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CN110420152B - Refreshing and mild double-layer cleansing lotion and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Refreshing and mild double-layer cleansing lotion and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN110420152B
CN110420152B CN201910768093.5A CN201910768093A CN110420152B CN 110420152 B CN110420152 B CN 110420152B CN 201910768093 A CN201910768093 A CN 201910768093A CN 110420152 B CN110420152 B CN 110420152B
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莫美玲
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Zhongshan Zhongyan Cosmetic Co ltd
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61QSPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q1/00Make-up preparations; Body powders; Preparations for removing make-up
    • A61Q1/14Preparations for removing make-up

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Abstract

The invention provides a refreshing and mild double-layer cleansing liquid which comprises an oil phase and a water phase, wherein the mass ratio of the oil phase to the water phase is 2: 8. The oil phase comprises 80-98% of synthetic oil, 2-20% of natural oil and 0.1-0.5% of antioxidant, and the water phase comprises 2-10% of humectant, 0.1-1% of surfactant, 0.05-0.2% of chelating agent, 0.5-5% of skin conditioner and the balance of deionized water. The invention relates to a double-layer makeup remover, which is a double-layer makeup remover with stable oil-water two-phase layering, good makeup removing effect, refreshing and mild effects by optimizing and adjusting the proportion of an oil phase and a water phase and the scientific proportion of a surfactant and adopting a non-antiseptic formula design and adding an anti-allergy agent and a humectant. The invention also provides a preparation method of the refreshing and mild double-layer cleansing lotion.

Description

Refreshing and mild double-layer cleansing lotion and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of cosmetics, and particularly relates to a refreshing and mild double-layer cleansing lotion and a preparation method thereof.
Background
With the development of cosmetic technology, cosmetics play an increasingly important role in people's daily life. However, after the face is made up, if the face is not cleaned completely, the residual cosmetics can cause the pore blockage of the face skin, so that the oil and water secretion of the skin is disordered, and the puzzling skin problems such as acne, comedo and blackhead are caused. Therefore, the makeup removing link of the skin is very important.
The existing makeup removing cosmetics mainly comprise makeup removing oil and makeup removing water. The cleansing oil mainly comprises grease and an emulsifier, and can remove some residual makeup oil stains on the face according to the principle that the grease is compatible with each other, thereby achieving the effect of dissolving stains. The makeup removing oil is required to be used for massaging and dissolving oil stains on the skin under the condition of drying hands and faces, water is required to be used for emulsification after massage, stains are washed off, and the makeup removing oil has strong cleaning power on oil-soluble stains. Because the cleansing oil has high oil content, heavy skin feel and high irritation, the cleansing oil is not suitable for oily skin, acne skin and sensitive skin, and is easy to remain on the skin, pores are easy to block if the cleansing oil is not cleaned for the second time, and the secondary cleaning is easy to excessively remove the oil on the skin to damage the barrier capability of the skin. The makeup remover can dissolve dirt, residual cosmetics and the like on the skin through water-insoluble components contained in the makeup remover, so that the effect of removing the makeup is achieved. The makeup remover mainly comprises water, has light skin feel and small irritation, can supplement water for the skin while removing the makeup, and is suitable for various skin types, particularly sensitive skin and oily skin; but the oil content is less, so that the oil-soluble makeup oil stain cleaning force is insufficient.
Aiming at the problems, how to effectively combine the advantages of the cleansing oil and the cleansing water, keep the advantages of the cleansing water of being fresh and non-irritant and the advantage of the cleansing oil of being strong in cleansing power, overcome the defects of large thickness and heavy irritation of the cleansing oil and insufficient cleansing power of the cleansing water, and develop a new cleansing product to become a field which is widely concerned by the cosmetic industry. In recent years, a small part of double-layer or multi-layer makeup remover appears on the market, but the layering effect, the stability and the makeup removing effect are different, and the development of the double-layer makeup remover which is obvious and stable in layering, good in makeup removing effect, fresh and mild is urgently needed.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the problems, the invention provides a double-layer makeup remover which is strong in makeup removing force, fresh, cool and mild, novel in appearance and stable in layering and a preparation method thereof.
