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CN116149058A - 用于倍增像素化显示器的图像分辨率的系统和方法 - Google Patents

用于倍增像素化显示器的图像分辨率的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN116149058A
CN116149058A CN202211601627.3A CN202211601627A CN116149058A CN 116149058 A CN116149058 A CN 116149058A CN 202211601627 A CN202211601627 A CN 202211601627A CN 116149058 A CN116149058 A CN 116149058A
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grating
image
waveguide
switchable
display
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J·D·沃德恩
A·J·格兰特
M·M·波波维奇
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DigiLens Inc
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    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/007—Use of pixel shift techniques, e.g. by mechanical shift of the physical pixels or by optical shift of the perceived pixels
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03B21/00—Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
    • G03B21/14—Details
    • G03B21/147—Optical correction of image distortions, e.g. keystone
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
    • G02B26/08—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light
    • G02B26/0808—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more diffracting elements
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    • G02—OPTICS
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    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
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    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
    • G02B6/124—Geodesic lenses or integrated gratings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/011—Arrangements for interaction with the human body, e.g. for user immersion in virtual reality
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T3/00—Geometric image transformations in the plane of the image
    • G06T3/40—Scaling of whole images or parts thereof, e.g. expanding or contracting
    • G06T3/4053—Scaling of whole images or parts thereof, e.g. expanding or contracting based on super-resolution, i.e. the output image resolution being higher than the sensor resolution
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    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
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    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/0147—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising a device modifying the resolution of the displayed image
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    • G02—OPTICS
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    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/017—Head mounted
    • G02B27/0172—Head mounted characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/0174—Head mounted characterised by optical features holographic
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
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    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/34—Optical coupling means utilising prism or grating
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2340/00—Aspects of display data processing
