α’-联吡啶、β-氨基丙腈富马酸盐、4-丙基-5-(4-吡啶基)-2(3h)-恶唑酮、甲氨喋呤、米托蒽醌、肝素、干扰素、2-巨球蛋白血清、鸡金属蛋白酶-3抑制剂(ChIMP-3)、糜蛋白酶素、β-1-环糊精十四硫酸盐、埃泼尼霉素(eponemycin)、烟曲霉素、硫代苹果酸金钠、d-青霉胺、β-1-抗胶原酶血清、α-2-抗纤维蛋白溶酶、比生群、氯苯扎利二钠、n-2-羧基苯基-4-氯金酸二钠或“CCA”、沙利度胺、血管生成抑制类固醇、羧基氨基咪唑和金属蛋白酶抑制剂如BB-94。其它抗血管生成剂包括抗体,优选靶向这些血管生成生长因子的单克隆抗体:β-FGF、α-FGF、FGF-5、VEGF异构体、VEGF-C、HGF/SF和Ang-1/Ang-2。
化疗剂的实例还包括抗纤维化药物,包括但不限于诸如β-氨基丙腈(BAPN)的化合物,以及在美国专利4,965,288(Palfreyman,et al.)所公开的化合物,涉及赖氨酰氧化酶抑制剂及其在治疗与胶原异常沉积有关的疾病和病症中的用途,和美国专利4,997,854(Kagan et al.)所公开的能够抑制LOX治疗各种病理性纤维化状态的化合物,其全部内容通过引用并入本文。其他代表性的抑制剂包括美国专利4,943,593(Palfreyman et al.)所公开的涉及诸如2-异丁基-3-氟-、氯-或溴-烯丙基胺的化合物,涉及2-(1-萘氧基甲基)-3-氟烯丙基胺的美国专利5,021,456(Palfreyman et al.)、5,059,714(Palfreyman etal.)、5,120,764(Mccarthy et al.)、5,182,297(Palfreyman et al.)、和5,252,608(Palfreyman et al.),以及美国公开文本2004/0248871(Farjanel et al.),其全部内容通过引用并入本文。
代表性的抗纤维化剂还包括与赖氨酰氧化酶的活性位点的羰基反应的伯胺,更具体地说,是与羰基结合后产生通过共振稳定的产物的伯胺,例如以下伯胺:烯丙醇胺(emylenemamine)、肼、苯肼及其衍生物、氨基脲和脲衍生物、氨基腈如BAPN或2-硝基乙胺、不饱和或饱和的卤代胺如2-溴-乙胺、2-氯乙胺、2-三氟乙胺、3-溴丙胺和对卤代苄胺和硒高半胱氨酸内酯。
其他抗纤维化剂是能够穿透或不穿透细胞的铜螯合剂。代表性的化合物包括间接抑制剂,其能够阻断源自赖氨酰氧化酶对赖氨酰和羟赖氨酰残基的氧化脱氨基的醛衍生物。实例包括硫代胺,特别是D-青霉胺及其类似物比如2-氨基-5-巯基-5-甲基己酸、D-2-氨基-3-甲基-3-((2-乙酰氨基乙基)二硫代)丁酸、p-2-氨基-3-甲基-3-((2-氨基乙基)二硫代)丁酸、4-((p-1-二甲基-2-氨基-2-羧乙基)二硫代)丁烷磺酸钠,2-乙酰氨基乙基-2-乙酰氨基乙硫醇磺酸盐和4-巯基丁磺酸钠三水合物。
化疗剂的实例还包括免疫治疗剂,包括但不限于适用于治疗患者的治疗性抗体。治疗性抗体的一些实例包括辛妥珠单抗(simtuzumab)、阿巴伏单抗(abagovomab)、阿德卡妥姆单抗(adecatumumab)、阿富妥珠单抗(afutuzumab)、阿仑单抗(alemtuzumab)、阿妥莫单抗(altumomab)、阿马妥昔单抗(amatuximab)、阿纳妥姆单抗(anatumomab)、阿西莫单抗(arcitumomab)、巴维妥昔单抗(bavituximab)、贝妥莫单抗(bectumomab)、贝伐单抗(bevacizumab)、比伐单抗(bivatuzumab)、布莱纳妥姆单抗(blinatumomab)、布伦妥昔单抗(brentuximab)、坎妥珠单抗(cantuzumab)、卡妥马索单抗(catumaxomab)、西妥昔单抗(cetuximab)、西妥珠单抗(citatuzumab)、西妥木单抗(cixutumumab)、克里瓦妥珠单抗(clivatuzumab)、克那妥姆单抗(conatumumab)、达拉妥姆单抗(daratumumab)、乔奇妥单抗(drozitumab)、杜利戈妥单抗(duligotumab)、杜西吉妥单抗(dusigitumab)、地莫单抗(detumomab)、达塞妥珠单抗(dacetuzumab)、达洛妥珠单抗(dalotuzumab)、埃克洛莫昔单抗(ecromeximab)、埃洛妥珠单抗(elotuzumab)、恩西妥昔单抗(ensituximab)、厄妥马索单抗(ertumaxomab)、伊他拉昔珠单抗(etaracizumab)、法勒妥珠单抗(farletuzumab)、菲可拉妥珠单抗(ficlatuzumab)、菲吉妥姆单抗(figitumumab)、弗兰沃妥单抗(flanvotumab)、富妥昔单抗(futuximab)、加尼妥单抗(ganitumab)、吉妥珠单抗(gemtuzumab)、吉伦妥昔单抗(girentuximab)、格兰巴妥姆单抗(glembatumumab)、替伊莫单抗(ibritumomab)、伊戈伏单抗(igovomab)、伊姆加妥珠单抗(imgatuzumab)、英达妥昔单抗(indatuximab)、伊诺妥珠单抗(inotuzumab)、因替妥姆单抗(intetumumab)、伊匹单抗(ipilimumab)、伊拉妥姆单抗(iratumumab)、拉贝妥珠单抗(labetuzumab)、来沙木单抗(lexatumumab)、林妥珠单抗(lintuzumab)、洛沃妥珠单抗(lorvotuzumab)、卢卡妥姆单抗(lucatumumab)、玛帕妥姆单抗(mapatumumab)、玛妥珠单抗(matuzumab)、米拉妥珠单抗(milatuzumab)、明瑞莫单抗(minretumomab)、米妥姆单抗(mitumomab)、莫斜妥姆单抗(moxetumomab)、纳那妥单抗(narnatumab)、纳妥姆单抗(naptumomab)、内吉妥姆单抗(necitumumab)、尼莫妥珠单抗(nimotuzumab)、诺费妥单抗(nofetumomab)、奥卡妥珠单抗(ocaratuzumab)、奥法木单抗(ofatumumab)、奥拉妥珠单抗(olaratumab)、奥那妥珠单抗(onartuzumab)、奥泼妥珠单抗(oportuzumab)、奥戈伏单抗(oregovomab)、帕尼单抗(panitumumab)、帕萨妥珠单抗(parsatuzumab)、帕崔妥单抗(patritumab)、彭妥姆单抗(pemtumomab)、帕妥珠单抗(pertuzumab)、平妥姆单抗(pintumomab)、普拖木单抗(pritumumab)、拉蔻妥姆单抗(racotumomab)、拉吉妥姆单抗(radretumab)、里洛妥姆单抗(rilotumumab)、利妥昔单抗(rituximab)、洛巴妥姆单抗(robatumumab)、沙妥莫单抗(satumomab)、思布妥珠单抗(sibrotuzumab)、思妥昔单抗(siltuximab)、索力图单抗(solitomab)、塔卡妥珠单抗(tacatuzumab)、塔普利妥珠单抗(taplitumomab)、特纳妥姆单抗(tenatumomab)、特普洛妥姆单抗(teprotumumab)、提咖妥珠单抗(tigatuzumab)、拖西莫单抗(tositumomab)、曲妥珠单抗(trastuzumab)、图库图珠单抗(tucotuzumab)、尤不理妥昔单抗(ublituximab)、维尔妥珠单抗(veltuzumab)、沃思妥珠单抗(vorsetuzumab)、伏妥莫单抗(votumumab)、扎鲁妥姆单抗(zalutumumab)、CC49和3F8。利妥昔单抗可用于治疗惰性B细胞癌,包括边缘区淋巴瘤、WM、CLL和小淋巴细胞性淋巴瘤。利妥昔单抗和化疗药物的组合是特别有效的。
