CN117695431A - 负载放疗核素的栓塞微球及其制备方法 - Google Patents
负载放疗核素的栓塞微球及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN117695431A CN117695431A CN202311700042.1A CN202311700042A CN117695431A CN 117695431 A CN117695431 A CN 117695431A CN 202311700042 A CN202311700042 A CN 202311700042A CN 117695431 A CN117695431 A CN 117695431A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种负载放疗核素的栓塞微球,其特征在于在栓塞微球的表面,通过异氰酸酯基团共价偶联螯合剂,再通过螯合剂与放射性核素进行配位螯合。还公开了其制备方法。本发明提供的可负载放疗核素微球,具有广谱的放射性核素螯合功能,可制备放疗栓塞微球。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种负载放疗核素的栓塞微球及其制备方法,属于医疗器械技术领域。
背景技术
对于大多数不能接受根治治疗的HCC患者,选择性肝动脉化疗栓塞术(transarterial chemoembolization,TACE)是首选的治疗方法,即在影像设备的监视下,通过导管将负载化疗药物的栓塞材料注入肿瘤组织的供血动脉血管,既阻断血养供给“饿死”肿瘤,抑制肿瘤生长,还能在局部释放高浓度的放化疗药物杀死肿瘤,具有微创、安全、靶向等优点,既提高了治疗效率,也降低了全身毒性。然而,TACE会受到肝功能严重障碍、门静脉主干栓塞、化疗药物耐药、肿瘤远处转移、肾功能障碍等影响,因此放疗联合TACE引起了学界及市场的广泛关注。
外照射治疗联合TACE对于HCC并发门静脉癌栓的疗效明显,但由于肝脏和相毗邻的脏器功能损害的风险,因此限制了其临床应用。内照射治疗是在肝动脉内注入放射性核素药物,使放射性核素选择性滞留在肝脏肿瘤组织中,而正常肝组织中的剂量低于耐受剂量。近年来内照射治疗得到了快速发展,肝动脉放疗性栓塞(transarterialradioembolization,TARE)成为近10年来血管内肝癌治疗的热点。上世纪60年代研究者利用胶体90Y通过局部注射和动脉内注射治疗肿瘤获得成功,90年代研究者报道了90Y玻璃微球在HCC实验和临床中的应用。90Y发射纯β射线,半衰期为64.2h,软组织中最大穿透深度为11mm。目前获得批准应用的放疗微球主要有2种,一种是加拿大Nordion公司生产的90Y玻璃微球,于1999年上市,商品名为TheraSphere,FDA批准适应证为不能手术切除的HCC患者的姑息治疗,其直径为20~300μm,同位素位于微球内。另一种是澳大利亚Sirtex Medical公司生产的树脂微球,于2002年上市,商品名为Sir-Spheres,适应证为大肠癌肝转移且需与化疗联合应用,其直径为20~60μm,同位素标记在微球表面。两者的主要差别是玻璃微球更为稳定,放射活性高,所需微球数量少,栓塞作用较弱但易形成永久栓塞;而树脂微球配置容易,放射性元素易游离,故治疗中所需微球数量较多,对肝动脉栓塞的作用相对明显,但对非靶组织放射性损伤的发生率较高,易形成异位栓塞。上述微球是当前较为常用且疗效较为理想的栓塞剂,具有局部放射和栓塞的功能,二者均为90Y的载体。国际上最新在研的还有166Ho和188Re等,不仅具有治疗价值,而且可于核素成像,便于治疗后的随访研究,在临床上有更高的实用价值。
可用于栓塞微球制备的材料有很多,早期有明胶海绵、碘化油等,随着材料的发展和进步,常用的材料包括聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)、海藻酸钙以及壳聚糖等,这些材料具有良好的生物相容性,材料无毒、价格低廉、来源丰富,因而在生物医学领域得到了广泛的应用。目前市场上已有多种不同功能的栓塞微球,如空白微球、载药微球、放射性微球、可降解微球等。其中,放疗栓塞治疗,在肝脏等恶性肿瘤治疗中的应用十分广泛,其创伤小、风险低、并发症少,可显著改善中晚期伴或不伴有门静脉癌栓患者的生存时间及生存质量。该技术亦可用于肝癌术后肿瘤残留或复发、肝移植或肝癌切除前的过渡性治疗、肝内胆管癌、肝转移癌的治疗等,还能够替代TACE、射频消融和化疗。因此,开发制备能负载放射性核素的栓塞微球具有重要研究意义和市场价值。
