CN113519362A - High-yield cultivation method for positioning precision seeding of hybrid rice - Google Patents
High-yield cultivation method for positioning precision seeding of hybrid rice Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-yield cultivation method for positioning precision seeding of hybrid rice, which comprises the following steps: taking hybrid rice seeds and braiding; dividing a field block into a plurality of rows, and marking two ends of each row; during sowing, according to the marked rows in the field, each sowing belt is laid on the surface of the field in sequence, each sowing belt is ensured to take the first seed as a starting point, and the first seeds of all the sowing belts are leveled and lined; and carrying out weed management, water management and nutrient management after sowing until the rice is mature and harvested. The invention introduces the seeding belt technology into the rice direct seeding technology, and combines reasonable seeding measures and water and fertilizer management measures, thereby fully exerting the single-plant tillering capability of the hybrid rice, obviously improving the tillering percentage and the effective spike number, reducing the nutrient consumption of ineffective tillering, forming a good population structure, improving the ventilation and light transmission capability of the rice population and further improving the rice yield.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of direct-seeding rice cultivation, in particular to a high-yield cultivation method for positioning and precision seeding of hybrid rice.
Background
Direct seeding rice has a series of advantages of water saving, labor saving, suitability for mechanized cultivation and the like, so that the direct seeding rice is gradually accepted by farmers, and a series of related scientific researches including related research contents of nutrient management, water regulation, weed control and the like of the direct seeding rice are developed successively.
The direct seeding of rice has broadcast sowing, drill sowing, hill sowing and the like, and farmers mostly broadcast sowing at present in production, for example, unmanned aerial vehicle sowing developed on the basis of broadcast sowing technology is rapidly developing, and the unmanned aerial vehicle sowing is accepted by more and more farmers due to the characteristics of high speed and high efficiency. However, the large amount of seed is a common characteristic of manual sowing, unmanned aerial vehicle sowing and even mechanical hole (row) sowing. In order to ensure the seedling emergence to be regular, the seed consumption is usually as high as 40-60kg ha when the seedlings are directly sown-1And even higher, the popularization of the hybrid rice direct seeding technology under the condition of high seed consumption is greatly limited, and because the price of hybrid rice seeds is higher, the seed consumption per mu is about 0.5kg for seedling raising and transplanting rice fields at present, and the seed consumption for direct seeding is too high, the production cost is greatly increased, so that the direct seeding technology cannot be applied to the production of hybrid rice. In recent years, the cost of labor force is increased, the cost of raising and transplanting hybrid rice seedlings is increased, so that the income of rice farmers is reduced, and the enthusiasm of farmers for planting hybrid rice is reduced.
Therefore, the technology for realizing the precision direct seeding of the hybrid rice has important significance for realizing the popularization of the hybrid rice, further expanding the market of the hybrid rice and ensuring the food safety in China.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a high-yield cultivation method for positioning and precision seeding of hybrid rice, which introduces a seeding belt technology into a rice direct seeding technology and obviously improves the emergence rate, the tillering number, the canopy interception rate, the spike number and the yield of the hybrid rice by matching reasonable seeding measures and water and fertilizer management means.
The specific technical scheme is as follows:
a hybrid rice cultivation method based on direct seeding of a seeding zone comprises the following steps:
(1) taking hybrid rice seeds, selecting seeds, and then braiding to prepare a seeding belt with the seeds wrapped in the rope belt at equal intervals;
(2) firstly, ploughing and leveling a field block, discharging redundant water layers in the field block, keeping the surface of the field free of open water, dividing the field block into a plurality of rows according to a preset planting row spacing, and marking two ends of each row;
(3) during sowing, cutting the sowing belts manufactured in the step (1) into a plurality of strips with specified lengths according to the number of rows and the length of the field block divided in the step (2), and sequentially paving each sowing belt on the surface of the field block according to the marked rows in the field block to ensure that each sowing belt takes the first seeds as a starting point and the first seeds of all the sowing belts are level and lined;
(4) pressing the sowed sowing belt to enable the sowing belt to be fully contacted with soil, and performing weed management, water management and nutrient management after sowing until rice is ripe and harvested;
the moisture management includes: keeping the field surface in an open water-free state within 6-8 days after sowing, and keeping a 1-3 cm diving layer until the hybrid rice enters a tillering middle stage after seeds sprout and send seedlings; keeping the depth of the water layer to be 5-10cm until the rice is ripe and harvested;
the nutrient management comprises the following steps: the total application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 5-8 kg/mu in terms of N element; applying one third of the total application amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer as a base fertilizer 14-16 days after sowing; after 40-50 days of sowing, applying one third of the total application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer as a tillering fertilizer; and finally, applying one third of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer as ear fertilizer in the young ear differentiation period of the hybrid rice.