代表性治疗性抗体可以进一步被标记或与放射性同位素颗粒例如铟-111、钇-90或碘-131组合。
在一个实施例中,另外的治疗剂是氮芥烷基化剂。氮芥烷化剂的非限制性实例包括苯丁酸氮芥。
在一个实施例中,本文所述化合物和组合物可以与一种或多种其它治疗剂一起使用或组合。所述一种或多种治疗剂包括但不限于Abl抑制剂、激活的CDC激酶(ACK)、腺苷A2B受体(A2B)、凋亡信号调节激酶(ASK)、Auroa激酶、布鲁顿氏酪氨酸激酶(BTK)、BET-溴结构域(BRD)如BRD4、c-Kit、c-Met、CDK激活激酶(CAK)、钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶(CaMK)、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(CDK)、酪蛋白激酶(CK)、盘状结构域受体(DDR)、表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、粘着斑激酶(FAK)、Flt-3、FYN、糖原合酶激酶(GSK)、HCK、组蛋白脱乙酰酶(HDAC)、IKK如IKKβε、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)如IDH1、Janus激酶(JAK)、KDR、淋巴细胞特异性蛋白酪氨酸激酶(LCK)、赖氨酰氧化酶蛋白质、赖氨酰氧化酶样蛋白(LOXL)、LYN、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)、MEK、有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPK)、NEK9、NPM-ALK、p38激酶、血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)、磷酸化酶激酶(PK)、polo样激酶(PLK)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶(PK)如蛋白激酶A,B和/或C、PYK、脾酪氨酸激酶(SYK)、丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶TPL2、丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶STK、信号转导和转录(STAT)、SRC、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(TBK)如TBK1、TIE、酪氨酸激酶(TK)、血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGFR)或以上任何组合。
ASK抑制剂包括ASK1抑制剂。ASK1抑制剂的实例包括但不限于在WO 2011/008709(Gilead Sciences)和WO 2013/112741(Gilead Sciences)中所述的抑制剂。
BTK抑制剂的实例包括但不限于依鲁替尼、HM71224、ONO-4059和CC-292。
DDR抑制剂包括DDR1和/或DDR2的抑制剂。DDR抑制剂的实例包括但不限于在WO2014/047624(Gilead Sciences)、US 2009/0142345(武田药品)、US 2011/0287011(Oncomed制药)、WO 2013/027802(中外制药)和WO 2013/034933(帝国创新)中公开的那些抑制剂。
HDAC抑制剂的实例包括但不限于普拉西诺司他(pracinostat)和帕诺比诺司他(panobinostat)。
JAK抑制剂抑制JAK1、JAK2和/或JAK3。JAK抑制剂的实例包括但不限于:菲格替尼(filgotinib)、鲁索替尼、费德拉替尼(fedratinib)、托法替尼、巴瑞替尼、来他替尼、帕瑞替尼(pacritinib)、XL019、AZD1480、INCB039110、LY2784544、BMS911543和NS018。
LOXL抑制剂包括LOXL1、LOXL2、LOXL3、LOXL4和/或LOXL5的抑制剂。LOXL抑制剂的实例包括但不限于WO 2009/017833(Arresto Biosciences)中所述的抗体。
LOXL2抑制剂的实例包括但不限于WO 2009/017833(Arresto Biosciences)、WO2009/035791(Arresto Biosciences)和WO 2011/097513(Gilead Biologics)中所述的抗体。
MMP抑制剂包括MMP1-10的抑制剂。MMP9抑制剂的实例包括但不限于马立马司他(BB-2516)、西马司他(cipemastat,Ro 32-3555)和WO 2012/027721(Gilead Biologics)中所述的抑制剂。
PI3K抑制剂包括PI3Kγ、PI3Kδ、PI3Kβ、PI3Kα和/或pan-PI3K抑制剂。PI3K抑制剂的实例包括但不限于渥曼青霉素、BKM120、CH5132799、XL756和GDC-0980。
PI3Kγ抑制剂的实例包括但不限于ZSTK474、AS252424、LY294002和TG100115。
PI3Kδ抑制剂的实例包括但不限于PI3K II、TGR-1202、AMG-319、GSK2269557、X-339、X-414、RP5090、KAR4141、XL499、OXY111A、IPI-145、IPI-443,以及在WO 2005/113556(ICOS)、WO 2013/052699(Gilead Calistoga)、WO 2013/116562(Gilead Calistoga)、WO2014/100765(Gilead Calistoga)、WO 2014/100767(Gilead Calistoga)和WO 2014/201409(Gilead Sciences)中所述的化合物。
PI3Kβ抑制剂的实例包括但不限于GSK2636771、BAY10824391和TGX221。
PI3Kα抑制剂的实例包括但不限于布帕里斯泊(buparlisib)、BAY 80-6946、BYL719、PX-866、RG7604、MLN1117、WX-037、AEZA-129和PA799。
pan-PI3K抑制剂的实例包括但不限于LY294002、BEZ235、XL147(SAR245408)和GDC-0941。
SYK抑制剂的实例包括但不限于塔玛替尼(tamatinib,R406)、福斯塔玛替尼(fostamatinib,R788)、PRT062607、BAY-61-3606、NVP-QAB205AA、R112、R343以及美国专利8,450,321(Gilead Connecticut)所述的抑制剂。