    • G09G2340/04—Changes in size, position or resolution of an image
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于倍增像素化显示器的图像分辨率的系统和方法。集成显示器分辨率倍增解决方案的系统可以通过多种不同方式实现。在许多实施例中，系统包括：用于投影图像光的图像投影仪、用于计算原始图像和在预定义方向上移位的至少一个图像的图像处理器，以及至少一个能够在衍射状态和非衍射状态之间切换的可切换光栅。在一些实施例中，可切换光栅光学耦合到图像投影仪。在许多实施例中，可切换光栅具有用于传播原始图像的光的第一配置和用于传播具有与在预定义方向上的图像移位对应的角位移的移位后图像的光的至少一个其它配置。

Description

用于倍增像素化显示器的图像分辨率的系统和方法
本申请是申请日为2018年10月16日、申请号为201880073704.8、发明名称为“用于倍增像素化显示器的图像分辨率的系统和方法”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明一般而言涉及显示器，并且更具体地涉及用于倍增(multiplying)像素化(pixelated)显示器的分辨率的全息装置。
背景技术
波导可以称为具有限制和引导波的能力的结构(即，限制波可以在其中传播的空间区域)。一个子类包括光波导，它是能够引导电磁波的结构，通常是那些在可见光谱中的电磁波。波导结构可以被设计成使用许多不同的机制来控制波的传播路径。例如，可以将平面波导设计成利用衍射光栅衍射入射光并将入射光耦合到波导结构中，使得入射耦合光可以经由全内反射(“TIR”)在平面结构内继续传播。
制造波导可以包括允许在波导内记录全息光学元件的材料系统的使用。一类这样的材料包括聚合物分散的液晶(“PDLC”)混合物，它是包含可光聚合单体和液晶的混合物。这样的混合物的另一个子类包括全息聚合物分散的液晶(“HPDLC”)混合物。可以将诸如体积相位光栅之类的全息光学元件，通过用两个相互相干的激光束照明材料记录在这种液体混合物中。在记录处理期间，单体聚合和混合物进行光聚合诱导的相分离，从而创建液晶微滴密集填充的区域，其间散布着透明聚合物区域。交替的富含液晶区域和缺乏液晶区域形成光栅的条纹平面。
可以考虑将诸如上述的波导光学器件用于一系列显示器和传感器应用。在许多应用中，包含一个或多个编码多种光学功能的光栅层的波导可以使用各种波导体系架构和材料系统来实现，从而在增强现实(“AR”)和虚拟现实(“VR”)的近眼显示器、航空和公路运输的紧凑型平视显示器(“HUD”)以及用于生物识别和激光雷达(“LIDAR”)应用的传感器领域实现新的创新。
发明内容
一个实施例包括一种用于倍增显示器分辨率的设备，该设备包括：图像投影仪，用于将来自像素化图像源的像素的光引导到唯一的角方向；图像处理器，用于计算原始图像和在预定义方向上的至少一个图像移位，以由图像投影仪顺序地显示；以及至少一个可切换光栅，可在光学耦合到图像投影仪的衍射状态和非衍射状态之间切换，其中，至少一个可切换光栅具有用于传播原始图像的光的第一配置和用于传播具有与在预定义方向上的图像移位对应的角位移的移位后图像的光的至少一个配置。
在另一个实施例中，至少一个可切换光栅设置在至少一个波导内。
在另一个实施例中，至少一个可切换光栅包括第一光栅、第二光栅、第三光栅、第四光栅，其中第一光栅与第三光栅重叠并且第二光栅与第四光栅重叠，其中第一光栅和第三光栅充当输入耦合器并且第二光栅和第四光栅充当输出耦合器，其中第一配置由处于其衍射状态的第一光栅或第三光栅中的一个以及第二光栅或第四光栅中的一个提供，并且其中用于传播移位后图像的光的至少一个配置由第一光栅、第二光栅、第三光栅和第四光栅的衍射状态的至少一个其它组合提供。
在又一个实施例中，第一光栅和第二光栅设置在波导内的第一层中，第三光栅和第四光栅设置在波导内的第二层中。
在又一个实施例中，至少一个可切换光栅包括设置在第一波导中的第一光栅和第二光栅以及设置在第二波导中的第三光栅和第四光栅，其中第一光栅与第三光栅重叠并且第二光栅与第四光栅重叠，其中第一光栅和第三光栅充当输入耦合器并且第二光栅和第四光栅充当输出耦合器，其中当第一光栅和第二光栅处于其衍射状态时提供第一配置，并且其中当第一光栅和第二光栅处于其非衍射状态时提供第二配置。
在又一个实施例中，图像移位等于(N+1/2)乘以像素维度，其中N是整数。
在又一个实施例中，原始图像和移位后图像在人眼融合期内顺序地显示。
在另一个附加实施例中，图像移位是垂直移位或水平移位中的一个。
在另一个附加实施例中，至少一个图像移位包括垂直移位和水平移位。
再次在另一个实施例中，可切换光栅记录在全息聚合物分散的可切换布拉格光栅中。
再次在另一个实施例中，至少一个可切换光栅设置在还包括非切换光栅的波导中。
在又一个实施例中，至少一个可切换光栅设置在还包括折叠光栅的波导中。
在又一个实施例中，至少一个可切换光栅包括多路复用波长或角带宽中的至少一个的至少一个光栅。
在又一另外的实施例中，设备形成HMD、HUD、眼睛从属显示器、动态聚焦显示器或光场显示器的一部分。
在又一附加实施例中，图像投影仪还包括微型显示面板。
再次在又一个实施例中，图像投影仪通过棱镜或光栅中的一个光学地耦合到第一光栅和第三光栅。
再次在又一个实施例中，设备还包括照明均化器。
在又一个实施例中，光栅中的至少一个是滚动的k-向量光栅。
在又一个实施例中，波导还包括输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出耦合器。
再次另一个实施例包括一种倍增波导显示器的分辨率的方法，该方法包括提供图像投影仪和图像处理器；提供包含第一可切换光栅、第二可切换光栅、第三可切换光栅和第四可切换光栅的波导，其中第一光栅与第三光栅基本重叠并且第二光栅与第四光栅基本重叠，其中每个光栅都具有用于对入射光施加角移位的光学规格(prescription)；选择像素移位(N+1/2)乘以P，其中N是大于或等于零的整数，并且P为像素维度；使用图像处理器计算移位后的图像；将移位后的图像写入图像投影仪；将第一可切换光栅和第三可切换光栅中的一个以及第二可切换光栅和第四可切换光栅中的一个切换为其衍射状态；经由衍射的第一可切换光栅或第三可切换光栅将移位后的图像光耦合到波导中；经由衍射的第二可切换光栅或第四可切换光栅以由衍射的可切换光栅的规格确定的像素移位将图像光耦合出波导。
附加的实施例和特征部分地在下面的描述中阐述，并且在阅读说明书时对于本领域技术人员将部分地变得显而易见，或者可以通过实施本发明而获悉。通过参考构成本公开的一部分的说明书和附图的其余部分，可以实现对本发明的本质和优点的进一步理解。
附图说明
参考以下附图和数据图将更充分地理解本描述，这些附图和数据图作为本发明的示例性实施例呈现，并且不应解释为对本发明范围的完整阐述。
图1A和图1B概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的分辨率倍增波导装置的两个操作状态的示意性横截面图。
图2概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的分辨率倍增波导装置的示意性横截面图。
图3A概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的与波导显示器光学接口的分辨率倍增波导装置的第一操作状态的示意性横截面图。