The invention provides a refreshing and mild double-layer cleansing liquid which comprises an oil phase and a water phase, wherein the mass ratio of the oil phase to the water phase is 2: 8. The oil phase comprises 80-98% of synthetic oil, 2-20% of natural oil and 0.1-0.5% of antioxidant by mass percent; the water phase comprises, by mass, 2-10% of a humectant, 0.1-1% of a surfactant, 0.05-0.2% of a chelating agent, 0.5-5% of a skin conditioner, and the balance deionized water.
The skin conditioner comprises one or more of allantoin, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, flos Matricariae Chamomillae (Chamomilla Recutita) extract, flos Malva sylvestris (MALVA SYLVESTRIS) extract, radix Paeoniae (Paeonia LACTIFLORA) root extract, flos Lonicerae (Lonicera JAPONICA) extract, herba Taraxaci (Taraxacum OFFICINALE) rhizome/root extract, herba Violae (Viola YEDOENSIS) extract, and Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Barbadensis) leaf juice. The efficacy of each component is as follows:
dipotassium glycyrrhizinate has effects of diminishing inflammation, resisting ulcer, resisting oxidation, inhibiting bacteria, treating wound, and effectively eliminating superoxide ions and hydroxyl free radicals.
Allantoin acts directly on keratin to increase and promote hydration of stratum corneum, increase its ability to bind water, reduce water loss, make skin smooth, moist and pliable, relieve and treat xerosis cutis, and moisten skin. In addition, the allantoin is added into the product to further contribute to anti-inflammatory and anti-irritation effects.
Flos Matricariae Chamomillae (CHAMOMILLA RECUTITA) extract is extracted from dry head-shaped inflorescence of flos Chrysanthemi of Compositae, contains flavonoids and amino acids, and has effects of relieving skin, resisting skin sensitivity, resisting inflammation, resisting bacteria, and resisting oxidation.
The malva sylvestris (MALVA SYLVESTRIS) flower extract is derived from the flowers of malva sylvestris, contains rich amino acids, can activate skin cell tissues and regeneration capacity, can coordinate and condition skin, helps to clean waste cutin, enables the skin to be pure and fine, promotes the skin surface layer to form a long-acting water locking film, and keeps the skin to be moist for a long time.
Radix Paeoniae (Paeonia LACTIFLORA) root extract contains paeoniflorin, and has inhibitory effect on pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The peony extract has the functions of activating skin and resisting aging, and has better moisturizing capability, such as the inhibition of elastase, the elimination of free radicals, the inhibition of nitrogen oxide generation, the promotion of cathepsin activity and the like.
Luteolin contained in flos Lonicerae (Lonicera Japonica) extract has antibacterial and antiinflammatory effects, and has strong skin penetration, deep skin, and water supplementing effects.
The extract of the rhizome/root of Taraxacum OFFICINALE (Taraxacum OFFICINALE) is extracted from the root and stem of Taraxacum OFFICINALE, and has antiinflammatory, antibacterial and skin caring effects.
The herba Violae (Viola yedoensis) extract contains flavone, glycosides, and organic acids, and has effects in resisting irritation, inflammation, allergy, and aging.
Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Barbadensis) leaf juice has effects of keeping moisture, tranquilizing, moistening, resisting sensitivity, and removing red swelling.
The skin cleansing liquid disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the irritation of the cleansing liquid is effectively reduced through the synergistic effect of multiple skin conditioners, the skin is conditioned, and the barrier capability of the skin is enhanced.
Further, the synthetic grease comprises cyclopentadimethyl siloxane, isohexadecane and C 12-15 Alcohol benzoate, isononyl isononanoate, and synthetic grease formed by combining two or more than two of squalane and polydimethylsiloxane.
Further, the natural oil comprises one or two or more of vegetable oil selected from the group consisting of jojoba seed oil, olive oil, almond oil, grape seed oil, wheat germ oil, japanese tea seed oil, rice bran oil, sea buckthorn oil, linseed oil and tea tree oil. The grease selected by the invention is light in skin feel and good in ductility, and the combination of the synthetic grease and the natural grease has strong cleaning power on different greasy dirt.
