CN112058291A - 一种微球状复合可见光催化剂及其快速制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种微球状复合可见光催化剂及其快速制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种微球状复合可见光催化剂及其快速制备方法和应用,所制的微球状BiVO4/g‑C3N4复合可见光催化剂,方法为BiVO4前驱液添加柠檬酸和尿素后,调pH为碱性,将形貌控制为微球状的BiVO4,并以三聚氰胺为g‑C3N4前驱体,经高温煅烧,通过乙醇溶剂将微球状的BiVO4和g‑C3N4按一定质量比混合振荡,形成复合催化剂前驱液,低温煅烧后得到目标产物。与现有技术相比,本发明合成的微球状BiVO4/g‑C3N4复合可见光催化剂,具有合成工艺简单、操作流程短、材料成本低、反应条件温和及可见光性能佳等优点,所制备的微球状BiVO4/g‑C3N4为椭球状形貌,具有较大比表面积和孔容、粒度均匀,较优的光催化性,在环境有机物降解领域将具有十分宽广的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及光催化剂技术领域,尤其是涉及一种微球状复合可见光催化剂及 其快速制备方法和应用。
背景技术
城镇化的推进提升了城市的工业水平,人口的大量涌入,污染源排放也随之增加。光催化成为非常有前景的污染物处理方法。光催化的原理是利用光来激发二氧 化钛等半导体材料,利用它们产生的电子和空穴来参加氧化—还原反应。当能量 大于或等于能隙的光照射到半导体纳米粒子上时,其价带中的电子将被激发跃迁到 导带,在价带上留下相对稳定的空穴,从而形成电子—空穴对。由于纳米材料中存 在大量的缺陷和悬键,这些缺陷和悬键能俘获电子或空穴并阻止电子和空穴的重新 复合。这些被俘获的电子和空穴分别扩散到微粒的表面,从而产生了强烈的氧化还 原势。
钒酸铋(BiVO4)作为一种新型半导体材料,因其可直接被可见光激发,更有效 地利用太阳能,实现有机污染物的矿化,而成为近期光催化材料研究领域的热点之 一。但由于一般的钒酸铋的光生载流子迁移率低、光生电荷载流子难分离、易复合、 催化利用率和扩增光谱响应范围低等缺陷,使得其应用于污染物处理的光催化剂时 具有性能上的瓶颈,同时因为现有的光催化剂均需较为苛刻的制备条件,无法在制 备过程上进行工业化的放大,难以实现工业化的推广。
发明内容
本发明的目的就是为了克服上述现有技术存在的缺陷而提供一种微球状复合 可见光催化剂及其快速制备方法和应用,本发明采用高温煅烧法分别合成微球状钒 酸铋和三聚氰胺为前驱体的g-C3N4。通过简单的混合热处理获得微球状BiVO4/g- C3N4复合二元光催化剂。所制备的复合光催化剂拥有较好的可见光光催化活性, 并具有优越的稳定性,在降解和控制环境污染物、能源等领域具有十分宽广的应用 前景。
本发明的目的可以通过以下技术方案来实现:
本发明中的微球状复合可见光催化剂的快速制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1:以三聚氰胺为原料,以煅烧的方法制得g-C3N4;
S2:将Bi(NO3)3·5H2O加入硝酸溶液中,之后加入柠檬酸和尿素,充分搅拌使 其溶解,得到Bi溶液;取NH4VO3加入至氨水中,之后加入柠檬酸,并充分搅拌 溶解,得到V溶液;
S3:将所述Bi溶液和所述V溶液按Bi:V=1:1的摩尔配比混合,得到混合液, 搅拌,用氨水将混合液调为碱性,搅拌,获得微球状BiVO4前驱液;
S4:将所述微球状BiVO4前驱液干燥、煅烧,得到微球状BiVO4;
S5:将g-C3N4和微球状BiVO4研磨并混合得到微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合物。
进一步地,S1中煅烧的条件为5℃/min的速率升温至550℃,并在该温度下 保持3h。
进一步地,S2中所述Bi溶液中Bi(NO3)3·5H2O浓度为0.1mol/L,硝酸浓 度为4mol/L,柠檬酸和尿素与Bi(NO3)3·5H2O在Bi溶液中的摩尔配比为2:1:2。
进一步地,S2中所述V溶液中NH4VO3浓度为0.1mol/L,氨水为13.3mol/L~14.79mol/L,柠檬酸与NH4VO3在V溶液的摩尔配比为1:1。
进一步地,S2中的搅拌时间均为20~30min;
S3中每次的搅拌时间均为25~35min;
S3中调节碱性的范围至PH=9~10,得到深蓝色的微球状BiVO4前驱液。
进一步地,S4中的干燥过程为鼓风干燥,干燥过程为80℃烘干24h。
进一步地,S4中的煅烧过程为,以N2作为煅烧保护气,N2流速为75ml/min, 煅烧升温时以2℃/min升温速率从室温升到300℃,再以3℃/min的升温速率升 温到500℃,保温2h,之后加热8h,得到微球状黄绿色BiVO4产品。
进一步地,S5中研磨g-C3N4和微球状BiVO4为粉末,之后按1:8质量比置 于乙醇溶剂,在摇床中剧烈混合,随后将溶液放入烘箱中在干燥,得到微球状 BiVO4/g-C3N4复合物。
本发明中的石墨相氮化碳可以在可见光下分解水制氢,具有许多优异性质,如 大的表面积、高的热稳定性和化学惰性。
本发明通过控制钒酸铋的形貌,合成微球状形貌的钒酸铋,与三聚氰胺为前驱 体的g-C3N4,混合乙醇通过低温热处理即生成了微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合二元光 催化剂,并实现在光照4h下,苯酚溶液降解率达到24.78%。本制备方法简单而 成本低廉,可容易的实现工业化的放大。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下优势:
1)本发明首次制备出了微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合物可见光催化剂,通过加入 柠檬酸和尿素调控BiVO4微球形貌,再用乙醇溶剂将微球状BiVO4和g-C3N4用摇 床充分合成微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合物可见光催化。该方法融合了煅烧法和摇床 震荡反应的优点,其制备工艺相对简单、实验操作简便、设备仪器低廉、原材成本 低廉、易得、且具有良好的理化稳定性、反应条件温和、避免高能耗、制备周期较 短,合成的产物有着高产率、高质量、低污染、环境友好等特点。
2)本发明制备的微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合可见光催化剂,属于微球状BiVO4和结合g-C3N4的粉体,微球状BiVO4和g-C3N4结合的质量比为8:1。该复合光催 化剂具有由均匀不规则的椭球状形貌,比表面积大,粒度分布均匀。本发明提供的 微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合可见光催化剂能够很好的将BiVO4和结合g-C3N4的优缺 点相互弥补,经过光催化降解目标污染物测试,证明本发明提供的微球状 BiVO4/g-C3N4复合可见光催化,具有较好的光催化性能,能够用于降解有机物,在 解决水环境有机污染物、大气污染物VOCs等分解问题上有良好的应用前景。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施例1制备的微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合可见光催化剂的XRD 图;
图2是本发明实施例1制备的微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合可见光催化剂的SEM 图,其中(a)的放大比例为50000倍,(b)的放大比例为100000倍;
图3是本发明实施例1制备的微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合可见光催化剂的EDS 图,选用的放大比例为20000倍;
图4是本发明实施例1制备的微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合可见光催化剂降解苯 酚的降解曲线图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明进行详细说明。
实施例1
步骤1,称取10.0g三聚氰胺于50mL氧化铝坩蜗中;将氧化铝坩埚加盖子 放置于马弗炉炉膛中央,以5℃/min的速率升温至550℃,并在该温度下保持3 h;煅烧结束后,待膛内温度降为室温,避免材料温度过高与空气中氧气发生燃烧 反应。将坩埚内得到的黄色固体取在60℃的温度下烘箱,烘干8h保存备用。
步骤2,称取4mmolBi(NO3)3·5H2O(1.93992g)样品,将其加入到40m L 4mol/L的HNO3溶液中,再向其中加入4mmol柠檬酸(0.76852g)和2mm ol尿素(0.12012g),搅拌31min使其溶解,标注为Bi液;称取4mmol NH4V O3(0.467g)样品,将其加入到40mL 25-28%的氨水中,其中氨水必须现拆现 用,避免氨水浓度挥发。再向其中加入与4mmol柠檬酸(0.76852g),搅拌32 min使其溶解,标注为V液。
步骤3,将Bi溶液和V溶液按Bi:V=1:1的摩尔配比混合,搅拌25min 后,用25-28%的氨水将混合液的调到碱性,pH值=9。如果PH值为酸性,混 合液的颜色为橙黄色。继续搅拌30min后,获得深蓝色微球状BiVO4前驱液。
步骤4,将微球状BiVO4前驱液放入电热恒温鼓风干燥箱中,80℃烘干24h 后,又将其放入管式炉内,保护气N2流速为75ml/min,并以2℃/min升温速率 从室温升到300℃,再以3℃/min的升温速率升温到500℃,保温2h,煅烧结 束后,待膛内温度降为室温,避免材料温度过高与空气中氧气发生燃烧反应。煅烧 后加热8h即得到微球状黄绿色BiVO4样品。
步骤5,使用玛瑙研钵研磨g-C3N4和微球状BiVO4为粉末,按1:8质量比置 于30mL分析乙醇溶剂中,其中微球状BiVO4质量为0.8g,g-C3N4质量为0.1g, 摇床振荡频率为180rad/min,置于25℃下进行剧烈混合。混合后样品放入烘箱 中在110℃下彻底干燥12h,即得到黄色微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合物样品。
用XRD测定实施例1制得的产物的物相组成,从图1中可以看出采用微波水 热法可以制备出的微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合光催化剂,与BiVO4和C3N4标准物质 的峰相对应,表明合成的复合光催化剂为微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合光催化剂。
图2是实施例1制得微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合光催化剂的SEM图,从图中可 以看出制备的微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合光催化剂,为规则微球状结构。
图3是实施例1制得的微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合光催化剂的EDS图,从图中 可以看出制备的微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合光催化剂,为不规则微球状结构,通过 图表可知微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合光催化剂的重量百分比C、N、O、V、Bi分别 为02.84%、01.96%、08.49%、14.49%、72.22%;原子数百分含量C、N、O、 V、Bi分别为15.39%、09.09%、34.54%、18.50%、22.48%。