图3B概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的与波导显示器光学接口的分辨率倍增波导装置的第二操作状态的示意性横截面图。
图4A-4D概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的在一些实施例中用于提供分辨率四倍的四个像素移位步骤的正视图。
图5A-5D概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的分辨率四倍波导装置的四个操作状态的示意性横截面图。
图6概念性地图示了说明根据本发明的实施例的将波导显示器的分辨率倍增的方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
为了描述实施例，已经省略或简化了光学设计和视觉显示领域的技术人员已知的光学技术的一些众所周知的特征，以免模糊本发明的基本原理。除非另有说明，否则关于射线或光束方向的术语“同轴”是指与垂直于关于本发明描述的光学组件的表面的轴平行的传播。在下面的描述中，术语光、射线、光束和方向可以互换使用并且彼此相关联，以指示电磁辐射沿着直线轨迹的传播方向。关于电磁光谱的可见和红外波段，可以使用术语光和照明。下面描述的部分将使用光学设计领域的技术人员通常所采用的术语来表示。如本文所使用，在一些实施例中，术语光栅可涵盖由一组光栅组成的光栅。为了说明的目的，应该理解的是，除非另有说明，否则附图未按比例绘制。
现在转向附图，图示了根据本发明的各个实施例的用于倍增与近眼显示器或平视显示器系统相关的显示器分辨率的系统和方法。波导光学器件可考虑用于一系列显示器和传感器应用，诸如，但不仅限于AR、VR、HUD、LIDAR应用。在性能、形状因素和制造成本方面，不同的应用可能具有不同的需求。越来越多的共识是，成功的头戴式AR显示器的前提是具有足够高的分辨率的小型、低冲击形状因素、高亮度和宽视场(“FOV”)显示器，以使FOV充满图像细节。在许多情况下，可能期望具有由至少1080p(在16:9宽高比HD宽屏标准下为1920×1080像素)分辨率支持的50度FOV显示器。为了满足某些可穿戴形状因素的要求，用于提供输入图像的微型显示器应符合某些维度。对于许多应用，微型显示器的对角线不应大于0.23英寸。但是，当前的像素尺寸通常不允许1080p像素分辨率进入如此小的显示区域。克服FOV/分辨率瓶颈的一种方法是使用图像分辨率倍增。德州仪器(Texas Instruments)在其背投TV中率先采用的一项成熟技术是将快速切换DLP技术与高速机械反射镜相组合，以实现像素加倍来达到1080p分辨率。但是，无论从形状因素还是对工业机械复杂性和成本的抵抗力而言，这样的解决方案都不适合AR可穿戴设备。诸如有机LED的替代技术还不够成熟，无法以成本有效的方式提供高亮度的1080p分辨率。为了解决这些问题，本发明的许多实施例针对用于显示器分辨率倍增以及在波导显示器内集成这些解决方案的紧凑的、光学高效的和成本有效的解决方案。
集成显示器分辨率倍增解决方案的系统可以以多种不同方式来实现。在许多实施例中，系统包括：图像投影仪，用于投影图像光；图像处理器，用于计算原始图像和在预定义方向上移位的至少一个图像；以及至少一个可切换光栅，其能够在衍射状态和非衍射状态之间切换。在另外的实施例中，可切换光栅是在分辨率倍增波导中实现的可切换布拉格光栅(“SBG”)。SBG可以在波导中实现，以在与常规系统相比时减少系统中的厚度和层数。SBG也可以通过对在微型显示器上顺序地呈现的图像进行平铺来实现增加视野。在一些实施例中，可切换光栅光学耦合到图像投影仪。在许多实施例中，可切换光栅具有用于传播原始图像的光的第一配置和用于传播具有与在预定义方向上的图像移位对应的角位移的移位后图像的光的至少一个其它配置。通过在人眼融合期内顺序地显示原始图像和移位后图像，可以倍增显示器分辨率。全息波导技术和显示器分辨率倍增解决方案将在下面进一步详细讨论。
可切换布拉格光栅
全息波导技术可以有利地在用于头盔安装式显示器或头戴式显示器(“HMD”)以及平视显示器的波导方面实现，以用于许多应用，包括但不限于军事应用和消费应用(例如增强现实眼镜等)。在许多实施例中，可以通过使用与常规光栅结合的折叠光栅来创建更大的出射光瞳，以在水平和垂直方向上的单个波导上提供光瞳扩展，从而在减少透镜尺寸的同时保持眼箱(box)尺寸。使用本文公开的系统和方法，与当前的波导系统相比，单个光波导基板可以产生更宽的视野。在这样的实施例中，衍射光栅可以用于将光线分裂和衍射成在不同方向上传播的几个光束，从而分散光线。
记录在波导中的光学结构可以包括许多不同类型的光学元件，诸如，但不限于衍射光栅。在许多实施例中，实现的光栅是布拉格光栅(也称为体积光栅)。布拉格光栅可以具有高效率，而几乎没有光被衍射成更高的阶数。可以通过控制光栅的折射率调制来改变衍射和零阶中光的相对量，该特性可以用于制作有损耗的波导光栅，以便在较大的光瞳上提取光。全息波导装置中使用的一类光栅是可切换布拉格光栅。SBG可以通过首先在玻璃板或基板之间放置可光聚合单体和液晶材料混合物的薄膜来制造。在许多情况下，玻璃板处于平行配置。一块或两块玻璃板可以支撑电极，通常是透明的氧化锡膜，用于在整个膜上施加电场。可以通过用具有空间周期性强度调制的干涉曝光进行光聚合诱导相分离，将SBG中的光栅结构记录在液体材料(通常称为浆体)中。诸如但不限于控制辐射强度、混合物中材料的组分体积分数和曝光温度等因素，可以确定结果所得的光栅形态和性能。可以容易地理解，取决于给定应用的具体要求，可以使用多种材料和混合物。在许多实施例中，使用了HPDLC材料。在记录处理期间，单体聚合并且混合物进行相分离。LC分子聚集形成离散的或聚结的液滴，这些液滴周期性地分布在光学波长范围内的聚合物网络中。交替的富含液晶区域和缺乏液晶区域形成光栅的条纹平面，这可产生具有强光学偏振的布拉格衍射，该强光学偏振由液滴中LC分子的朝向顺序引起。
结果所得的体积相位光栅可以表现出非常高的衍射效率，这可以通过施加在薄膜上的电场的强度来控制。在经由透明电极将电场施加到光栅的情况下，LC液滴的自然朝向可能改变，从而导致条纹的折射率调制降低，并且全息图衍射效率降低到非常低的水平。通常，电极被配置为使得所施加的电场垂直于基板。在许多实施例中，电极由铟锡氧化物(“ITO”)制成。在没有施加电场的OFF状态下，液晶的非凡轴通常对齐垂直于条纹(即，平行于光栅或K-向量)。因此，光栅对P-偏振光(即，具有在入射平面中的偏振向量的光)表现出高折射率调制和高衍射效率，但对S-偏振光(即，具有垂直于入射平面的偏振向量的光)具有几乎为零的衍射效率。在对HPDLC施加电场的情况下，光栅切换到ON状态，其中液晶分子的非凡轴对齐平行于所施加的电场并因此对齐垂直于基板。在ON状态下，光栅对S-偏振光和P-偏振光两者都表现出较低的折射率调制和较低的衍射效率。因此，光栅区域不再衍射光。根据HPDLC装置的功能，每个光栅区域可以分成多个光栅元件，诸如，例如像素矩阵。通常，在一个基板表面上的电极是均匀且连续的，而相对的基板表面上的电极是根据多个可选择性切换的光栅元件而图案化的。
