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CN111636035B - 重稀土合金、钕铁硼永磁材料、原料和制备方法 - Google Patents

重稀土合金、钕铁硼永磁材料、原料和制备方法 Download PDF

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CN111636035B
CN111636035B CN202010528355.3A CN202010528355A CN111636035B CN 111636035 B CN111636035 B CN 111636035B CN 202010528355 A CN202010528355 A CN 202010528355A CN 111636035 B CN111636035 B CN 111636035B
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mas
alloy
refers
rare earth
mass percentage
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CN111636035A (zh
Inventor
蒋智鹏
黄佳莹
施尧
骆溁
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Fujian Jinlong Rare Earth Co ltd
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Xiamen Tungsten Co Ltd
Fujian Changting Jinlong Rare Earth Co Ltd
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Application filed by Xiamen Tungsten Co Ltd, Fujian Changting Jinlong Rare Earth Co Ltd filed Critical Xiamen Tungsten Co Ltd
Priority to CN202010528355.3A priority Critical patent/CN111636035B/zh
Publication of CN111636035A publication Critical patent/CN111636035A/zh
Priority to DE112021000728.9T priority patent/DE112021000728T5/de
Priority to PCT/CN2021/095091 priority patent/WO2021249159A1/zh
Priority to CA3163388A priority patent/CA3163388A1/en
Priority to US17/785,501 priority patent/US20230093094A1/en
Priority to KR1020227024171A priority patent/KR102718194B1/ko
Priority to AU2021288185A priority patent/AU2021288185B2/en
Priority to JP2022547798A priority patent/JP7418598B2/ja
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种重稀土合金、钕铁硼永磁材料、原料和制备方法。该重稀土合金包括以下组分:RH,30~100mas%、且不为100mas%;X,0~20mas%、且不为0;B,0~1.1mas%;Fe和/或Co,15~69mas%,RH包括Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu和Sc中的一种或多种重稀土元素;X为Ti和/或Zr。本发明的重稀土合金在作为子合金用于制备钕铁硼永磁材料时,实现了重稀土利用率高,使得在钕铁硼永磁材料保持较高剩磁的同时,矫顽力也能得到较大提升。

Description

重稀土合金、钕铁硼永磁材料、原料和制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种重稀土合金、钕铁硼永磁材料、原料和制备方法。
背景技术
由于钕铁硼稀土永磁材料具有高剩磁、高矫顽力和高磁能积的特点,广泛应用于电力电子、通讯、信息、电机、交通运输、办公自动化、医疗器械、军事等领域,并使一些小型、高度集成的高新技术产品的市场应用成为可能,例如硬盘用音圈电机(VCM),混合动力汽车(HEV),电动车等。要满足以上市场需求,需要以更低的成本制备出同时具备高剩磁和高矫顽力的钕铁硼磁体;尤其是新能源汽车领域中的永磁电动机由于工作温度较高,要求磁体具有更高的矫顽力。
目前,现有技术中提高钕铁硼永磁体矫顽力的方式主要有以下几种:
1)单合金制备工艺:利用Tb2Fe14B、Dy2Fe14B具有较高的磁晶各向异性场(HA),直接在合金熔炼过程中添加Tb、Dy的纯金属,或者含Tb、Dy的合金以提高钕铁硼磁体的矫顽力,但由于Tb、Dy元素形成的Tb2Fe14B、Dy2Fe14B的饱和磁化强度(Ms)大大低于Nd2Fe14B,会造成磁体的剩磁明显降低,且该工艺Tb、Dy重稀土元素的添加量比较大,原料成本很高。
2)晶界扩散工艺:通过涂覆、溅射、蒸镀等方法,在烧结后的钕铁硼磁体表面附着一层含重稀土元素Dy或Tb的扩散源物质(包括无机稀土化合物、稀土金属或稀土合金),然后在晶界富钕相熔点以上、磁体烧结温度以下的温度进行高温扩散,使Dy或Tb沿磁体晶界渗入内部,在Nd2Fe14B主相晶粒表层形成高各向异性场的(Nd,Dy)2Fe14B或(Nd,Tb)2Fe14B磁硬层,从而提高磁体的矫顽力。由于Dy、Tb仅分布于主相晶粒的最外延区域,该方法可以大幅减少Dy、Tb重稀土的使用量,同时由于晶粒内扩散深度有限,可以有效抑制磁体剩磁的降低。但该方法对设备要求高、投资大、操作复杂,同时受扩散深度所限,一般要求磁体厚度不超过1cm,无法制备大尺寸磁体。