Further, in the step (1), the seed selection mode is as follows: pouring the seeds to be selected into tap water to be completely submerged, continuously stirring for 25-35 s, selecting impurities and blighted grains floating on the water surface, and draining and drying other residual seeds.
Further, in the step (1), the hybrid rice variety is super-excellent thousand.
Furthermore, the row spacing between the sowing belts is 24-26 cm, and the spacing between the rice seeds in the sowing belts is 8-12 cm.
Further, in the step (3), the sowing tape is soaked in water for 24 hours the day before sowing, and sowing is carried out after draining.
Further, in the step (4), the pressing manner is as follows: and (3) rolling each sowing belt along each row in turn by adopting a PVC cylinder so as to ensure that the sowing belts are fully contacted with the soil.
Further, in the step (4), the weed management mode is as follows:
(A) irrigating a shallow water layer 2-4 days after sowing;
(B) preparing a medicament according to the proportion of mixing 100-115 ml of missible oil with volume fraction of 28-32% per mu with 30 kg of water, and uniformly spraying the medicament into the field; or preparing a medicament by mixing 20 kg of fine moisture soil with 100 ml of missible oil with the volume fraction of 28-32% per mu, and uniformly spreading the medicament in the field;
(C) when the rice seedlings are in the 2-4 leaf stage, preparing a medicament according to the proportion that 35-45 g of quinclorac and bensulfuron methyl wettable powder with the mass fraction of 50% is mixed with 30 kg of water per mu, and uniformly spraying the medicament in a field.
Further, in the step (4), P is added2O5The total application amount of the phosphate fertilizer is 5-8 kg/mu; with K2And O, the total application amount of the potassium fertilizer is 5-6 kg/mu.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention introduces the seeding belt technology into the rice direct seeding technology, and combines reasonable seeding measures and water and fertilizer management measures, thereby fully exerting the single-plant tillering capability of the hybrid rice, obviously improving the tillering percentage and the effective spike number, reducing the nutrient consumption of ineffective tillering, forming a good population structure, improving the ventilation and light transmission capability of the rice population and further improving the rice yield.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a comparison of the light interception rates of canopy of super-optimal 1000 under different planting conditions at different growth periods; where the data used are mean. + -. standard error.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following specific examples, which are only illustrative of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.
Example 1
Test materials and treatments
The following examples were conducted using super-excellent 1000 (commercial variety, thousand kernel weight 25g) as a test variety for direct-seeding field test of rice for setting 3 test treatments, respectively: three modes of direct sowing of sowing belt, manual broadcasting and mechanical dibbling (each cell is called sowing belt cell, manual broadcasting cell and mechanical dibbling cell for short), each treatment is set to be repeated for 3 times, and the area of each cell is 50m2(10 m.times.5 m) and a seeding rate of 1g/m2I.e., 10kg/ha, the row pitch is set to 25cm, so that the seeded cells have 40 rows per cell and a row length of 5 m.
Second, concrete test method
1. Sowing method based on sowing belt
(1) Taking the hybrid rice seeds with the super-optimal quality of 1000, pouring the seeds with the super-optimal quality of 1000 into tap water to be completely submerged, continuously stirring for 30s, selecting out impurities and blighted grains floating on the water surface, draining and drying other residual seeds, and then braiding to prevent the impurities in the seeds from blocking a seed suction disc and preventing seed leakage;
the preset sowing row spacing is 25cm, the seed spacing is calculated according to the sowing quantity and the thousand kernel weight before sowing, and rice seeds are prepared into a sowing belt for wrapping the seeds at equal intervals inside according to the spacing of 10cm by using a rice and wheat breeding precision seed sowing device jointly developed by Shandong Weifang seed pill agricultural technology Limited company and Hainan university;
(2) firstly, ploughing and leveling a field block, discharging redundant water layers in the field block, keeping the surface of the field free of open water, dividing the field block into a plurality of rows according to a preset planting row spacing, and marking two ends of each row;
(3) soaking the sowing belt in water for 24 hours one day before sowing, and sowing after draining; cutting the sowing belt into strips with specified lengths according to the length of the cell during sowing, sequentially paving the sowing belt on the surface of the ploughed land according to the marked row spacing, taking one end as the same position when paving the sowing belt, and always keeping a first seed in the sowing belt at the position of the starting point at one end so as to ensure that rice plants can be arranged in a row in two directions parallel to and perpendicular to the sowing row direction after the rice seedlings emerge, thereby ensuring that a rice group has better ventilation and light transmission capability;
(4) after the seeding of the whole experimental plot is finished, sequentially rolling each drill seeding strip along each row by adopting a PVC cylinder with the diameter of 20cm so as to ensure that the seeding strips are fully contacted with the soil.
