CN112236826B - 基于控制算法的药物输送系统的安全约束 - Google Patents
基于控制算法的药物输送系统的安全约束 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
公开一种为胰岛素输送管理程序提供安全约束的系统、方法和计算机可读介质产品。各个例子为基于控制算法的药物输送系统提供安全约束,所述系统基于传感器输入,提供药物的自动输送。可以每隔固定时间间隔从传感器接收葡萄糖测量值。处理器可基于先前的葡萄糖测量值,预测未来的葡萄糖值。安全约束有助于药物输送系统在各种操作情形下的安全操作。在一些例子中,预测的未来葡萄糖值可用于实现减轻药物的输送不足或输送过度,同时不会使药物输送系统的用户负担过重,并且不会牺牲药物输送系统的性能的安全约束。还公开了其他安全约束。
Description
相关申请的引用
本申请要求于2018年5月4日提交的美国临时专利申请No.62/667,118的优先权,该申请的全部内容通过引用并入本文中。
技术领域
所描述的例子为基于传感器输入,提供药物的自动输送的药物输送系统提供安全约束,以确保用户不会过度或不足地输送基于控制算法自动提供的药物。
背景技术
药物输送系统通常基于用户的健康状况向用户输送药物。例如,基于控制算法的药物输送系统可以监测用户的葡萄糖水平,基于监测到的医学状况,比如葡萄糖水平,为用户确定药物,比如胰岛素的适当水平,随后将药物分发给用户。在基于控制算法的药物输送系统和其他药物输送系统中使用的控制算法通常依赖于用户提供的数据和/或利用不同手段确定的预期葡萄糖和药物水平,例如胰岛素输送和所提供的用户数据。然而,所提供的数据或预期的水平可能是不正确或错误的,这可能导致不正确的药物剂量和不正确的药物输送时间表。数据和测量误差可能由于许多不同的原因而产生,比如用户混淆(例如,具有不正确的时间、输入不正确的数字等)、葡萄糖传感器漂移或偏差(这可能归因于与葡萄糖传感器相关的许多不同因素)、药物输送系统中的误差等。结果,传统的药物输送系统不提供使自动药物输送系统能够对不正确的数据和测量误差作出响应的安全约束。于是,需要一种包括诸如安全约束、报警和补救措施之类特征的药物输送系统,比如胰岛素管理系统。
发明内容
公开了一种具有可由处理器执行的编程代码的非临时性计算机可读介质。所述处理器当执行所述编程代码时可操作以进行各种功能,包括经由与葡萄糖监测器的无线连接,每隔固定时间间隔接收葡萄糖测量值的功能。葡萄糖测量由葡萄糖监测器进行。基于在先的葡萄糖测量值,可以预测未来的葡萄糖值。基于预测的未来葡萄糖值,可以调整将由医疗设备提供的胰岛素基础输送率。可按照调整后的胰岛素基础输送率,经由医疗设备输送胰岛素。
公开了一种由经由无线连接耦接到葡萄糖监测器的处理器进行的方法。所述方法包括由处理器从葡萄糖监测器接收多个葡萄糖测量值。所述多个葡萄糖测量值中的每个葡萄糖测量值是在一段时间内每隔固定时间间隔接收的,并且所述固定时间间隔小于所述一段时间。使用所述多个接收的葡萄糖测量值中的至少一个,可以预测多个未来的葡萄糖测量值。可确定在下一个固定时间间隔内没有接收到后续葡萄糖测量值。响应于确定后续葡萄糖测量值未到达,基于所述多个预测的未来葡萄糖测量值中的至少一个,可以调整将由医疗设备提供的基于每日胰岛素总量的基础输送率。可按照调整后的基于每日胰岛素总量的基础输送率,经由医疗设备输送胰岛素。
公开了又一种方法,其中耦接到医疗设备的处理器确定所述医疗设备在设定时间量内输送了大于预设量的胰岛素。胰岛素的预设量基于下述中的一个或多个:用户输入基础率、人工胰腺算法使用平均日输送率计算的速率、基于用户体重和/或用户年龄的速率、输送的每日胰岛素总量、或者输送的每日总基础量。响应于该确定,基于使用在所述设定时间量内输送的胰岛素的量和通过人工胰腺算法计算的要输送的每日胰岛素总量的计算,调整作为调整后的基础剂量,要由医疗设备输送的胰岛素的量。
公开了一种包括医疗设备、传感器和管理设备的系统。所述医疗设备包括泵、配置成包含胰岛素的储存器、处理器和收发器,并且所述医疗设备可操作以响应于来自所述处理器的输出,输送胰岛素。所述传感器可包括发射器、处理器和套管。所述传感器可操作以测量血糖并输出血糖值。所述管理设备可包括处理器、配置成存储人工胰腺算法的存储器和收发器。所述人工胰腺算法可操作以确定向用户输送胰岛素的时间和剂量,所述时间和剂量可基于用户的性别、用户的年龄、用户的体重、用户的身高和/或由所述传感器提供的葡萄糖水平来计算。在执行所述人工胰腺算法时,所述管理设备的所述处理器可操作以确定低血糖事件的发生。响应于确定低血糖事件的发生,可以持续预定时间段地实现葡萄糖变化率过滤器。所述变化率过滤器限制人工胰腺算法在确定胰岛素的输送时间和输送的胰岛素的剂量时所使用的被测血糖值的变化率。所述处理器指令所述医疗设备在确定的输送时间输送确定剂量的胰岛素。
公开了另一种方法,包括由医疗管理设备的处理器响应从传感器接收到葡萄糖测量值,确定医疗设备在胰岛素输送历史的一段时间内一直低于固定的个性化基础率地输送胰岛素。低于固定的个性化基础率地输送胰岛素的结果是负的体内胰岛素值。所述处理器可确定所述负的体内胰岛素值大于用户的基于每日胰岛素总量的每小时基础值的3倍。响应所述负的体内胰岛素值大于用户的基于每日胰岛素总量的每小时基础值的倍数,可以变更通过医疗设备进行的胰岛素的输送,以输送基于每日总量的基础胰岛素或者个性化数量的胰岛素。可以输出通知消息,该通知消息请求用户确认变更的胰岛素输送,或者请求供处理器用于计算校准的胰岛素输送量的新的校准值。
公开了一种具有可由处理器执行的编程代码的非临时性计算机可读介质的另一个例子。所述处理器当执行所述编程代码时可操作以进行各种功能,包括获得由葡萄糖监测器每隔固定时间间隔测量的一系列葡萄糖浓度值的功能。所述处理器可以检测葡萄糖浓度的快速升高速率。对葡萄糖浓度的快速升高速率的检测作出反应,所述处理器可以实现对葡萄糖浓度的快速升高速率的响应。
公开了另一种方法的例子,其中耦接到葡萄糖传感器的处理器确定胰岛素输送没有以适合于从低血糖事件恢复的速率减弱。响应于该确定,通过:减少人工胰腺算法内的估计结果的惩罚(penalty),使得请求的胰岛素输送低于用户输入的基础输送,或者缩放胰岛素输送的低于用户输入的基础输送的偏差,以与用户输入的基础输送成比例,可以增大胰岛素暂停的可能性。
公开了一种方法的另一个例子,其中耦接到葡萄糖传感器的处理器在可能引起低血糖风险增大的运动或其他活动期间,确定胰岛素输送没有以适合于维持葡萄糖浓度的速率减弱。响应于该确定,或者可以将控制目标葡萄糖值升高到比当前目标葡萄糖值高的葡萄糖值,或者可以将输入基础输送减小为比当前输入基础值低的输入基础值。
附图说明
图1图解说明可操作以实现本文中所述的技术和处理的药物输送系统的例子。
图2图解说明用户的固定胰岛素输送率的例子,所述固定胰岛素输送率大致限于用户的基于TDI的胰岛素。
图3图解说明基于新的葡萄糖测量值,调整预测轨迹的例子。
图4图解说明变化率过滤器对人工胰腺算法的例子所进行的血糖值预测的影响的例子,所述影响旨在降低未来血糖值的估计轨迹。
图5图解说明约束最大胰岛素输送的例子。
图6图解说明当葡萄糖值低于预定阈值时,将胰岛素输送约束为不超过固定速率的胰岛素的例子。
图7A表示按照本文中所述的例子,利用预测的未来葡萄糖值来调整胰岛素基础输送的处理的流程图。
图7B表示用于响应于药物输送系统,比如图1中所示的例证药物输送系统内的通信问题,实现安全约束的例子的处理的流程图。
图8表示用于响应于胰岛素的输送过度,实现安全约束的例子的处理例子的流程图。
图9表示用于响应于胰岛素的输送不足,实现安全约束的例子的处理例子的流程图。
图10表示用于实现对葡萄糖浓度的快速升高速率的例证响应的处理例子的流程图。
图11表示用于实现增大胰岛素暂停的可能性的例证响应的处理例子的流程图。
图12表示用于实现减弱胰岛素输送的例证响应的处理例子的流程图。
具体实施方式