3)双合金法是一种通过改善磁体的微观组织和磁性相的边界结构来提高矫顽力的方法,此方法用富含重稀土元素的合金作为辅相,主相合金成分接近Nd2Fe14B化学成分计量比;然后将主辅相混合后经压制、烧结、退火制得磁体。此方法不受永磁体尺寸限制,可以制备出大尺寸高矫顽力的钕铁硼磁体。但由于烧结阶段的温度较高,作为辅相添加的重稀土元素会大量扩散进入主相,造成磁体的剩磁下降;同时重稀土元素大量扩散进入主相对矫顽力的提升价值,小于其分布于晶粒表面改善晶界结构的效果,这将导致重稀土利用率低、矫顽力提升受限。
因此,亟需一种重稀土利用率高,在保持较高剩磁的同时,矫顽力也能得到较大提升的钕铁硼永磁材料。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是克服现有技术中采用双合金法制备R-T-B系永磁材料时,辅相中重稀土元素在烧结过程中向主相过度扩散,导致磁体的剩磁降低、矫顽力提升受限以及重稀土利用率低的缺陷,而提供了一种重稀土利用率高,在保持较高剩磁的同时,矫顽力也能得到较大提升的重稀土合金、钕铁硼永磁材料、原料和制备方法。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:
本发明目的之一,提供一种重稀土合金,以质量百分比计,所述重稀土合金包括以下组分:RH,30~100mas%、且不为100mas%;X,0~20mas%、且不为0;B,0~1.1mas%;Fe和/或Co,15~69mas%,各组分之和为100mas%;mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
RH包括Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu和Sc中的一种或多种重稀土元素;
所述X为Ti和/或Zr。
本发明中,所述重稀土合金还可以包括其他本领域常规的元素,在此时增加元素时,所述重稀土合金除Fe和/或Co以外,已有元素的质量百分比含量不发生变化,Fe和/或Co补足余量100%;即对于各元素用量而言,除Fe和/或Co以外的已有元素的质量百分比含量不发生变化,仅降低或升高Fe和/或Co元素的百分含量,以实现各元素总含量为100%。
本发明中,所述RH的含量范围较佳地为30~90mas%,更佳地为40~80mas%,例如69mas%、60.2mas%、62.5mas%或者75mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
本发明中,所述RH的种类较佳地包括Tb、Dy、Ho和Gd中的一种或多种重稀土元素;更佳地为Tb或/和Dy。
本发明中,当所述RH包含Tb时,所述Tb的含量范围较佳地为30~75mas%,例如50.2mas%、30mas%或34mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
本发明中,当所述RH包含Dy时,所述Dy的含量范围较佳地为3~75mas%,例如5mas%、50mas%或69mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
本发明中,当所述RH包含Ho时,所述Ho的含量范围较佳地为2~50mas%,例如2.3mas%或10mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
本发明中,当所述RH包含Gd时,所述Gd的含量范围较佳地为2~50mas%,例如5mas%或23.2mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
本发明中,当所述RH包括Tb和Dy时,“Tb+Dy”较佳地为30~90mas%,例如35mas%或者37mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
本发明中,当所述RH包括Tb和Ho时,“Tb和Ho”较佳地为30~90mas%,例如60.2mas%或者36.3mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
本发明中,当所述RH包括Tb和Gd时,“Tb和Gd”较佳地为30~90mas%,例如35mas%或者57.2mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
本发明中,当所述RH包括Tb、Dy和Gd时,“Tb、Dy和Gd”较佳地为30~90mas%,例如40mas%或者57.2mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
本发明中,当所述RH包括Tb、Dy、Ho和Gd时,“Tb、Dy、Ho和Gd”较佳地为30~90mas%,例如62.5mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
本发明中,所述X的含量范围较佳地为3~15mas%,例如7.27mas%、7.5mas%、8mas%或8.25mas%;更佳地为3~10mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
本发明中,当所述X包含Zr时,所述Zr的含量范围较佳地为3~10%,例如7.27mas%、4mas%或2mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
本发明中,当所述X包含Ti时,所述Ti的含量范围较佳地为3~15%,例如7.5mas%、4mas%或6.25mas%,更佳地为3~10%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
本发明中,当所述X包含Zr和Ti的混合物时,所述Zr和所述Ti的质量比可为1:99~99:1,例如8:25或者1:1。
本发明中,所述B的含量范围较佳地为0~0.9mas%,例如0.5mas%。
本发明中,以质量百分比计,所述重稀土合金较佳地包括以下组分:Dy,69~75mas%,Zr,6.5~7.5mas%,B,0~0.6mas%,余量为Fe和/或Co。
本发明中,以质量百分比计,所述重稀土合金较佳地包括以下组分:Dy,69~75mas%,Ti,6.5~7.5mas%,B,0~0.6mas%,余量为Fe和/或Co。
