CN103635121B - 分布式热电加热和冷却的集成 - Google Patents
分布式热电加热和冷却的集成 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种热电装置,包括由绝热材料形成的细长板,并具有多个热电元件,其包括在绝缘材料内部的紧压导体和在绝缘材料外部的扩张导体,其中所述热电元件基本上平行于或相对于所述面板的长度成锐角的延伸。该热电装置可集成到各种需要利用控制加热或冷却的表面或外壳中并配置为优化应用。
Description
背景技术
在申请人早期于2011年5月4日提交的美国专利申请号为13/101,015和2012年3月5日提交的美国专利申请号为13/394,288以及2011年9月12日提交的PCT申请号为PCT/US11/51227的申请中,描述了热电加热和冷却系统,包括交织在绝缘板中的热电元件连接线,该绝缘板可由柔性材料组成,如泡沫、记忆海绵、棉絮或天然纤维。导电材料在所述板的任一侧上扩展以在一侧上散发热量并在另一侧上冷却。以用热电加热和冷却的这种方式来升级的这种材料或表面被称为分布式热电板。在申请人早期的申请中,还描述了用所述绝缘板与床垫、椅子和毛毯的集成。最终结果是成本相对低廉,均匀分布地加热和冷却寝具、座椅、毛毯和其它产品。
发明内容
本发明相对于现有技术为加热和冷却产品提供了各种增强和改进,以及将热电加热和冷却板集成到床上方、医院病床、地毯(low-profileblankets),座椅上方、马甲和热控制存储容器。
更特别地,根据本发明,提供了分布式热电加热和冷却板,其由在绝缘材料内部的紧压导体和在绝缘材料外部的扩张导体组成,其中,含热电元件的所述组件基本平行于或相对于板的长度方面成锐角安装。基本上平行或相对于板的长度成锐角地定向含热电元件的所述组件消除了现有技术中定位垂直于板的长度定向的热电元件的情况造成的对于使用者凹凸不平的感觉,并有助于使用者感觉舒适。
附图说明
本发明进一步的特征和优点将从下面的详细描述并结合附图看出,其中相同的附图标记表示相同的部件,其中
图1a示意性示出了根据本发明的绝缘板和热电线;
图1b示意性示出了根据本发明的绝缘板和热电线;
图2a是显示根据本发明的隔网材料的横截面图;
图2b示出了根据本发明的绝缘板与图2a的隔网材料的集成;
图3示出了根据本发明的热电板与形成毛毯的隔网材料的集成;
图4是显示根据本发明的具有集成到床垫中的热电板的隔网的透视图;
图5a、5c和5d示出了根据本发明的二极管在热电线中的结合;
图5b示出了根据本发明的制备带狭缝的绝缘板以方便使用预扩张的导体;
图6示出了根据本发明的包括多个加热和冷却表面的系统,即毛毯和床垫;
图7示出了集成到座椅或床垫的本发明的另一个实施方式;
图8a和8b示出了整合到衣服中的本发明的另一个实施方式;
图9示出了本发明的又一实施方式,以在空气流能进入下面时尽量减少空气流的路径长度;
图10a和10b示出了集成到床垫或座椅底部垫的本发明的又一实施方式;
图11示出了并入办公椅的本发明的又一实施方式;
图12示出了本发明的又一实施方式;
图13a示出了本发明的又一实施方式,并且图13b示出了图13a的过渡区域的放大视图;
图14示出本发明的又一实施方式;并且图15a-15c示出了本发明的又一实施方式。
具体实施方式
图1a示出了由交织在细长绝缘板102中的热电线103组成的热电板,该细长绝缘板102具有相对于板的长度成锐角延伸的元件101。在现有技术的板中,该热电线元件在垂直方向上延伸。由于这些元件是有些刚性的,且所述元件是垂直放置的,所以在元件位置靠着身体的感觉是凹凸不平的,尤其是在使用者的重量下。由于图1a中的角度设计,元件101能在抵抗体重的压力下水平地变平整,消除凹凸不平的感觉。