各个例子为基于传感器输入提供药物的自动输送的基于控制算法的药物输送系统提供安全约束,基于控制算法的药物输送系统也被称为基于“人工胰腺”算法的系统,或者更一般地被称为人工胰腺算法。例如,当由处理器执行时,人工胰腺(AP)算法使系统能够监测用户的葡萄糖水平,基于监测的葡萄糖水平(例如,葡萄糖浓度或者葡萄糖测量值)和其他信息,为用户确定适当的胰岛素水平,和随后向用户分发胰岛素。另外,AP算法利用监测的葡萄糖水平和其他信息来生成命令,并将命令发送给诸如泵之类的医疗设备,以控制例如向用户输送推注剂量(bolus dose)的胰岛素,改变未来各剂的剂量或定时,或者其他可控制的功能。本文中描述的安全约束在各种操作情形期间,例如包括在传感器输入缺失或错误时,诸如计划外膳食之类的意外事件期间,提供药物输送系统的安全操作。所公开的安全约束减轻了药物的输送不足或输送过度,同时不会使药物输送系统的用户负担过重,并且不会牺牲药物输送系统的性能。
图1图解说明药物输送系统100的例子。药物输送系统100可包括医疗设备102、传感器104和管理设备(PDM)106。在各个例子中,药物输送系统100可以是自动药物输送系统。在各个例子中,医疗设备102可以附着到用户或患者的身体上,并且可以向用户输送任何治疗剂,包括任何药物或药剂,比如胰岛素等。例如,医疗设备102可以是可穿戴式设备。例如,医疗设备102可以直接耦接到用户(例如,直接附着到用户的身体部位和/或皮肤)。例如,医疗设备102的表面可包括粘合剂,以便利附着到用户。
医疗设备102可包括多个组件,以便利向用户自动输送药物(也称为治疗剂)。医疗设备102可以存储并向用户提供任意药剂或药物。在各个例子中,医疗设备102可以是自动化的可穿戴的胰岛素输送设备。例如,医疗设备102可包括用于存储药物(比如胰岛素)的储存器125,用于将药物输送到用户体内的针或套管,和用于将药物从储存器125通过针或套管(未图示)转移到用户体内的泵送机构124或其他驱动机构。医疗设备102还可包括用于向医疗设备102的泵送机构124和/或其他组件(比如处理器121、存储器123和通信设备126)供电的电源128,比如电池。就从储存器125排出药物以便输送给用户的操作而论,医疗设备102通常被称为泵或胰岛素泵。储存器125可被配置成储存胰岛素、吗啡或其他适合自动输送的药物。
医疗设备102可以基于由传感器104和/或管理设备(PDM)106提供的信息,向用户提供所存储的治疗剂。例如,医疗设备102还可以包含可被实现为用于控制药物的输送的处理器121(或控制器)的模拟和/或数字电路。该电路可用于实现处理器121,并且可包括离散的专用逻辑和/或组件、专用集成电路、执行存储在存储设备(比如存储器123)中的软件指令、固件、编程指令(比如人工胰腺算法129)的微控制器或处理器、或者它们的任意组合。在各个例子中,处理器161可被配置成使泵每隔预定时间间隔向用户输送药物剂量。例如,处理器161可以执行控制算法,比如人工胰腺算法169。例如,剂量的大小和/或定时可以由用户或第三方(比如卫生保健提供者、医疗设备制造商等)使用有线或无线链路编程到人工胰腺算法169中。
用于确定药物向用户的输送的指令(例如,药物的任何剂量的大小和/或定时)可以本地发起(例如,基于编程指令,比如存储在耦接到医疗设备102的存储器123中的,用于由医疗设备102作出确定的人工胰腺算法129的实例),或者可以远程发起并被提供给医疗设备102。远程指令可以由执行人工胰腺算法169的电子设备(PDM)106通过有线或无线链路提供给医疗设备102。医疗设备102可以执行任何接收到的指令(来自内部或者来自管理设备106),以便将药物输送给用户。这样,在任一情况下,药物向用户的输送都可以是自动的。
在各个例子中,医疗设备102可以经由无线链路110与管理设备106通信。管理设备106可以是任意电子设备,比如Apple管理设备106可以是可穿戴的无线附属设备。无线链路108、110和112可以是由任何已知的无线标准提供的任意类型的无线链路。例如,无线链路108、110和112可以基于近场通信标准、蜂窝标准或任何其他无线光或射频协议,使医疗设备102、管理设备106和传感器104之间的通信成为可能。
传感器104可以是可操作,以测量血糖并输出血糖值或者表示血糖值的数据的葡萄糖传感器。例如,传感器104可以是葡萄糖监测器或连续葡萄糖监测器(CGM)。传感器104可包括处理器141、存储器143、感测/测量设备114和通信设备146。传感器104的通信设备146可包括一个或多个感测元件、电子发射器、接收器和/或收发器,用于通过无线链路112与管理设备106通信,或者通过链路108与医疗设备102通信。感测/测量设备114可包括一个或多个感测元件,比如葡萄糖测量、心率监测器等。例如,传感器104可以是连续葡萄糖监测器(CGM)。处理器141可包括离散的专用逻辑和/或组件、专用集成电路、执行存储在存储设备(比如存储器143)中的软件指令、固件、编程指令的微控制器或处理器、或者它们的任意组合。例如,存储器143可以存储可由处理器141执行的AP算法149的实例。尽管传感器104被描绘成与医疗设备102分离,不过在各个例子中,传感器104和医疗设备102可被并入同一单元中。即,在各个例子中,传感器104可以是医疗设备102的一部分,并且包含在医疗设备102的相同外壳内(例如,传感器104可被置于或者嵌入医疗设备102内)。由传感器104确定的葡萄糖监测数据(例如,测得的葡萄糖值)可被提供给医疗设备102和/或管理设备106,并且可以用于调整医疗设备102进行的胰岛素的自动输送。管理设备106可以是个人糖尿病管理器。
传感器104还可以通过例如粘合剂等耦接到用户,并且可以提供关于用户的一个或多个医疗状况和/或身体属性的信息或数据。传感器104提供的信息或数据可以用于调整医疗设备102的药物输送操作。管理设备106可以用于对医疗设备102和/或传感器104的操作进行编程或调整。管理设备106可以是任何便携式电子设备,例如包括专用控制器(比如处理器161)、智能电话机或平板电脑。在例子中,管理设备(PDM)106可包括处理器161、管理设备存储器163和通信设备164。管理设备106可包含模拟和/或数字电路,所述模拟和/或数字电路可被实现成用于执行处理以管理用户的葡萄糖,和用于控制药物的输送的处理器161(或控制器)。处理器161也可以是可操作的,以执行存储在管理设备存储器163中的编程代码。例如,管理设备存储器163可被配置成存储可由处理器161执行的人工胰腺算法169。在执行人工胰腺算法169时,处理器161可以是可操作的,以进行各种功能,比如关于图中的例子所述的那些功能。通信设备164可以是按照一种或多种射频协议操作的接收器、发射器或收发器。
医疗设备102和传感器104可以通过无线链路108通信。医疗设备102和管理设备106可以通过无线链路110通信。传感器104和管理设备106可以通过无线链路112通信。无线链路108、110和112可以是由任何已知无线标准提供的任意类型的无线链路。例如,无线链路108、110和112可以经由相应的通信设备126、146和164,提供基于蓝牙、Wi-Fi、近场通信标准、蜂窝标准或任何其他无线协议的通信链路。在一些例子中,医疗设备102和/或管理设备106可包括可以操作以允许用户输入信息,和允许管理设备输出信息以便呈现给用户的用户接口,比如小键盘、触摸屏显示器、按钮、麦克风、扬声器、显示器等。
在各个例子中,药物输送系统100可以是胰岛素药物输送系统。在各个例子中,医疗设备102可以是如在分别通过引用整体包含在本文中的美国专利No.7,303,549、美国专利No.7,137,964或美国专利No.6,740,059中所述的(Insulet公司,比勒利卡,马萨诸塞州)胰岛素输送设备。