Further, the antioxidant is caprylic/capric triglyceride and diethylhexyl syringylidenemalonate in a ratio of 1: 9, preparing. The antioxidant can effectively prevent oil oxidation and prolong the service life of the cleansing liquid.
Further, the humectant comprises two or more of 1, 2-pentanediol, 1, 3-propanediol, erythritol, urea and glycerol. Sebum formed by skin secretion on the epidermis has the physiological functions of water prevention and moisture preservation, the sebum is temporarily thinned after makeup removal to cause functional disorder, and the moisture can be supplemented to the skin in time by adding the moisture preservation agent to form a protective film to enhance the water retention capacity of the skin.
Further, the surfactant comprises caprylyl/capramidopropyl betaine and a polyglycerol surfactant, and the ratio of the caprylyl/capramidopropyl betaine to the polyglycerol surfactant is 10: 1, the polyglycerol surfactant comprises polyglycerol-6 caprylate, polyglycerol-3 cocoate, polyglycerol-4 caprate and polyglycerol-6 ricinoleate. The non-toxic and non-irritant non-ionic surfactant and the polyglycerol ester with the hydrophilic and oleophilic characteristics are selected, so that a very uniform emulsifying effect can be achieved, the retention time is long, the polyglycerol ester is immediately transferred to the cosmetic cotton, the perfect proportion of water and oil is still well retained, and the cleaning power and the freshness are perfectly transferred from a bottle to the cosmetic cotton to the skin. The inventor finds that when the ratio of caprylyl/capramidopropyl betaine to polyglycerol surfactant is 10: 1, the makeup remover can stably keep the oil and water to be obviously layered before shaking uniformly, can quickly realize emulsification by simply shaking uniformly during use to form micelles, has moderate time for recovering layering, does not need secondary shaking uniformly in the primary makeup removing process, and is convenient to use. If the ratio deviates, the oil and water can not be clearly separated, or the oil and water can not be well emulsified after shaking up, so that the makeup removing effect is poor or the layering effect is poor.
Further, the chelating agent comprises two or more of caprylhydroxamic acid, EDTA disodium and EDTA tetrasodium. The makeup remover is weakly acidic and is close to the pH value of the skin. The octanoyl hydroximic acid is an organic acid which keeps a non-ionized state from acidity to neutrality, and has excellent antibacterial and bacteriostatic properties. The invention adopts the design of no-additive traditional preservative, achieves the preservative effect by combining the novel preservative of the chelating agent with the polyalcohol, and reduces the allergic risk of the product.
In addition, the invention also provides a preparation method of the refreshing mild double-layer cleansing lotion, which comprises the following specific steps:
(1) sequentially adding synthetic oil and natural oil at the low temperature of 20-40 ℃, uniformly stirring, and filtering and discharging by using a dry filter cloth to obtain an oil phase for later use;
(2) adding deionized water into a stirring pot, heating to 85-95 ℃, adding a chelating agent and an anti-sensitivity agent while stirring, and stirring and dissolving uniformly; then cooling to 45-55 ℃, adding a humectant, and uniformly stirring; finally, adding a surfactant and the plant extract, stirring for 15-20 minutes, uniformly stirring, cooling to 40-50 ℃, and filtering and discharging by using a dry filter cloth to obtain a water phase;
(3) according to the mass ratio of 2:8, respectively weighing the oil phase liquid and the water phase liquid, and sequentially pouring the water phase liquid and the oil phase liquid into a container to obtain the double-layer makeup remover with the upper layer as the oil phase and the lower layer as the water phase.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the refreshing and mild double-layer cleansing liquid provided by the invention has the advantages that the upper layer is an oil phase, the lower layer is a water phase, and the ratio of the oil phase to the water phase is 2: 8. the scientific water-oil ratio design reduces the proportion of the oil phase on the premise of ensuring the makeup removing effect, increases the proportion of the water phase, has the powerful makeup removing capability of the traditional makeup removing oil and the fresh skin feeling of the makeup removing water, has light texture, is not greasy, almost has no residue, and does not need secondary cleaning after makeup removing.
