CN112772315A - Whole-course mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corn in Huang-Huai-Hai tide soil area - Google Patents
Whole-course mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corn in Huang-Huai-Hai tide soil area Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a whole-course mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corns in Huang-Huai-Hai tide soil areas, the whole-course mechanized operation is adopted in the planting method, the fertilizer application saves the cost, and meanwhile, the applied fertilizer is mainly a special compound fertilizer; the influence of the shortage of labor force in the generation rural areas on agricultural production is really solved, the yield is ensured by reducing the using amount, the nutrient utilization rate is obviously improved, the loss risk is reduced, and the method has good environmental and economic benefits. The plant protection and control method adopts mechanical spraying to replace the traditional manual spraying, saves labor and has low cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a whole-course mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corns in Huang-Huai-Hai tide soil areas, belonging to the field of crop planting.
Background
Corn is one of the important food crops in China, China is the second largest corn producing country and consuming country next to the United states, and the seeding area is the largest. The Huang-Huai moisture soil area is one of the important corn main production areas in China, and occupies a great position in the contribution of the corn yield. With the rapid development of social economy, the living standard of residents is improved, and the food consumption structure is correspondingly changed, so that the total demand of the corn is continuously increased.
In recent 50 years, the increase of the single yield accounts for 84.9 percent in the increase of the total corn yield in China, the area is 15.1 percent, namely the increase of the total corn yield is mainly realized by the single yield, so the unit area yield of the corn must be improved by an efficient planting mode, and the aims of guaranteeing the grain yield and the grain safety in China are fulfilled. The application amount of the fertilizer is generally higher in China, but the crop yield and the fertilizer utilization rate are gradually reduced. Unreasonable planting methods account for approximately 30% of the fertilizer loss.
Chinese patent document CN110115209A discloses a wheat and corn annual 'double-minimum tillage' high-efficiency cultivation method. The method makes full use of the existing cultivation mode to the utmost extent, optimizes and integrates the light, temperature and water management of the two-season crops through the change of the cultivation mode, and achieves the aims of water and fertilizer complementation, annual overall planning and efficient utilization of the two-season crops. Which comprises the following steps: in the wheat planting season: the area is a Huang-Huai-Hai wheat area, after the crops in the previous season are harvested, stubble cleaning and leveling treatment is carried out on the ground surface, and wheat is sown in a small tillage mode by adopting a no-tillage stubble covering precision seeder, wherein the deep scarification depth is 45cm, the leveling width of a seedling zone is 8cm, the sowing depth of the wheat is 5cm, and the application depth of seed fertilizers is 15 cm; in the corn planting season: the area is a Huang-Huai-Hai wheat area, after the wheat in the previous season is harvested, the surface of the wheat area is subjected to stubble cleaning and leveling treatment, and the no-tillage stubble covering precision seeder is adopted to operate and sow the corn in a minimum tillage mode, wherein the deep scarification depth is 25cm, the leveling width of a corn seedling belt is 6cm, the corn sowing depth is 3cm, the seed fertilizer application depth is 10Ccm, and the corn plant spacing is 12 cm. The method realizes high-efficiency cultivation from little ploughing, and cannot really realize high-yield and synergistic effects on Huang-Huai sea tide soil areas.
With the gradual loss of the population dividend of China, the current rural labor cost is greatly increased dramatically, but the conventional fertilization mode (multiple stages and stages) in the current region still needs to occupy too much rural labor, so that the production cost is increased, and the economic benefit of corn planting is reduced.
Therefore, a more efficient and reasonable, labor-saving and environment-friendly fertilization mode is further explored according to the fertilizer requirement rule of summer corns, and the method has important significance for realizing high-yield and simplified fertilization of the summer corns. The research and development of a whole-course mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corns in Huang-Huai-Hai tide soil areas is urgently needed.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a whole-course mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corns in Huang-Huai-Hai tide soil areas.