在各个例子中,药物输送系统100可以实现人工胰腺(AP)算法(和/或提供AP功能),以管理或控制向用户的胰岛素自动输送(例如,维持血糖正常-血液中正常的葡萄糖水平)。AP算法可以由医疗设备102和/或传感器104实现。AP算法可用于确定胰岛素输送的时间和剂量。在各个例子中,AP算法可以基于关于用户已知的信息,比如用户的性别、年龄、体积或身高,和/或关于用户的身体属性或状况(例如,从传感器104)收集的信息,确定输送的时间和剂量。例如,AP算法可以基于通过传感器104对用户的葡萄糖水平的监测,来确定胰岛素的适当输送。AP算法还可允许用户调整胰岛素输送。例如,AP算法可允许用户(例如,通过输入)向医疗设备102发出命令,比如输送胰岛素推注的命令。在一些例子中,AP算法的不同功能可以分布在管理设备106、泵102或传感器104中的两个或更多个之间。在其他例子中,AP算法的不同功能可以由一个设备,比如管理设备106、泵102或传感器104来进行。在各个例子中,药物输送系统100可以按照在2016年11月22日提交的美国专利申请No.15/359,187中所描述的药物输送系统的任意特征或功能操作,或者可以包括所述任意特征或功能,该申请通过引用整体包含在本文中。
如本文中所述,药物输送系统100或其任意组件可被认为提供AP功能或者实现AP算法。因而,AP算法(例如,其功能、操作或能力)的引用是为了方便起见而进行的,并且可以指代和/或包括药物输送系统100或其任何组成组件(例如,医疗设备102和/或管理设备106)的操作和/或功能。药物输送系统100-例如,作为实现AP算法的胰岛素输送系统-可被认为是使用传感器输入(例如,由传感器104收集的数据)的药物输送系统或者基于AP算法的输送系统。
由于药物输送系统100依赖于传感器输入来进行药物输送的正确操作,因此药物输送系统100可出于安全原因施加输送限制。尽管可以施加输送约束来确保安全自动地向用户输送药物(例如,胰岛素),不过在一些例子中,可能可取的是不让所述约束过度降低AP算法控制性能或者使用户负担过重。记载在本文中的技术使药物输送系统100能够最大限度地提高用户安全,同时优化葡萄糖控制性能和最大限度地减少给用户带来的任何额外负担或不便。
传感器104-例如,作为CGM-可以在传感器偏差、漂移或确定数据值的其他差异的情况下操作,或者以其他方式表现出传感器偏差、漂移或确定数据值的其他差异,传感器偏差、漂移或确定数据值的其他差异可能导致药物向用户的输送过度或输送不足。本文中所述的技术为药物输送系统100的操作提供安全约束,所述安全约束包括在传感器104失效、由传感器104提供的错误值和/或缺失来自传感器104的数据,以及与依赖传感器104关联的其他风险的情况下的安全缓解措施。本文中所述的技术还提供特定于诸如较低葡萄糖值之类的较高风险状况,以及所实现的AP算法对外部扰动(比如急救碳水化合物等)的响应的安全约束。
在一些例子中,药物输送系统100可以是包括医疗设备102、传感器104和管理设备106的可穿戴式自动药物输送系统。在可穿戴式自动药物输送系统的一个例子中,医疗设备102可以是可穿戴式胰岛素输送设备,管理设备106可以是手持式电子计算设备,而传感器104可以是连续葡萄糖监测器。管理设备106可以是移动设备或蜂窝电话机,或者可以是专用定制电子设备。作为可穿戴的自动药物输送系统的一部分,医疗设备102和传感器104都可以直接耦接到用户。
传感器104可以向医疗设备102和/或管理设备106提供传感器数据。管理设备106可包括控制器或处理器和存储器。存储器可以存储可由控制器或处理器执行的指令。所述指令在被执行时可以实现“人工胰腺”算法。通常,管理设备106可包括控制器,用于基于来自传感器104的数据,确定胰岛素向用户的输送(例如,在剂量和时间方面),以及将关于所确定的胰岛素的输送的对应指令提供给医疗设备102。
在各个例子中,如上所述,传感器104可以作为可穿戴式胰岛素输送设备102的一部分提供,或者嵌入可穿戴式胰岛素输送设备102内。另外,在各个例子中,如上所述,系统100可包括可以在图1中所示的设备之间无线地中继信息的中间无线设备(例如,管理设备106)。
通常,系统100可自动监测用户的胰岛素水平,基于监测的葡萄糖水平自动确定胰岛素向用户的输送,和自动向用户提供确定量的胰岛素。这些步骤中的每个步骤都可以在没有任何用户输入或交互的情况下进行。在各个例子中,如上所述,在向用户提供胰岛素之前,可以要求用户确认。例如,当管理设备106被实现成蜂窝电话机时,为了增加安全性,可要求用户认可或确认所确定的胰岛素向用户的输送。如果没有收到这样的认可,那么可以阻断或阻止胰岛素输送。这种安全特征可以减轻黑客攻击或其他网络安全风险。
在各个例子中,药物输送系统100可以操作,使得葡萄糖值由传感器104定期提供给在处理器上运行的AP算法(例如,提供给医疗设备102和/或管理设备106)。例如,可以周期性地,比如大约每5分钟(例如,对应于系统100的控制周期)之类地提供葡萄糖值。医疗设备102可以基于接收的葡萄糖值来调整胰岛素的输送量。
参考图7A简要地描述系统100进行的操作例子可能会有所帮助。在图1的管理设备处理器161或121上运行的图1的AP算法169或129可以实现如图7A中所示的处理700。在710,AP算法可以经由与葡萄糖监测器(比如传感器104)的无线连接(例如108或112),每隔固定时间间隔接收葡萄糖测量值。所述固定时间间隔可以是诸如大约每5分钟、每10分钟、每小时、一天中的特定时间之类的时间间隔。基于在先的葡萄糖值,AP算法可以预测未来的葡萄糖值(720)。基于来自720的预测的未来葡萄糖值,在730,AP算法可以例如通过基于预测的未来葡萄糖值调整胰岛素基础输送率,来调整胰岛素输送。在740,可按照调整的胰岛素基础输送率,经由医疗设备输送胰岛素。例如,医疗设备102可以每隔固定时间段,比如大约每5分钟等,向用户输送一定量的胰岛素,其中所述量是基于接收的葡萄糖值调整的。
当处理器经由与葡萄糖监测器的无线连接,接收到后续葡萄糖测量值时,可以继续进行图7A的例子的处理700。通过使用接收的后续葡萄糖测量值和过去时间段的在先葡萄糖值,可以确定基于每日胰岛素总量的基础葡萄糖水平。处理器可以比较基于每日胰岛素总量的基础葡萄糖水平和用户设定的基础葡萄糖设定点(例如,110-120mg/dL等)。响应于指示用户设定的基础葡萄糖设定点是错误的比较结果,处理器可以确定将由医疗设备输送的更新的胰岛素基础输送率。在该例子中,更新的胰岛素基础输送率是根据步骤730的调整后的胰岛素基础输送率更新的。
本文中所述的技术基于传感器104的已知或未知故障或不精确,为胰岛素的输送提供安全约束。这里描述各种操作情形以及系统100对其的响应的例子。
在操作例子中,按照以下讨论,当血糖测量结果id低于葡萄糖阈值时,系统100可以作出自动暂停胰岛素输送的反应。在操作例子中,不管AP算法作出的预测如何,在传感器104所确定的葡萄糖水平低于阈值(例如,低于60mg/dL)时,AP算法都可以进入自动暂停模式。当葡萄糖值升高到阈值以上时,AP算法可以基于模式预测控制(MPC)算法,自动恢复输送胰岛素。在各个例子中,当检测到低血糖时(例如,基于低于预定阈值的葡萄糖水平),药物输送系统100可以停止向用户输送胰岛素。当葡萄糖水平升高到阈值以上时,可以提供自动恢复向用户的输送。MPC算法-作为AP算法的一部分操作-可以用于自动启动。
在其他操作例子中,按照以下讨论,系统100可以作出将AP算法约束于低于阈值的基础量的反应。在各个例子中,当葡萄糖值低于预定阈值时,AP算法可被约束为输送不超过固定速率的胰岛素。图6图解说明在这种情形下,将输送约束为不超过固定速率的胰岛素的例子。当葡萄糖值低于阈值时,AP算法可以减弱或暂停胰岛素输送。固定的胰岛素输送率可以针对用户个性化设定,并且可以通过用户输入的基础率、由AP算法根据基于AP算法的平均日输送量计算的速率、基于用户体重、年龄的速率、每日胰岛素总量(TDI)和/或其他指标来确定。