(2) The product is stably kept to be obviously layered before use by adopting a specific surfactant ratio, and the emulsification can be quickly realized by simply shaking up during use to form micelles, so that the perfect proportion of water and oil is kept, and the optimal makeup removing effect is achieved. Can the layering in the short time after placing, it is obvious that the double-phase contrast, the outward appearance is novel, brings the fresh experience of user. The time for recovering the layering is moderate, the secondary shaking is not needed in the process of removing the makeup once, and the time and the labor are saved.
(3) The novel preservative combining the polyhydric alcohol, the caprylyl hydroximic acid and the chelating agent is adopted to replace the traditional preservative, and the anti-allergy agent, the plant extract and the humectant are added to remove makeup and care skin at the same time; no essence, no pigment, weak acidity, pH value close to that of skin, mildness and no irritation.
(4) According to the technical scheme, the components are used in a matched mode as a whole, and the final formula achieves a mild and refreshing makeup removing effect by optimizing the content of the components.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the effect of layering of example 1
FIG. 2 shows the effect of layering of example 2
FIG. 3 shows the delamination effect of comparative example 1
FIG. 4 shows the delamination effect of comparative example 2
Fig. 5 is a diagram showing the effect before makeup removal in the makeup removal effect test.
Fig. 6 is a diagram showing the effect after makeup removal in the makeup removal effect test.
Detailed Description
The scheme of the present application is further described below with reference to examples:
a refreshing and mild double-layer cleansing liquid comprises an oil phase and an aqueous phase, wherein the oil phase and the aqueous phase are implemented according to the following components in percentage by mass as shown in Table 1:
TABLE 1
Figure BDA0002172644720000071
Figure BDA0002172644720000081
The preparation method of the double-layer cleansing liquid described in the above examples 1 and 2 and comparative examples 1 to 4 comprises the following steps:
(1) sequentially adding synthetic oil and natural oil at the low temperature of 20-40 ℃, uniformly stirring, and filtering and discharging by using a dry filter cloth to obtain an oil phase for later use;
(2) adding deionized water into a stirring pot, heating to 85-95 ℃, adding a chelating agent and an anti-sensitivity agent while stirring, and stirring and dissolving uniformly; then cooling to 45-55 ℃, adding a humectant, and uniformly stirring; finally, adding a solubilizer, a surfactant and the plant extract, stirring for 15-20 minutes, uniformly stirring, cooling to 40-50 ℃, and filtering and discharging by using a dry filter cloth to obtain a water phase;
(3) examples 1 and 2 and comparative examples 1 to 4 were prepared by weighing the oil-phase and water-phase liquids in the mass ratios of the oil phase and the water phase in table 1, respectively, and pouring the water phase and the oil phase into a container in order to obtain a double-layer makeup remover having an upper layer of the oil phase and a lower layer of the water phase.
The refreshing mild two-layer makeup removers prepared from the formulations of example 1 and example 2 above were subjected to the following tests:
1. pH test
The pH values of the skin of the healthy oriental animals in the examples 1 and 2 are both 5.1-5.3, are weak acid and are close to the pH value of the human skin, the pH value of the healthy oriental animals should be 4.5-6.5, the average value is 5.8, the skin can be in the optimal state of absorbing nutrition only in the normal pH value range, namely, the weak acid, and the skin has the optimal state of resisting the external erosion, elasticity, luster, moisture and the like.
2. The method for testing the irritation is to test the irritation,
the patch test comprises the following steps:
the test method comprises the following steps: 30 volunteers aged 18-35 years, 15 men and 15 women, were selected. Selecting qualified patch applicator, dripping 0.02-0.03 g of test substance into the patch applicator by a closed patch experimental method, applying the patch applicator to the normal skin of the forearm of a subject, removing the test substance after 24 hours, and observing skin reaction at 0.5, 24 and 48 hours after the removal.