在本发明较佳实施方式中,所述重稀土合金的组分和含量可为下述编号1-5中的任意一种(mas%):
编号 1 2 3 4 5
RH 75 69 60.2 40 62.5
Tb / / 50.2 30 34
Dy 75 69 / 5 3
Ho / / 10 / 2.3
Gd / / / 5 23.2
Ti / 7.5 4 6.25 10
Zr 7.27 / 4 2 10
B 0.5 0.5 / 1 0.9
Fe和/或Co 余量 余量 余量 余量 余量
本发明目的之二,提供了一种上述重稀土合金在双合金法制备钕铁硼永磁材料中作为子合金(又称“辅合金”)的应用。
本发明目的之三,提供了一种钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其包括主合金和子合金;所述子合金为前述的重稀土合金;
以质量百分比计,所述主合金包括以下组分:R,28.5~33.5mas%;M,0~5mas%;B,0.85~1.1mas%;Fe,60~70mas%;各组分之和为100mas%;mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
所述R为稀土元素、所述R包括Nd;
所述M包括Co、Cu、Al、Ga、Ti、Zr、W、Nb、V、Cr、Ni、Zn、Ge、Sn、Mo、Pb、Bi中一种或多种;
所述主合金和所述子合金的质量比为(90~100):(0~10),其中所述主合金不为100mas%,所述子合金不为0mas%,mas%是指所述主合金和所述子合金总重量中的质量百分比。
本发明中,所述主合金中增加或减少元素种类时,所述主合金的总重量发生变化。此时,对于各元素用量而言,除Fe以外的已有元素的质量百分比含量不发生变化,仅降低或升高Fe元素的百分含量,以实现各元素总含量为100%。
本发明中,所述主合金和所述子合金的质量比较佳地为(95~99):(1~5),例如97:3或者92:8。
本发明中,所述R的含量较佳地为29~32.5mas%,例如31.07mas%、31.3mas%或31.76mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
本发明中,所述R中的Nd的添加形式可为本领域常规,例如以PrNd的形式,或者,以纯净的Nd的形式,或者以纯净的Pr和Nd的混合物的形式,或者以PrNd、纯净的Pr和Nd的混合物联合添加。当以PrNd的形式添加时,PrNd中Pr与Nd的重量比为25:75或20:80。
本发明中,所述Nd的含量范围较佳地为17~28.5mas%,例如19.7mas%、21mas%或者22.5mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
本发明中,所述R的种类较佳地还包括Pr、Dy、Tb、Ho和Gd中一种或多种。
其中,当所R包括Pr时,Pr的添加形式可为本领域常规,例如以PrNd的形式,或者,以纯净的Pr和Nd的混合物的形式,或者以PrNd、纯净的Pr和Nd的混合物联合添加。当以PrNd的形式添加时,PrNd中Pr与Nd的重量比为25:75或20:80。
其中,当所述R包括Pr时,所述Pr的含量较佳地为0~10mas%、且不为0,例如5.26mas%、5.6mas%或6mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
其中,当所述R包括Dy时,所述Dy的含量范围较佳地为0.5~6mas%,例如5mas%、4.27mas%、1mas%或1.3mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
其中,当所述R包括Gd时,所述Gd的含量范围较佳地为0.2~2mas%,例如0.46mas%、0.5mas%、1mas%或1.5mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
其中,当所述R包括Tb时,所述Tb的含量范围可为本领域常规,较佳地,所述Tb的含量范围为0~5mas%、且不为0,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
其中,当所述R包括Ho时,所述Ho的含量范围可为本领域常规,较佳地,所述Ho的含量范围为0~5mas%、且不为0,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
其中,当所述R包括Dy和Gd时,所述Dy和所述Gd的质量比可为1:99~99:1,例如10:1、1:1或者13:15。
本发明中,所述M的含量范围较佳地为2.5~4mas%,例如2.19mas%、1.97mas%、2.85mas%、1.65mas%或1.94mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
本发明中,所述M的种类较佳地包括Ga、Al、Cu、Co、Ti、Zr和Nb中的一种或多种,例如所述M的种类包括Ga、Al、Cu、Co、Nb和Zr,Ga、Al、Cu、Co、Nb和Ti,Ga、Al、Cu和Co,Ga、Al、Cu、Ti和Zr。
其中,当所述M包括Ga时,所述Ga的含量范围较佳地为0~1mas%、且不为0,例如0.26mas%、0.3mas%、0.1mas%或0.5mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
其中,当所述M包括Al时,所述Al的含量范围较佳地为0~1mas%、且不为0,例如0.25mas%、0.19mas%、0.5mas%、0.05mas%或0.04mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
其中,当所述M包括Cu时,所述Cu的含量范围较佳地为0~1mas%、且不为0,例如0.21mas%、0.1mas%或0.2mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
其中,当所述M包括Co时,所述Co的含量范围较佳地为0~2.5mas%、且不为0,例如1.2mas%、1.15mas%、2mas%或1.3mas%,更佳地为1~2mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