例如,“基于TDI的基础量”可以通过将用户的每日胰岛素总需求,或者用户过去一段时间(比如24小时)的胰岛素输送的总和乘以0.5(假定基础量自然会被用户的每天胰岛素总需求的一半所覆盖,而用户的每日胰岛素总需求的另一半被进餐时或者作为推注提供的胰岛素所覆盖),随后将该值除以24(即,每天的小时数)来计算。例如,如果用户的TDI为48,那么用户的基于TDI的基础量为48*0.5/24,或者说1U/h。这给出了用户每天实际可能需要的总基础量的估计值,同时降低了对任何用户错误输入的基础值的敏感性。
预定阈值可以是固定(例如,硬连线)阈值、用户设定的阈值、或者用固定(正或负)偏差值调整的用户设定阈值(例如,用户设定目标葡萄糖减去固定的10mg/dL调整量)。例如,当葡萄糖水平低于预定阈值时,固定的胰岛素输送率可以约为设定的基础输送的一半。图2图解说明用户的固定胰岛素输送率的例子,所述固定胰岛素输送率大致限于用户的基于TDI的胰岛素。
通过提供独立于传感器的安全约束,本文中所述的技术可解决提供给AP算法/药物输送系统100的,可能由于各种原因而不正确或错误的传感器值。在这样的情况下,系统100可实现关于一段时间内的胰岛素最大输送量的独立于葡萄糖的安全约束,如下所述。
例如,图8表示用于响应于胰岛素的输送过度,实现安全约束的例子的处理的流程图。在各个例子中,比如在处理800中,如果AP算法在设定的一段时间内输送了超过针对用户个性化设定的预设量的胰岛素,那么AP算法可被约束为最大固定胰岛素输送率。例如,如果AP算法已经输送了过去3小时中用户的基础输送量之和的3倍-通常称为3×3规则,那么处理可操作以在执行AP算法时,输送用户输入的基础量或基于TDI的基础量的最大量。耦接到医疗设备(比如102,它可以是泵)的处理器(比如处理器161)可以确定医疗设备在设定的时间量内,输送了大于预设量的胰岛素(810)。基于使用在设定的时间量内输送的胰岛素的量和通过人工胰腺算法计算的要输送的每日胰岛素总量的计算,可以调整要由医疗设备输送的胰岛素的量(820)作为调整后的基础剂量。在830,处理器可以将作为调整后的基础剂量要输送的胰岛素的量限制为用户的基础胰岛素输送量的最大量或者除以施用调整后的基础剂量的时间增量,或者除以每小时基础率的百分比。在图8的例子中,时间增量可以是固定时间间隔。固定时间间隔的例子可以小于1小时,比如5分钟、9分钟、23分钟等,大于1小时,等等。或者,时间增量可以简单地是基于计数器值等的增量。
在这种情况下,AP算法可以减弱或暂停胰岛素输送,但是被约束为最大胰岛素输送。图5图解说明约束最大胰岛素输送的例子。固定的胰岛素输送率和预设的胰岛素输送量可以针对用户个性化设定,并且可以通过用户输入的基础率、由AP算法根据基于AP算法的平均日输送量计算的速率、基于体重、年龄的速率、输送的每日胰岛素总量、输送的每日总基础量、或者其他指标来确定。另外,受约束的输送可以伴随有给用户的指示输送受约束的提醒或报警。
在其他情况下,系统100可实现关于一次最大胰岛素输送量的独立于葡萄糖的安全约束,如下所述。在各个例子中,AP算法可被约束为在任何一个控制周期内输送不超过针对用户个性化设定的固定量的胰岛素。例如,AP算法可以输送不超过用户的基础量除以5分钟增量的6倍(例如,通常称为6×规则),或者在一个算法输送中输送每小时基础率的50%(例如,1.2u/hr的基础率/2=0.6单位)。固定的胰岛素输送量可以针对用户个性化设定,并且可以通过用户输入的基础率、由AP算法根据基于AP算法的平均日输送量计算的速率、基于体重、年龄的速率、输送的每日胰岛素总量、输送的每日总基础量、或者其他指标来确定。
在另外的情况下,系统100可以实现独立于葡萄糖的安全约束,以限制胰岛素的输送不足,如下所述。在各个例子中,AP算法/药物输送系统100可以实现负的体内胰岛素(IOB)约束。如果AP算法在包含IOB的一段时间内,相差超过针对用户个性化设定的胰岛素量地不足输送胰岛素,那么AP算法可以进入针对用户个性化设定的固定速率的胰岛素输送模式。例如,在应用IOB衰减曲线之后,2.5倍于用户在过去4小时的基础量。AP算法在每个控制周期计算剩余的IOB。负的IOB确定可指示该算法在胰岛素输送历史的一段时间内,一直低于固定的个性化速率(即,基础率)地进行输送。负的IOB值可以是导致IOB衰减的累积的“低于基础量”输送。
图9图解说明用于响应于胰岛素的输送不足,实现安全约束的例子的处理的流程图。在处理905中,处理器(比如图1的121或161)可以从医疗设备接收指示医疗设备(比如图1的102)正在输送的胰岛素的量的信号,处理器可以将输送的胰岛素的总量(例如,体积)作为例如胰岛素输送历史保持在存储器(比如图1的123或163)中。胰岛素输送历史可以例如跨越分钟、小时、天、周、月、就诊预约之间的时间段、年等。在例证处理905中,医疗管理设备(比如图1的106)的处理器可以响应于从传感器(比如图1的104)接收到葡萄糖测量值,确定在胰岛素输送历史的一段时间内,医疗设备一直低于固定的个性化基础率地输送胰岛素(915)。低于固定的个性化基础率地输送胰岛素的结果是负的体内胰岛素值。在925,处理器可确定负的体内胰岛素值大于用户的基于每日胰岛素总量的每小时基础值的3倍。响应于负的体内胰岛素值大于用户的基于每日胰岛素总量的每小时基础值的倍数(比如3倍、6倍、2.5倍等),可以变更通过医疗设备进行的胰岛素的输送,以输送基于每日总量的基础量或者个性化量的胰岛素(935)。在945,可以输出通知消息,该通知消息请求用户确认变更的胰岛素输送,或者请求供处理器用于计算校准的胰岛素输送量的新的校准值。
处理905可继续,在955,处理905判定是否接收到用户确认或对新校准值的请求。响应于接收到对变更的胰岛素输送的用户确认,医疗设备继续变更的胰岛素输送(962)。响应于接收到新的校准值,处理器生成新的校准值(965),并且处理器应用所述新的校准值来计算校准的胰岛素输送量(975)。
在各个例子中,如果该负的IOB确定大于用户的基于TDI的每小时基础值的3倍,那么AP算法可以恢复为输送基于TDI的基础量或者个性化量的胰岛素,并通知用户。通过给用户的确认系统状态或者要求新的校准值的通知消息,可以要求用户输入。系统100可以输送基础量,直到通知消息被确认或者输入了校准值。此外,响应于用户确认和/或传感器104进行校准,系统100可重新开始以负IOB确定之前的方式操作,在本例中,所述传感器104可以是连续葡萄糖监测器(CGM)。
公开的例子涉及确定和解决通信问题,比如诸如参考图1所述之类的药物输送系统中的传感器,比如104与泵102和/或管理设备,比如106任意之间的通信问题。
图7B表示用于响应于药物输送系统,比如图1中所示的例证药物输送系统内的通信问题,实现安全约束的例子的处理的流程图。在各个例子中,在AP算法未接收到来自传感器104的测量值(例如,缺失来自传感器104的值)的情形下,系统100可以按照图7B中所示的例证处理705作出响应。在图7B的例子中,处理705可以是基于来自处理器104的最后一个或多个已知值的响应。例如,在715,处理器,比如121、141或161可以接收来自传感器104的多个葡萄糖测量值。在该例子中,所述多个葡萄糖测量值中的每个葡萄糖测量值可以在一段时间内每隔固定时间间隔被接收,并且所述固定时间间隔小于所述一段时间。当然,所述固定时间间隔可以类似于在图7A的讨论中提到的那些时间间隔。在725,处理器可以使用所述多个接收的葡萄糖测量值中的至少一个来预测未来的葡萄糖值。例如,每当在处理器上运行的AP算法接收到值时,可以预测将在未来的时间间隔接收的未来的葡萄糖值。处理器可能确定在下一个固定时间间隔内,未收到后续葡萄糖测量值(735)。例如,当预期但是未接收到来自传感器104的葡萄糖测量值时,系统100可以使用在接收到来自传感器104的最后接收值时产生的预测葡萄糖值。例如,响应于确定后续葡萄糖测量值未到达,可以基于所述多个预测的未来葡萄糖测量值中的至少一个,调整基于每日胰岛素总量的基础输送率,以便由医疗设备提供(745)。处理器可以向医疗设备,比如图2的102发出指令,从而在755,可以按照调整后的基于每日胰岛素总量的基础输送率,经由医疗设备102输送胰岛素。