And (3) judging the reaction degree of the tested part:
the phenomenon appears at the tested part Decision maker Grade of scoring
No skin reaction 0
The skin is reddish without infiltration ± 1
The skin is in the form of erythema, infiltration and pimple + 2
The skin is in the form of erythema, infiltration, pimple, and small blister ++ 3
The skin has erythema and edema with large blisters +++ 4
And (3) result judgment principle: in 30 subjects, the number of patients with adverse cutaneous reactions was more than 5 (including 5), or the number of patients with adverse cutaneous reactions of grade 2 was more than 2 (including grade 2), or any of the patients with adverse cutaneous reactions of grade 3 or more than 3 was evaluated as having adverse cutaneous reactions in humans.
The makeup remover of example 1 and example 2 was used as a test substance and deionized water was used as a control substance, and the spot-pasting test was performed on the same part of the arm of the subject, and the test results are as follows:
Figure BDA0002172644720000091
Figure BDA0002172644720000101
as can be seen from the above table, the results of the closed patch test on human skin performed in examples 1 and 2 are: the 30 tests are all negative reactions, so that the test object is judged to have no obvious irritant reaction to the human body.
(2) Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane blood vessel test:
the test method comprises the following steps:
according to the test, by utilizing the characteristics that fertilized chick embryos of 10-12 days of embryo age are incubated, the blood vessel systems of chorioallantoic membranes in the middle stage are complete, obvious and transparent, 100 mu L of a test object is directly contacted with the chorioallantoic membranes of the chick embryos, the blood vessel injuries (such as ghost blood vessels, capillary blood vessel congestion or bleeding) of the chorioallantoic membranes are observed after a period of action, different blood vessel injury degrees are scored, and the more serious the blood vessel injuries are, the larger the score is.
The scoring criteria were: NC (normal use concentration stimulation value): and (4) making a corresponding score according to the chorioallantoic membrane vascular injury effect, calculating the average value of a group of data, and determining the stimulation. The larger the score, the greater the irritation.
Figure BDA0002172644720000102
Figure BDA0002172644720000111
The makeup removers of example 1 and example 2 were tested as test substances, and the test results are shown in the following table:
Figure BDA0002172644720000112
the composite score of example 1 was 2, the composite score of example 2 was 1.5, and the degree of stimulation was stressful stimulation, i.e., non-traumatic stimulation.
3. Testing of freshness:
the test method comprises the following steps: please 40 testers, which were divided into four groups, each group of testers removed the lipstick with the test sample, and counted and evaluated as a number of fresh and non-greasy people, wherein the number of people is better if the number is greater than or equal to 8, good if the number is greater than or equal to 5 and less than 8, and poor if the number is less than 5.
The makeup removers of examples 1 and 2 and the makeup removers of comparative examples 3 and 4 were used as test samples, and the test results are shown in the following table:
test sample Number of people Evaluation of
Example 1 10 Superior food
Example 2 9 Superior food
Comparative example 3 9 Superior food
Comparative example 4 5 Good quality
It can be seen from the above table that the cleansing liquids of examples 1 and 2 and comparative example 3 have refreshing and non-greasy skin feel and excellent use experience after cleansing, because the proportion of water in the formula is relatively large. Comparative example 4, which is poor in refreshing feeling, is due to the fact that the oil content in the formulation is large, and the oil content remains on the skin after makeup removal.
4. Comparison of layering effects
In comparison of the effects of delamination between examples 1 and 2 and comparative examples 1 and 2, it is understood from FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4 that when the ratio of the surfactant deviates from 10: 1, the oil phase and the water phase are not obviously layered, and the boundary is fuzzy.
5. And (3) makeup removal effect test:
the test method comprises the following steps:
1) the makeup removing sample (the sequence of foundation, eyeliner, lip glaze and mascara) is evenly coated on the substrate of the artificial skin and dried at room temperature until the makeup removing sample is completely applied;
2) fully shaking the makeup remover evenly, respectively dripping 1g of makeup removing samples on makeup removing cotton, applying the makeup removing samples on the samples, and removing the makeup after soaking for 5 min;
3) wipe outward 5 times with a uniform force with makeup removing cotton and dry at room temperature.
The test samples included the cleansing solutions of examples 1, 2, and the cleansing solutions of comparative examples 3, 4.
The results of the tests are shown in fig. 5 and 6, in which foundation, eyeliner, lip gloss, mascara, respectively, are applied from top to bottom to the substrate. Examples 1, 2, 3 and 4 are shown from left to right in the figure.