图1b示出了另一种热电板,其中所述刚性元件104基本平行于板的长度延伸,再次消除了凹凸不平的感觉。由于线103的入口孔和出口孔不是共线的,标准的插入技术,例如戳穿绝缘材料是不可行的。因此,图1b示出了沿粘合线105分为两半的细长绝缘板。元件104放置在两半之间,然后在组装后重新粘合。另一种方法是将绝缘材料102注入到具有水平放置的元件104的模具中,以使元件104将在原位模制,其基本上平行于或与板的长度成角度的定向。
图2a和2b示出了提供气流腔以在冷却过程中从热侧除去热量,或在加热过程中从环境补充热量。使用隔网材料201,例如来自德国的WiehlDrabenderhohe的Muller Textil,商标为“3mesh”。制造商介绍了这种材料,通过开放的网分隔为两层隔板纤维,该网为气流提供了高腾出腔。该材料能支撑坐在该材料上的人的压力而不会压扁所述腔。此隔网面向细长的加热和冷却板表面102的下方,如图2b所示。(多个)风扇204提供了气流,其通过对流从热电线103的热侧去除热量。所述隔网201用气密的密封件205密封,以迫使气流进入所希望的路径,在这种情况下是通过隔网201的长度。图2b的结构可放置在床上方、椅子的座位或靠背或担架表面或轮椅的座位或靠背或任何的其它表面206,包括但不限于,任何需要升级到能够加热和冷却的支撑表面。非限制地,隔网可用任何多孔材料,如网状泡沫代替。
图3示出了使用隔网材料201的冷却毯的结构。在此结构中,隔网材料201可以是柔软的,因为它并不需要支撑人体的重量。该隔网201在冷却表面上提供了气流腔和(多个)轻质风扇203,可通过穿过该隔网的空气对流去除热量。此外,密封的缠绕材料205用来防止在不希望有空气流的地方的气流。在图3的结构中,空气流将从入侧口202流入,并通过毯子上方的出口203垂直流出。该扩张的热电线103可变短或变冷,取决于电流方向,其在接触人睡觉的区域内导电性地提供了加热或冷却,而同时加热或冷却了底衬区域302,其主要是作为绝缘腔。
图4示出了在细长热电板102下面的隔网201。风扇204使空气从一端移动到另一端,从而在表面冷却时从热侧去除热量。在这个实施例中,所述表面是由许多层206组成的床垫。
现在参照图5a、5c和5d,在又一个实施方式中,根据本发明的分布式热电结构典型地始于可扩张导体的长线,其串联连接有交替n型和p型的热电元件。如图5a所示,该线插入到绝缘板中。部分或全部元件的串联连接产生了每个结点的单点故障。如果一个结点成为开路,该串联中的所有其它电流流动都将中断。图5c和图5d示出了二极管504如何在有故障的开放结点之间提供电气连续。在图5d中,各结点具有二极管504,其焊接在小电路板503的铜垫502上的接头505中,该小电路板503从大电路板503沿围绕热电元件508的切割线501切割。如果热电元件508成为开路,并联二极管504将恢复与二极管两端的电压降的退化的连续性,该电压降减少了可用于剩余线的整体电压。然而,这些电压损失是较少的,相比于整个串联变得不可操作来说,也许对性能的影响不明显。
图5a示出了引入故障容错的可选择方法。在这里,二极管504用于通过素线506桥接整个串联线的子集。如果串联中的任何元件或导体电力地打开,则二极管504提供连续性。在这种情况下,多个热电元件508无法可操作,而不只是一个失效。然而,所需的二极管504数量以及因此的成本少于图5c和5d中所示的实施方式。非限制性地,二极管可由抗熔丝或分流器代替,其中每当其两端的电压达到一定水平时便产生了永久短路。非限制地,可使用提供类似功能的任何其它电子组件。非限制地,多个二极管可串联地连接,以防止更大范围内的一系列元件出现开路故障。