其中,当所述M包括Ti时,所述Ti的含量范围较佳地为0~1mas%、且不为0,例如0.1mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
其中,当所述M包括Zr时,所述Zr的含量范围较佳地为0~1mas%、且不为0,例如0.25mas%、0.1mas%或0.095mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
其中,当所述M包括Nb时,所述Nb的含量范围较佳地为0~0.5mas%、且不为0,例如0.02mas%或0.05mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
本发明中,所述B的含量较佳地为0.9~1.05mas%,例如0.99mas%、1mas%或0.95mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
在本发明较佳实施方式中,所述钕铁硼永磁材料的原料可为下述编号1-5中的任意一种(mas%):
Figure BDA0002534348730000081
本发明目的之四,提供了一种钕铁硼永磁材料的制备方法,其包括以下步骤:将前述钕铁硼永磁材料的原料中的所述主合金和所述子合金的熔融液分别进行铸造,即得主合金片和子合金片;将所述主合金片和所述子合金片经氢破碎、微粉碎的混合物进行成形和烧结处理,即得所述钕铁硼永磁材料。
本发明中,较佳地,所述制备方法包括以下步骤:将前述钕铁硼永磁材料的原料中的所述主合金和所述子合金的熔融液分别进行铸造,即得主合金片和子合金片;将所述主合金片和所述子合金片的混合物经氢破碎、微粉碎、成形和烧结处理,即得所述钕铁硼永磁材料;
或者,所述制备方法包括以下步骤:将所述钕铁硼永磁材料的原料中的所述主合金和所述子合金的熔融液分别进行铸造,即得主合金片和子合金片;将所述主合金片和所述子合金片分别进行氢破碎,再将所述主合金片和所述子合金片经所述氢破碎后的粗粉进行混合,再将混合后的粗粉经微粉碎、成形和烧结处理,即得所述钕铁硼永磁材料;
或者,所述制备方法包括以下步骤:将所述钕铁硼永磁材料的原料中的所述主合金和所述子合金的熔融液分别进行铸造,即得主合金片和子合金片;将所述主合金片和所述子合金片分别进行氢破碎和微粉碎,将所述主合金片和所述子合金片经微粉碎后的细粉进行混合,再将混合后的细粉经成形和烧结处理,即得所述钕铁硼永磁材料。
本发明中,所述铸造、所述氢破碎、所述微粉碎、所述成形、以及所述烧结均为本领域常规操作方式和条件。
本发明中,所述熔融液可按本领域常规方法制得,例如,在熔炼炉中熔炼即可。所述熔炼炉的真空度可小于5×10-2Pa。所述熔炼的温度可为1300℃~1600℃。
本发明中,所述铸造的工艺可为本领域常规的铸造工艺,例如薄带连铸法、铸锭法、离心铸造法、快淬法。
本发明中,所述氢破碎的时间可为本领域常规,可为1~6小时。所述氢破碎的条件可为本领域常规。所述氢破碎的脱氢温度可为400℃~650℃。所述氢破碎的时间可为1~6小时。
本发明中,所述微粉碎的工艺可为本领域常规的粉碎工艺,例如气流磨粉碎,较佳地在50ppm以下的氧化气体含量的气氛下进行。所述微粉碎后的粉末粒径可为2~7μm。
本发明中,所述成形的条件可为本领域常规,例如在磁场强度0.5T~3.0T压机中压制成为生坯。所述压制的时间可为本领域常规,可为3~30s。本发明中,所述烧结处理的条件可为本领域常规。所述烧结的温度可为1000℃~1100℃。所述烧结的时间可为4~20小时。
本发明目的之五,提供了一种如前所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的制备方法制得的钕铁硼永磁材料。
本发明中,所述钕铁硼永磁材料包括Nd2Fe14B主相以及分布在主相之间的晶界相,在所述晶界相中含有Zr-B相和/或Ti-B相;其中,所述Zr-B相和/或所述Ti-B相的比例关系为:“(Ha-Bb)x-Ty-Mp-Rz”,H、M、与R均如前所述,T为Fe和/或Co;其中,a<b<2a,10at%<x<40at%,10at%<y<40at%,20at%<z<80at%,5at%<p<20at%。
其中,较佳地,所述晶界相中还含有RH的氧化物,所述RH的种类如前所述。
其中,较佳地,所述晶界相中的Zr和/或Ti元素含量高于Nd2Fe14B主相中的Zr和/或Ti元素含量。
其中,所述x的范围较佳地为20~35at%,at%为各元素的原子百分比。
其中,所述y的范围较佳地为20~35at%,at%为各元素的原子百分比。
其中,所述z的范围较佳地为25~45at%,at%为各元素的原子百分比。
其中,所述p的范围较佳地为10~25at%,at%为各元素的原子百分比。
在符合本领域常识的基础上,上述各优选条件,可任意组合,即得本发明各较佳实例。
本发明中,“(BH)max”是指最大磁能积。“Br”是指剩磁;永磁材料经过饱和磁化后,撤去外磁场所能保持的磁性,称为剩磁。“Hc”是指矫顽力,磁极化强度矫顽力Hcj(内禀矫顽力),磁感应强度矫顽力Hcb。“Hk/Hcj”是指方形度。
本发明所用试剂和原料均市售可得。
本发明的积极进步效果在于:本发明的重稀土合金在作为子合金用于制备钕铁硼永磁材料时,实现了重稀土利用率高,使得在钕铁硼永磁材料保持较高剩磁的同时,矫顽力也能得到较大提升。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制得的磁铁由FE-EPMA面扫描形成的元素Pr、O、Co、Zr、B、CP、Nd、Al、Cu、Nb、Dy、Ga和Gd的分布图。
图2为实施例1制得的烧结磁体FE-EPMA的背散射图。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例的方式进一步说明本发明,但并不因此将本发明限制在所述的实施例范围之中。下列实施例中未注明具体条件的实验方法,按照常规方法和条件,或按照商品说明书选择。
实施例1~5以及对比例1~5
(1)铸造过程:按下表1中实施例1~5以及对比例1~5所示的原料组以及相对应的合金A和合金B的配比,取相应配比的组合物放入真空熔炼炉在5×10-2Pa的真空中以1450℃的温度分别进行真空熔炼;之后通过薄带连铸法将熔炼所得的熔融液分别进行铸造,制得主合金片和子合金片。