TKI可以靶向表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)以及成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)受体、血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)受体和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)受体。靶向EGFR的TKI的实例包括但不限于吉非替尼和厄洛替尼。舒尼替尼是靶向FGF、PDGF和VEGF受体的TKI的非限制性实例。
在一些实施例中,本发明的抗PD-L1抗体可以与免疫检查点抑制剂一起使用。免疫检查点是免疫系统中的一类分子,其可以是一种上调信号(共刺激分子)或是一种下调信号(共抑制分子)。许多癌症通过共抑制分子的激动剂或共刺激分子的拮抗剂来抑制T细胞信号,从而保护自己免受免疫系统的攻击。免疫检查点激动剂或拮抗剂可以帮助阻止这种保护机制。免疫检查点激动剂或拮抗剂可以靶向以下检查点分子中的任何一个或多个:PD-1、CTLA-4、LAG-3(也称为CD223)、CD28、CD122、4-1BB(也称为CD137)、TIM3、OX-40/OX40L、CD40/CD40L、LIGHT、ICOS/ICOSL、GITR/GITRL、TIGIT、CD27、VISTA、B7H3、B7H4、HEVM或BTLA(也称为CD272)。
程序性T细胞死亡1(PD-1)是在T细胞表面发现的跨膜蛋白,当其与肿瘤细胞上的程序性T细胞死亡配体1(PD-L1)结合时,会抑制T细胞的活性和降低T细胞介导的细胞毒性。因此,PD-1和PD-L1是免疫下调或免疫检查点“切断开关”。PD-1抑制剂的实例包括但不限于纳武单抗(nivolumab,Opdivo,BMS-936558)、派姆单抗(Keytruda)、皮德里珠单抗(pidilizumab)、AMP-224、MEDI0680(AMP-514)、PDR001、MPDL3280A、MEDI4736、BMS-936559和MSB0010718C。
CTLA-4是下调免疫系统的蛋白受体。CTLA-4抑制剂的非限制性实例包括伊匹单抗(Yervoy,也称为BMS-734016、MDX-010、MDX-101)和替里米姆单抗[tremelimumab,曾被称为替契利姆单抗(ticilimumab)、CP-675、206]。
淋巴细胞激活基因3(LAG-3)是位于细胞表面的一类免疫检查点受体,其通过作用于Treg或直接作用于CD8+T细胞,从而抑制免疫应答。LAG-3抑制剂包括但不限于LAG525和BMS-986016。
CD28几乎于所有的人CD4+T细胞上和大约一半的CD8+T细胞上组成性表达,其能够调节T细胞扩张。其非限制性实例包括TGN1412。
CD122能够提高CD8+效应T细胞的增殖。其非限制性实例包括NKTR-214。
4-1BB(也称为CD137)参与T细胞增殖。CD137介导的信号传导也被证实能够保护T细胞,特别是使CD8+T细胞免于激活诱导的细胞死亡。CD137抑制剂的实例包括PF-05082566、Urelumab(BMS-663513)和脂质运载蛋白。
对于任何上述组合治疗,抗PD-L1抗体可以与另一种抗癌剂同时或分开施用。当单独施用时,可以在施用另一种抗癌剂之前或之后施用抗PD-L1抗体。
治疗感染
如在实验实施例中所证实的,本发明的抗体可以激活免疫应答,从而用于治疗感染。
感染是由致病因子侵入生物体组织、它们的繁殖以及宿主组织对这些生物体及它们产生的毒素的反应。感染可能由传染原引起,例如病毒、类病毒、朊病毒、细菌、线虫如寄生性蛔虫和蛲虫、节肢动物如蜱、螨虫、跳蚤和虱子、真菌如癣以及其他大寄生物如绦虫和其他蠕虫。在某一方面,传染原是细菌,如革兰氏阴性细菌。在某一方面,传染原是病毒,例如DNA病毒、RNA病毒和逆转录病毒。病毒的非限制性实例包括腺病毒、柯萨奇病毒、EB病毒、甲型肝炎病毒、乙型肝炎病毒、丙型肝炎病毒、单纯疱疹病毒1型、单纯疱疹病毒2型、巨细胞病毒、人疱疹病毒8型、HIV、流感病毒、麻疹病毒、腮腺炎病毒、人乳头瘤病毒、副流感病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒、狂犬病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、风疹病毒、水痘-带状疱疹病毒。
本发明的抗体还可以用于治疗由微生物引起的传染病,或者通过靶向结合微生物和免疫细胞杀灭微生物以实现消除微生物的目的。在某一方面,微生物是包括RNA和DNA病毒的病毒、革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、原生动物或真菌。表4提供了传染性疾病和相关微生物的非限制性实例。
表4传染病及相关微生物源
对于任何特定患者的具体剂量和治疗方案将取决于各种因素,包括所使用的特定抗体及其变体或衍生物、患者的年龄和体重、一般健康状况、性别和饮食,以及给药时间、排泄频率、药物组合,以及所治疗的特定疾病的严重程度。由包括在本领域普通技术人员范围内的医疗护理人员对这些因素进行判断。所述剂量还将取决于待治疗的个体患者、给药途径、制剂类型、所用化合物的特性、疾病的严重程度以及所需的效果。所用剂量可以通过本领域熟知的药理学和药代动力学原理确定。
抗体及其变体的施用方法包括但不限于真皮内、肌肉、腹腔、静脉、皮下、鼻腔、硬脊膜外和口服注射。抗原结合多肽或组合物可以通过任何方便的途径施用,例如通过输注或推注,通过上皮或皮肤粘膜(例如口腔粘膜、直肠和肠粘膜等)吸收,并且可以与其他生物活性剂共同施用。因此,含有本发明的抗原结合多肽的药物组合物可以口服给药、直肠给药、肠胃外给药、脑池内给药、阴道内给药、腹腔内给药、外敷(如通过粉末,软膏,滴剂或透皮贴剂)、口腔给药或通过口服或鼻腔喷雾给药。
本发明使用的术语“肠胃外”是指包括静脉内、肌肉内、腹腔内、胸骨内、皮下和关节内注射和输注的施用方式。
施用方式可以是全身施用或局部施用。此外,可能需要通过任何合适的途径将本发明的抗体引入中枢神经系统,包括脑室内和鞘内注射;脑室内注射可以通过脑室内导管连接到如贮液囊(可以是Ommaya贮液囊)来辅助注射。也可以通过肺部给药,例如通过使用吸入器或喷雾器,以及使用雾化的制剂。
可能需要将本发明的抗体多肽或组合物局部施用于需要治疗的区域;可以通过但不限于以下方式:手术期间局部输注,例如与手术后伤口敷料联合的局部应用,通过注射,通过导管,借助栓剂或借助植入物来实现,所述植入物是多孔的、无孔的或凝胶状的材料,包括膜(例如硅橡胶膜)或纤维。优选地,当施用本发明的蛋白质(包括抗体)时,必须注意使用不吸收蛋白质的材料。
在另一个实施例中,抗体或组合物可以在囊泡,特别是脂质体中输送(参见Langer,1990,Science 249:1527-1533、Treat et al.,in Liposomes in the Therapy ofInfectious Disease and Cancer,Lopez-Berestein and Fidler(ed s.),Liss,NewYork,pp.353-365(1989);Lopez-Berestein,同上,pp.317-327;一般参见同上.)