中国发明专利CN1288755A公开了一种载有纯β射线的安全微球及其制备方法,由载有纯β射线的玻璃微球及采用溶胶凝胶方法涂覆在其外表面的耐蚀涂层复合而成,可广泛用于内放疗治癌。中国发明专利CN115120749A公开了一种放疗微球的制备方法及放疗微球,将有机大分子和离子型丙烯酸单体聚合制备得到有机大分子水凝胶微球,浸入到90Y离子溶液中,采用碱性溶液处理后进行脱水得到所述放疗微球具有90Y负载率高、不易脱落等优点;中国发明专利CN103120640A公开了一种栓塞剂及其制备方法以及该栓塞剂的使用方法,所述栓塞剂包括脂质体,包裹有131I碘油和磁性纳米颗粒,脂质体外表面接有抗肿瘤药物。该技术发展了一种放疗、热疗、栓塞治疗相结合的治疗技术;中国发明专利CN114522256A公开了一种聚羟基脂肪酸酯载药放疗微球及其制备方法和应用,微球由聚羟基脂肪酸酯微球和放射性核素组成,所述放射性核素为放射性125I或131I。该发明利用双腔电喷雾法制备微球,其粒径可调,具有良好的生物相容性和安全性,可用于肿瘤介入栓塞及肿瘤内放射治疗;中国发明专利CN115944753A公开了一种有机无机复合放疗微球及其制备方法。该微球为镶嵌90Y无机粒子的水凝胶微球,其中,90Y无机粒子的粒径为5-50微米,水凝胶微球的粒径为30-300微米。该类复合微球具有90Y负载量高,且90Y元素不会脱落等特点。上述专利技术为放射性核素的物理包裹及负载,不涉及放射性核素与载体的化学成键与螯合。
中国发明专利CN115590824A公开了一种带显影剂的聚乙烯醇栓塞微球及其制备方法和应用,首先将二乙基三胺五乙酸二酸酐与甲基丙烯酸-2-氨基乙基酯混合发生酰胺化,反应生成接有两个甲基丙烯酸-2-氨基乙基酯的DTPA,再与钆盐发生螯合反应,制备带显影元素的交联剂,再通过乳液聚合法或微流控法制备聚乙烯醇微球并用上述交联剂进行交联,制作出MRI下带有显影效果与载药能力的聚乙烯醇栓塞微球。该技术为磁共振显影,不属于放疗栓塞技术。
中国发明专利CN115429905A公开了一种核素标记稳定的可降解单分散放疗栓塞微球及其制备方法与应用,包括粒径为20-200μm的单分散聚合物微球,内含放射性金属纳米颗粒,由放射性核素离子177Lu、90Y、166Ho、188Re等与多巴胺纳米颗粒还原形成。微球内部的放射性金属纳米颗粒因微球的包裹及化学键的形成不易发生游离;中国发明专利CN115671321A公开了一种表面膦酸化二氧化硅微球及其制备方法与在放射性药物中的应用,以生物安全性较好的二氧化硅微球作为载体,对其表面进行膦酸化修饰,制备出表面膦酸化的二氧化硅微球,利用其表面的磷酸根对放射性核素进行螯合,得到放射性的表面膦酸化二氧化硅微球。上述专利中,栓塞微球与放射性金属通过静电等作用结合,可能存在配体化学结构不明确、放射性核素负载量及其分布不均衡等问题。
与现有专利技术不同,本发明针对放疗栓塞微球在临床使用中的关注点和痛点,提出一种简易高效的方法,用于栓塞微球的放射性核素螯合剂的偶联修饰。具体地,通过二异氰酸酯类试剂对栓塞微球进行表面修饰,将栓塞微球表面共价偶联结构明确的螯合剂基团,并进一步与放射性核素进行配位螯合,制备出负载放射性核素的栓塞微球,同时避免或减少栓塞微球在使用过程中放射性核素的溶出、脱落的风险。更具体地,是提供一种在栓塞微球上共价偶联放射性核素螯合剂的方法及相关工艺。
发明内容
本发明的目的是在栓塞微球表面共价偶联螯合剂基团,并进一步与放射性核素进行配位螯合,实现负载放疗核素的栓塞微球。
本发明的目的通过以下技术方案实现:
一种负载放疗核素的栓塞微球,在栓塞微球的表面,通过异氰酸酯基团共价偶联螯合剂,再通过螯合剂与放射性核素进行配位螯合。
优选的,异氰酸酯基团与螯合剂上的羟基或亚氨基进行化学偶联。
优选的,异氰酸酯基团来源于甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯、间苯二甲基二异氰酸酯或1,3-苯二异氰酸酯。
优选的,所述螯合剂从乙烯三胺五乙酸、二乙三胺四乙酸或N-羟乙基乙二胺三乙酸中选择。
优选的,放射性核素从177Lu、90Y、166Ho、188Re、64Cu中选择。
优选的,栓塞微球的材质为聚乳酸、聚己内酯、聚乙醇酸、聚乙二醇、聚丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯醇、纤维素、海藻酸及其盐类、透明质酸及其盐类、壳聚糖、葡聚糖或明胶。
本发明还公开了上述的负载放疗核素的栓塞微球的制备方法,其步骤包括:
(1)将栓塞微球浸没在二异氰酸酯类试剂的有机溶液中,在催化剂的作用下进行接枝反应,获得修饰有异氰酸酯基团的栓塞微球;
(2)将修饰有异氰酸酯基团的栓塞微球浸没在螯合剂的水溶液中,在催化剂的作用下进行接枝反应,获得表面共价修饰螯合剂的栓塞微球;
(3)将放射性核素与上述修饰螯合剂的栓塞微球混匀后反应一段时间,使放射性核素通过螯合剂的配位作用负载于栓塞微球。
优选的,步骤(1)和(2)中的催化剂均为三乙胺。
优选的,步骤(1)中的有机溶剂从N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、二甲基亚砜、甲苯、氯仿中选择。
优选的,步骤(1)的反应温度为40~90℃,反应时间为0.5~4h;步骤(2)的反应温度为40~90℃,反应时间为0.5~4h。
优选的,步骤(3)中的放射性核素为90YCl3。
有益效果:本发明提供的可负载放疗核素微球,具有广谱的放射性核素螯合功能,可制备放疗栓塞微球。