(2)氢破碎过程:室温下,将步骤(1)中的主合金片和子合金片的混合物,在550℃下进行3小时的氢破碎处理,即得粗粉碎粉末。
(3)微粉碎处理:在气流磨中对步骤(2)中的粗粉碎的粉末在50ppm以下的氧化气体含量的气氛下进行微粉碎,即得到平均粒径为D50 4μm的微粉碎粉末。
(4)成型过程:在磁场强度2.0T压机中压制15s成为生坯,之后在压力为260MPa的条件下保持15s,即得成型体。
(5)烧结过程:将成型体在1070℃的温度下烧结7小时,烧结气氛为真空或氩气气氛,即得钕铁硼永磁材料。
表1钕铁硼永磁材料的原料组合物组分和含量(mas%)
Figure BDA0002534348730000111
Figure BDA0002534348730000121
“/”表示不含有该元素
下表2中的钕铁硼永磁材料的组分和含量为忽略损耗,通过表1数据进行计算所得的名义成分。
表2钕铁硼永磁材料的组分和含量(mas%)
Figure BDA0002534348730000122
“/”表示不含有该元素
效果实施例
分别取实施例1~5和对比例1~5制得的钕铁硼永磁材料,利用FE-EPMA观察磁体的相结构。
(1)磁性能测试:钕铁硼永磁材料使用中国计量院的PFM14.CN型超高矫顽力永磁测量仪进行磁性能检测。
表3钕铁硼永磁材料的性能
编号 Br(kGs) Hcj(kOe) Hcb(kOe) BHmax(MGOe) Hk/Hcj
实施例1 11.82 34.85 11.59 33.09 95.73
实施例2 12.00 32.77 11.73 35.03 95.95
实施例3 11.80 40.59 11.57 33.07 95.68
实施例4 12.68 28.97 12.33 38.95 95.66
实施例5 12.11 28.74 11.89 35.75 95.78
对比例1 11.79 32.92 11.51 32.81 94.80
对比例2 11.09 44.53 10.65 29.58 93.23
对比例3 12.59 27.53 12.31 38.62 94.85
对比例4 12.45 27.11 12.23 37.92 94.50
对比例5 11.89 31.58 11.62 33.85 94.53
“(BH)max”是指最大磁能积。“Br”是指剩磁;永磁材料经过饱和磁化后,撤去外磁场所能保持的磁性,称为剩磁。“Hc”是指矫顽力,磁极化强度矫顽力Hcj(内禀矫顽力),磁感应强度矫顽力Hcb。“Hk/Hcj”是指方形度。
(2)FE-EPMA检测:
图1为实施例1制得的磁铁由FE-EPMA面扫描形成的元素Pr、O、Co、Zr、B、CP、Nd、Al、Cu、Nb、Dy、Ga、Gd的分布图。
表4
Figure BDA0002534348730000131
如表4和图2所示,点3为常规晶界相,点4为主相;在晶界中生成了Zr-B相(点2),使得RH无法和B结合,只能和O结合形成RH的氧化物相(点1),因此点1中重稀土含量较高,而点2中B的含量较高;又因为RH的氧化物熔点高,从而抑制了RH从晶界向主相的过度扩散与主相中的B结合,这从机理上解释了本发明钕铁硼磁体材料性能提升原因。

Claims (26)

1.一种钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,其包括主合金和子合金;所述子合金为重稀土合金;
以质量百分比计,所述主合金包括以下组分:R,28.5~33.5mas%;M,0~5mas%;B,0.85~1.1mas%;Fe,60~70mas%;各组分之和为100mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
所述R为稀土元素、所述R包括Nd;
所述M包括Co、Cu、Al、Ga、Ti、Zr、W、Nb、V、Cr、Ni、Zn、Ge、Sn、Mo、Pb、Bi中一种或多种;
所述重稀土合金由以下组分组成:RH,30~100mas%、且不为100mas%;X,0~20mas%、且不为0;B,0~1.1mas%;Fe和/或Co,15~69mas%,各组分之和为100mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
RH包括Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu和Sc中的一种或多种重稀土元素;所述X为Ti和/或Zr;
所述主合金和所述子合金的质量比为(90~100):(0~10),其中所述主合金不为100mas%,所述子合金不为0mas%,mas%是指所述主合金和所述子合金总重量中的质量百分比。
2.根据权利要求1所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,所述RH的含量范围为30~90mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
和/或,所述RH的种类包括Tb、Dy、Ho和Gd中的一种或多种重稀土元素;
和/或,所述X的含量范围为3~15mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
和/或,所述B的含量范围为0~0.9mas%。
3.根据权利要求2所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,所述RH的含量范围为40~80mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
和/或,所述RH的种类为Tb或/和Dy;
和/或,所述X的含量范围为7.27mas%、7.5mas%、8mas%或8.25mas%;mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
和/或,所述B的含量范围为0.5mas%。
4.根据权利要求3所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,所述RH的含量范围为69mas%、60.2mas%、62.5mas%或者75mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