通常，SBG元件在30μs内清零，并用更长的驰豫时间接通。要注意的是，装置的衍射效率可以借助于所施加的电压在连续范围内来调整。在许多情况下，装置在不施加电压的情况下表现出接近100％的效率，而在施加足够高的电压时则表现出基本上零效率。在某些类型的HPDLC装置中，可以使用磁场来控制LC朝向。在一些HPDLC应用中，LC材料与聚合物的相分离可以达到不产生可辨别的液滴结构的程度。SBG也可以用作无源光栅。在该模式下，其主要优点是独特的高折射率调制。SBG可以用于为自由空间应用提供透射或反射光栅。SBG可以被实现为波导装置，其中HPDLC在波导附近形成波导芯或消逝耦合层。用于形成HPDLC单元格的玻璃板提供全内反射光导结构。当可切换光栅以超过TIR条件的角度衍射光时，可以将光耦合出SBG。
HPDLC材料系统
根据本发明的各种实施例的HPDLC混合物通常包括LC、单体、光引发剂(photoinitiator)染料和共引发剂(coinitiator)。混合物(通常称为浆体)通常还包含表面活性剂。为了描述本发明，将表面活性剂定义为降低总液体混合物的表面张力的任何化学试剂。在PDLC混合物中使用表面活性剂是已知的，并且可追溯到PDLC的最早研究。例如，R.L.Sutherland等人在SPIE，第2689卷，第158-169页，1996年的论文中，描述了PDLC混合物，该PDLC混合物包括单体、光引发剂、共引发剂、扩链剂和可向其添加表面活性剂的LC，该论文的公开内容通过引用并入本文。Natarajan等人在Journal of Nonlinear OpticalPhysics and Materials，第5卷，第1期，第89-98页，1996年的论文中也提到了表面活性剂，该论文的公开内容通过引用并入本文。此外，Sutherland等人的美国专利No.7,018,563讨论了用于形成聚合物分散的液晶光学元件的聚合物分散的液晶材料，该材料包括：至少一种丙烯酸单体；至少一种类型的液晶材料；光引发剂染料；共引发剂；以及表面活性剂。美国专利No.7,018,563的公开内容通过引用整体并入本文。
专利和科学文献包含许多可以用于制造SBG的材料系统和工艺的示例，这些示例包括研究配制这种材料系统以实现高衍射效率、快速响应时间、低驱动电压等。Sutherland的美国专利No.5,942,157和Tanaka等人的美国专利No.5,751,452两者都描述了适于制造SBG装置的单体和液晶材料的组合。配方(recipe)的示例也可以在20世纪90年代早期的论文中找到。许多这些材料都使用丙烯酸酯单体，包括：
·R.L.Sutherland等人的Chem.Mater.，第5卷，第1533页(1993年)，描述了使用丙烯酸酯聚合物和表面活性剂，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。具体而言，配方包括交联多功能丙烯酸酯单体；扩链剂N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、LC E7、光引发剂孟加拉红和共引发剂N-苯基甘氨酸。在某些变体中添加了表面活性剂辛酸。
·Fontecchio等人的SID 00Digest，第774-776页，2000年，描述了用于反射显示应用的UV可固化的HPDLC，其包括多功能丙烯酸酯单体、LC、光引发剂、共引发剂和链终止剂，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
·Y.H.Cho等人的Polymer International，第48期，第1085-1090页，1999年，公开了包括丙烯酸酯的HPDLC配方，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
·Karasawa等人的Japanese Journal of Applied Physics，第36卷，第6388-6392页，1997年，描述了各种功能顺序的丙烯酸酯，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
·T.J.Bunning等人的Polymer Science:Part B:Polymer Physics，第35卷，第2825-2833页，1997年，也描述了多功能丙烯酸酯单体，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
·G.S.lannacchione等人的Europhysics Letters，第36(6)卷，第425-430页，1996年，描述了包括五丙烯酸酯单体、LC、扩链剂、共引发剂和光引发剂的PDLC混合物，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
丙烯酸酯具有快速动力学、与其它材料的良好混合以及与成膜工艺的相容性好的优点。由于丙烯酸酯是交联的，因此它们倾向于机械地稳健且挠性。例如，功能为2(di)和3(tri)的氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯已广泛用于HPDLC技术。也已经使用了诸如五角和六角功能杆的更高功能的材料。
倍增显示器分辨率的系统
根据本发明的各个实施例的集成显示器分辨率倍增解决方案的系统可以以许多不同的方式来实现。在许多实施例中，系统包括：图像投影仪，用于投影来自微型显示器的图像光；图像处理器，用于计算原始图像和在预定义方向上移位的至少一个图像，以由图像投影仪顺序显示的；以及至少一个可切换光栅，其能够在衍射状态和非衍射状态之间切换。在一些实施例中，可切换光栅被配置在自由空间中。在几个实施例中，可切换光栅设置在至少一个波导内。取决于具体的应用，系统可以是可切换光栅和无源光栅的组合。在许多实施例中，可切换光栅可以光学耦合到图像投影仪。可以投射光，使得来自每个像素的光映射到唯一的角方向中。在几个实施例中，可切换光栅具有用于传播原始图像的光的第一配置和用于传播具有与在预定义方向上的图像移位对应的角位移的移位后图像的光的至少一个其它配置。原始图像和移位后的图像可以在人眼融合期内顺序地显示，以提供显示器分辨率倍增。在许多实施例中，显示器分辨率可以加倍。在一些实施例中，显示器分辨率是四倍的。容易地理解的是，这种系统的具体特征可以取决于具体的实现，其设计可以取决于给定应用的具体需求。
图像移位可以以几种不同的方式来实现。在许多实施例中，图像处理器计算至少一个图像移位。在另外的应用中，图像处理器对于给定的原始图像计算至少两个图像移位。在几个实施例中，图像在(一个或多个)预定方向上以预定量移位。在另外的实施例中，图像移位恰好等于像素垂直维度或水平维度的一半。在一些实施例中，图像移位是(N+1/2)乘以像素维度，其中N是整数(其中0假设为整数)。这可以在偏移设计中提供更大的灵活性，从而在图像尺寸上仅损失N个像素。在几个实施例中，原始图像和移位后图像在人眼融合期内顺序地显示。在一些实施例中，图像移位是垂直或水平中的一种，以提供分辨率加倍。在许多实施例中，图像移位包括垂直移位和水平移位，以提供加倍的垂直分辨率和水平分辨率。在多种实施例中，提供了整数垂直偏移和半像素水平偏移。在其它实施例中，提供了整数水平偏移和半像素垂直偏移。在一些实施例中，垂直和水平偏移可以具有像素维度的不同整数倍，以补偿由波导平面中的非正交输入、折叠和输出光栅向量(K-向量分量)引起的图像偏移。容易地理解的是，可以取决于给定应用的具体需求来选择具体的图像移位方案。