在又一个实施例中,还可以在控释系统中输送抗原结合多肽或组合物。在一个实施例中,施用了泵(参见Sefton,1987,CRC Crit.Ref.Biomed.Eng.14:201、Buchwald etal.,1980,Surgery 88:507、Saudek et al.,1989,N.Engl.J.Med.321:574)。在另一个实施例中,使用了聚合物材料(参见Medical Applications of Controlled Release,Langerand Wise(eds.),CRC Pr es.,Boca Raton,Fla.(1974)、Controlled DrugBioavailability,Drug Product Design and Performance,Smolen and Ball(eds.),Wiley,New York(1984)、Ranger and Peppas,J.,1983,Macromol.Sci.Rev.Macromol.Chem.23:61,还可参见Levy et al.,1985,Science 228:190、During et al.,1989,Ann.Neurol.25:351、Howard et al.,1989,J.Neurosurg.71:105)。在另一个实施方案中,还可以将控释系统放置在治疗靶位(即大脑)的附近,因此仅需要全身剂量的一部分剂量(参见例如Goodson,in Medical Applications of Controlled Release,supra,vol.2,pp.115-138(1984))。其他控释系统在Langer的综述(1990,Science 249:1527-1533)中进行了讨论。
在一具体实施例中,本发明组合物包含编码蛋白质的核酸或多聚核苷酸,可以通过将其构建为合适的核酸表达载体的一部分来体内施用所述核酸以促进其编码的蛋白质的表达,然后通过下述方式施用上述部分载体使其变为胞内部分,例如通过使用逆转录病毒载体(参见美国专利4,980,286),或通过直接注射,或通过使用微粒轰击(例如基因枪;Biolistic,Dupont),或用脂质或细胞表面受体或转染试剂包被,或者通过与已知进入细胞核的同源异型盒类肽连接施用(参见例如Joliot et al.,1991,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA88:1864-1868)等等。可选地,核酸可以通过同源重组在引入细胞内并整合至宿主细胞DNA中用于表达。
可以通过标准的临床技术确定本发明抗体的剂量,该剂量将有效治疗、抑制和预防炎症、免疫或恶性疾病、紊乱或病症。此外,可以任选地采用体外实验来帮助确定最佳剂量范围。制剂使用的准确剂量也取决于给药途径和疾病、紊乱或病症的严重程度,且应根据医师的判断和每个患者的情况来决定。有效剂量可以从体外或动物模型测试系统得到的剂量反应曲线推测出来。
作为一般建议,本发明的抗原结合多肽施用于患者的剂量通常为0.1mg至100mg/每kg患者体重,0.1mg至20mg/每kg病人的体重,或1mg到10mg/每kg病人的体重。通常,由于对外源多肽的免疫应答,人抗体在人体内的半衰期比其他物种的抗体长。因此,较低剂量的人抗体和较少的给药频率通常是可行的。此外,可以通过例如脂质化等修饰来增强抗体的摄取和组织穿透能力(例如进入脑内),从而减少本发明抗体的施用的剂量和频率。
通常在进行体外测试用于治疗感染性或恶性疾病、紊乱或病症的方法,包括施用本发明所述抗体、变体或衍生物,然后在可接受的动物模型中体内测试期望的治疗性或预防性活性,最后施用于人体。合适的动物模型(包括转基因动物)是本领域普通技术人员所公知的。例如,用于证明本发明所述抗原结合多肽的治疗用途的体外测定包括抗原结合多肽对细胞系或患者组织样品的影响。抗原结合多肽对细胞系和/或组织样品的作用可以利用本领域技术人员已知的技术进行检测,例如本发明其他部分公开的技术。根据本发明的内容,可用于确定是否施用特异性抗原结合多肽的体外测定实验包括体外细胞培养实验,其中患者组织样品在培养物中培养,并暴露于或以其他方式施用化合物,并观察这种化合物对组织样品的影响。
各种输送系统是已知的,并且可用于施用本发明抗体或编码本发明抗体的多核苷酸,例如包封于脂质体、微粒、微胶囊、能够表达所述化合物的重组细胞、受体介导的内吞作用(参见例如Wu and Wu,1987,J.Biol.Chem.262:4429-4432)、作为逆转录病毒或其它载体的一部分的核酸的构建等。
诊断方法
在某些肿瘤样品中观察到PD-L1的过表达,并且具有PD-L1过表达的细胞的患者可能对使用本发明的抗PD-L1抗体的治疗有响应。因此,本发明的抗体也可以用于诊断和预后。
优选包含细胞的样品可以从患者体内获得,该患者可以是癌症患者或希望诊断的患者。细胞是肿瘤组织或肿瘤块、血液样本、尿液样本或来自患者的任何样本的细胞。在选择性地对样品进行预处理之后,可以在允许抗体与可能存在于样品中的PD-L1蛋白相互作用的条件下,将样品与本发明的抗体一起孵育。可以使用诸如ELISA的方法,利用抗PD-L1抗体来检测样品中PD-L1蛋白的存在。
样品中PD-L1蛋白的存在(任意的含量或浓度)可以用于诊断癌症,其可以作为患者适用抗体治疗的指示,或作为患者已经(或没有)对癌症治疗作出反应的指示。对于预后方法,可以在开始癌症治疗时在特定阶段进行一次、两次或更多次地检测,以指示治疗的进展。
组合物
本发明还提供了药物组合物。这样的组合物包含有效剂量的抗体和可接受的载体。在一些实施例中,组合物还包含第二抗癌剂(例如免疫检查点抑制剂)。
在一个具体实施例中,术语“药学上可接受的”是指由联邦或州政府的监管机构批准的或在美国药典或其他公认的药典中列出的用于动物,特别是用于人类的药物。此外,“药学上可接受的载体”通常将是任何类型的无毒固体、半固体或液体填充剂、稀释剂、包封材料或制剂助剂。
术语“载体”是指施用于治疗的稀释剂、佐剂、赋形剂或载体。这此类药物载体可以是无菌液体,如水和油,包括石油、动植物或合成来源的油,如花生油、大豆油、矿物油、芝麻油等。当药物组合物静脉内给药时,水是优选的载体。盐水溶液和葡萄糖水溶液和甘油溶液也可用作液体载体,特别是用于注射溶液。合适的药物赋形剂包括淀粉、葡萄糖、乳糖、蔗糖、明胶、麦芽、大米、面粉、白垩、硅胶、硬脂酸钠、单硬脂酸甘油酯、滑石、氯化钠、脱脂奶粉、甘油、丙烯、乙二醇、水、乙醇等。如有需要,组合物还可以含有少量的润湿剂或乳化剂,或pH缓冲剂如乙酸盐、柠檬酸盐或磷酸盐。抗菌剂如苯甲醇或对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、抗氧化剂如抗坏血酸或亚硫酸氢钠、螯合剂如乙二胺四乙酸,以及调节张力的试剂如氯化钠或右旋葡萄糖也是可以预见的。这些组合物可以采取溶液、悬液、乳剂、片剂、丸剂、胶囊、散剂、缓释制剂等形式。该组合物可以用传统的粘合剂和载体如甘油三酯配制成栓剂。口服制剂可以包括标准载体,例如药物等级的甘露糖醇、乳糖、淀粉、硬脂酸镁、糖精钠、纤维素、碳酸镁等。合适的药物载体的实例在E.W.Martin的Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences中有描述,在此通过引用并入本发明。此类组合物将含有临床有效剂量的抗原结合多肽,优选以纯化后的形式,连同合适数量的载体,以提供适合于患者的给药形式。该制剂应该适用于给药模式。亲本制剂可以封装在安瓿瓶、一次性注射器或由玻璃或塑料制成的多剂量小瓶中。