5.根据权利要求1所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,所述X的含量范围为3~10mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
6.根据权利要求2所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,当所述RH包含Tb时,所述Tb的含量范围为30~75mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述RH包含Dy时,所述Dy的含量范围为3~75mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述RH包含Ho时,所述Ho的含量范围为2~50mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述RH包含Gd时,所述Gd的含量范围为2~50mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述RH包括Tb和Dy时,“Tb+Dy”为30~90mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述RH包括Tb和Ho时,“Tb和Ho”为30~90mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述RH包括Tb和Gd时,“Tb和Gd”为30~90mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述RH包括Tb、Dy和Gd时,“Tb、Dy和Gd”为30~90mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述RH包括Tb、Dy、Ho和Gd时,“Tb、Dy、Ho和Gd”为30~90mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
7.根据权利要求6所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,当所述RH包含Tb时,所述Tb的含量范围为50.2mas%、30mas%或34mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述RH包含Dy时,所述Dy的含量范围为5mas%、50mas%或69mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述RH包含Ho时,所述Ho的含量范围为2.3mas%或10mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述RH包含Gd时,所述Gd的含量范围为5mas%或23.2mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述RH包括Tb和Dy时,“Tb+Dy”为35mas%或者37mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述RH包括Tb和Ho时,“Tb和Ho”为60.2mas%或者36.3mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述RH包括Tb和Gd时,“Tb和Gd”为35mas%或者57.2mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述RH包括Tb、Dy和Gd时,“Tb、Dy和Gd”为40mas%或者57.2mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述RH包括Tb、Dy、Ho和Gd时,“Tb、Dy、Ho和Gd”为62.5mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
8.根据权利要求1所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,当所述X包含Ti时,所述Ti的含量范围为3~15%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述X包含Zr时,所述Zr的含量范围为3~10%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述X包含Zr和Ti的混合物时,所述Zr和所述Ti的质量比为1:99~99:1。
9.根据权利要求8所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,当所述X包含Ti时,所述Ti的含量范围为7.5mas%、4mas%或6.25mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述X包含Zr时,所述Zr的含量范围为7.27mas%、4mas%或2mas%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比;
当所述X包含Zr和Ti的混合物时,所述Zr和所述Ti的质量比为8:25或者1:1。
10.根据权利要求1所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,当所述X包含Ti时,所述Ti的含量范围为3~10%,mas%是指在所述重稀土合金中的质量百分比。
11.根据权利要求1所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,以质量百分比计,所述重稀土合金由以下组分组成:Dy,69~75mas%,Zr,6.5~7.5mas%,B,0~0.6mas%,余量为Fe和/或Co;
或者,以质量百分比计,所述重稀土合金由以下组分组成:Dy,69~75mas%,Ti,6.5~7.5mas%,B,0~0.6mas%,余量为Fe和/或Co。