图5c还示出了二极管504或抗熔丝是如何作为热电元件安装在同一支撑板上,以允许它们自动地取放电路板组件的。
图5b示出了绝缘板的改进设计,其允许更快和更容易地制造。现有技术的装配过程包括将环形导体戳入绝缘板的孔中。然后,导体在所述板的一侧或两侧展开。通过切割图5b中所示的绝缘板中的I形或C形狭缝507,可以实现更简单和更便宜的装配过程。这些狭缝507允许带预扩张导体的热电线插入到所述板中。该扩张导体回路围着图5b中的C形狭缝缠绕。或者,如果该导体是预扩张为宽而平坦的发夹形,则该导体可能穿过图5b中的I形狭缝507的宽度。随后且重复地,其它部分缠绕或穿过该狭缝。最终的结果是塞进绝缘板中的热电线无需插入后的扩张步骤。预扩张导体还节省金属丝编织供应商的装配工作,例如,因为该编织物通常在发货前压实。
图6示出了具有多个共同或单独控制加热和冷却的表面如何为床603上的人提供优势的。在该图中,在使用者下面的床表面206和上面的毯子都配备了根据本发明的热电加热和冷却系统。该床由一个控制器602控制,毯子分别或单独地由另一个控制器601控制。
压力性溃疡,又称褥疮,在长时间处于压力之下的皮肤区域上形成。在医院病床上或护理床上不能移动的患者特别容易其接触床或座椅表面的压力之下的区域受压力性溃疡的影响。医学研究人员已经确定,如果冷却皮肤使其比没有冷却的皮肤温度低华氏10度,很少形成压力性溃疡。在图6中,躺在床603上的人可设置温度控制器602来冷却床表面以防止压力性溃疡。如果躺在冷却表面上的使用者全身变得很冷,那么使用者603可调节用于上方毯子的控制器601以提供加热,从而抵消底面的冷却和恢复热舒适性。非限制地,也有可能是个人喜好或医疗福利用于人603上下的加热和冷却的任何组合,其具有任何强度的加热或冷却。仍然非限制地,这些加热和冷却表面可应用到手术台、护理床,医院病床、轮椅或其它医用支撑表面。
坐轮椅的人特别容易受压力性溃疡的影响,因为他们缺乏活动能力,组织萎缩且血液循环不畅。这些压力性溃疡通常形成在坐着的骨盆腔区域。为此,医疗器械公司已经开发了特殊的具有空气或液体袋的坐垫,在尽可能大的面积上均匀地分布压力。为了在这些流体袋上提供额外的冷却优势,图6中的绝缘板102可分为,例如各一平方英寸的段,且每段能相对于其它部分垂直移动。以这种方式,绝缘板102的压力分布可直接转移到液体袋上,其对于轮椅使用者是优化的。用于气流的隔网201已经是非常横向适形的,但同样可切成段用于更大的横向一致性。然而,另一种选择是在液体袋下面安装冷却板102和隔网201,并在袋子中使用热传导性的液体,或向现有液体中添加热传导性的颗粒。
对热电冷却和加热表面的另一项改进是具有仅在需要时激活而不是全部时间都激活的元件。图7示出了一个或多个转换器或热或压力传感器或运动检测器701如何嵌入在绝缘层102中或附近,以打开所述转换器附近的区域中的热电元件的。非限制地,一台转换器可激活/关闭用于整个椅子或床的所有元件,以在不使用时省电。仍然非限制地,该转换器可替换为压力传感器或运动检测器,其由控制器602感应,然后该控制器激活需要的元件。该控制器602也可响应于感应的温度变化,并提供恒温或热环境的其它控制。
图8a和8b示出了连接到用于通过气流去除热量的隔网201的分布式热电板102如何可以用作马甲801或其它衣服或服装,例如包括外套、衬衫、裤子、鞋、围巾和帽子的衬里,以实现人穿的衣服的加热和冷却。风扇204移动周围空气通过导体,从而有利于通过所述热电层加进或去除热量。风扇204可放置在,但不限于背心801或其他服装的背面,以防止气流干扰使用者。非限制地,可除去风扇204和隔网201并依靠热电线103的扩张环路部分来通过自然对流向环境中散热或散冷。正如上文指出的,在这些配置中的服装可包括鞋、衬衫、裤子或其它服装或帽子。