In order to solve the problems, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the whole-course mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corns in Huang-Huai-Hai tide soil areas comprises the following steps:
(1) performing soil preparation before sowing, and adopting different soil preparation modes according to the coverage of wheat straws of previous stubbles: if the wheat straws are completely covered, deep ploughing is carried out for 1-2 times, if the wheat straw coverage is 1/2, a rotary cultivator with a deep ploughing function is used for carrying out deep ploughing for 1-2 times, if the wheat straw coverage is 1/4, the rotary cultivator with the deep ploughing function is used for carrying out deep ploughing for 1-2 times, and the field water holding capacity of the soil with the soil depth of 10 cm or less is 65-70% after land preparation and before sowing; watering for soil moisture 5-7 days before sowing in drought, or watering for covering water after sowing in time;
(2) selecting Zhengdan 958 and Tieguan series corn varieties, sunning the corn varieties for 1-2 days before sowing, and dressing the corn varieties by using a coating agent;
(3) confirm suitable seeding date according to weather, variety type, soil moisture content, carry out mechanized seeding in suitable seeding date, adopt the no-tillage precision planter of maize to go on during the seeding, carry out fertilizer basal fertilization simultaneously when seeding, along with the deep application of side direction together of no-tillage precision planter of maize, the fertilizer of basal fertilization includes: coated urea and/or compound fertilizers;
(4) after corn is sowed and before seedlings, herbicide is sprayed on the ground surface to form a layer of pesticide film on the ground surface, and herbicide and chrysanthemum ester reagents are sprayed in the corn seedling stage for mechanical plant protection;
(5) in the corn jointing stage or the small horn mouth stage, a high-clearance intertillage fertilizer applicator or a light small field machine is adopted for carrying out the middle cultivationPloughing and topdressing mechanized operation; the irrigation quantity is determined according to the rainfall condition, and the irrigation quantity is ensured to be 10m3~30m3Per mu;
(6) the combine harvester with straw crushing and rotary tillage functions is adopted for harvesting, and crushed corn straws are returned to the field.
According to the invention, in the step (1), the deep ploughing operation depth is 20-30cm, and the deep scarification operation depth is 20-30 cm.
Preferably, in the step (1), in addition to the land preparation mode, deep ploughing is carried out on the land every 1 year; the corn straws are collected once every other year, so that the returning amount is reduced.
Most preferably, the soil preparation method in the step (1) adopts the following steps: the coverage of the corn straws is 1/2, and a rotary cultivator with the deep loosening function is adopted to perform deep loosening and soil preparation for 2 times.
According to the invention, in the step (3), the row spacing of the no-tillage precision corn planter is 55-65 cm, the procedures of fertilization, sowing and pressing are completed at one time, and the sowing depth is 3-6 cm.
The corn sowing depth is determined according to the soil moisture content and the soil texture, and the sowing depth is generally 4-5 cm; when the clay or soil is over-wet, the sowing depth is 3-4 cm; the soil moisture at the bottom is insufficient, and the sowing depth of sandy soil and sandy loam is 5-6 cm; the sowing depth is consistent, and the group uniformity is improved.
Preferably, in the step (3), when the fertilizer applied to the base is the compound fertilizer, the compound fertilizer is a special compound fertilizer for corn with the dosage of 25-30 kg/mu, wherein the compound fertilizer is N-P2O5-K2O accounting for 15% -15%;
when the fertilizers for basal application are compound fertilizers and coated urea, the application amount of the coated urea is 25-30 kg/mu, the compound fertilizer is a special compound fertilizer for corn with the N-P2O5-K2O accounting for 15% -15%, and the application amount is 18-25 kg/mu.
According to the invention, in the step (3), when the fertilizer is applied as the base fertilizer, the distance between the seed fertilizer and the fertilizer is 8-15 cm, the depth of the fertilizer is 5-8 cm, and the fertilizer strips are uniform and continuous.
Preferably, in step (4), the liquid spraying amount of the herbicide before seedling after corn sowing is 140-160 l/ha, and a mechanical spraying machine is used for carrying out.
Preferably, in the step (4), herbicide is sprayed at the 3-5 leaf stage of the corn seedlings and the 2-5 leaf stage of the weeds; spraying a jerusalem artichoke reagent to prevent and control the corn borers by adopting a high-clearance spray rod type sprayer or a power sprayer.