2. Sowing method based on manual broadcast sowing
(i) Taking the super-excellent 1000 hybrid rice seeds, pouring the super-excellent 1000 seeds into tap water to be completely submerged, continuously stirring for 30s, selecting impurities and blighted grains floating on the water surface, draining and drying other residual seeds, wherein the weight of the seeds in each manual broadcast cell is 50 g;
(ii) soaking the sowing belt in water for 24 hours one day before sowing, and sowing after draining; the preset planting row spacing is 25cm, firstly, plowing and leveling the field block, discharging redundant water layers in the field block, keeping the surface of the field free of open water, and then uniformly sowing rice seeds on the plowed and leveled small area plane according to the preset planting row spacing.
3. Seeding method based on mechanical dibbling
(i) Taking the super-excellent hybrid rice seeds 1000, selecting impurities and blighted grains by a seed treatment method before sowing which is the same as that in the step 2, and drying again, wherein the seed consumption of each cell is 50 g;
(ii) sowing is carried out by using a Ming 2BDX-10A type rice precision hill planter, the row spacing is set to be 25cm, the sowing quantity is 1g/m2, the open water on the field surface of a plot is drained before sowing, the field surface is kept moist and has no water layer after sowing, the seeds are prevented from flooding, and the emergence rate is reduced.
After sowing, all test field pieces are uniformly and finely managed, and the conditions of weeds, water and nutrients in the fields are well controlled until the rice is ripe and harvested;
the water management method comprises the following steps: in 7 days after sowing, the field surface is kept in an open water-free state, drainage measures are taken when more rainwater exists, and horse race water needs to be poured to keep the field surface moist and no flooding occurs when continuous sunny weather occurs; after the seeds sprout out, keeping a 1-3 cm diving layer until the hybrid rice enters a tillering middle stage, keeping the diving layer at the stage favorable for the growth and tillering of rice plants, fully exerting the tillering capability of rice individuals, beginning to irrigate deep water after the tillering prosperity stage, and keeping the depth of the water layer at 5-10cm until the rice is mature and harvested.
The mode of weed management is: irrigating a shallow water layer 2-4 days after sowing; preparing a medicament according to the proportion of mixing 100-115 ml of missible oil with volume fraction of 28-32% per mu with 30 kg of water, and uniformly spraying the medicament into the field; or preparing a medicament by mixing 20 kg of fine moisture soil with 100 ml of missible oil with the volume fraction of 28-32% per mu, and uniformly spreading the medicament in the field; when the rice seedlings are in the 2-4 leaf stage, preparing a medicament according to the proportion that 35-45 g of quinclorac and bensulfuron methyl wettable powder with the mass fraction of 50% is mixed with 30 kg of water per mu, and uniformly spraying the medicament in a field.
The nutrient management mode is as follows: with P2O5The total application amount of the phosphate fertilizer is 6 kg/mu in terms of K2O, the total application amount of the potassium fertilizer is 4 kg/mu, and the phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is applied as a base fertilizer at one time during soil preparation; the total application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 5-8 kg/mu, and one third of the total application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is applied as a base fertilizer 14-16 days after sowing; after 40-50 days of sowing, applying one third of the total application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer as a tillering fertilizer, wherein the application of the nitrogen fertilizer at this stage is favorable for promoting tillering; and finally, applying one third of the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer as spike fertilizer in the young spike differentiation period of the hybrid rice, promoting the differentiation of glumes and increasing the number of glumes per spike.
Third, index detection and results
1. And (3) counting the emergence condition: sowing for 15 daysThen, take 0.25m per cell2And (3) counting the seedling emergence conditions of all plants in the area, wherein the plot is broadcast manually, and a loop method is used for sampling, namely a square wood frame with the length and the width of 0.5m is made before sampling, a position is randomly selected during sampling, the wood frame is placed in the field, all the seedlings in the wood frame are considered, and for the plot with the sowing belt and the mechanical dibbling, the length of 1.25m is randomly selected in the plot for counting the seedling emergence statistics.