The makeup removing effect of comparative examples 1 and 2 and comparative examples 3 and 4 is shown when the oil-water ratio is less than 2:8, the makeup removing effect is poor, and when the oil-water ratio is more than 2:8, although the makeup removing effect is good, the residue is more, and the skin feel is greasy.
The above preferred embodiments should be considered as examples of the embodiments of the present application, and technical deductions, substitutions, improvements and the like similar to, similar to or based on the embodiments of the present application should be considered as the protection scope of the present patent.

Claims (7)

1. The refreshing and mild double-layer cleansing liquid is characterized by comprising an oil phase and a water phase, wherein the mass ratio of the oil phase to the water phase is 2: 8;
the oil phase comprises 80-98% of synthetic oil, 2-20% of natural oil and 0.1-0.5% of antioxidant by mass percent;
the water phase comprises, by mass, 2-10% of a humectant, 0.1-1% of a surfactant, 0.05-0.2% of a chelating agent, 0.5-5% of a skin conditioner and the balance of deionized water;
the skin conditioning agent comprises an anti-allergy agent and a plant extract, wherein the anti-allergy agent comprises one or two of allantoin and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate; the plant extract comprises one or more of flos Matricariae Chamomillae extract, flos Malloti Apeltae extract, radix Paeoniae extract, flos Lonicerae extract, rhizome/root extract of Taraxacum officinale, herba Violae extract, and Aloe Barbadensis leaf juice;
the surfactant comprises caprylyl/capramidopropyl betaine and a polyglycerol surfactant, and the ratio of the caprylyl/capramidopropyl betaine to the polyglycerol surfactant is 10: 1, the polyglycerol surfactant comprises polyglycerol-6 caprylate, polyglycerol-3 cocoate, polyglycerol-4 caprate and polyglycerol-6 ricinoleate.
2. The refreshing mild two-layer cleansing liquid according to claim 1, characterized by: the synthetic grease comprises cyclopentadimethyl siloxane, isohexadecane, C12-15 alcohol benzoate, isononyl isononanoate, and synthetic grease formed by combining two or more than two of synthetic squalane and polydimethylsiloxane.
3. The refreshing mild two-layer cleansing lotion according to claim 1, characterized in that: the natural oil comprises one or two or more of jojoba oil, olive oil, almond oil, grape seed oil, wheat germ oil, Japanese tea seed oil, rice bran oil, oleum Hippophae, linseed oil and tea tree oil.
4. The refreshing mild two-layer cleansing liquid according to claim 1, characterized in that: the antioxidant is caprylic/capric triglyceride and diethylhexyl syringylidenemalonate in a weight ratio of 1: 9, preparing the mixture.
5. The refreshing mild two-layer cleansing lotion according to claim 1, characterized in that: the humectant comprises two or more of 1, 2-pentanediol, 1, 3-propanediol, erythritol, urea and glycerol.
6. The refreshing mild two-layer cleansing lotion according to claim 1, characterized in that: the chelating agent comprises two or more of caprylyl hydroximic acid, EDTA disodium and EDTA tetrasodium.
7. A method of preparing a refreshing mild bilayer cleansing liquid according to any one of claims 1 to 6 comprising the steps of: (1) sequentially adding synthetic grease and natural grease at the low temperature of 20-40 ℃, uniformly stirring, and filtering and discharging by using a dry filter cloth to obtain an oil phase for later use;
(2) adding deionized water into a stirring pot, heating to 85-95 ℃, adding a chelating agent and an anti-sensitivity agent while stirring, and stirring and dissolving uniformly; then cooling to 45-55 ℃, adding a humectant, and uniformly stirring; finally, adding a surfactant and the plant extract, stirring for 15-20 minutes, uniformly stirring, cooling to 40-50 ℃, and filtering and discharging by using a dry filter cloth to obtain a water phase;
(3) according to the mass ratio of 2:8, respectively weighing the oil phase liquid and the water phase liquid, and sequentially pouring the water phase liquid and the oil phase liquid into a container to obtain the double-layer makeup remover with the upper layer as the oil phase and the lower layer as the water phase.
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