The pyrethroid reagent adopts the conventional reagent in the field.
Preferably, in the step (5), when only the compound fertilizer is applied to the base-applied fertilizer, 15-20 kg/mu of urea is additionally applied, the additional application part is positioned at the row side of the plant by 10-20 cm, the width of the fertilizer strip is more than or equal to 3cm, no obvious broken strip exists, and the soil is tightly covered after the fertilizer is applied.
When the base fertilizer is a compound fertilizer and coated urea, no additional fertilizer is needed.
Preferably, in step (5), the top dressing period is as follows: in the corn jointing stage or the small horn mouth stage, topdressing is carried out by adopting a high-clearance intertillage fertilizer applicator or a light small field machine.
According to the invention, in the step (6), 10-15 days before harvesting, the field investigation is carried out on the lodging degree, the row spacing, the ear sag and the lowest ear height of the corn, and an operation plan is made; leveling ditches and ridge stands in the field 3-5 days before harvesting, and installing marks at unknown obstacles to facilitate safe operation; the machine tool is comprehensively inspected and maintained, and the debugging and preparation work of the machine tool is well done.
According to the invention, in the step (6), the length of the crushed straws is less than or equal to 10 cm, the stubble height is less than or equal to 5cm, the missed cutting is prevented, and the straws are uniformly thrown on the ground; the disc harrow or the rotary cultivator is used for one time, and the crushed straws and the surface soil are fully mixed while the stubbles are cut.
The equipment used in the invention is the existing equipment.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the planting method provided by the invention selects good varieties with stable yield and lodging resistance, such as Zhengdan 958 and Tiepi series, in Huang-Huai-Hai areas, and can ensure the yield of corn.
2. The planting method adopts mechanized operation in the whole process, saves the cost by fertilizing, and simultaneously the applied fertilizer is mainly special compound fertilizer; the influence of the shortage of labor force in the generation rural areas on agricultural production is really solved, the yield is ensured by reducing the using amount, the nutrient utilization rate is obviously improved, the loss risk is reduced, and the method has good environmental and economic benefits. The plant protection and control method adopts mechanical spraying to replace the traditional manual spraying, saves labor and has low cost.
3. The cultivation modes of the corn harvesting method are matched, and deep ploughing or deep scarification is needed before wheat is planted when all the corn straws are returned to the field; when the corn is harvested through ensiling or the straws are not returned to the field, rotary tillage is performed before wheat is planted, so that the corn straws returned to the field are fully decomposed, meanwhile, the straw decomposition process and wheat are prevented from being fertilized, the wheat seedlings in the next crop are uniform and strong, and the good crop rotation effect of the wheat and the corn in the Huanghuai sea tide soil area is ensured.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a bar graph showing the effect of different straw differential coverage and cultivation methods on corn yield in a moisture soil area.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following examples, without limiting the scope of the invention thereto.
Example 1
The whole-course mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corns in Huang-Huai-Hai tide soil areas comprises the following steps:
(1) soil preparation is carried out before sowing, the straw coverage is 1/2, and a rotary cultivator with a deep loosening function is adopted to carry out deep loosening and soil preparation for 2 times. After land preparation and before sowing, the field water capacity of the soil with the depth of more than 10 cm of the soil layer reaches 65-70%; watering for soil moisture 5-7 days before sowing in drought, or watering for covering water after sowing in time;
(2) selecting iron stem series corn varieties, sunning the corn varieties for 1 day before sowing, and dressing the corn varieties with a coating agent;
(3) confirm suitable seeding date according to weather, variety type, soil moisture content, carry out mechanized seeding in suitable seeding date, adopt the no-tillage precision planter of maize to go on during the seeding, carry out fertilizer basal fertilization simultaneously when seeding, along with the deep application of side direction together of no-tillage precision planter of maize, the fertilizer of basal fertilization includes: coating urea and compound fertilizer; the application amount of the coated urea is 20 kg/mu, the compound fertilizer is a special compound fertilizer for corn with the N-P2O5-K2O accounting for 15% -15%, and the application amount is 20 kg/mu; the row spacing of the no-tillage precision corn seeder is 60 cm, the procedures of fertilization, seeding and pressing are completed at one time, the seeding depth of the corn is determined according to the soil moisture content and the soil texture, and the seeding depth is generally 4-5 cm; 3-4 cm when the clay or soil is over-wet; the soil moisture at the bottom is insufficient, and the sandy soil and sandy loam are 5-6 cm; the sowing depth is consistent, and the group uniformity is improved.