2. Counting tillering conditions: and (4) beginning 45 days after sowing, and investigating the tillering condition of 1000 super-excellent seeds under different planting modes every 5 days for 5 times.
3. And (3) carrying out statistics on the interception rate of the canopy: and (3) measuring the canopy illumination interception rate of the two rice varieties in the middle tillering stage by using LP-80. During measurement, in a broadcast sowing cell, 6 positions are randomly selected to respectively measure the illumination radiation above and below the canopy, and in a mechanical dibbling and sowing zone sowing cell, 6 positions are also selected, wherein 3 positions are measured along the row direction, the other 3 positions are perpendicular to the row direction, and after 6 groups of values are measured, the illumination interception rate of each cell is calculated by taking the average value.
4. Yield composition factor and actual yield statistics: at the mature stage, each cell is respectively selected to be 5m2Harvesting and threshing the plants with uniform growth, taking the plants as a yield measuring area, independently drying in the sun and winnowing, weighing the dry grains, simultaneously measuring the moisture content of the dry grains, and then calculating the yield of the rice with the reduced water content of 14%. Selecting a row of 2m plants around the 5m 2-measured part of each cell, and randomly selecting 0.5m plants in the broadcast cell by using a loop method2All rice plants in the range are cleaned and taken back to a laboratory, the number of effective ears per root (more than 5 saturated grains are marked as one effective ear) is inspected, the ears are threshed manually, and the straws are put into an oven and dried to constant weight at 70 ℃. Separating out saturated grains by a water separation mode, air-drying the rest part, then carrying out air separation by an air separator to obtain half-saturated grains and empty grains, weighing three parts of 30.0g of saturated grains and 2.0g of empty grains as small samples, manually counting the number of the solid grains and the empty grains, calculating the total number of the saturated grains and the empty grains, and carrying out air separation on the half-saturated grainsCounting the total number of the seeds without taking a small sample, and drying and weighing the seeds to calculate the number of glumes per spike, the maturing rate and the thousand seed weight.
The results are shown in tables 1 to 3 below and fig. 1:
TABLE 1 actual sowing density and emergence under different sowing conditions of 1000 super-optimal seeds
Note: data are mean ± sd, and the same letters in the same column indicate no significant difference between the two, while different letters indicate that the two differ significantly at the 0.05 level.
Under different sowing modes, the theoretical sowing quantity is consistent, and the actual sowing quantity has no significant difference. However, the variation in the actual seeding rate during the investigation is large, and the variation in the actual seeding rate of the seeding belt is small at different investigation positions. In terms of average number of emergence and average rate of emergence, no significant difference exists between manual sowing and seed sowing, but the variation of the two indexes is large. The number of seedlings after sowing is less than that of other two sowing modes when the machine dibbles.
Table 2 tillering and spiking of superior 1000 under different planting conditions.
Note: data are mean ± sd, and the same letters in the same column indicate no significant difference between the two, while different letters indicate that the two differ significantly at the 0.05 level.
When the sowing belt is used, the tillering number of a single plant is obviously higher than that of a sowing treatment, the variation of the tillering number among different single plants is small, and under the sowing condition, the tillering condition of different individuals is large. In the whole view, the maximum tillering number per unit area under the sowing condition is higher than that of the sowing belt treatment, but the ear forming rate under the sowing belt treatment is higher, and the final effective ear number is obviously higher than that of the sowing treatment. The tillering number of the single plant treated by the mechanical dibbling is equivalent to the numerical value treated by the sowing belt, but the final unit area spike number is lower than that treated by the sowing belt, and the spike rate is not obviously different from that treated by the sowing belt.
As shown in fig. 1, the illumination interception rate of the canopy processed by the sowing belt has no significant difference between the tillering middle stage and the broadcasting processing, and the illumination interception rate of the canopy processed by the sowing belt is significantly higher than that of the broadcasting processing in the young ear differentiation and full ear period, so that the ear forming rate is high and more effective ears are obtained under the sowing belt processing, and meanwhile, the uniformity of the sowing belt processing population is higher and the variation error is very small. The mechanical dibbling and tillering middle-stage canopy interception rate is low and has large variation, the canopy interception rate is gradually increased along with the generation of tillering and the high tillering and heading rate at the later stage, and the canopy interception rate of the mechanical dibbling and tillering at the heading stage is between the other two sowing modes. The higher canopy interception rate in the later period is beneficial to the grouting and fructification of rice and the improvement of the final yield.