在一个实施例中,根据常规步骤将组合物配制成适合静脉内注射于人体的药物组合物。具有代表性地是,用于静脉内给药的组合物是在无菌等渗水性缓冲液中的溶液。必要时,组合物还可包含增溶剂和局部麻醉剂如利多卡因,从而缓解注射部位的疼痛。一般而言,有效成分以单位剂量形式单独供给或混在一起供给,如以干燥的冻干粉末或无水浓缩物的形式装在可指示活性剂份量的密封容器(如安瓿瓶或小袋)中。在通过输注施用组合物的情况下,可以用含有无菌药用级水或盐水的输液瓶来分装组合物。在通过注射施用组合物的情况下,可以使用注射用的无菌水或盐水的安瓿瓶,使得可以在施用之前混合有效成分。
本发明的化合物可以配制成中性的或盐的形式。药学上可接受的盐包括衍生自如盐酸、磷酸、乙酸、草酸、酒石酸等的与阴离子形成的盐,以及衍生自如钠、钾、铵、钙、氢氧化铁、异丙胺、三乙胺、2-乙氨基乙醇、组氨酸、普鲁卡因等的与阳离子形成的盐。
附图说明
图1显示HL1210-3能以高亲和力结合人PD-L1。
图2显示HL1210-3可有效抑制人PD-L1与人PD1的结合。
图3显示HL1210-3抗体可以高效地抑制PD-1与哺乳动物细胞上表达的PD-L1的结合。
图4显示受测抗PD-L1抗体可以促进人T细胞免疫应答。
图5显示HL1210-3与重组PD-L1的结合动力学。
图6显示所有受测人源化抗体具有和嵌合抗体相当的、与人PD-L1结合的效力。
图7显示所有受测人源化抗体具有和嵌合抗体相当的、可与哺乳动物细胞上表达的PD-L1高效结合的效力。
图8显示人源化抗体Hu1210-41可以以较低亲和力与猕猴PD-L1结合、并且不与大鼠PD-L1和小鼠PD-L1结合。
图9显示Hu1210-41抗体仅能特异性结合B7-H1(PD-L1)、而不与B7-DC、B7-1、B7-2、B7-H2、PD-1、CD28、CTLA4、ICOS和BTLA结合。
图10显示Hu1210-41能有效抑制人PD-L1与人PD1和与B7-1的结合。
图11显示Hu1210-41能有效抑制人PD-L1与人PD1和与B7-1的结合。
图12显示Hu1210-8、Hu1210-9、Hu1210-16、Hu1210-17、Hu1210-21和Hu1210-36人源化抗体可以剂量依赖性地促进混合淋巴细胞反应中IFNγ和IL-2的产生。
图13显示Hu1210-40、Hu1210-41和Hu1210-17人源化抗体可剂量依赖性地促进CMV回忆实验中IFNγ的产生。
图14显示在HCC827-NSG-异种移植模型中,Hu1210-31能以5mg/kg的剂量有效抑制30%的肿瘤生长。
图15显示在HCC827-NSG-异种移植模型中,Hu1210-41抗体可以剂量依赖性地抑制肿瘤生长,同时Hu1210-41抗体也能剂量依赖性抑制肿瘤的重量。
图16为每个PD-L1突变体绘制了作为表达水平的平均结合数值(对照为抗PD-L1单抗的反应活性)
图17说明了Y134、K162和N183的位置,这些残基(球体)参与结合抗PD-L1抗体Hu1210-41。
具体实施方式
实施例1:针对人PD-L1的人源化单克隆抗体的生产
利用杂交瘤技术生产抗人PD-L1的小鼠单克隆抗体。
抗原:人PDL1-Fc蛋白质和人PD-L1高表达的CHOK1细胞系(PDL1-CHOK1细胞系)。
免疫:为生产抗人PD-L1的小鼠单克隆抗体,首先用1.5×107个PDL1-CHOK1细胞对6-8周的BALB/c雌性小鼠进行免疫。首次免疫后的第14和33天,分别用1.5×107个PDL1-CHOK1细胞对免疫后的小鼠进行再次免疫。为选出能够产生与PD-L1蛋白结合的抗体的小鼠,用ELISA法对免疫后的小鼠血清进行检测。简言之,用1μg/ml的人PD-L1蛋白PBS溶液包被微孔板,每孔100μl,室温过夜后用5%的BSA封闭。将稀释后的免疫小鼠血浆加入微孔板的各孔中,室温孵育1~2小时。用PBS/Tween缓冲液洗微孔板,然后加入缀合了辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)的抗小鼠IgG抗体,室温孵育1小时。洗板后,在微孔板中加入ABTS底物并用分光光度计在OD405nm的条件下分析数值。在免疫54天后,用50μg的人PDL1-Fc蛋白对有足够效价的抗PD-L1 IgG的小鼠进行加强免疫。所得小鼠用于融合。用ELISA实验检测杂交瘤上清中的抗PD-L1的IgG。
杂交瘤克隆HL1210-3、HL1207-3、HL1207-9和HL1120-3选出用于进一步研究。HL1210-3的可变区氨基酸和多聚核苷酸序列见下表5。
表5HL1210-3可变序列
实施例2:HL1210-3小鼠单克隆抗体对人PD-L1的结合活性
为评估杂交瘤克隆HL1210-3的结合活性,将来自该克隆的纯化后的单克隆抗体进行ELISA实验检测。简言之,用0.1μg/ml的人PD-L1-Fc蛋白PBS溶液包被微孔板,每孔100μl,4℃过夜后用5%的BSA封闭,每孔100μl。将初始浓度为0.2μg/ml的HL1210-3抗体进行3倍稀释后加入微孔板的各孔中,室温孵育1~2小时。用PBS/Tween缓冲液洗微孔板,然后加入缀合了辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)的羊抗鼠IgG抗体室温孵育1小时。洗板后,在微孔板中加入TMB底物并用分光光度计在OD450~630nm的条件下分析数值。如图1所示,HL1210-3可与人PD-L1结合,并且亲和力很高(EC50=5.539ng/ml)。
实施例3:HL1210-3小鼠单抗阻断人PD-L1与其受体PD-1结合使用重组人PD-L1的受体阻断实验
为评估HL1210-3小鼠单抗阻断重组人PD-L1与受体PD-1结合的效果,采用了基于ELISA的受体阻断实验。简言之,用1μg/ml的人PD-L1-Fc蛋白的PBS溶液包被微孔板,每孔100μl,4℃过夜后用5%的BSA封闭,每孔100μl。将50μl生物素标记的人PD-1-Fc蛋白和50μl初始浓度为2μg/ml并依次3倍稀释的HL1210-3抗体加入微孔板的各孔中,37℃孵育1小时。用PBS/Tween缓冲液洗微孔板,然后加入链霉亲和素标记的HRP,在37℃孵育1小时。洗板后,在微孔板中加入TMB底物并用分光光度计在OD450~630nm的条件下分析数值。如图2所示,HL1210-3可有效抑制人PD-L1与PD-1结合,其IC50达到0.7835nM。
使用表达了人PD-L1的哺乳动物细胞的受体阻断实验