图1A和图1B概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的处于两种不同操作状态下的分辨率倍增波导装置的横截面图。如图1A和图1B的示意性侧视图中所示，装置可以具有至少两个不同的配置100A、100B，用于传播原始图像和至少一个移位后的图像。利用这样的配置，装置能够将显示器分辨率提高一倍。在许多实施例中，可以实现诸如但不限于分辨率提高四倍的进一步的分辨率倍增操作。在一些实施例中，通过堆叠用于将光偏转到与在不同方向上的像素移位对应的不同方向上的其他的波导来实现这样的操作。在说明性实施例中，装置包括图像投影仪101、图像处理器102和分辨率倍增波导。
参考图1A，图像投影仪/发生器101可以包括提供像素阵列101B的微型显示面板101A和用于投影来自微型显示器的图像光的投影透镜101C，使得将来自每个像素的光映射到独特的角方向中。在一些实施例中，投影透镜是多元件折射透镜系统。在几个实施例中，投影透镜可以包括衍射元件或表面。虽然图1A图示了该基本配置的图像投影仪，但是对于本领域技术人员显而易见的是，可以实现任何类型的图像投影仪。例如，在许多实施例中，图像投影仪可使用激光扫描仪来形成像素化图像。在许多实施例中，图像投影仪包括一个以上的微型显示器或激光扫描仪，以用于提供一个以上的像素化图像源。
可以经由数据通信和控制链路102A电连接到图像投影仪101的图像处理器102能够计算原始(未移位的)图像和在预定义方向上移位的至少一个图像，以由图像投影仪101顺序显示。来自图像投影仪101的图像光可以光学耦合到分辨率倍增波导中。在说明性实施例中，图像光由棱镜109耦合到分辨率倍增波导中。在其它实施例中，棱镜可以被光栅代替。
分辨率倍增波导可以包括：上部波导层103，其包含上部输入光栅104和上部输出光栅105，以及下部波导层106，其包含下部输入光栅107和下部输出光栅108。在许多实施例中，光栅是能够响应于所施加的电压来切换状态的可切换光栅。如图所示，可以通过由符号V表示并且由数字114A-114D引用的电连接将电压施加到光栅。在说明性实施例中，上部输入光栅104与下部输入光栅107基本上重叠，并且上部输出光栅105与下部输出光栅108基本上重叠。图1A中所示的第一配置示出了上部输入光栅和输出光栅104、105处于其衍射状态的情况。图1B中所示的第二配置示出了上部输入和输出光栅104、105处于其非衍射状态的情况。
当在微型显示器101A上显示原始图像帧时，光可以从图像投影仪101传播并进入上波导层103。在上部组输入光栅和输出光栅104、105处于其衍射状态的情况下，可以从波导层103中提取光。在图1A中由射线1000-1004示出了该光路，其中原始图像帧像素由1005指示。当显示移位后的图像帧时，光可以由图像投影仪101传播并进入下部波导层106。在上部组输入和输出光栅104、105处于其非衍射状态和下部组输入和输出光栅107、108处于其衍射状态的情况下，可以提取光。在图1B中由射线1000、1011-1015示出了用于移位后图像的光路，其中移位后图像帧像素由1016表示。射线1009、1017指示来自波导层103、106的输入光栅104、107的零阶光。如图所示，零阶光基本上没有偏离波导传播到光阱113上。从附图中应该显而易见的是，在对图1A和图1B中示出的体系架构进行微小修改的情况下，两个波导层中的任何一个都可用于传播原始图像帧。
在许多实施例中，上部波导层103的光栅104、105被配置为切换，而下部波导层106的光栅107、108被配置为始终处于其衍射状态。在一些实施例中，两个波导层的光栅都被配置为切换。在另外的实施例中，当上部波导的光栅被切换成其衍射状态时，下部波导层的光栅被切换成其非衍射状态。图2在概念性地图示了这样的配置。如图所示，配置100C可以通过如上所述控制电压源114A-114D切换光栅来实现。在这样的配置中，可以减少零阶光耦合回到上部波导层的风险。
光栅可以与微型显示器的帧更新协同地切换，使得当上部波导层的光栅处于其衍射状态时，输入图像生成器显示原始图像，并且当上部波导层的光栅处于非衍射状态时，图像生成器显示用半像素水平移位重新计算的图像。在许多实施例中，原始帧和移位后帧的切换发生在人眼融合时间内，并且显示观看器保留加倍的所显示的图像分辨率。
上部波导和下部波导中的光栅可以类似地配置，但是具有略微不同的光栅规格，该光栅规格被设计为产生相对于原始图像的角移位，相当于一半像素。这样的效果可以通过许多不同的方式来实现。在一些实施例中，所需的角移位是由对光栅K-向量施加小的倾斜来产生。在几个实施例中，所需的角移位是由对由输入和输出光栅形成的表面光栅的微小改变而产生的。由于原始图像帧和移位后图像帧的角分离通常很小，因此当被耦合到显示波导中时，图像帧图像光在被提取到波导显示器的眼箱中之前以高效率传播。在许多实施例中，上部波导和下部波导被设计为使得在光提取之前仅发生很少的全内反射反弹。这可以减少用于高效耦合到单独的波导装置中的光束扩展。
在许多实施例中，波导层可以被小的气隙分离以确保光学隔离。在许多实施例中，诸如纳米多孔材料的低折射率材料，可以用于波导隔离。可以为具体的光谱带配置波导层。在一些实施例中，为红绿和蓝光提供了单独的波导层。在几个实施例中，为红色和蓝色/绿色光提供了单独的波导层。波导光栅也可以被配置为多路复用一个以上的波长。在一些实施例中，波导光栅多路复用一个以上的角带宽。
在许多实施例中，分辨率倍增波导可以光学耦合到波导显示器。图3A和图3B概念性地图示了示出一个这样的实施例的两个操作状态110A、110B的示意性侧视图。分辨率倍增波导可以与图1A、图1B和图2所示的波导相同地实现。参考图3A，波导显示器109包括输入光栅111和输出光栅112。在一些实施例中，波导显示器还包括折叠光栅。在几个实施例中，波导显示器包括用于传播不同颜色光的单独层。在说明性实施例中，并且与先前讨论的系统类似，从分辨率加倍波导的上部波导层出射的原始图像帧光1004可以沿着由射线1005-1006表示的TIR路径耦合到波导显示器中，然后耦合出由射线1007表示的波导，以形成包含诸如由1008指示的像素的输出图像。如图3B所示，从分辨率加倍波导的第二波导层出射的移位后图像帧光1015可以沿着由射线1016-1017表示的TIR路径被耦合到波导显示器中，然后耦合出由射线1018指示的波导，以形成包含诸如由1008表示的像素的输出图像，该像素从对应的原始像素移位。在说明性实施例中，输出图像移位了半个像素宽度。
在许多实施例中，可以实现诸如但不限于分辨率四倍的进一步的分辨率倍增操作。例如，可以通过将垂直和水平分辨率都加倍来实现分辨率四倍。图4A-4D概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的用于提供分辨率四倍的四个不同像素移位步骤的正视图。图4A示出了原始图像120A，其通过包含由间隙122分离的像素121的4×4像素阵列来表示。图4B示出了水平移位的像素阵列120B，其中每个像素121已经相对于其对应的原始像素进行了前半个像素水平移位，从而产生了像素123。图4D示出了移位后的像素阵列120D，其中每个像素124相对于其相应的原始像素121水平和垂直地移位。图4D示出了垂直移位的像素阵列120D，其中每个像素125已经相对于其对应的原始像素121进行了一半像素的垂直移位。
在一些实施例中，诸如图5A-5B的示意性侧视图中所示的，至少一个可切换光栅包括设置在波导中的第一、第二、第三、第四光栅。第一光栅与第三光栅重叠，并且第二光栅与第四光栅重叠。第一和第三光栅充当输入耦合器，并且第二和另外的光栅充当输出耦合器。第一配置由处于其衍射状态的第一或第三光栅中的一个和第二或第四光栅中的一个来提供。通过第一或第三光栅中的一个与第二或第四光栅中的一个的其它组合来提供用于传播移位后的图像光的配置。在一些实施例中，第一和第二光栅设置在波导内的第一层中，并且第三和第四光栅设置在波导内的第二层中。