12.根据权利要求11所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,以质量百分比计,所述重稀土合金由以下组分组成:Dy,75mas%,Zr,7.27mas%,B,0.5mas%,余量为Fe和/或Co;
或者,以质量百分比计,所述重稀土合金由以下组分组成:Dy,69mas%,Ti,7.5mas%,B,0.5mas%,余量为Fe和/或Co。
13.根据权利要求1所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,所述主合金和所述子合金的质量比为(95~99):(1~5);
和/或,所述R的含量为29~32.5mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
和/或,所述Nd的含量范围为17~28.5mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
和/或,所述R的种类还包括Pr、Dy、Tb、Ho和Gd中一种或多种;
和/或,所述M的含量范围为2.5~4mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
和/或,所述M的种类包括Ga、Al、Cu、Co、Ti、Zr和Nb中的一种或多种;
和/或,所述B的含量为0.9~1.05mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
14.根据权利要求13所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,所述主合金和所述子合金的质量比为97:3或者92:8;
和/或,所述R的含量为31.07mas%、31.3mas%或31.76mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
和/或,所述Nd的含量范围为19.7mas%、21mas%或者22.5mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
和/或,所述M的含量范围为2.19mas%、1.97mas%、2.85mas%、1.65mas%或1.94mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
和/或,所述M的种类包括Ga、Al、Cu、Co、Nb和Zr,Ga、Al、Cu、Co、Nb和Ti,Ga、Al、Cu和Co,或者Ga、Al、Cu、Ti和Zr;
和/或,所述B的含量为0.99mas%、1mas%或0.95mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
15.根据权利要求13所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,
当所述R包括Pr时,所述Pr的含量为0~10mas%、且不为0,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述R包括Dy时,所述Dy的含量范围为0.5~6mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述R包括Gd时,所述Gd的含量范围为0.2~2mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述R包括Tb时,所述Tb的含量范围为0~5mas%、且不为0,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述R包括Ho时,所述Ho的含量范围为0~5mas%、且不为0,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述R包括Dy和Gd时,所述Dy和所述Gd的质量比为1:99~99:1;
当所述M包括Ga时,所述Ga的含量范围为0~1mas%、且不为0,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述M包括Al时,所述Al的含量范围为0~1mas%、且不为0,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述M包括Cu时,所述Cu的含量范围为0~1mas%、且不为0,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述M包括Co时,所述Co的含量范围为0~2.5mas%、且不为0,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述M包括Ti时,所述Ti的含量范围为0~1mas%、且不为0,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述M包括Zr时,所述Zr的含量范围为0~1mas%、且不为0,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述M包括Nb时,所述Nb的含量范围为0~0.5mas%、且不为0,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
16.根据权利要求15所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,
当所述R包括Pr时,所述Pr的含量为5.26mas%、5.6mas%或6mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述R包括Dy时,所述Dy的含量范围为5mas%、4.27mas%、1mas%或1.3mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述R包括Gd时,所述Gd的含量范围为0.46mas%、0.5mas%、1mas%或1.5mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述R包括Dy和Gd时,所述Dy和所述Gd的质量比为10:1、1:1或者13:15;
