CN114613974A - 一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114613974A CN114613974A CN202210400788.XA CN202210400788A CN114613974A CN 114613974 A CN114613974 A CN 114613974A CN 202210400788 A CN202210400788 A CN 202210400788A CN 114613974 A CN114613974 A CN 114613974A
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- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 19
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000007833 carbon precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- QCCDYNYSHILRDG-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium(3+);trifluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[F-].[Ce+3] QCCDYNYSHILRDG-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000001027 hydrothermal synthesis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910020187 CeF3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[K+] NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910010699 Li5FeO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910008722 Li2NiO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
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- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- IDBFBDSKYCUNPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitride Chemical compound [Li]N([Li])[Li] IDBFBDSKYCUNPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001323 Li2O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MOOUSOJAOQPDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium(iii) bromide Chemical compound [Br-].[Br-].[Br-].[Ce+3] MOOUSOJAOQPDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000003270 potassium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- DDFHBQSCUXNBSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-(5-carboxythiophen-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound S1C(C(=O)O)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)S1 DDFHBQSCUXNBSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- VYLVYHXQOHJDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ce](Cl)Cl VYLVYHXQOHJDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920005546 furfural resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002224 Li5La3Nb2O12 Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910010709 Li5La3Nb2O12 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002225 Li5La3Ta2O12 Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910010712 Li5La3Ta2O12 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910010629 Li6.75La3Zr1.75Nb0.25O12 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002984 Li7La3Zr2O12 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001634 calcium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- OZECDDHOAMNMQI-UHFFFAOYSA-H cerium(3+);trisulfate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[Ce+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OZECDDHOAMNMQI-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- ORUIBWPALBXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Mg+2] ORUIBWPALBXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001635 magnesium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