图5A-5D概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的被设计成传播图4A-4D中示出的四像素阵列配置的波导显示器的光栅状态。在说明性实施例中，波导显示器131包括包含上部输入光栅和上部输出光栅的上部光栅层，其由衍射状态132A、133A和非衍射状态132B、133B表示，其中132A和132B描述了上部输入光栅的状态并且133A和133B描述了上部输出光栅的状态。波导显示器还可以包括包含下部输入光栅和下部输出光栅的下部光栅层，其由衍射状态134A、135A和非衍射状态134B、135B表示，其中134A和134B描述了下部输入光栅的状态，并且图135A和135B描述了下部输出光栅的状态。输入光栅可以被配置用于将来自图像投影仪137的光耦合到波导显示器131中的TIR路径中，并且输出光栅可以被配置用于将光耦合出波导显示器131。在说明性实施例中，波导显示器131还包括设置在上部光栅层中的公共折叠光栅133，以提供与输出光栅相关联的二维光束扩展。折叠光栅可以设置在两个光栅层的任何一个中。在一些实施例中，每个光栅层包含折叠光栅。在其它实施例中，波导显示器不包含或不需要折叠光栅。将电压经由与电压源的电连接施加到光栅，该电压源由符号V以及附图标记138A-138D表示。
图5A概念性地示出了用于传播图4A(原始图像)的像素配置的光栅配置130A，其中下部输入光栅和下部输出光栅分别处于其衍射状态134A、135A，并且上部输入光栅和上部输出光栅分别处于其非衍射状态132B、133B。衍射的射线路径由射线1030A-1033A来表示。图5B概念性地示出了用于传播图4B的像素配置的光栅配置130B，其中上部输入光栅和下部输出光栅分别处于其衍射状态132A、135A，并且下部输入光栅和上部输出光栅分别处于其非衍射状态134B、133B。衍射的射线路径由射线1030B-1033B来表示。图5C概念性地示出了用于传播图4C的像素配置的光栅配置130C，其中上部输入光栅和上部输出光栅分别处于其衍射状态132A、133A，并且下部输入光栅和上部输出光栅分别处于其非衍射状态134B、135B。衍射的射线路径由射线1030C-1033C来表示。图5D示出了用于传播图4D的像素配置的光栅配置130D，其中下部输入光栅和上部输出光栅分别处于其衍射状态134A、133A，并且上部输入光栅和下部输出光栅分别处于其非衍射状态132B、135B。衍射的射线路径由射线1030A-1033A来表示。
使用图5A-5D的设备实现60Hz 1080p图像帧速率可能需要以240Hz视频帧速率生成的四个视频子帧。每个视频子帧可能进一步需要红色、绿色、蓝色子帧，从而将帧速率增加到720Hz。在许多实施例中，图5A-5D所示的两层光栅体系架构可以用于传播单色光，而其它颜色需要另外相似的波导。例如，在一些实施例中，可以为红色、绿色和蓝色实现单独的波导。在几个实施例中，彩色显示器具有一个红色波导和一个蓝色/绿色波导。图5A-5D的可切换光栅布置具有几个优点，其包括但不限于：低成本和复杂性；来自投影仪的输入图像经过最小数量的ITO层；以及双可切换光栅偏移被单独切换，从而使损耗最小化。
从图5A-5D的考虑应该清楚的是，在一些实施例中，可以消除上部或下部输入光栅中的一个，以提供顺序传播原始图像和移位后图像的波导。可替代地，通过相同的推理，可以去除上部或下部输出光栅中的一个，以达到相同的效果。在一些实施例中，图5A-5D中的光栅层中的一个可以是非切换的。
图6图示了概念性地说明根据本发明的实施例的倍增波导显示器的分辨率的方法的流程图。如图所示，处理140包括提供(141)图像投影仪和图像处理器。可以提供(142)波导，其中波导包含第一、第二、第三和第四可切换光栅，其中第一与第三光栅基本重叠，并且第二与第四光栅基本重叠。每个光栅都可以具有用于对入射光施加角移位的光学规格。可以选择(143)像素移位。在许多实施例中，像素移位满足(N+1/2)*P，其中N是大于或等于零的整数，并且P是像素维度。然后可以使用图像处理器来计算(144)移位后的图像。可以将移位后的图像写入(145)到图像投影仪。为了显示，可以将第一和第三可切换光栅中的一个以及第二和第四可切换光栅中的一个切换(146)到它们的衍射状态。移位后的图像光可以经由衍射的第一或第三可切换光栅耦合(147)到波导中，并且可以经由衍射的第二或第四可切换光栅以由衍射的可切换光栅的规格确定的像素移位耦合(148)出波导。处理140可以从步骤143开始重复直到所有需要的图像像素移位已经完成。虽然图6示出了用于实现波导显示器的分辨率倍增的具体处理，但是可以根据本发明的各个实施例来实践多种处理中的任何一种及其修改。
在许多实施例中，可切换光栅设置在还包括非切换光栅的波导中。在其它实施例中，非切换光栅是如上所述的用于光束扩展的折叠光栅(有时称为转向光栅)。在这样的实施例中，波导可以实现分辨率倍增和两轴光束扩展。在几个实施例中，用于分辨率倍增光栅中的至少一个是滚动的K-向量光栅。K-向量(更通常称为光栅向量)可以称为垂直于光栅平面(或条纹)的向量对齐，这确定了对于给定范围的输入和衍射角度的光学效率。滚动K-向量允许扩展光栅的角带宽，而不需要增加波导厚度。在一些实施例中，可切换光栅包括多路复用波长或角带宽中的至少一个的至少一个光栅。在全息文献中已经很好地确定，可以将一个以上的全息规格记录到单个全息层中。这样，用于记录这样的多路复用全息图的方法对于本领域技术人员是众所周知的。在一些实施例中，相关联使用的切换光栅和其它光栅中的至少一个可以组合两个或更多个角衍射规格以扩展角带宽或扩展光谱带宽。例如，颜色多路复用的光栅可以用于衍射两个或更多个原色。
在任何上述实施例中，可以称为输入图像节点(“UN”)的图像投影仪，可以集成微型显示面板、光源和其它通常用于照明显示面板的光学组件，以分离反射光，并将其准直到所需的视场中。在许多实施例中，图像投影仪可以是基于题为“HOLOGRAPHIC WIDE-ANGLEDISPLAY”的美国专利申请No.13/869,866和题为“TRANSPARENT WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY”的美国专利申请No.13/844,456中所公开的实施例和教导，这些专利申请的公开内容出于所有目的通过引用整体并入本文。在一些实施例中，图像投影仪包含分束器(beamsplitter)，用于将光引导到微型显示器上并将反射的光朝着波导传输。在几个实施例中，分束器是记录在HPDLC中的光栅，并使用这样光栅的固有偏振选择性来分离照明显示器的光和从显示器反射的图像调制的光。在许多实施例中，分束器是偏振分束器立方体。在多种实施例中，图像投影仪包括照明均化器或激光束去斑点器(despeckler)。去斑点器可以基于题为“LASERILLUMINATION DEVICE”的美国专利No.8,565,560的实施例和教导来实现，该专利的公开内容出于所有目的通过引用整体并入本文。