图4是实施例1制得的微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合光催化剂在紫外光下降解苯 酚(10mg/L)的降解变化曲线,在16h内降解了97.6%。
本发明制备的微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合可见光催化剂,属于微球状BiVO4和 结合g-C3N4的粉体,微球状BiVO4和g-C3N4结合的质量比为8:1。该复合光催化 剂具有由均匀不规则的微球状形貌,比表面积大,粒度分布均匀。
对比例1
本对比例中仅采用单斜相BiVO4作为催化剂,在紫外光下进行降解苯酚(10 mg/L)的性能测试,降解变化曲线参见图4。
比对比例中的单斜相BiVO4作为光降解效果明显劣于实施例1中制备的 BiVO4/g-C3N4,说明BiVO4/g-C3N4显著提升了单一钒酸铋的光催化活性。
本发明制备的微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合可见光催化剂能够很好的将BiVO4和 结合g-C3N4的优缺点相互弥补,经过光催化降解目标污染物测试,证明本发明提 供的微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合可见光催化,具有较好的光催化性能,能够用于降 解有机物,在解决水环境有机污染物、大气污染物VOCs、土壤中难降解有机污染 物等分解问题上有良好的应用前景。
上述的对实施例的描述是为便于该技术领域的普通技术人员能理解和使用发明。熟悉本领域技术的人员显然可以容易地对这些实施例做出各种修改,并把在此 说明的一般原理应用到其他实施例中而不必经过创造性的劳动。因此,本发明不限 于上述实施例,本领域技术人员根据本发明的揭示,不脱离本发明范畴所做出的改 进和修改都应该在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种微球状复合可见光催化剂的快速制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
S1:以三聚氰胺为原料,以煅烧的方法制得g-C3N4;
S2:将Bi(NO3)3·5H2O加入硝酸溶液中,之后加入柠檬酸和尿素,充分搅拌使其溶解,得到Bi溶液;取NH4VO3加入至氨水中,之后加入柠檬酸,并充分搅拌溶解,得到V溶液;
S3:将所述Bi溶液和所述V溶液按Bi:V=1:1的摩尔配比混合,得到混合液,搅拌,用氨水将混合液调为碱性,搅拌,获得微球状BiVO4前驱液;
S4:将所述微球状BiVO4前驱液干燥、煅烧,得到微球状BiVO4;
S5:将g-C3N4和微球状BiVO4研磨并混合得到微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种微球状复合可见光催化剂的快速制备方法,其特征在于,S1中煅烧的条件为5℃/min的速率升温至550℃,并在该温度下保持3h。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种微球状复合可见光催化剂的快速制备方法,其特征在于,S2中所述Bi溶液中Bi(NO3)3·5H2O浓度为0.1mol/L,硝酸浓度为4mol/L,柠檬酸和尿素与Bi(NO3)3·5H2O在Bi溶液中的摩尔配比为2:1:2。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种微球状复合可见光催化剂的快速制备方法,其特征在于,S2中所述V溶液中NH4VO3浓度为0.1mol/L,氨水为13.3mol/L~14.79mol/L,柠檬酸与NH4VO3在V溶液的摩尔配比为1:1。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种微球状复合可见光催化剂的快速制备方法,其特征在于,S2中的搅拌时间均为20~30min;
S3中每次的搅拌时间均为25~35min;
S3中调节碱性的范围至PH=9~10,得到深蓝色的微球状BiVO4前驱液。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种微球状复合可见光催化剂的快速制备方法,其特征在于,S4中的干燥过程为鼓风干燥,干燥过程为80℃烘干24h。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种微球状复合可见光催化剂的快速制备方法,其特征在于,S4中的煅烧过程为,以N2作为煅烧保护气,N2流速为75ml/min,煅烧升温时以2℃/min升温速率从室温升到300℃,再以3℃/min的升温速率升温到500℃,保温2h,之后加热8h,得到微球状黄绿色BiVO4产品。
8.根据权利要求1所述的一种微球状复合可见光催化剂的快速制备方法,其特征在于,S5中研磨g-C3N4和微球状BiVO4为粉末,之后按1:8质量比置于乙醇溶剂,在摇床中剧烈混合,随后将溶液放入烘箱中在干燥,得到微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合物。
9.一种微球状复合可见光催化剂,其特征在于,所述可见光催化剂为微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合物,所述微球状BiVO4/g-C3N4复合物由权利要求1~8中的任意一项所述的制备方法得到。
10.一种权利要求9中的微球状复合可见光催化剂在有机污染物降解中的应用。
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