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- -1 stirring and pulping Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
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- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料及其制备方法,该负极材料由硬碳及包覆在外层含有CeF3和补锂剂的软碳组成,以质量100%计,外层的质量占比为1~10%,由1~10%CeF3、1~10%补锂剂、80~98%软碳组成。其制备方法是将铈源、氟源、氮源、导电剂添加到有机熔剂中,通过水热反应、冷冻干燥得到多孔氟化铈,与沥青粘结剂、补锂剂混合均匀后球磨,然后与硬碳前驱体混合,碳化得到。本发明能提升硬碳的首次效率、动力学及其循环性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于锂离子电池材料技术领域,具体的说涉及一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料,同时还涉及该长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法。
背景技术
硬碳是一种难石墨化碳材料,具有优异的快充、低温、倍率循环及其低膨胀等优点,但是存在首次效率低,高温存储差等缺陷。目前,提升硬碳材料的首次效率及其高温性能措施主要有软碳包覆及材料补锂,但是包覆后存在材料的动力学性能下降导致倍率性能降低。比如中国专利202110968525.4公开了一种快充高首效硬碳/人造石墨负极材料及其制备方法,其制备方法为:硬碳材料粉碎,然后与包覆剂混合均匀,进行热处理,制得包覆硬碳材料、高温热处理,制备出高首效硬碳人造石墨负极材料。该材料的首次效率虽然得到提升,但是会降低材料的倍率性能和循环性能。而改善其包覆后材料的动力学性能和循环性能不下降的措施之一,是在充放电过程中补充足够的锂离子及有稳定材料结构的稳定助剂,这样一方面可以改善材料的首次效率及其动力学性能,另一方面助剂具有电解液相容性好及结构稳定的特点,能减少充放电过程中的副反应。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服上述缺点而提供的一种能提升硬碳的首次效率、动力学及其循环性能的长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料。
本发明的另一目的在于提供该长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法。
本发明的一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料,由硬碳及包覆在外层含有CeF3和补锂剂的软碳组成,负极材料以质量100%计,外层的质量占比为1~10%。
所述外层是由1~10%CeF3、1~10%补锂剂、80~98%软碳组成,其中:补锂剂为Li2NiO2、Li5FeO4、Li3N、Li2O2或Li2S中的一种。
本发明的一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)硬碳前驱体的制备:
按照100:0.5~2:0.5~2的质量比将有机聚合物、磷酸、固体电解质,添加到有机溶剂中配制成5~20%质量浓度,搅拌均匀后转移到高压反应釜中150℃进行水热反应6h,过滤,80℃真空干燥24h,得到硬碳前驱体;
(2)多孔氟化铈的制备:
按照摩尔比Ce:卤族元素=1:3,称取铈源和氟源添加到聚乙二醇中配置成1~10wt%的溶液,按氮源:导电剂:(铈源+氟源)质量比为1~10:1~10:100添加氮源、导电剂,20KHZ、120W超声分散1h,均匀后,150℃水热反应6h,-40℃冷冻干燥24h,得到多孔氟化铈;
(3)软碳包覆硬碳复合材料的制备:
将硬碳前驱体、多孔氟化铈、补锂剂及沥青以质量比100:0.1~1;0.1~1:1~10球磨到粒径为5-20μm,混合均匀后,在Ar气保护下,先升温到150~250℃进行包覆,之后升温至900~1200℃碳化3h,即得。
上述的一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,其中:步骤(1)所述的有机聚合物为酚醛树脂、糠醛树脂、环氧树脂、椰壳、淀粉、葡萄糖、蔗糖、木质素或纤维素中的一种。
上述的一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,其中:步骤(1)所述的固体电解质为Li7La3Zr2O12、Li6.75La3Zr1.75Nb0.25O12、Li5La3Nb2O12或Li5La3Ta2O12中的一种。
上述的一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,其中:步骤(1)所述的有机溶剂为乙醇、异丙醇、丙酮或二甲基甲酰胺中的一种。
上述的一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,其中:步骤(2)所述的铈源为氯化铈、溴化铈、硝酸铈或硫酸铈中的一种。
上述的一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,其中:步骤(2)所述的氟源为氟化钠、氟化钾、氟化钙、氟化镁或氟化氨中的一种。
上述的一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,其中:步骤(2)所述的氮源为苯胺、尿素、三聚氰胺,吡咯或噻吩中的一种。