在另一个例子中,可在可信预测时间段内,按照调整后的基于每日胰岛素总量的基础输送率,经由医疗设备输送胰岛素。在所述另一个例子中,响应于最后接收的葡萄糖测量值在先前的葡萄糖测量值的特定范围内,并且所述可信预测时间段跨越与预定数目的固定时间间隔对应的持续时间,所述处理器可进一步确定暂停胰岛素的输送。胰岛素的输送将被暂停的时间段可以基于落入葡萄糖测量值的多个范围中的特定范围内的最后接收的葡萄糖测量值的值来确定。作为响应,可以从多个预设时间段中选择暂停胰岛素的输送的时间段,处理器可以持续所选时间段地暂停胰岛素的输送。
或者,医疗设备可以在允许的“可信预测”时间段内,使用在先的预测葡萄糖值(和对应的胰岛素剂量值)输送胰岛素。在另一个例子中,如果来自传感器104的最后接收值高于阈值,并被预测为高于胰岛素的基准速率地进行输送,那么胰岛素输送可以继续,并且预测可以使用15分钟或更长时间。
如果在可信预测时间段结束之前,来自传感器104的值没有恢复,那么AP算法响应于可取决于来自传感器104的最后一个或多个接收值,和AP算法基于所述接收值的预测。在各个例子中,AP算法可以例如按照下表,以胰岛素输送以及可能还有经由管理设备106给用户的通知来进行响应:
在各个例子中,上面提到的每个周期(例如,控制周期)可以是任何持续时间,包括(但不限于)约5分钟、8分钟等。
在各个例子中,AP算法可以单独响应于葡萄糖水平、响应于葡萄糖水平和AP算法预测、或者单独响应于AP算法预测,永久地或暂时地减弱延长推注的延长部分。在各个例子中,AP算法可以单独响应于葡萄糖水平、响应于葡萄糖水平和AP算法预测、或者单独响应于AP算法预测,自动取消延长推注的延长部分。延长推注的延长部分可以应用于校正IOB或餐时IOB,用于未来的自动或手动胰岛素剂量决定。如果应用于校正IOB,那么AP算法在低血糖时可能更保守。如果应用于校正IOB,那么AP算法可能在高血糖时可能更保守。
在其他情况下,系统100可以将系统的响应限制为低血糖事件响应,比如摄入急救碳水化合物,如下所述。例如,在用户经历低血糖事件(例如,葡萄糖浓度低于70mg/dL低血糖阈值)的情况下,用户可通过摄入速效碳水化合物来采取行动,以迅速升高用户的血糖。这对系统100来说是未经告知的用餐,有可能被系统100视为葡萄糖的非常快速的升高。作为响应,系统100可通过输送额外的胰岛素来进行响应,以补偿这些碳水化合物。然而,这可能不是优选的响应,因为碳水化合物是专为升高用户的葡萄糖水平而服用的,用户可能不想接受胰岛素来抵消这些碳水化合物。
在例子中,通过执行存储在存储器中的编程代码,处理器可以进行基于葡萄糖监测器(比如图1的传感器104)所提供的测量结果确定发生了低血糖事件的功能。响应于确定发生了低血糖事件,系统100可经由处理器,比如121、141或161,修改调整后的胰岛素基础率。例如,处理器可以通过在确定发生低血糖事件之后的预定时间段内,设定用于剂量计算的医疗设备的降低的临时基础率,来修改调整后的胰岛素基础率。或者,在确定发生低血糖事件之后,系统100可经由处理器设定可用于剂量计算的降低的临时基础率,直到葡萄糖变化率降低到低于预定阈值为止。在另一种备选方案中,在确定发生了低血糖事件之后,系统100可以设定可用于剂量计算的降低的临时基础率,直到血糖(由传感器,比如图1的104测量)高于预定阈值为止。
例如,这里说明用于检测这样的情形的技术(例如,检测速效碳水化合物的摄入,以应对低血糖事件的系统100),所述技术可包括以下检测技术:1)葡萄糖浓度的超过某一阈值(例如,每分钟2mg/dL)的快速升高速率的检测;2)当某一系列的葡萄糖浓度值的第一个值低于第一阈值时,葡萄糖浓度的跨越所述系列葡萄糖浓度值的快速升高速率的检测(例如,当所述系列的第一个值低于70mg/dL的低血糖阈值时,如(1)中那样检测快速变化率);3)当所述系列的任意值低于第二阈值时,葡萄糖浓度的快速升高速率的检测(例如,当所述系列中的任意值低于120mg/dL的系统目标葡萄糖时,如(1)中那样检测快速变化率);和/或4)葡萄糖浓度的高于预定阈值的二阶导数(例如,加速度)的快速变化的检测(例如,发现跨任意数量的点葡萄糖浓度的变化率的显著变化-例如,从每分钟2mg/dL的葡萄糖浓度降低到每分钟2mg/dL的葡萄糖浓度升高)。
图10是用于实现对葡萄糖浓度或测量结果的快速升高速率的响应例子的例证处理的流程图。在图10的例子中,执行编程代码,比如AP算法的处理器可以进行处理1000。所述处理器可操作,以获得由葡萄糖监测器每隔固定时间间隔测量的一系列葡萄糖浓度值(1010)。所述处理器可检测葡萄糖浓度的快速升高速率,并且可以实现对葡萄糖浓度的快速升高速率的响应,作为对葡萄糖浓度或者测量结果的快速升高速率的检测的反应(1020)。
例如,响应于检测(例如,使用上述检测技术)指示摄入速效碳水化合物以应对低血糖事件的葡萄糖浓度的快速升高速率,可以实现(例如,通过系统100)对摄入速效碳水化合物以应对低血糖事件的检测的响应(1030)。在例子中,在执行编程代码时,系统100内的处理器可操作,以在实现对葡萄糖浓度的快速升高速率的响应时进行各种功能,比如下面说明的那些功能。系统经由执行编程代码的处理器实现的,可响应于葡萄糖浓度的快速升高速率,实现对速效碳水化合物的摄入的检测(基于葡萄糖浓度的快速升高速率)的响应的技术例子在下面说明,并且可包括下述中的一个或多个:
i.在所述事件之后的指定持续时间(例如,25分钟)内,将AP算法建议的输送量限制为针对用户个性化设定的最大输送量(例如,不大于基础量)。
ii.在低血糖事件之后,将AP算法建议的输送量限制为针对用户个性化设定的最大输送量(例如,不大于基础量),直到变化率降低到低于预定阈值为止。
iii.在低血糖事件之后,将AP算法建议的输送量限制为针对用户个性化设定的最大输送量(例如,不大于基础量),直到葡萄糖高于预定阈值为止。
iv.用技术i、ii或iii的任意组合,限制AP算法的胰岛素输送。
v.在低血糖事件之后的预定时间段内,降低AP算法增益、成本函数和/或进取性。AP算法增益例如可以是模型增益,模型增益是用户的葡萄糖每单位胰岛素将改变多少的指示。成本函数例如可以是葡萄糖误差值从设定点漂移的度量。设定点例如可以是目标葡萄糖值(例如,113mg/dL),在该例子中,目标葡萄糖值可以是在大约110-120mg/dL的范围内的设定值等。通常,葡萄糖测量值离目标葡萄糖值越远(更高或更低),由成本函数产生的成本值越高,而更接近目标葡萄糖值的葡萄糖测量值具有更低的成本值。在例子中,成本函数可以与测量葡萄糖和预期葡萄糖的偏差和/或预期胰岛素量和基础胰岛素量的偏差相关。进取性可与AP算法对成本函数中的偏差的响应性相关。进取性可被看作AP算法旨在以多快的速度降低成本函数,并将葡萄糖测量值驱动到设定点。高进取性设定可能试图快速地将葡萄糖测量值驱动到设定点,而低进取性设定可能更平滑地校正葡萄糖值。
vi.在低血糖事件之后,降低AP算法增益、成本函数和/或进取性,直到葡萄糖高于预定阈值为止。
vii.在低血糖事件之后,降低AP算法增益、成本函数和/或进取性,直到变化率降低到低于预定阈值为止。
viii.用技术v、vi或vii的任意组合,限制AP算法的胰岛素输送。
ix.在低血糖事件之后的预定时间段内实现葡萄糖变化率过滤器。图4图解说明变化率过滤器可如何影响AP算法进行的预测,从而导致未来血糖值的较低估计轨迹的例子。变化率过滤器可由执行AP算法的处理器(比如处理器121、141或161)用于限制由AP算法看到(作用于)或者提供给AP算法的葡萄糖的变化率。例如,葡萄糖测量值可由葡萄糖传感器提供。通过使用多个葡萄糖测量值,可以确定葡萄糖测量值的变化率。变化率过滤器可以用于减弱或放大AP算法所利用的葡萄糖测量值的变化率。例如,在从处理器确定葡萄糖测量值首次低于预定阈值时起,或者从在被触发之后葡萄糖高于预定阈值的时间起的持续时间内,可以限制变化率过滤器的应用。例如,如果在急救碳水化合物摄入之后,变化率较高(例如,4mg/dL),那么变化率过滤器可以在恢复到70mg/dL以上之后的30分钟内,将算法看到的变化率限制为2mg/dL,以减小AP算法对碳水化合物的响应。