(4) After corn is sowed and before seedlings, herbicide is sprayed on the ground surface, the liquid spraying amount is 160 liters per hectare, a layer of pesticide film is formed on the ground surface, and the herbicide is sprayed on the corn seedlings in the 3-5 leaf stage and weeds in the 2-5 leaf stage; and a high-clearance spray rod type sprayer or a power sprayer is adopted for mechanical plant protection operation to prevent and control the corn borers.
(5) The irrigation quantity is determined according to the rainfall condition, and the irrigation quantity is ensured to be 20m3Per mu;
(6) performing field investigation on the lodging degree, the row spacing, the ear sag and the lowest ear height of the corn 10-15 days before harvesting, and making an operation plan; leveling ditches and ridge stands in the field 3-5 days before harvesting, and installing marks at unknown obstacles to facilitate safe operation; the machine tool is comprehensively inspected and maintained, and the debugging and preparation work of the machine tool is well done. Harvesting by adopting a combine harvester with straw crushing and rotary tillage functions, crushing corn straws and returning the crushed corn straws to the field, wherein the length of the crushed straws is less than or equal to 10 cm, the stubble height is less than or equal to 5cm, cutting missing is prevented, and the crushed straws are uniformly thrown on the ground; the disc harrow or the rotary cultivator is used for one time, and the crushed straws and the surface soil are fully mixed while the stubbles are cut.
Example 2
The whole-course mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corns in Huang-Huai-Hai tide soil areas comprises the following steps:
(1) performing soil preparation before sowing, and adopting different soil preparation modes according to the coverage of wheat straws of previous stubbles: when the wheat straw coverage is 1/4, deep ploughing and land preparation are carried out for 2 times by adopting a rotary cultivator with a deep ploughing function, and after land preparation and before sowing, the water holding capacity of the soil in the soil layer depth of less than 10 cm in the field reaches 65-70%; watering for soil moisture 5-7 days before sowing in drought, or watering for covering water after sowing in time;
(2) selecting Zhengdan 958 corn variety, sunning for 1 day before sowing, and dressing with coating agent;
(3) determining an appropriate sowing period according to climate, variety type and soil moisture content, mechanically sowing in the appropriate sowing period, wherein a corn no-tillage precision seeder is adopted for sowing, fertilizer base application is simultaneously carried out during sowing, the fertilizer is deeply applied along with the corn no-tillage precision seeder in a lateral direction, the fertilizer applied in the base application is a compound fertilizer, the compound fertilizer is a special compound fertilizer for corn with the application amount of 25 kg/mu, and the compound fertilizer is N-P2O5-K2O being 15% -15%; the row spacing of the no-tillage precision corn seeder is 60 cm, the procedures of fertilization, seeding and pressing are completed at one time, the seeding depth of the corn is determined according to the soil moisture content and the soil texture, and the seeding depth is generally 4-5 cm; 3-4 cm when the clay or soil is over-wet; the soil moisture at the bottom is insufficient, and the sandy soil and sandy loam are 5-6 cm; the sowing depth is consistent, and the group uniformity is improved.
(4) After corn is sowed and before seedlings, herbicide is sprayed on the ground surface, the liquid spraying amount is 150 liters per hectare, a layer of pesticide film is formed on the ground surface, and the herbicide is sprayed on the corn seedlings in the 3-5 leaf stage and weeds in the 2-5 leaf stage; and a high-clearance spray rod type sprayer or a power sprayer is adopted for mechanical plant protection operation to prevent and control the corn borers.