在许多实施例中，光源是激光器。在一些实施例中，光源是LED，其可以提供比激光更好的照明均匀性和颜色均匀性。在许多实施例中，图像投影仪包括一个或多个用于修改照明角特性的透镜。如果使用激光照明，那么可能存在波导输出处发生照明带的风险。在几个实施例中，可以使用题为“METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING INPUT IMAGES FORHOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS”的美国专利申请No.15/512,500中所公开的技术和教导来克服波导中的激光照明带，该专利申请的公开内容出于所有目的通过引用整体并入本文。在一些实施例中，来自光源的光是偏振的。在许多实施例中，图像源是液晶显示器(“LCD”)微型显示器或硅基液晶(“LCoS”)微型显示器。在各种实施例中，图像源是微型机电系统(“MEM”)装置。在一些实施例中，图像源是基于德州仪器的数字投影仪(“DLP”)技术的显示面板。
在许多实施例中，所使用的任何光栅都可以编码光学功率以用于调整输出的准直。在一些实施例中，输出图像在无限远处。在几个实施例中，输出图像可以在离波导几米的距离处形成。在利用折叠光栅的实施例中，折叠光栅的角带宽可以通过设计光栅规格以提供引导光与光栅的双相互作用来增强。在题为“WAVEGUIDE GRATING DEVICE”的美国专利申请No.14/620,969中公开了双相互作用折叠光栅的示例性实施例，该专利申请的公开内容出于所有目的通过引用整体并入本文。
根据本发明的各个实施例的用于分辨率倍增的波导可以通过将光栅层夹在玻璃或塑料基板之间以形成堆叠来形成，在该堆叠中，在外部基板和空气界面处发生全内反射。堆叠还可以包括诸如分束涂层和环境保护层之类的附加层。在一些实施例中，单元格(cell)基板可以由玻璃制成。所利用的一种类型的玻璃基板是标准Coming Willow玻璃基板(折射率1.51)，其厚度可低至50微米。在其它实施例中，单元格基板可以是光学塑料。可以将光栅记录在涂覆在透明基板上的材料层中，并且由保护性透明层在全息曝光处理完成后进行覆盖。在几个实施例中，可以将光栅层分解成单独的层。例如，在许多实施例中，第一层包括折叠光栅，而第二层包括输出光栅。在另外的实施例中，第三层可以包括输入耦合器或光栅。然后，这么多层可以层压在一起成为单个波导基板。在一些实施例中，光栅层包括具有输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅(或其部分)的许多块，这些块层压在一起，以形成单个基板波导。这些块可以由光学胶或折射率与这些块相匹配的其它透明材料来分离。
光栅层可以经由通过创建期望光栅厚度的单元格的单元格制作工艺并且对于输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅中的每一个用全息记录材料真空填充每个单元格来形成。在许多实施例中，通过定位多个玻璃板来形成了单元格，在玻璃板之间具有为输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅定义所期望的光栅厚度的间隙。在一些实施例中，一个单元格可以由多个孔径制成，使得单独的孔径用不同的全息记录材料的袋填充。然后，任何中间空间可以通过诸如胶水或油的分离材料来分离，以定义分离的区域。在几个实施例中，可以将全息记录材料旋涂到基板上，然后在材料固化之后由第二基板覆盖。通过使用折叠光栅，波导显示器可以利用比先前显示信息的系统和方法更少的层数。此外，通过使用折叠光栅，光可以在由波导外表面定义的单个矩形棱镜中通过波导内的全内反射传播，同时实现双光瞳扩展。输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅可以通过在基板内以一定角度干涉两个光波以创建全息波前来创建，由此创建在波导基板中以期望角度设置的亮和暗条纹。在一些实施例中，通过在光栅区域上扫描或步进记录激光束，以逐步方式记录给定层中的光栅。在许多实施例中，使用目前在全息印刷工业中使用的母版制作和接触复制工艺来记录光栅。
在许多实施例中，将光栅记录在全息聚合物分散的液晶(“HPDLC”)(例如，液晶液滴的矩阵)中，但是也可以将SBG记录在其它材料中。在一个实施例中，SBG被记录在均匀的调制材料(诸如具有分散在液体聚合物中的固体液晶基体的POLICRYPS或POLIPHEM)中。SBG本质上可以是切换的或非切换的。在其非切换形式中，由于其液晶成分，SBG具有优于常规全息感光聚合物材料的优点，其能够提供高折射率调制。示例性均匀调制液晶聚合物材料系统在Caputo等人的美国专利公开No.2007/0019152和Stumpe等人的PCT申请No.PCT/EP2005/006950中公开，这些专利申请都通过引用整体并入本文。均匀调制光栅的特征在于高折射率调制(以及因此具有高衍射效率)和低散射。
在许多实施例中，至少一个光栅被记录在反向模式HPDLC材料中。反向模式HPDLC与常规HPDLC的不同之处在于，当没有施加电场时，光栅是无源的，并且当存在电场时，变成衍射的。反向模式HPDLC可以是基于题为“IMPROVEMENTS TO HOLOGRAPHIC POLYMERDISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES”的PCT申请No.PCT/GB2012/000680中公开的任何配方和工艺，该专利申请的公开内容出于所有目的通过引用整体并入本文。光栅可以记录在任何上述材料系统中，但是以无源(非切换)模式使用。在这样的实施例中，该制造工艺与用于切换的制造工艺相同，但省略了电极涂覆阶段。鉴于其高折射率调制，LC聚合物材料系统是非常理想的。在一些实施例中，光栅被记录在HPDLC中但不被切换。
根据本发明的各个实施例的分辨率倍增设备可以与眼动仪组合使用，以形成眼动仪显示器。眼动仪可以是基于题为“HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE EYE TRACKER”的PCT申请No.PCT/GB2014/000197、题为“HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE OPTICAL TRACKER”的PCT/GB2015/000274和题为“APPARATUS FOR EYE TRACKING”的PCT/GB2013/000210的实施例和教导，这些专利申请的公开内容出于所有目的通过引用整体并入本文。
在本发明的许多实施例中，分辨率倍增设备用于还包括动态聚焦元件的波导显示器中。动态聚焦元件可以是基于题为“ELECTRICALLY FOCUS TUNABLE LENS”的美国专利申请No.15/553,120的实施例和教导，该专利申请的公开内容出于所有目的通过引用整体并入本文。在一些实施例中，进一步包括动态聚焦元件和眼动仪的双扩展波导显示器可以基于题为“HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE LIGHT FIELD DISPLAYS”的美国专利申请No.15/543,013所公开的实施例和教导来提供光场显示器，该专利申请的公开内容出于所有目的通过引用整体并入本文。