x.在低血糖事件之后实现葡萄糖变化率过滤器,直到变化率降低到低于预定阈值为止。
xi.在低血糖事件之后实现葡萄糖变化率过滤器,直到葡萄糖高于预定阈值为止。
xii.始终实现葡萄糖变化率过滤器。
xiii.变化率过滤器可以用于正变化率和负变化率两者,或者只用于正变化率。
xiv.使用技术ix、x、xi、xii或xiii的任意组合,实现葡萄糖变化率过滤器。
xv.在低血糖事件之后的预定时间段,系统100可设定可用于剂量计算的降低的目标血糖值。
xvi.在低血糖事件之后,系统100可设定可用于剂量计算的降低的目标血糖值,直到葡萄糖变化率降低到低于预定阈值为止。
xvii.系统100可设定可用于剂量计算的降低的目标血糖值,直到葡萄糖高于预定阈值为止。
xviii.系统100可为上述技术xv、xvi或xvii的任意组合设定降低的目标血糖值。
所有上述预定阈值可以是用户定义的、固定的、使用AP算法参数随时间而适配的、或者基于TDI或TDI导数针对用户个性化设定的。另外,参考其他例子更详细地说明其他响应,比如降低用于剂量计算的临时基础率。
返回图1的系统例子,在执行包括人工胰腺算法的编程指令时,系统100中的管理设备106的管理设备处理器161可操作,以进行各种功能。例如,所述管理设备处理器可以确定将向用户输送胰岛素的时间和剂量。所述时间和剂量可以基于用户的性别、用户的年龄、用户的体重、用户的身高和/或传感器所提供的葡萄糖水平来计算。
在例子中,管理设备处理器161可以确定低血糖事件的发生。响应于确定低血糖事件的发生,管理设备处理器可以在预定时间段内实现葡萄糖变化率过滤器。葡萄糖变化率过滤器可以限制人工胰腺算法在确定胰岛素的输送时间和所输送的胰岛素的剂量时使用的测量血糖值的变化率。管理设备处理器可经由无线链路110指令医疗设备在确定的输送时间输送确定剂量的胰岛素。管理设备处理器161可通过应用一个或多个限制来限制实现葡萄糖变化率过滤器的持续时间,所述一个或多个限制包括:测量的葡萄糖值首次低于与低血糖事件相关的预定阈值时的时间,从在低血糖事件发生之后测量的葡萄糖值高于再一个预定阈值的时间起,直到葡萄糖变化率降低到低于又一个预定阈值为止,或者直到葡萄糖高于额外的预定阈值为止。
管理设备处理器161还可操作,以在下述之一应用葡萄糖变化率过滤器:在任何时候、当确定正的葡萄糖变化率和负的葡萄糖变化率两者时,或者仅当确定正的葡萄糖变化率时。
在另一个例子中,在执行人工胰腺算法时,管理设备处理器161还可操作,以进行下述之一:从闭环操作模式变为开环操作模式;在检测之后的设定时间段内,或者直到事件结束为止,按照针对用户个性化设定的基础输送率约束最大胰岛素输送量,其中所述事件是不同于低血糖事件的事件;在检测之后的设定时间段内,或者直到低血糖事件结束为止,输送设定的个性化基础率;在检测之后的设定时间段内,或者直到低血糖事件结束为止,限制处理器所使用的变化率;或者在任何时候或在低血糖事件之后,应用变化率过滤器来限制人工胰腺算法的响应。
在一些情形下,胰岛素输送可能不会如期望的那样快速地减弱(例如,以适于恢复的速率),例如,在发生或者即将发生低血糖事件的情况下。例如,如果用户的葡萄糖值低于阈值或者倾向于降低到低于阈值,那么系统100可以将胰岛素输送减弱为等于或低于在没有系统100的情况下用户可以接收的胰岛素的量。然而,可能存在系统100可能不会如期望的那样快速地减弱胰岛素输送的风险,从而例如导致处理器使医疗设备即使在用户具有即将发生的低血糖风险时也输送胰岛素。图11表示用于实现增大胰岛素暂停的可能性的例证响应的处理例子的流程图。在处理1100中,例如,耦接到系统100中的葡萄糖传感器的处理器可确定胰岛素输送没有以适合于从低血糖事件或者即将发生的低血糖事件恢复的速率减弱(1110)。作为响应,处理器可应用安全约束以进一步减少胰岛素。
例如,处理器可以利用经由AP算法和由处理器执行的所述安全约束来修改处理器反应的前述技术,解决这种较慢的减弱。在1120,处理器可以按下述方式解决这样的情形:
a.在各个例子中,由人工胰腺算法进行的计算可以通过减少在胰岛素输送请求低于用户输入的基础输送的情况下的估计结果的惩罚,来增大胰岛素暂停的可能性;或者
b.在各个例子中,由人工胰腺算法进行的计算可以通过缩放胰岛素输送量低于用户输入的基础量的偏差,以与用户输入的基础输送成比例,来增大胰岛素暂停的可能性。
在其他例子中,系统100可以使用多种技术来管理其中在可能引起低血糖风险增大的运动或其他活动期间胰岛素输送未被减弱的其他情形。例如,当系统100的外部干扰,比如运动或活动导致血糖浓度降低和低血糖风险增大时,系统100可以减弱胰岛素输送。系统100可自动检测这种外部干扰。或者,外部干扰可以由用户向系统100宣布或指示(例如,通过医疗设备102和/或管理设备106上的用户界面(未图示))。图12是用于实现减弱胰岛素输送的例证响应的处理例子的流程图。在例证处理1200中,耦接到系统100中的葡萄糖传感器的处理器可以确定胰岛素输送没有以适合于维持葡萄糖浓度(1210)或者缓和低血糖事件或即将发生的低血糖事件的速率减弱。作为响应,处理器可应用安全约束,以进一步降低胰岛素。例如,处理器可以通过将控制目标(即,葡萄糖设定点)增大到高于当前目标的葡萄糖值(例如,从较低的当前目标增大到150mg/dL等)来变更控制目标葡萄糖值。或者,系统100可以将输入基础值减小到低于当前输入基础值的值(例如,约为用户的输入基础值的25%)(1220)。在各个例子中,系统100可受制于胰岛素输送的附加上限(例如,系统100可不请求大于用户的输入基础量的约75%的胰岛素输送)。由于安全约束的应用,以更快的速率减弱胰岛素输送,以维持葡萄糖浓度(1230)。
在一些例子中,系统100可能没有足够的与用户相关的胰岛素历史。作为响应,系统100可以使用胰岛素输送历史数据和葡萄糖值历史数据,以在闭环操作模式内有效地操作。如果当处于闭环模式时没有已知的胰岛素历史,那么可能存在用户具有IOB,并且AP算法可能输送比所需更多的胰岛素的风险。本文的技术可以解决其中系统100可能不具有足够的历史操作数据的这种情形。
在各个例子中,如果系统100在开始闭环操作时没有足够的葡萄糖历史,那么系统100可以按以下方式之一作出响应:
I.用在先前的持续时间内是否输送了非基础胰岛素的询问来提示用户。如果回答为是,则在设定的时间量内将AP算法最大胰岛素输送量限制为预定值(例如,将输送量限制为用户基础量的1.5倍并持续2小时);
II.请求用户对在先前的持续时间内是否输送了非基础胰岛素剂量的询问作出响应。如果回答为是(即,肯定的响应),那么让用户输入输送的胰岛素的量,并且可选地还输入它所用的时间。使用该信息,可以计算用户的IOB,并将其提供给AP算法,以安全地输送胰岛素。IOB可以由预测算法使用,或者直接限制在IOB残存时要输送的胰岛素的量;或者
III.如果在开始进入闭环模式时没有足够的胰岛素历史,则在设定的时间量内,将AP算法的最大输送量限制为预定值(比如100-120mg/dL)。
返回图1的系统例子,管理设备106的管理设备处理器161在执行人工胰腺算法时可操作,以进行附加功能。
例如,在开始人工胰腺算法的闭环操作时,管理设备处理器161可确定没有足够的葡萄糖历史可供人工胰腺算法利用(即,葡萄糖历史不足)。响应于确定没有足够的葡萄糖历史可用,管理设备处理器可请求用户将输送的胰岛素量输入管理设备中。该请求还可以包括对输送胰岛素的时间,或者估计的自输送胰岛素以来所经过的时间的请求。响应于接收到输送的胰岛素量,可基于输送的胰岛素量计算用户的体内胰岛素。可选地,如果提供了输送胰岛素的时间或者估计的自输送胰岛素以来所经过的时间,那么这些相应的时间或经过时间可以包括在计算中。例如,如果只提供了输送胰岛素的时间,那么管理设备处理器可操作,以确定经过的时间。当计算的用户体内胰岛素低于预定阈值时,管理设备处理器可以使用计算的用户体内胰岛素来确定利用用户个性化的胰岛素衰减曲线。或者,响应于确定没有足够的葡萄糖历史可用,管理设备处理器可以在设定的时间量内将胰岛素的最大输送量限制为预定值,或者请求用户对在先前的持续时间内是否输送了非基础胰岛素剂量的询问作出响应。