为评估HL1210-3小鼠单抗阻断在哺乳动物细胞上表达的人PD-L1与其受体PD-1结合的效果,采用了基于FACS的受体阻断实验。简言之,将初始浓度为20μg/ml并依次3倍严格稀释的HL1210-3小鼠单抗与PDL1-CHOK1细胞在室温下孵育1小时。用FACS缓冲液(加2%FBS的PBS)洗板后,将生物素标记的人PD-1加入微孔板各孔中,室温孵育1小时。用FACS缓冲液洗板两次后,再用链霉亲和素标记的PE加入各孔,孵育0.5小时。用FACSAriaIII分析PE的平均荧光强度(MFI)。如图3所示,HL1210-3抗体可高效抑制PD-1和在哺乳动物细胞上表达的PD-L1的结合,其IC50达到2.56nM,并达到92.6%的最高抑制率。
实施例4:HL1210-3小鼠单抗促进人体T细胞免疫反应
为了评价HL1210-3小鼠单抗的效果,在混合淋巴细胞反应体系中评估人体T细胞的反应。在GM-CSF和IL-4存在的情况下,历经7天从CD14+单核细胞中分化出人树突状细胞。从另一供体分离得到的CD4+ T细胞与树突状细胞及梯度稀释的抗PD-L1阻断抗体共同培养。5天后,检测培养基上清中的INFγ含量。结果表明HL1210-3抗体能剂量依赖地促进INFγ生成,意味着抗PD-L1抗体可促进人体T细胞应答(图4)。
实施例5:HL1210-3小鼠单抗的结合亲和力
HL1210-3抗体与重组PD-L1蛋白(his标记的人PD-L1)的结合采用捕获法并用BIACORETM检测。用包被在CM5芯片上的抗小鼠Fc抗体捕获HL1210-3小鼠单抗。将梯度稀释的his标记的人PD-L1-蛋白液注射到捕获得到的抗体,以25μg/ml的流速注射3分钟。使抗原解离900秒。所有实验在Biacore T200中进行。使用Biacore T200分析软件分析实验数据。结果见下图5和表6。
表6HL1210-3与重组人PD-L1的结合动力学
实施例6:HL1210-3小鼠单抗的人源化
使用单抗HL1210-3可变区基因来生产人源化单抗。在该过程的第一步中,将单抗HL1210-3的VH和VK的氨基酸序列与人Ig基因序列的可用数据库进行比对以找到总体上匹配最佳的人种系Ig基因序列。对于轻链来说,最接近人的匹配是O18/Jk2和KV1-39*01/KJ2*04基因,对于重链来说,最接近人的匹配是VH3-21基因。VH3-11、VH3-23、VH3-7*01和VH3-48基因也由于它们的匹配度高而被选择。
然后设计人源化可变结构域序列,将HL1210-3轻链的CDR1(SEQ ID NO:4)、CDR2(SEQ ID NO:5)和CDR3(SEQ ID NO:6)移植到O18/Jk2和KV1-39*01/KJ2*04基因的框架序列上,并将HL1210-3重链可变区的CDR1(SEQ ID NO:1)、CDR2(SEQ ID NO:2)和CDR3(SEQ IDNO:3)序列移植到VH3-21、VH3-11、VH3-23、VH3-48或VH3-7*01基因的框架序列上,然后产生3D模型以确定是否存在任何框架上的位置,该位置上将鼠氨基酸替换为人氨基酸会影响其结合能力和/或CDR构象。在轻链中,鉴定出了框架中的22S、43S、60D、63T和42Q(Kabat编号,见表7)。在重链的框架中的IE、37V、40T、44S、49A、77N、91I、94R和108T参与回复突变。
表7人源化设计
下表8列出了一些人源化抗体的氨基酸和核苷酸序列。
表8人源化抗体序列(粗体表示CDR)
人源化VH和VK基因是通过合成生产出来的,然后分别克隆到含有人γ1和人κ恒定结构域的载体中。人VH和人VK的配对产生了40种人源化抗体(见表9)。
表9包含VH和VL区的人源化抗体
实施例7:人源化PD-L1抗体的抗原结合特性
与重组人PD-L1的结合特性
为了评估其抗原结合活性,用人源化抗体进行ELISA检测。简言之,用0.1μg/ml的人PD-L1-Fc蛋白的PBS溶液包被微孔板,每孔100μl,4℃过夜后用5%的BSA封闭,每孔100μl。将初始浓度为10μg/ml并依次5倍稀释的人源化抗体加入微孔板的各孔中,室温孵育1~2小时。用PBS/Tween缓冲液洗微孔板,然后加入缀合了辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)的羊抗鼠IgG抗体室温孵育1小时。洗板后,在微孔板中加入TMB底物并用分光光度计在OD450~630nm的条件下分析数值。如图6所示,所有人源化抗体都显示出与嵌合抗体相当的结合人PD-L1的效力。
对在哺乳动物表达上的人PD-L1的结合特性
为了评估其抗原结合特性,使用FACS分析人源化抗体与在哺乳动物表达上的PD-L1的结合能力。简言之,将初始浓度为2μg/ml并依次5倍严格稀释的人源化抗体与PDL1-CHOK1细胞在室温下孵育1小时。用FACS缓冲液(加2%FBS的PBS)洗板后,将Alexa 488-抗人IgG加入微孔板各孔中,室温孵育1小时。用FACSAriaIII分析Alexa 488的MFI。如图7所示,所有人源化抗体都能高效地结合在哺乳动物细胞上表达的PD-L1,其结合效力与嵌合抗体相当。
为研究人源化抗体的结合动力学,本实施例中使用Octet Red 96对其亲和力进行排序。如表10所示,hu1210-3、hu1210-8、hu1210-9、hu1210-14、hu1210-17、hu1210-1和Hu1210-22显示出较好的亲和力,其结合效力与嵌合抗体相当。
表10人源化抗体的亲和力排序
人源化抗体与重组PD-L1蛋白(his标记的人PD-L1)的结合采用捕获法并用BIACORETM检测。用包被在CM5芯片上的抗小鼠Fc抗体捕获HL1210-3小鼠单抗。将梯度稀释的his标记的人PD-L1-蛋白液注射到捕获的抗体上,以25μg/ml的流速进行3分钟。允许抗原解离900秒。所有实验在Biacore T200中进行。使用Biacore T200分析软件分析实验数据,结果见下表11。
表11Biacore测得的亲和力结果
跨物种活性
为评估人源化抗体与人PD-L1、小鼠PD-L1、大鼠PD-L1、猕猴PD-L1的结合,对抗体进行ELISA检测。简言之,用PBS溶解的1μg/ml的人PD-L1-Fc蛋白、小鼠PD-L1-Fc蛋白、大鼠PD-L1-Fc蛋白、猕猴PD-L1-Fc蛋白包被微孔板,每孔100μl,4℃过夜后用5%的BSA封闭,每孔100μl。将初始浓度为1μg/ml并依次3倍稀释的人源化抗体加入微孔板的各孔中,室温孵育1~2小时。用PBS/Tween缓冲液洗微孔板,然后加入缀合了辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)的羊抗鼠IgG抗体,室温孵育1小时。洗板后,在微孔板中加入TMB底物并用分光光度计在OD450~630nm的条件下分析数值。Hu1210-41抗体可以较低亲和力地结合猕猴PD-L1,并且不能与大鼠PD-L1和小鼠PD-L1结合(图8)。
人 | 猕猴 | 大鼠 | 小鼠 | |
EC<sub>50</sub> | 0.215nM | 0.628nM | 未见结合 | 未见结合 |
家族成员特异性