在许多实施例中，根据本发明原理的分辨率倍增设备可以用于集成在窗口内的波导显示器中，诸如，但不限于用于公路车辆应用的集成有挡风玻璃的HUD。在一些实施例中，分辨率倍增设备可以包括用于在图像投影仪和包含分辨率倍增光栅的波导之间中继图像内容的梯度指数(“GRIN”)波导组件。在几个实施例中，基于题为“WAVEGUIDE DEVICEINCORPORATING A LIGHT PIPE”的美国专利申请No.15/558,409中公开的实施例，分辨率倍增设备可以用于包括在一个方向上提供光束扩展的光导管的双扩展波导显示器中，该专利申请的公开内容出于所有目的通过引用整体并入本文。在许多实施例中，图像投影仪中的输入图像源可以是如题为“COMPACT EDGE ILLUINATED DIFFRACTIVE DISPLAY”的美国专利No.9,075,184中公开的激光扫描仪，该专利的公开内容出于所有目的通过引用整体并入本文。
在许多实施例中，根据本发明原理的分辨率倍增设备可以与具有50度对角线视场的增强现实波导显示器接口。可用于本发明的应用的波导显示器的示例在参考文献中进行了讨论。本发明的应用不必限于波导显示器。在一些实施例中，分辨率倍增波导可以提供用于任何类型的可穿戴或投影显示器的紧凑图像生成器。在几个实施例中，分辨率倍增设备可以提供图像投影仪。在许多实施例中，设备光学耦合到图像显示光学器件、目镜、投影透镜或波导中的一个。在多个实施例中，设备形成HMD、HUD、眼睛从属显示器、动态聚焦显示器或光场显示器的一部分。本公开的一些实施例和教导可以应用于波导传感器，诸如，但不限于眼动仪、指纹扫描仪和LIDAR系统。
应该强调的是，附图是示例性的，并且维度已被放大。例如，SBG层的厚度被大大地放大了。基于任何上述实施例的光学装置可以使用在题为“IMPROVEMENTS TO HOLOGRAPHICPOLYMER DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES”的PCT申请No.PCT/GB2012/000680中公开的材料和工艺来实现。在一些实施例中，波导实施例可以是弯曲的。
虽然以上描述了具体的系统和配置，但是本发明的各种实施例可以在广泛的应用中得到实践。例如，下面的专利和专利申请列表描述了可以与本发明的各种实施例一起实践的许多不同类型的波导应用和材料系统，这些专利申请的公开内容出于所有目的通过引用整体并入本文：题为“OPTICAL DISPLAYS”的美国专利No.8,233,204、题为“METHOD ANDAPPARATUS FOR PROVIDING A TRANSPARENT DISPLAY”的PCT申请No.US2006/043938、题为“WEARABLE DATA DISPLAY”的PCT申请No.GB2012/000677，题为“COMPACT EDGEILLUMINATED EYEGLASS DISPLAY”的美国专利申请No.13/317,468、题为“ENVIRONMENTALLYISOLATED WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY”的美国专利申请No.15/543,016、题为“LASERILLUMINATION DEVICE”的美国专利No.8,224,133、题为“HOLOGRAPHIC ILLUMINATIONSYSTEM”的美国专利No.6，115，152，题为“CONTACT IMAGE SENSOR USING SWITCHABLEBRAGG GRATINGS”的PCT申请No.PCT/GB2013/000005、题为“SYSTEM AND METHOD OFEXTENDING VERTICAL FIELD OF VIEW IN HEAD UP DISPLAY USING A WAVEGUIDECOMBINER”的美国专利No.8,903,207，题为“COMPACT WEARABLE DISPLAY”的美国专利No.8,639,072、题为“COMPACT HOLOGRAPHIC EDGE LUMILEDTED EYEGLASS DISPLAY”的美国专利No.8,885,112，以及题为“WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY”的PCT申请No.PCT/GB2016/000181。
虽然以上描述了包含本发明的许多具体实施例，但是这些不应被解释为对本发明范围的限制，而应被解释为其一个实施例的示例。如各种实施例中所示的系统和方法的构造和布置仅是说明性的。因此，应该理解的是，在不脱离本发明的范围和精神的情况下，可以以不同于具体描述的方式来实践本发明。虽然在本公开中仅详细描述了几个实施例，但是许多修改是可能的(例如，各种元件的尺寸、维度、结构、形状和比例的变化、参数的值、安装布置、材料的使用、颜色、朝向等)。例如，元件的位置可以颠倒或以其它方式变化，并且离散元件的性质或数量或位置可以更变或变化。因此，所有这样的修改旨在被包括在本公开的范围内。根据替代实施例，任何处理或方法步骤的次序或顺序可以改变或重新排序。在不脱离本公开的范围的情况下，可以在实施例的设计、操作条件和布置中进行其它替换、修改、改变和省略。因此，本发明的实施例在所有方面都应被认为是说明性的而非限制性的。因此，本发明的范围不应由所示的实施例来确定，而应由所附的权利要求书及其等同物来确定。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于倍增显示器分辨率的设备，所述设备包括：
图像投影仪，用于将来自像素化图像源的像素的光引导到唯一的角方向；
图像处理器，用于计算原始图像和在预定义方向上的至少一个图像移位，以由所述图像投影仪顺序显示；以及
至少一个可切换光栅，可在光学耦合到所述图像投影仪的衍射状态和非衍射状态之间切换，其中，所述至少一个可切换光栅具有用于传播所述原始图像的光的第一配置和用于传播具有与在所述预定义方向上的图像移位对应的角位移的移位后图像的光的至少一个配置。
2.如权利要求1所述的设备，其中，所述至少一个可切换光栅设置在至少一个波导内。
3.如权利要求1所述的设备，其中，所述至少一个可切换光栅包括第一光栅、第二光栅、第三光栅、第四光栅，其中第一光栅与第三光栅重叠，并且第二光栅与第四光栅重叠，其中第一光栅和第三光栅充当输入耦合器并且第二光栅和第四光栅充当输出耦合器，其中第一配置由处于其衍射状态的第一光栅或第三光栅中的一个以及第二光栅或第四光栅中的一个提供，并且其中用于传播移位后图像的光的所述至少一个配置由第一光栅、第二光栅、第三光栅和第四光栅的衍射状态的至少一个其它组合提供。
4.如权利要求3所述的设备，其中，第一光栅和第二光栅设置在波导内的第一层中，并且第三光栅和第四光栅设置在所述波导内的第二层中。
5.如权利要求1所述的设备，其中所述至少一个可切换光栅包括设置在第一波导中的第一光栅和第二光栅以及设置在第二波导中的第三光栅和第四光栅，其中第一光栅与第三光栅重叠并且第二光栅与第四光栅重叠，其中第一光栅和第三光栅充当输入耦合器并且第二光栅和第四光栅充当输出耦合器，其中当第一光栅和第二光栅处于其衍射状态时提供第一配置，并且其中当第一光栅和第二光栅处于非衍射状态时提供第二配置。
6.如权利要求1所述的设备，其中，所述图像移位等于(N+1/2)乘以像素维度，其中N是整数。
7.如权利要求1所述的设备，其中，所述原始图像和所述移位后图像在人眼融合期内顺序地显示。
8.如权利要求1所述的设备，其中，所述图像移位是垂直移位或水平移位中的一个。
9.如权利要求1所述的设备，其中，所述至少一个图像移位包括垂直移位和水平移位。
10.如权利要求1所述的设备，其中，所述可切换光栅记录在全息聚合物分散的可切换布拉格光栅中。
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