在一些例子中,AP算法/系统设定点响应于各种输入或事件(例如,运动或进餐)而改变。系统100可操,以将用户维持在特定目标或设定点(例如,期望的葡萄糖水平)。在各个例子中,系统100可允许用户在某些情形下或者对于某些情况设定或改变系统100的设定点。在各个例子中,系统100可允许用户在用户定义的时间量内临时设定或改变系统100的设定点,在该时间量期满之后,系统100可回复到先前的目标。
在各个例子中,设定点可被定义为具有对于一天的不同时段设定的不同设定点的曲线。目标血糖水平可在每个时段自动改变。在各个例子中,在设定点改变的情况下,系统可能对阶跃变化作出突然的响应,并输送过多或过少的胰岛素。为了防止系统100对阶跃变化作出响应,可以使AP算法的预测偏移目标变化量。这可以防止预测受到目标的阶跃变化的影响。
在一些例子中,经由AP算法实现的安全约束可以使AP算法能够响应于传感器偏离-噪声和值阶跃变化-比如图3中表示的那些传感器偏离。例如,使系统100能够有效管理对非生理的传感器104的偏离或突然阶跃变化的响应的技术。例如,传感器104的非生理偏离可能由有噪声的传感器104或者由与传感器104的物理相互作用(比如对传感器104施加压力或者通过碰撞或撞击传感器104)引起。系统100可能响应来自传感器104的值的这种突然变化,并且错误地输送药物。本文中描述的技术可以按以下方式解决这种不期望的响应,并使系统100能够以以下方式检测这样的事件:A)通过仅仅确定传感器值趋势,B)通过确定一个方向上的传感器值趋势,随后是相反的趋势-检测趋势的突然变化,C)通过确定传感器值的变化率,和/或D)通过确定可以使用一阶导数或者其他过滤。另外,或作为备选E),在一些例子中,可以与趋势结合地使用从传感器,比如104内的加速度计获得的数据。例如,当人睡眠时,压力引起的传感器问题会以更高的速率发生,从而借助加速度计数据的睡眠检测也可以用于增强事故的检测。加速度计数据还可以用于感测对传感器或输送单元的冲击,以增强检测。例如,当传感器经历压力引起的传感器问题时,处理器可以处理加速度计数据来检测人的睡眠或定向。
在各个例子中,当检测到上面列出的事件A-E中的任何一个事件时,系统100可以以下述方式中的任何一种方式作出响应:AA)AP算法可以改变模式,比如从闭环操作变为开环操作;BB)在检测之后的设定时间段内或者直到事件(即,上面列出的事件A-E之一)结束为止,将系统100约束为针对用户个性化设定的最大输送量(例如,基础量);CC)在检测之后的设定时间段内或者直到事件结束为止,输送设定的个性化速率(例如,基础率);DD)在检测之后的设定时间段内或者直到事件结束为止,AP算法可以限制系统100所使用的变化率,或者EE)在任何时候或者在低血糖事件之后,可以实现变化率过滤器来限制AP算法的响应。
应用于AP算法并由系统100中的处理器执行的安全约束可以控制系统对传感器校准的响应,特别是当传感器是连续血糖监测器时。例如,在可能需要传感器校准的某些情况下,可能会导致传感器值的阶跃变化。作为响应,系统100可以响应于这样的阶跃变化而输送药物。例如,预测可以基于的系统100的当前状态可取决于在每个控制步骤的输入传感器值。这些传感器值可取决于用户输入的参考校准值(例如,手指针刺),并且如果在传感器读数和用于校准的手指针刺值之间存在显著差异,那么这些传感器值可能会显著改变。
传感器值的这些快速变化会在葡萄糖轨迹中引入人为阶跃变化(例如,如图3中所示的校准跳跃),这种人为阶跃变化不是葡萄糖浓度的实际趋势的真实反映。此外,手指针刺血糖(BG)值和校准时的CGM值之间存在显著差异意味在校准参考输入之前输入系统100中的CGM值,以及归因于这些CGM值的状态估计不太可靠,并且可能不反映当前状态。于是,当检测到这些事件时,AP算法的预测“轨迹”被重置为与当前新的CGM值匹配的平坦值。图3图解说明了基于新的CGM值调整预测轨迹的例子。
在各个例子中,可以针对正阶跃变化和负阶跃变化,实现这种重新初始化。在各个例子中,这种重新初始化可以局限于仅仅由校准引起的血糖值的正阶跃变化,因为血糖值的负阶跃变化可引起胰岛素输送减少或暂停几个周期,这是可以接受的。
例如,在图1的系统100中,诸如121、141或161之类的处理器可操作以执行处理,通过该处理,处理器从葡萄糖监测器,比如传感器104接收一个或多个葡萄糖测量值。处理器还可以接收用户输入的参考校准值。通过使用所述一个或多个葡萄糖值和用户输入的参考校准值,处理器可识别来自葡萄糖监测器的所述一个或多个葡萄糖值与用户输入的参考校准值之间的差异。基于所识别的差异,处理器可以修改调整后的胰岛素基础输送率。
在一些例子中,在基于所识别的差异修改经调整后的胰岛素基础输送率之前,处理器可以基于所识别的差异校准葡萄糖监测器。处理器还可以确定所识别的差异是输送中的胰岛素的量的正阶跃变化。例如,正阶跃变化可以是胰岛素输送量的增加。响应于所识别的差异是正阶跃变化,处理器可从校准的葡萄糖监测器获得当前新的血糖测量值。在获得当前新的血糖测量值之后,处理器可以使用当前新的血糖值,基于所识别的差异修改调整后的胰岛素基础输送率。或者,所识别的差异可能被确定为负阶跃变化,负阶跃变化是胰岛素输送量的减少。响应所识别的差异是负阶跃变化,处理器可以提供指令,以在基于所识别的差异修改调整后的胰岛素基础输送率之前,使胰岛素的输送暂停预定时间量。
本文中描述的用于为药物输送系统(例如,系统100或其任何组件)提供安全约束的技术可以用硬件、软件或它们的任意组合来实现。例如,系统100或其任何组件可以用硬件、软件或它们的任意组合来实现。本文中描述的技术的软件相关实现可以包括(但不限于)固件、专用软件、或者可以由一个或多个处理器执行的任何其他类型的计算机可读指令。本文中描述的技术的硬件相关实现可以包括(但不限于)集成电路(IC)、专用IC(ASIC)、现场可编程阵列(FPGA)和/或可编程逻辑器件(PLD)。在一些实施例中,本文中描述的技术和/或本文中描述的任何系统或组成组件可以利用执行存储在一个或多个存储组件上的计算机可读指令的处理器来实现。
所公开的设备的一些实施例可以例如使用可存储指令或指令集的存储介质、计算机可读介质或制造品来实现,如果由机器(即,处理器或微控制器)执行,那么所述指令或指令集可使所述机器进行按照本公开的实施例的方法和/或操作。这样的机器例如可包括任何适当的处理平台、计算平台、计算设备、处理设备、计算系统、处理系统、计算机、处理器等,并且可以使用硬件和/或软件的任何适当组合来实现。所述计算机可读介质或制造品例如可包括任何适当类型的存储单元、存储设备、存储物品、存储介质、储存设备、储存物品、储存介质和/或储存单元,例如,存储器(包括非临时性存储器)、可拆卸或不可拆卸介质、可擦除或不可擦除介质、可写或可重写介质、数字或模拟介质、硬盘、软盘、光盘只读存储器(CD-ROM)、可记录光盘(CD-R)、可重写光盘(CD-RW)、光盘、磁介质、磁光介质、可拆卸存储卡或盘、各种类型的数字通用光盘(DVD)、磁带、盒式磁带等。所述指令可包括使用任何适当的高级、低级、面向对象、可视化、编译和/或解释编程语言实现的任何适当类型的代码,比如源代码、编译代码、解释代码、可执行代码、静态代码、动态代码、加密代码、编程代码等。包含编程代码的非临时性计算机可读介质可以使处理器在执行编程代码时进行诸如各种功能,比如本文中描述的那些功能。
上面描述了本公开的某些例子或实施例。然而,应明确指出的是本公开不限于这些实施例,相反对本文中明确描述的内容的添加和修改也包括在所公开的例子的范围内。此外,应当理解的是本文中描述的各个例子的特征不是相互排斥的,而是可以以各种组合和排列的形式存在,即使在本文中没有表达这样的组合或排列,而不脱离所公开的例子的精神和范围。事实上,在不脱离所公开的例子的精神和范围的情况下,本领域的普通技术人员将想到本文中描述的内容的各种变化,修改和其他实现。因而,所公开的例子不应仅仅由前面的说明性描述来限定。