上述的一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,其中:步骤(3)所述的补锂剂为Li2NiO2、Li5FeO4、Li3N、Li2O2或Li2S中的一种。
本发明与现有技术相比,具有明显的有益效果,从以上技术方案可知:本发明在硬碳表面包覆补锂剂、CeF3、无定形碳材料,发挥其三者之间的协同作用,补锂剂在充放电过程中提供充足的锂离子降低其负极材料的不可逆损失,并改善倍率和循环性能;CeF3为多孔结构,束缚充放电过程中材料的膨胀及其稳定材料的结构稳定性,且与电解液具有较好的相容性,同时多孔CeF3掺杂有氮原子及其导电剂改善CeF3自身电子导电率差等问题;无定形碳具有电子阻抗低及其熔融状态下流动性好、加工性能优异等特性,可以与补锂剂和CeF3一块均匀包覆在内核硬碳材料表面,提升首次效率及其功率性能。内核中含有固体电解质,可以提升内核充放电过程中锂离子的传输速率及其导电性,提升倍率和循环性能。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制备出的硬碳复合材料的SEM图。
具体实施方式
实施例1:
一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)硬碳前驱体的制备:
将100g酚醛树脂、1g磷酸、1gLi7La3Zr2O12添加到1020ml异丙醇熔剂中配制成10%的浓度,搅拌均匀后转移到高压反应釜中进行水热反应(温度150℃,6h),过滤,80℃真空干燥24h,得到硬碳前驱体;
(2)多孔氟化铈材料的制备:
称取24.6g氯化铈(0.1mol)和12.6g氟化钠(0.3mol)添加到744ml聚乙二醇中配置成5wt%的溶液,之后添加1.86g苯胺、1.86g碳纳米管,超声分散(20KHZ,120W,1h)均匀后,之后通过水热反应(温度150℃,6h)、-40℃冷冻干燥24h,得到多孔氟化铈材料;
(3)软碳包覆硬碳复合材料的制备:
将100g硬碳前驱体、0.5g多孔氟化铈,0.5gLi5FeO4及其5g沥青球磨混合均匀后,在Ar气保护下,首先升温到200℃进行包覆,之后升温至1000℃碳化3h,得到含有CeF3/Li5FeO4的软碳包覆硬碳复合材料,由硬碳及包覆的外层构成,以质量100%计,外层的质量占比为8%,由2%CeF3、2%Li5FeO4、96%软碳组成。
实施例2:
一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)硬碳前驱体的制备:
将100g糠醛树脂、0.5g磷酸、0.5gLi6.75La3Zr1.75Nb0.25O12添加到2020ml乙醇熔剂中配制成5%的浓度,搅拌均匀后转移到高压反应釜中进行水热反应(温度150℃,6h),过滤,80℃真空干燥24h,得到硬碳前驱体;
(2)多孔氟化铈材料的制备:
称取37.9g溴化铈(0.1mol)和17.4g氟化钾(0.3mol)添加到5530ml聚乙二醇中配置成1wt%的溶液,之后添加0.55g尿素、0.55g石墨烯,超声分散(20KHZ,120W,1h)均匀后,之后通过水热反应(温度150℃,6h)、-40℃冷冻干燥24h,得到多孔氟化铈材料;
(3)软碳包覆硬碳复合材料的制备:
称取100g硬碳前驱体、0.1g多孔氟化铈,0.1gLi2NiO2及其1g沥青添加到球磨混合均匀后,在Ar气保护下,首先升温到150℃进行软化包覆,之后升温至900℃碳化3h,得到含有CeF3/Li2NiO2的软碳包覆硬碳复合材料,由硬碳及包覆的外层构成,以质量100%计,外层的质量占比为1%,由1%CeF3、1%Li2NiO2、98%软碳组成。
实施例3:
(1)硬碳前驱体的制备:
将100g椰壳、2g磷酸、2gLi5La3Nb2O12,添加到520ml丙酮熔剂中配制成20%的浓度,搅拌均匀后转移到高压反应釜中进行水热反应(温度150℃,6h),过滤,80℃真空干燥24h,得到硬碳前驱体;
(2)多孔氟化铈材料的制备:
称取43.4g硝酸铈(0.1mol)和11.1g氟化氨(0.3mol)添加到545ml聚乙二醇中配置成10wt%的溶液,之后添加5.45g三聚氰胺、5.45g炭黑,超声分散均匀后,之后通过水热反应(温度150℃,6h)、-40℃冷冻干燥24h,得到多孔氟化铈材料;
(3)软碳包覆硬碳复合材料的制备:
将100g硬碳前驱体、1g多孔氟化铈,1gLi3N及其8g沥青球磨混合均匀后,在Ar气保护下,首先升温到250℃进行软化包覆,之后升温至1200℃碳化1h,得到含有CeF3/Li3N的软碳包覆硬碳复合材料,由硬碳及包覆的外层构成,以质量100%计,外层的质量占比为10%,由10%CeF3、10%Li3N、80%软碳组成。
对比例1:
采用实施例1中步骤(1)中得到的硬碳前驱体,并在氩气气氛下,1000℃碳化3h,得到硬碳复合材料。
对比例2
取100g实施例1中步骤(1)中硬碳前驱体,0.5gLi5FeO4及其5g沥青球磨混合均匀后,在Ar气保护下,首先升温到200℃进行软化包覆,之后升温至1000℃碳化3h,得到含有Li5FeO4的软碳包覆硬碳复合材料。
对比例3
取实施例1中步骤(1)中硬碳前驱体100g,0.5g多孔氟化铈及其5g沥青球磨混合均匀后,在Ar气保护下,首先升温到200℃进行软化包覆,之后升温至1000℃碳化3h,得到含有CeF3的软碳包覆硬碳复合材料。
1.理化性能测试
1.1SEM测试
将实施例1中制得的硬碳复合材料进行SEM测试,测试结果如图1所示。由图1中可以看出,实施例1制得的硬碳复合材料呈现颗粒状结构,有轻微造粒,且大小分布均匀,其粒径介于3~8μm之间。1.2粉体电导率测试:
将粉体压制成块状结构,之后采用四探针测试仪测试其粉体的电导率。测试结果如表1所示。
1.3粉体压实密度测试
对实施例1-3和对比例1-3制备的硬碳复合材料进行粉体压实密度测试。测试时,称取一定质量的粉体放置到模具中,采用2T的压力压制(采用粉体压实密度仪,将1g粉体放置到固定的釜中之后采用2T压力压制,静止10S,之后计算压制下的体积大小,并计算出压实密度),计算出粉体压实密度。测试结果如表1所示。
1.4比表面积及其孔径测试
按照标准GB/T-24533-2019《锂离子电池石墨类负极材料》中的测试方法测试实施例1-3与对比例1-3的比表面积及其孔径。
表1
由表1可以看出,实施例1-3制得的石墨复合材料的粉体电阻率明显小于各对比例。其原因为CeF3及其掺杂的导电剂可以降低材料的电子阻抗;同时CeF3为多孔结构,可以提升硬碳复合材料的比表面积。
2.扣式电池测试