附图说明
图1为N-羟乙基乙二胺三乙酸(NHEDTA)的化学结构图。
图2为负载放疗核素的栓塞微球的制备工艺示意图。
图3为负载放疗核素的栓塞微球的结构示意图。
图4为放疗核素的负载过程示意图(以90Y为例)。
具体实施方法:
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步的说明,但实施例的描述不对本发明的保护范围产生任何限制。
除非另有定义,本文所使用的所有的技术术语和科学术语与属于本发明的技术领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同,本文在本发明的说明书中所使用的术语只是为了描述具体的实施例的目的,不是旨在于限制本发明。
下列实施例中所用的物质或仪器,如果未进行特殊说明的话,均可以从常规的商用渠道获取。
实施例1
取10mL栓塞微球,材质为聚乙烯醇(PVA),经乙醇、去离子水反复超声清洗三次后,将栓塞微球取出并浸入20mL甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)的甲苯溶液中(体积浓度10%),加入三乙胺作催化剂(体积浓度5%),60℃下处理1h进行接枝反应,随后将栓塞微球取出并用甲苯反复冲洗3次后,置于20mL的N-羟乙基乙二胺三乙酸水溶液中,浓度为10wt%,以三乙胺作催化剂,浓度为5%(v./v.),40℃下,处理2h。反应结束后将栓塞微球取出并纯水冲洗3次,置于纯水中浸泡或干燥保存;将1mL修饰有螯合剂基团的栓塞微球,浸没在10mL的醋酸钠-醋酸缓冲溶液(0.2mol/L,pH=4.5)中,加入0.1mL的放射性核素90YCl3水溶液(浓度0.1mg/L),80℃反应20min,将栓塞微球取出并用纯水冲洗3次,得到负载放射性核素的栓塞微球。
上述表面具有放射性核素螯合剂的栓塞微球,可负载多种放射性核素,可实现栓塞微球在使用过程中的放疗联合治疗,也可以用于正电子发射成像(PET/CT)进行造影,有利于栓塞治疗后栓塞程度及范围的追踪。
上述实施例只为说明本发明的技术构思及特点,其目的在于让熟悉此项技术的人士能够了解本发明的内容并据以实施,并不能以此限制本发明的保护范围,凡根据本发明精神实质所作的等效变化或修饰,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种负载放疗核素的栓塞微球,其特征在于在栓塞微球的表面,通过异氰酸酯基团共价偶联螯合剂,再通过螯合剂与放射性核素进行配位螯合。
2.根据权利要求1所述的栓塞微球,其特征在于异氰酸酯基团与螯合剂上的羟基或亚氨基进行化学偶联。
3.根据权利要求1所述的栓塞微球,其特征在于异氰酸酯基团来源于甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯、间苯二甲基二异氰酸酯或1,3-苯二异氰酸酯。
4.根据权利要求1所述的栓塞微球,其特征在于所述螯合剂从乙烯三胺五乙酸、二乙三胺四乙酸或N-羟乙基乙二胺三乙酸中选择。
5.根据权利要求1所述的栓塞微球,其特征在于放射性核素从177Lu、90Y、166Ho、188Re、64Cu中选择。
6.根据权利要求1所述的栓塞微球,其特征在于栓塞微球的材质为聚乳酸、聚己内酯、聚乙醇酸、聚乙二醇、聚丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯醇、纤维素、海藻酸及其盐类、透明质酸及其盐类、壳聚糖、葡聚糖或明胶。
7.权利要求1-6中任一项所述的负载放疗核素的栓塞微球的制备方法,其特征在于其步骤包括:
(1)将栓塞微球浸没在二异氰酸酯类试剂的有机溶液中,在催化剂的作用下进行接枝反应,获得修饰有异氰酸酯基团的栓塞微球;
(2)将修饰有异氰酸酯基团的栓塞微球浸没在螯合剂的水溶液中,在催化剂的作用下进行接枝反应,获得表面共价修饰螯合剂的栓塞微球;
(3)将放射性核素与上述修饰螯合剂的栓塞微球混匀后反应一段时间,使放射性核素通过螯合剂的配位作用负载于栓塞微球。
8.根据权利要求7所述的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(1)和(2)中的催化剂均为三乙胺。
9.根据权利要求7所述的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(1)中的有机溶剂从N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、二甲基亚砜、甲苯、氯仿中选择。
10.根据权利要求7所述的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(1)的反应温度为40~90℃,反应时间为0.5~4h;步骤(2)的反应温度为40~90℃,反应时间为0.5~4h。
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