Table 3 yield of ultra-high 1000 under different planting conditions and its constitutive factors.
Note: data are mean ± sd, and the same letters in the same column indicate no significant difference between the two, while different letters indicate that the two differ significantly at the 0.05 level.
In terms of yield performance, the yield of the seeding belt treatment is obviously higher than that of the mechanical dibbling treatment and is obviously higher than that of the broadcasting treatment, and in addition, the seed setting rate under the seeding belt treatment and the mechanical dibbling treatment is higher than that of the broadcasting treatment, which is probably because the more uniform individual distribution forms a more reasonable group structure, thereby being beneficial to the synthesis of the group photosynthetic products and the filling and filling of the seeds.
Claims (8)
1. A high-yield cultivation method for positioning precision seeding of hybrid rice is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) taking hybrid rice seeds, selecting seeds, and then braiding to prepare a seeding belt with the seeds wrapped in the rope belt at equal intervals;
(2) firstly, ploughing and leveling a field block, discharging redundant water layers in the field block, keeping the surface of the field free of open water, dividing the field block into a plurality of rows according to a preset planting row spacing, and marking two ends of each row;
(3) during sowing, cutting the sowing belts manufactured in the step (1) into a plurality of strips with specified lengths according to the number of rows and the length of the field block divided in the step (2), and sequentially paving each sowing belt on the surface of the field block according to the marked rows in the field block to ensure that each sowing belt takes the first seeds as a starting point and the first seeds of all the sowing belts are level and lined;
(4) pressing the sowed sowing belt to enable the sowing belt to be fully contacted with soil, and performing weed management, water management and nutrient management after sowing until rice is ripe and harvested;
the moisture management includes: keeping the field surface in an open water-free state within 6-8 days after sowing, and keeping a 1-3 cm diving layer until the hybrid rice enters a tillering middle stage after seeds sprout and send seedlings; keeping the depth of the water layer to be 5-10cm until the rice is ripe and harvested;
the nutrient management comprises the following steps: the total application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 5-8 kg/mu in terms of N element; applying one third of the total application amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer as a base fertilizer 14-16 days after sowing; after 40-50 days of sowing, applying one third of the total application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer as a tillering fertilizer; and finally, applying one third of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer as ear fertilizer in the young ear differentiation period of the hybrid rice.
2. The high-yield cultivation method of hybrid rice by positioning and precision seeding according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the seed selection mode is as follows: pouring the seeds to be selected into tap water to be completely submerged, continuously stirring for 25-35 s, selecting impurities and blighted grains floating on the water surface, and draining and drying other residual seeds.
3. The high-yield cultivation method of hybrid rice by positioning precision seeding according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the variety of the hybrid rice is super-fine-thousand.
4. The high-yield cultivation method for the positioned precision seeding of hybrid rice as claimed in claim 3, wherein the row spacing between the seeding bands is 24-26 cm, and the spacing between the rice seeds in the seeding bands is 8-12 cm.
5. The high-yield cultivation method of hybrid rice by positioning precision seeding according to claim 4, wherein in the step (3), the seeding belt is immersed in water for 24 hours a day before seeding, and the seeding is performed after draining.
6. The high-yield cultivation method of hybrid rice by positioning and precision seeding according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the pressing mode is as follows: and (3) rolling each sowing belt along each row in turn by adopting a PVC cylinder so as to ensure that the sowing belts are fully contacted with the soil.
7. The high-yield cultivation method of the hybrid rice by the site-directed precision seeding according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the weed management is performed in a manner that:
(A) irrigating a shallow water layer 2-4 days after sowing;
(B) preparing a medicament according to the proportion of mixing 100-115 ml of missible oil with volume fraction of 28-32% per mu with 30 kg of water, and uniformly spraying the medicament into the field; or preparing a medicament by mixing 20 kg of fine moisture soil with 100 ml of missible oil with the volume fraction of 28-32% per mu, and uniformly spreading the medicament in the field;
(C) when the rice seedlings are in the 2-4 leaf stage, preparing a medicament according to the proportion that 35-45 g of quinclorac and bensulfuron methyl wettable powder with the mass fraction of 50% is mixed with 30 kg of water per mu, and uniformly spraying the medicament in a field.
8. The method for high-yield cultivation of hybrid rice by site-directed precision seeding according to claim 1, wherein in step (4), P is used2O5The total application amount of the phosphate fertilizer is 5 to E8 kg/mu; with K2And O, the total application amount of the potassium fertilizer is 5-6 kg/mu.
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