为评估人源化抗PD-L1抗体与人B7家族及其他免疫检查点的结合,对抗体与B7-H1(PD-L1)、B7-DC、B7-1、B7-2、B7-H2、PD-1、CD28、CTLA4、ICOS和BTLA的结合进行ELISA检测。如图9所示,Hu1210-41抗体只能特异性结合B7-H1(PD-L1)。
实施例8:人源化抗体阻断人PD-L1与PD-1的活性
基于细胞的受体阻断实验
为评估人源化抗体阻断在哺乳动物细胞上表达的人PD-L1与其受体PD-1结合的效果,采用了基于FACS的受体阻断实验。简言之,将初始浓度为20μg/ml并依次3倍严格稀释的HL1210-3小鼠单抗与PDL1-CHOK1细胞在室温下孵育1小时。用FACS缓冲液(加2%FBS的PBS)洗板后,将生物素标记的人PD-1加入微孔板各孔中,室温孵育1小时。用FACS缓冲液洗板两次后,再用链霉亲和素标记的PE加入各孔中孵育0.5小时。用FACSAriaIII分析PE的平均荧光强度(MFI)。
如下表12所示,Hu1210-3、Hu1210-9、Hu1210-8、Hu1210-14、Hu1210-17、Hu1210-19和Hu1210-22抗体显示出与嵌合抗体相当的阻断PD-L1和PD-1结合的效力。
表12PD-1受体阻断实验
使用重组人PD-L1的受体阻断实验
人PD-L1有两种受体,即PD-1和B7-1。为探索人源化PD-L1抗体对这两种蛋白的阻断特性,在此使用基于蛋白的受体阻断实验。简言之,用PBS溶解的1μg/ml的人PD-L1-Fc蛋白包被微孔板,每孔100μl,4℃过夜后用5%的BSA在37℃封闭2小时,每孔200μl。将50μl生物素标记的人PD-1-Fc蛋白或B7-lv蛋白和50μl初始浓度为100nM并依次5倍稀释的PD-L1抗体加入微孔板的各孔中,37℃孵育1小时。用PBS/Tween缓冲液洗微孔板,然后加入链霉亲和素标记的HRP,在37℃孵育1小时。洗板后,在微孔板中加入TMB底物并用分光光度计在OD450的条件下分析数值。如图10和11所示,Hu1210-41能有效地抑制人PD-L1与人PD-1和B7-1的结合。
实施例9:人源化抗体促进人T细胞的免疫应答
混合淋巴细胞反应实验
为了评估人源化抗体的体外功能,在混合淋巴细胞反应体系中评估人体T细胞的反应。在GM-CSF和IL-4存在的情况下,从CD14+单核细胞中经过7天分化出人树突状细胞。然后从另一供体分离得到的CD4+ T细胞与树突状细胞及梯度稀释的抗PD-L1阻断抗体共同培养。5天后,检测培养基上清中的IL-2和INFγ含量。结果表明,Hu1210-8、Hu1210-9、Hu1210-16和Hu1210-17抗体能剂量依赖性地促进IL-2和INFγ的产生,表明抗PD-L1抗体能够促进人T细胞应答。
CMV刺激实验
为评估人源化抗体的体外功能,在CMV刺激实验中评估人体T细胞的应答。在严格稀释的人源化抗体存在的情况下,用1μg/ml CMV抗原刺激人PBMC。如图12和13所示,Hu1210-40、Hu1210-41和H1210-17可以剂量依赖性地促进INFγ产生。
实施例10:抗PD-L1单抗对肿瘤生长的抑制
将来自人肺癌细胞系HCC827的细胞移植到NOD scidγ(NSG)小鼠中。NSG小鼠是NOD scidγ缺陷型小鼠,且该最免疫缺陷的小鼠,使其成为人肿瘤细胞和PBMC移植的理想受体。移植10天后,将人PBMC移植到荷瘤小鼠体内。大约移植20天后,一旦肿瘤体积达到100-150mm3,将每隔一天给小鼠注射5mg/kg的PD-L1抗体。与抗体注射同步的每隔一天监测肿瘤体积。如图14所示,Hu1210-31在5mg/kg给药量时可抑制30%肿瘤生长。Hu1210-41抗体可以剂量依赖性地抑制肿瘤生长,同时Hu1210-41抗体也能剂量依赖性地抑制肿瘤重量(图15)。
实施例11:通过计算机模拟对人源化抗体进一步改变和优化
预期地,可以改变CDR区或框架区内的特定氨基酸残基,从而进一步改善或保留抗体的活性和/或稳定性。使用计算工具(VectorNTI,可从www.ebi.ac.uk/tools/msa/clustalo/获得)就变体的结构、构象和功能特性进行检测,有希望的那些变体(在于CDR区域内)在下表中列出。
表13适合包含在人源化抗体中的VH和VL CDR及其变体
名称 | 序列 | 序列号 |
VH CDR1 | <u>SY</u>DM<u>S</u> | 1 |
<u>T</u>YDMS | 61 | |
<u>C</u>YDMS | 62 | |
S<u>F</u>DMS | 63 | |
S<u>H</u>DMS | 64 | |
S<u>W</u>DMS | 65 | |
SYDM<u>T</u> | 66 | |
SYDM<u>C</u> | 67 |
名称 | 序列 | 序列号 |
VH CDR3 | <u>EFGKRY</u>ALDY | 3 |
<u>Q</u>FGKRYALDY | 78 | |
<u>D</u>FGKRYALDY | 79 | |
<u>N</u>FGKRYALDY | 80 | |
E<u>Y</u>GKRYALDY | 81 | |
E<u>H</u>GKRYALDY | 82 | |
E<u>W</u>GKRYALDY | 83 | |
EF<u>A</u>KRYALDY | 84 | |
EF<u>P</u>KRYALDY | 85 | |
EFG<u>R</u>RYALDY | 86 | |
EFGK<u>K</u>YALDY | 87 | |
EFGKR<u>F</u>ALDY | 88 | |
EFGKR<u>H</u>ALDY | 89 | |
EFGKR<u>W</u>ALDY | 90 |
名称 | 序列 | 序列号 |
VL CDR1 | KA<u>S</u>QDVTPAVA | 4 |
KA<u>T</u>QDVTPAVA | 91 | |
KA<u>C</u>QDVTPAVA | 92 |
名称 | 序列 | 序列号 |
VL CDR2 | <u>STSSRY</u>T | 5 |
<u>T</u>TSSRYT | 93 | |
<u>C</u>TSSRYT | 94 | |
S<u>S</u>SSRYT | 95 | |
S<u>M</u>SSRYT | 96 | |
S<u>V</u>SSRYT | 97 | |
ST<u>T</u>SRYT | 98 | |
ST<u>C</u>SRYT | 99 | |
STS<u>T</u>RYT | 100 | |
STS<u>C</u>RYT | 101 | |
STSS<u>K</u>YT | 102 | |
STSSR<u>F</u>T | 103 | |
STSSR<u>H</u>T | 104 | |
STSSR<u>W</u>T | 105 |
下划线表示热点突变残基及其替代残基
实施例12:PD-L1表位的鉴定
进行该研究以鉴定参与PD-L1与本发明抗体结合的氨基酸残基。