Claims (13)
1.一种非临时性计算机可读介质,具有可由处理器执行的编程代码,并且所述处理器在执行所述编程代码时可操作以进行各种功能,包括进行以下功能:
每隔固定时间间隔接收葡萄糖监测器所进行的葡萄糖测量的一个或多个葡萄糖测量值;
基于先前的葡萄糖测量值,预测未来葡萄糖值;
基于预测的未来葡萄糖值,调整将由医疗设备提供的胰岛素基础输送率;
接收用户输入的参考校准值,
当在所述一个或多个葡萄糖测量值形成的葡萄糖轨迹中由于所述葡萄糖监测器的校准而存在不是真实反映葡萄糖浓度的实际趋势的人为阶跃变化时,识别从所述葡萄糖监测器接收的所述一个或多个葡萄糖测量值与所述用户输入的参考校准值之间的差异;
从校准后的葡萄糖监测器获得当前新的血糖测量值,以供在基于所识别的差异修改调整后的胰岛素基础输送率时使用;和
按照修改后的调整后的胰岛素基础输送率,经由医疗设备输送胰岛素。
2.按照权利要求1所述的非临时性计算机可读介质,其中当所述处理器执行所述编程代码时,所述处理器进一步进行以下功能:
经由与葡萄糖监测器的无线连接,接收后续葡萄糖测量值;
使用所接收的后续葡萄糖测量值和过去时间段的在先葡萄糖值,确定基于每日胰岛素总量的基础葡萄糖水平;
比较基于每日胰岛素总量的基础葡萄糖水平和用户设定的基础葡萄糖设定点;和
响应于指示用户设定的基础葡萄糖设定点是错误的的比较结果,确定将由医疗设备输送的更新的胰岛素基础输送率,其中更新的胰岛素基础输送率是根据修改后的调整后的胰岛素基础输送率更新的。
3.按照权利要求1所述的非临时性计算机可读介质,其中当所述处理器执行所述编程代码时,在基于所识别的差异修改调整后的胰岛素基础输送率之前,所述处理器进一步进行以下功能:
基于所识别的差异校准所述葡萄糖监测器;
确定所识别的差异是输送中的胰岛素的量的正阶跃变化,其中所述正阶跃变化是胰岛素输送量的增加;
响应于所识别的差异是正阶跃变化,从所述校准的葡萄糖监测器获得当前新的血糖测量值,以供在基于所识别的差异修改调整后的胰岛素基础输送率时使用。
4.按照权利要求1所述的非临时性计算机可读介质,其中当所述处理器执行所述编程代码时,在基于所识别的差异修改调整后的胰岛素基础输送率之前,所述处理器进一步进行以下功能:
基于所识别的差异校准所述葡萄糖监测器;
确定所识别的差异是负阶跃变化,其中所述负阶跃变化是胰岛素输送量的减少;和
响应于所识别的差异是负阶跃变化,提供指令以使胰岛素的输送暂停预定时间量。
5.按照权利要求1所述的非临时性计算机可读介质,其中当所述处理器执行所述编程代码时,所述处理器进一步进行以下功能:
基于所述葡萄糖监测器提供的葡萄糖测量结果,确定发生了低血糖事件;和
响应于确定发生了低血糖事件,进一步修改所述修改后的调整后的胰岛素基础输送率。
6.按照权利要求5所述的非临时性计算机可读介质,其中当所述处理器执行所述编程代码时,在响应于确定发生了低血糖事件,修改调整后的胰岛素基础输送率时,所述处理器进一步进行以下功能:
在确定发生低血糖事件之后的预定时间段内,设定用于剂量计算的医疗设备的降低的临时基础输送率;或者
在确定发生低血糖事件之后,设定用于剂量计算的医疗设备的降低的临时基础输送率,直到血糖水平的变化率降低到低于预定阈值为止;或者
在确定发生低血糖事件之后,设定用于剂量计算的医疗设备的降低的临时基础输送率,直到血糖水平高于预定阈值为止。
7.一种由经由无线连接耦接到葡萄糖监测器的处理器执行的方法,所述方法包括:
由所述处理器从所述葡萄糖监测器接收多个葡萄糖测量值,其中所述多个葡萄糖测量值中的每个葡萄糖测量值是在一段时间内每隔固定时间间隔接收的,并且所述固定时间间隔小于所述一段时间;
使用所述多个葡萄糖测量值中的至少一个,预测多个预测的未来葡萄糖值;
确定在下一个固定时间间隔内没有接收到后续葡萄糖测量值;
响应于确定在所述下一个固定时间间隔内没有接收到后续葡萄糖测量值,基于所述多个预测的未来葡萄糖值中的至少一个,调整将由医疗设备提供的基于每日胰岛素总量的基础输送率;和
按照调整后的基于每日胰岛素总量的基础输送率,经由医疗设备在可信预测时间段输送胰岛素;
响应于最后接收的葡萄糖测量值在先前的葡萄糖测量值的特定范围内,并且所述可信预测时间段跨越与预定数目的固定时间间隔对应的持续时间,确定暂停胰岛素的输送;
基于落入葡萄糖测量值的多个范围中的特定范围内的最后接收的葡萄糖测量值的值,从多个预设时间段中选择暂停胰岛素的输送的时间段;和
暂停胰岛素的输送持续所选时间段。
8.一种系统,包括:
医疗设备,所述医疗设备包括泵、配置成包含胰岛素的储存器、处理器和收发器,其中所述医疗设备可操作以响应于来自所述处理器的输出而输送胰岛素;
传感器,所述传感器包括发射器、处理器和套管,所述传感器可操作以测量血糖并输出血糖值;和
管理设备,所述管理设备包括管理设备处理器、配置成存储包括人工胰腺算法的编程指令的管理设备存储器、和管理设备收发器,其中在执行包括人工胰腺算法的所述编程指令时,所述管理设备处理器可操作,以便:
确定低血糖事件的发生;
响应于确定低血糖事件的发生,实施葡萄糖变化率过滤器持续预定时间段,其中所述葡萄糖变化率过滤器限制人工胰腺算法在确定胰岛素的输送时间和输送的胰岛素的剂量时所使用的被测血糖值的变化率;和
指令所述医疗设备在确定的输送时间输送确定剂量的胰岛素。
9.按照权利要求8所述的系统,其中在执行所述人工胰腺算法时,所述管理设备的所述处理器还可操作,以便:
通过应用选自以下中的一个或多个限制,限制实施葡萄糖变化率过滤器的持续时间:
测量的葡萄糖值首次低于与低血糖事件相关的预定阈值时的时间,
在低血糖事件发生之后,测量的葡萄糖值高于再一个预定阈值的时间,
直到葡萄糖变化率降低到低于又一个预定阈值为止,或者
直到葡萄糖高于额外的预定阈值为止。
10.按照权利要求8所述的系统,其中在执行所述人工胰腺算法时,所述管理设备处理器除了在确定低血糖事件发生之后外,还在下述之一实施葡萄糖变化率过滤器:在任何时候、当确定正的葡萄糖变化率和负的葡萄糖变化率两者时,或者仅当确定正的葡萄糖变化率时。
11.按照权利要求8所述的系统,其中在执行所述人工胰腺算法时,所述管理设备的所述处理器还可操作,以便:
确定要向用户输送胰岛素的时间和剂量,其中所述时间和剂量是基于用户的性别、用户的年龄、用户的体重、用户的身高和/或传感器所提供的葡萄糖水平来计算的。
12.按照权利要求8所述的系统,其中在执行所述人工胰腺算法时,所述管理设备的所述处理器还可操作,以便进行下述之一:
从闭环操作模式变为开环操作模式;
在检测之后的设定时间段内,或者直到事件结束为止,按照针对用户个性化设定的基础输送率,约束最大胰岛素输送量,其中所述事件是不同于低血糖事件的事件;
在检测之后的设定时间段内,或者直到低血糖事件结束为止,输送设定的个性化基础率;
在检测之后的设定时间段内,或者直到所述事件结束为止,限制处理器所使用的变化率;或者
在任何时候或在低血糖事件之后,应用葡萄糖变化率过滤器来限制所述人工胰腺算法的响应。
13.按照权利要求8所述的系统,其中在执行所述人工胰腺算法时,所述管理设备的所述处理器还可操作,以便:
在开始所述人工胰腺算法的闭环操作时,确定没有足够的葡萄糖历史可供所述人工胰腺算法使用;和
响应于确定没有足够的葡萄糖历史可用,可操作以便:
在设定的时间量内将胰岛素的最大输送量限制为预定值或请求用户对在先前的持续时间内是否输送了非基础胰岛素剂量的询问作出响应;
或者
在开始所述人工胰腺算法的闭环操作时,确定没有足够的葡萄糖历史可供所述人工胰腺算法使用;
请求用户向所述管理设备输入提供医疗设备所输送的胰岛素的量;响应于接收到响应于所述请求输送的胰岛素的量,基于输送的胰岛素的量计算用户的体内胰岛素;或
当计算的用户体内胰岛素低于预定阈值时,使用计算的用户体内胰岛素来确定利用用户个性化的胰岛素衰减曲线。
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