(5) In the corn jointing stage or the small horn mouth stage, intertillage and topdressing mechanized operation is carried out by adopting a high-clearance intertillage fertilizer applicator or a light small field machine; applying 18 kg/mu of urea, wherein the topdressing part is 15cm at the row side of the plant, the width of the fertilizer strip is more than or equal to 3cm, no obvious broken strip exists, and the soil is tightly covered after the fertilizer is applied. The irrigation quantity is determined according to the rainfall condition, and the irrigation quantity is ensured to be 30m3Per mu;
(6) performing field investigation on the lodging degree, the row spacing, the ear sag and the lowest ear height of the corn 15 days before harvesting, and making an operation plan; leveling ditches and ridge stands in the field 3-5 days before harvesting, and installing marks at unknown obstacles to facilitate safe operation; the machine tool is comprehensively inspected and maintained, and the debugging and preparation work of the machine tool is well done. Harvesting by adopting a combine harvester with straw crushing and rotary tillage functions, crushing corn straws and returning the crushed corn straws to the field, wherein the length of the crushed straws is less than or equal to 10 cm, the stubble height is less than or equal to 5cm, cutting missing is prevented, and the crushed straws are uniformly thrown on the ground; the disc harrow or the rotary cultivator is used for one time, and the crushed straws and the surface soil are fully mixed while the stubbles are cut.
Application example:
compared with the traditional planting mode, the method disclosed by the invention is applied to the growth seasons of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019, the yield of the wheat in two years shows an obvious yield increase advantage, and the method is mainly shown in the following steps:
1. effect of different protective farming practices on maize yield in dry-farming areas of moist soil
The influence of different protective farming measures (land preparation mode) on the corn yield in the wet and dry farming areas is shown in figure 1, and the corn yield of deep ploughing treatment is the highest under the condition of 1/4 straw coverage in the wet and dry farming areas as can be seen from figure 1; 1/2 under the condition of straw coverage, the yield of corn is highest in deep-loosening treatment, and under the condition of full straw coverage, the yield of corn is highest in deep-ploughing treatment, and no-ploughing treatment is carried out.
While the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the above description should not be taken as limiting the invention. Various modifications and alterations to this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined from the following claims.
Claims (10)
1. The whole-course mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corns in Huang-Huai-Hai tide soil areas comprises the following steps:
(1) performing soil preparation before sowing, and adopting different soil preparation modes according to the coverage of wheat straws of previous stubbles: if the wheat straws are completely covered, deep ploughing is carried out for 1-2 times, if the wheat straw coverage is 1/2, a rotary cultivator with a deep ploughing function is used for carrying out deep ploughing for 1-2 times, if the wheat straw coverage is 1/4, the rotary cultivator with the deep ploughing function is used for carrying out deep ploughing for 1-2 times, and the field water holding capacity of the soil with the soil depth of 10 cm or less is 65-70% after land preparation and before sowing; watering for soil moisture 5-7 days before sowing in drought, or watering for covering water after sowing in time;
(2) selecting Zhengdan 958 and Tieguan series corn varieties, sunning the corn varieties for 1-2 days before sowing, and dressing the corn varieties by using a coating agent;
(3) confirm suitable seeding date according to weather, variety type, soil moisture content, carry out mechanized seeding in suitable seeding date, adopt the no-tillage precision planter of maize to go on during the seeding, carry out fertilizer basal fertilization simultaneously when seeding, along with the deep application of side direction together of no-tillage precision planter of maize, the fertilizer of basal fertilization includes: coated urea and/or compound fertilizers;
(4) after corn is sowed and before seedlings, herbicide is sprayed on the ground surface to form a layer of pesticide film on the ground surface, and herbicide and chrysanthemum ester reagents are sprayed in the corn seedling stage for mechanical plant protection;
(5) in the corn jointing stage or the small horn mouth stage, intertillage and topdressing mechanized operation is carried out by adopting a high-clearance intertillage fertilizer applicator or a light small field machine; the irrigation quantity is determined according to the rainfall condition, and the irrigation quantity is ensured to be 10m3~30m3Per mu;
(6) the combine harvester with straw crushing and rotary tillage functions is adopted for harvesting, and crushed corn straws are returned to the field.