构建了PD-L1的丙氨酸扫描文库。简言之,在Integral Molecular的蛋白质工程平台的基础上产生217个PD-L1突变克隆。通过高通量流式细胞技术以确定Hu1210-41 Fab与PD-L1突变文库中每个变体的结合,每个实验测定两次。每个原始数据点均去除背景荧光,并且将其归一化为与PD-L1野生型(WT)的反应活性。用平均结合数值作图作为每种PD-L1变体的表达水平(对照为抗PD-L1单抗的反应活性)。为初步鉴定关键克隆(交叉的圆圈),应用了大于70%的WT与对照单抗的结合和小于30%的WT与Hu1210-41Fab的反应活性(图16)作为阈值(虚线)。PD-L1的Y134、K162和N183被鉴定为与Hu1210-41结合所必需的残基。N183A克隆与Hu1210-41Fab的低反应活性表明该位点是Hu1210-41结合的主要有力贡献者,而Y134和K162贡献较小。
在三维的PD-L1结构(PDB ID#5JDR,Zhang et al.,2017)上鉴定出关键残基(球体),如图17所示。因此,Y134、K162和N183这些残基构成了PD-L1的表位,负责结合本发明各实施例中抗体。
值得注意的是,Y134、K162和N183都位于PD-L1蛋白的IgC结构域内。PD-1和PD-L1的细胞外部分都具有IgV结构域和IgC结构域。众所周知,PD-L1通过其IgV结构域与PD-1结合。然而,与这些常规抗体不同,Hu1210-41与其IgC结构域结合,预计其在抑制PD-1/PD-L1结合方面是无效的。令人惊讶的是,Hu1210-41这个不同的表位可能有助于Hu1210-41的优异活性。
本发明并不受所描述的旨在作为本发明各个方面的单个说明的具体实施例范围的限制,并且在功能上等同的任何组合物或方法均在本发明的保护范围内。对本领域技术人员而言显而易见的是,在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的情况下,可以对本发明的方法和组合物进行各种修改和变化。因此,落入本发明所附的权利要求及其等同物范围内的修改和变化均属于本发明保护的范围。
在本说明书中提及的所有出版物和专利申请通过引用全部并入本文,其程度与每个单独的出版物或专利申请通过引用被明确地和单独地指示参入本文相同。
Claims (20)
1.一种分离的抗体或其片段,其特征在于,所述抗体或其片段特异性结合人程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)蛋白,所述抗体或其片段包含如SEQ ID NO:1所示的VH CDR1、如SEQ IDNO:2所示但是包含一个根据Kabat编号的G53A氨基酸置换的VH CDR2、如SEQ ID NO:3所示的VH CDR3、如SEQ ID NO:4所示的VL CDR1、如SEQ ID NO:5所示的VL CDR2和如SEQ ID NO:6所示的VL CDR3。
2.如权利要求1所述的抗体或其片段,其特征在于,所述抗体或其片段还包含重链恒定区、轻链恒定区、Fc区或其结合。
3.如权利要求2所述的抗体或其片段,其特征在于,所述抗体是人源化抗体。
4.如权利要求3所述的抗体或其片段,其特征在于,所述抗体或其片段包含重链可变区,所述重链可变区包含选自以下组中一个或多个根据Kabat编号的氨基酸残基:
(a)第44位的Ser,
(b)第49位的Ala,
(c)第91位的Ile,
(d)第1位的Glu,
(e)第37位的Val,
(f)第40位的Thr,
(g)第77位的Asn,
(h)第94位的Arg,和
(i)第108位的Thr。
5.如权利要求4所述的抗体或其片段,其特征在于,所述抗体或其片段包含重链可变区,所述重链可变区包含下述根据Kabat编号的氨基酸残基及其组合:(a)第44位的Ser,(b)第49位的Ala和/或(c)第91位的Ile。
6.如权利要求3所述的抗体或其片段,其特征在于,所述抗体或其片段包含轻链可变区,所述轻链可变区包含下述一个或多个根据Kabat编号的氨基酸残基:
(a)第22位的Ser,
(b)第42位的Gln,
(c)第43位的Ser,
(d)第60位的Asp,和
(e)第63位的Thr。
7.如权利要求1~6任一项所述的抗体或其片段,其特征在于,所述抗体或其片段包含重链可变区,所述重链可变区包含选自SEQ ID NO:7-26组成的组中的氨基酸序列,或与SEQID NO:7-26组成的组中的氨基酸序列至少有90%序列同源性的肽。
8.如权利要求7所述的抗体或其片段,其特征在于,所述抗体或其片段包含轻链可变区,所述轻链可变区包含选自SEQ ID NO:27~33组成的组中的氨基酸序列,或与SEQ IDNO:27~33组成的组中的氨基酸序列至少有90%同源性的肽。
9.如权利要求1所述的抗体或其片段,其特征在于,所述抗体或其片段包含氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO:20所示的重链可变区和氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO:28所示的轻链可变区。
10.一种分离的抗体或其片段,其中所述抗体或其片段可以特异性结合人程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)蛋白的免疫球蛋白C(Ig C)结构域,其中所述Ig C结构域由133~225个氨基酸残基组成。
11.如权利要求10所述的抗体或其片段,其特征在于,所述抗体或其片段结合PD-L1蛋白的Y134、K162或N183中的至少一个氨基酸残基。
12.如权利要求10所述的抗体或其片段,其特征在于,所述抗体或其片段结合PD-L1蛋白的氨基酸残基Y134、K162和N183。
13.如权利要求10所述的抗体或其片段,其特征在于,所述抗体或其片段不结合PD-L1蛋白的免疫球蛋白V(Ig V)结构域,其中所述Ig V结构域由19~127个氨基酸残基组成。
14.如权利要求10~13任一项所述的抗体或其片段,其特征在于,所述抗体或其片段是嵌合抗体、人源化抗体或全人源抗体。
15.如权利要求9所述的抗体或其片段,其特征在于,所述抗体或其片段是人源化抗体。
16.一种组合物,其特征在于,所述组合物包含如权利要求1~15任一项所述的抗体或其片段和药学上可接受的载体。
17.一种分离的细胞,其特征在于,所述细胞包含编码如权利要求1~15任一项所述的抗体或其片段的一种或多种多聚核苷酸。
18.一种分离的双特异性抗体,其特征在于,所述双特异性抗体包含权利要求1~15任一项所述的片段和对免疫细胞上的分子具有特异性的第二抗原结合片段。
19.如权利要求18所述的双特异性抗体,其特征在于,所述分子包括PD-1、CTLA-4、LAG-3、CD28、CD122、4-1BB、TIM3、OX-40、OX40L、CD40、CD40L、LIGHT、ICOS、ICOSL、GITR、GITRL、TIGIT、CD27、VISTA、B7H3、B7H4、HEVM、BTLA、KIR和CD47。
20.如权利要求19所述的双特异性抗体,其特征在于,所述片段和第二片段各自独立地选自Fab片段、单链可变片段(scFv)或单域抗体。
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