分别将实施例1-3和对比例1-3中的复合材料组装成扣式电池A1、A2、A3、B1,B2,B3。组装方法为:在负极材料中添加粘结剂、导电剂及溶剂,进行搅拌制浆,涂覆在铜箔上,经过烘干、碾压制得负极片。所用粘结剂为LA132粘结剂,导电剂为SP,负极材料分别为实施例1-3和对比例1-3中的人造石墨复合材料,溶剂为二次蒸馏水。各组分的比例为:负极材料:SP:LA132:二次蒸馏水=95g:1g:4g:220mL;电解液是LiPF6/EC+DEC(LiPF6的浓度为1.2mol/L,EC和DEC体积比为1:1),金属锂片为对电极,隔膜采用聚乙烯(PE),聚丙烯(PP)或聚乙丙烯(PEP)复合膜。扣式电池的装配在充氩气的手套箱中进行,电化学性能测试在武汉蓝电CT2001A型电池测试仪上进行,充放电电压范围为0.005V至2.0V,充放电倍率为0.1C。测试结果如表2所示。
同时取上述负极片,测试极片的吸液能力,结果见表2。
表2实施例与对比例的扣式电池及其极片吸液性能比较
从表2可以看出,采用实施例1-3所得石墨复合负极材料的锂离子电池的首次放电容量及首次充放电效率、吸液能力均明显高于对比例。补锂剂在充放电过程中释放出锂离子降低其材料表面的不可逆容量提升首次效率;同时实施例中材料具有高的比表面积,提升吸液性能;且CeF3对激活硬碳材料的活性具有促进作用,进一步提升材料的比容量。
3.软包电池测试
以实施例1-3和对比例1-3中的硬碳复合材料作为负极材料,制备出负极极片。以三元材料(LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2)为正极,以LiPF6溶液(溶剂为EC+DEC,体积比1:1,LiPF6浓度1.3mol/L)为电解液,celegard2400为隔膜,制备出2Ah软包电池A10、A20、A30和B10,B20,B30。之后测试软包电池的循环性能、倍率性能。
倍率性能测试条件:充电倍率:1C/2C/3C/5C,放电倍率1C;电压范围:2.8-4.2V。
循环测试条件为,1C/1C,2.5-4.2V,温度:25±3℃,循环次数,500周。
测试结果见表3。
表3
由表3可以看出,本发明实施例1-3制备的硬碳复合材料制备的软包电池具有更好的恒流比。对比例1-3的恒流比显著下降,因为实施例中补锂剂在充放电过程中释放出锂离子,提升锂离子的扩散速率,提升倍率和循环性能;同时CeF3具有结构稳定及其多孔结构,对提升材料的循环性能及其降低阻抗也有利,从而提升电池的倍率和循环性能。
以上所述,仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已,并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制,任何未脱离本发明技术方案内容,依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所作的任何简单修改、等同变化与修饰,均仍属于本发明技术方案的范围内。
Claims (10)
1.一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料,由硬碳及包覆在外层含有CeF3和补锂剂的软碳组成,负极材料以质量100%计,外层的质量占比为1~10%;所述外层是由1~10%CeF3、1~10%补锂剂、80~98%软碳组成。
2.如权利要求1或2所述的一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料,其中:补锂剂为Li2NiO2、Li5FeO4、Li3N、Li2O2或Li2S中的一种。
3.一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)硬碳前驱体的制备:
按照100:0.5~2:0.5~2的质量比将有机聚合物、磷酸、固体电解质,添加到有机溶剂中配制成5~20%质量浓度,搅拌均匀后转移到高压反应釜中150℃进行水热反应6h,过滤,80℃真空干燥24h,得到硬碳前驱体;
(2)多孔氟化铈的制备:
按照摩尔比Ce:卤族元素=1:3,称取铈源和氟源添加到聚乙二醇中配置成1~10wt%的溶液,按氮源:导电剂:(铈源+氟源)质量比为1~10:1~10:100添加氮源、导电剂,20KHZ、120W超声分散1h,均匀后,150℃水热反应6h,-40℃冷冻干燥24h,得到多孔氟化铈;
(3)软碳包覆硬碳复合材料的制备:
将硬碳前驱体、多孔氟化铈、补锂剂及沥青以质量比100:0.1~1:0.1~1:1~10球磨到粒径为5-20µm,混合均匀后,在Ar气保护下,先升温到150~250℃进行包覆,之后升温至900~1200℃碳化3h,即得。
4.如权利要求3所述的一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,其中:步骤(1)所述的有机聚合物为酚醛树脂、糠醛树脂、环氧树脂、椰壳、淀粉、葡萄糖、蔗糖、木质素或纤维素中的一种。
5.如权利要求3所述的一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,其中:步骤(1)所述的固体电解质为Li7La3Zr2O12、Li6.75La3Zr1.75Nb0.25O12、Li5La3Nb2O12或Li5La3Ta2O12中的一种。
6.如权利要求3所述的一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,其中:步骤(1)所述的有机溶剂为乙醇、异丙醇、丙酮或二甲基甲酰胺中的一种。
7.如权利要求3所述的一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,其中:步骤(2)所述的铈源为氯化铈、溴化铈、硝酸铈或硫酸铈中的一种。
8.如权利要求3所上述的一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,其中:步骤(2)所述的氟源为氟化钠、氟化钾、氟化钙、氟化镁或氟化氨中的一种。
9.如权利要求3所述的一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,其中:步骤(2)所述的氮源为苯胺、尿素、三聚氰胺,吡咯或噻吩中的一种。
10.如权利要求3所述的一种长寿命快充型锂离子电池负极材料的制备方法,其中:步骤(3)所述的补锂剂为Li2NiO2、Li5FeO4、Li3N、Li2O2或Li2S中的一种。
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