当所述M包括Ga时,所述Ga的含量范围为0.26mas%、0.3mas%、0.1mas%或0.5mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述M包括Al时,所述Al的含量范围为0.25mas%、0.19mas%、0.5mas%、0.05mas%或0.04mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述M包括Cu时,所述Cu的含量范围为0.21mas%、0.1mas%或0.2mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述M包括Co时,所述Co的含量范围为1.2mas%、1.15mas%、2mas%或1.3mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述M包括Ti时,所述Ti的含量范围为0.1mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述M包括Zr时,所述Zr的含量范围为0.25mas%、0.1mas%或0.095mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;
当所述M包括Nb时,所述Nb的含量范围为0.02mas%或0.05mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
17.根据权利要求16所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,当所述M包括Co时,所述Co的含量范围为1~2mas%,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比。
18.根据权利要求1所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料,其特征在于,以质量百分比计,所述钕铁硼永磁材料的原料包括:所述主合金和所述子合金的质量比为97:3;所述主合金中,PrNd,26.3mas%,Dy,5mas%,Gd,0.46mas%,Ga,0.26mas%,Al,0.25mas%,Cu,0.21mas%,Co,1.2mas%,Zr,0.25mas%,Nb,0.02mas%和B,0.99mas%,余量为Fe,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;所述子合金中:Dy,75mas%,Zr,7.27mas%,B,0.5mas%,余量为Fe和/或Co;
或者,以质量百分比计,所述钕铁硼永磁材料的原料包括:所述主合金和所述子合金的质量比为97:3;所述主合金中:PrNd,26.3mas%,Dy,4.27mas%,Gd,0.5mas%,Ga,0.3mas%,Al,0.19mas%,Cu,0.21mas%,Co,1.15mas%,Ti,0.1mas%,Nb,0.02mas%和B,0.99mas%,余量为Fe,mas%是指在所述主合金中的质量百分比;所述子合金中:Dy,69mas%,Ti,7.5mas%,B,0.5mas%,余量为Fe和/或Co。
19.一种钕铁硼永磁材料的制备方法,其特征在于,其包括以下步骤:将如权利要求1-18任一项所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的原料中的所述主合金和所述子合金的熔融液分别进行铸造,即得主合金片和子合金片;将所述主合金片和所述子合金片经氢破碎、微粉碎的混合物进行成形和烧结处理,即得所述钕铁硼永磁材料。
20.根据权利要求19所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法包括以下步骤:将前述钕铁硼永磁材料的原料中的所述主合金和所述子合金的熔融液分别进行铸造,即得主合金片和子合金片;将所述主合金片和所述子合金片的混合物经氢破碎、微粉碎、成形和烧结处理,即得所述钕铁硼永磁材料;
或者,所述制备方法包括以下步骤:将所述钕铁硼永磁材料的原料中的所述主合金和所述子合金的熔融液分别进行铸造,即得主合金片和子合金片;将所述主合金片和所述子合金片分别进行氢破碎,再将所述主合金片和所述子合金片经所述氢破碎后的粗粉进行混合,再将混合后的粗粉经微粉碎、成形和烧结处理,即得所述钕铁硼永磁材料;
或者,所述制备方法包括以下步骤:将所述钕铁硼永磁材料的原料中的所述主合金和所述子合金的熔融液分别进行铸造,即得主合金片和子合金片;将所述主合金片和所述子合金片分别进行氢破碎和微粉碎,将所述主合金片和所述子合金片经微粉碎后的细粉进行混合,再将混合后的细粉经成形和烧结处理,即得所述钕铁硼永磁材料。
21.根据权利要求19所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述微粉碎的工艺在氧化气体含量50ppm以下的气氛下进行。
22.一种如权利要求19-21任一项所述的钕铁硼永磁材料的制备方法制得的钕铁硼永磁材料。
23.根据权利要求22所述的钕铁硼永磁材料,其特征在于,所述钕铁硼永磁材料包括Nd2Fe14B主相以及分布在主相之间的晶界相,在所述晶界相中含有Zr-B相和/或Ti-B相;所述Zr-B相和/或所述Ti-B相的比例关系为:“(Xa-Bb)x-Ty-Mp-Rz”,所述X、所述M与所述R独立地如权利要求1所述,T为Fe和/或Co;其中,a<b<2a,10at%<x<40at%,10at%<y<40at%,20at%<z<80at%,5at%<p<20at%。
24.根据权利要求23所述的钕铁硼永磁材料,其特征在于,所述晶界相中还含有RH的氧化物,所述RH的种类如权利要求1所述。
25.根据权利要求24所述的钕铁硼永磁材料,其特征在于,所述晶界相中的Zr和/或Ti元素含量高于Nd2Fe14B主相中的Zr和/或Ti元素含量。
26.根据权利要求23所述的钕铁硼永磁材料,其特征在于,所述x的范围为20~35at%,at%为各元素的原子百分比;
和/或,所述y的范围为20~35at%,at%为各元素的原子百分比;
和/或,所述z的范围为25~45at%,at%为各元素的原子百分比;
和/或,所述p的范围为10~25at%,at%为各元素的原子百分比。
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