2. The whole-process mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corns in Huang-Huai-Hai-soil areas according to claim 1, characterized in that in the step (1), the deep ploughing operation depth is 20-30cm, the deep scarification operation depth is 20-30cm, and besides a land preparation mode, the land is deeply ploughed once every 1 year; the straws are collected once every other year, the returning amount is reduced, and the land preparation mode in the step (1) adopts: the wheat straw coverage is 1/2, and the rotary cultivator with the deep loosening function is adopted to perform deep loosening and soil preparation for 2 times.
3. The full-process mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corns in Huang-Huai-Hai tide soil areas as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that in the step (3), the row spacing of the corn no-tillage precision planter is 55-65 cm, the procedures of fertilization, seeding and pressing are completed at one time, and the seeding depth is 3-6 cm.
4. The whole-process mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corns in Huang-Huai-Hai-soil area according to claim 1, characterized in that in the step (3), when the fertilizer applied for the base is the compound fertilizer, the compound fertilizer is a special compound fertilizer for corn with the N-P2O5-K2O being 15% -15%, and the application amount is 25-30 kg/mu;
when the fertilizers for basal application are compound fertilizers and coated urea, the application amount of the coated urea is 25-30 kg/mu, the compound fertilizer is a special compound fertilizer for corn with the N-P2O5-K2O accounting for 15% -15%, and the application amount is 18-25 kg/mu.
5. The whole-process mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corns in Huang-Huai-Hai tide soil area according to claim 1, characterized in that in the step (3), when the fertilizer is applied to the base, the distance between seed and fertilizer is 8-15 cm, the depth of the fertilizer is 5-8 cm, and the fertilizer strips are uniform and continuous.
6. The whole-process mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corns in the Huang-Huai-Hai tide soil area as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that in the step (4), the liquid spraying amount of the herbicide before the seedlings of the corns are sowed is 140-160 l/ha, and a mechanical spraying machine is adopted for carrying out the planting.
7. The whole-process mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corns in Huang-Huai-Hai tide soil areas according to claim 1, characterized in that in the step (4), herbicides are sprayed at the 3-5 leaf stage of corn seedlings and the 2-5 leaf stage of weeds; spraying a jerusalem artichoke reagent to prevent and control the corn borers by adopting a high-clearance spray rod type sprayer or a power sprayer.
8. The mechanical high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corns in the Huang-Huai-Hai tide soil area in the whole process, according to the claim 1, is characterized in that in the step (5), when only compound fertilizers are applied to the base-applied fertilizers, 15-20 kg/mu of urea is additionally applied, the additional fertilizer part is positioned at the row side of the plants by 10-20 cm, the width of the fertilizer belt is more than or equal to 3cm, no obvious broken strips exist, and the soil is tightly covered after the fertilizer is applied; when the base fertilizer is a compound fertilizer and coated urea, no additional fertilizer is needed; and (3) topdressing period: in the corn jointing stage or the small horn mouth stage, topdressing is carried out by adopting a high-clearance intertillage fertilizer applicator or a light small field machine.
9. The full-process mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corns in Huang-Huai sea tide soil areas according to claim 1, characterized in that in the step (6), 10-15 days before harvesting, field investigation is carried out on the lodging degree, the row spacing, the ear sagging degree and the lowest ear height of the corns to make an operation plan; leveling ditches and ridge stands in the field 3-5 days before harvesting, and installing marks at unknown obstacles to facilitate safe operation; the machine tool is comprehensively inspected and maintained, and the debugging and preparation work of the machine tool is well done.
10. The whole-process mechanized high-yield synergistic planting method for summer corns in Huang-Huai-Hai tide soil areas according to claim 1, characterized in that in the step (6), the length of the crushed straws is less than or equal to 10 cm, the stubble height is less than or equal to 5cm, cutting missing is prevented, and the straws are uniformly thrown on the ground; the disc harrow or the rotary cultivator is used for one time, and the crushed straws and the surface soil are fully mixed while the stubbles are cut.
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