图9示出了与隔网201相结合的热电层102如何可以位于较厚的坐垫或床垫901的顶部上,并在底面抽离空气。在此配置中,所述表面是提升在中空、暴露体积上的,如在提升平台上的汽车座椅或床。空气从进气口202进入,流过热电线103的导体,然后通过风扇204从底部203排出。此配置是特别有效的,因为空气没有进入热电层的整个长度,并且热量没有从隔网的一端积累到另一端。
图10a和10b示出了分区加热和冷却的改进,其中加热或冷却的存在或其强度是为了某个用途而变化的。图10a示出了热电元件只置于床112的抵抗身体重压的区域中。这三个区域用于肩、腰和脚。用于各区域的单独控制器允许更精确地控制和平衡人体自身的热调节变化。此外,用于腰部的区域,其承受最大的压力,具有更高密度的热电元件以成比例地提供更多的冷却或加热。
图10B示出了用于座位、椅子或轮椅111的热电元件布置。所述座位的骨盆区域具有更高密度的元件,因为这是最大压力的区域,该区域最容易受到压力性溃疡的影响,并且还是具有骨头和皮肤之间很薄组织的骨区。
允许在骨盆区域更强的冷却有利于预防压力性溃疡。骨盆区域以外的单独控制器可均匀加热,以恢复使用者的一般热舒适性。
图11示出了升级有分布式热电加热和冷却的椅子126的几项改进。非限制地,它们可应用到其它产品和应用中。图11示出了电源125的电源线是如何可以连接到椅子126的任一侧123上,以允许使用者选择哪一侧可方便地进入和离开椅子的。非限制地,电感或其它无线电力传输机构可代替有线连接。图11还示出了分离连接器124如何可以内联放置在电源线中或放置在电源线任何一端,使得如果使用者在离开或进入椅子123时试图跨越所述电源线,在发生任何损坏之前,任何拉力将断开电源线。非限制地,该分离机构124可以是磁力吸引的电连接器,例如那些在笔记本电脑上使用的,或者可以是松散耦合的电接触连接器。图11还表示了可程序化具有自动关闭功能的控制器机构122。通常情况下,产品,像椅子和床能用很长的时间,在经过一段有可能不再需要的时间后,自动关机可能会关闭加热或冷却。此外,为帮助人睡觉或坐好,确保在使用前热电加热或冷却已达到稳定状态,控制器121可监视使用模式,然后适当的预热或预冷。
图12示出了带覆盖层131的分布式热电板102,其可实现若干目的:隐藏扩张导体的外观或触感或两者兼有、在任一方向有效地热传导、使表面防水或使该表面可清洁。覆盖材料131,可以但不限于,由在皮肤温度处或附近的相变材料组成,如石蜡或具有高导热性的其它蜡、聚乙烯或高密度聚乙烯纤维、氯丁橡胶或乙烯树脂或硅树脂或混合有纤维的其它凝胶或不防水或防火以及高热传导性材料、具有热传导颗粒的任何这些或其它材料,如硅、金属或金属氧化物。此外,覆盖层131或绝缘层102可具有凹槽,其深度约等于扩张导体的厚度,以隐藏外观和触感并消除凹凸不平。此外,该覆盖层可形成在表面上,或与扩张导体103结合,例如通过施加液体或糊状物,其硬化成最后表面。以这种方式将扩张导体嵌入到该覆盖层中,将增加覆盖层131和导体103接触表面区域,从而增加了在使用者接触时的热传导流入或流出。
对于某些应用,例如放置在现有床的顶部的床垫,空气流必须通过很长的距离,例如床的整个长度以及向下的每一端。随着空气在一个方向上移动通过单一的路径,热量(在制冷模式下)或热量缺乏(在制热模式下)可积累在空气路径上。这种积累导致朝向空气通路尽头的冷却或加热性能变差,在开始附近的更好。为了平衡性能,也为了提高整体性能,图13a和13b示出了减轻这种不期望的现象的方法。在这里,使用了两层隔板201。一层为热电层的前半部分提供了空气通路,另一层为后半部分提供了空气。此配置将通过空气路径的热量或热量缺乏的积累长度分成两半,从而提高了整体性能和均匀性。
图14示出了用于分布式加热或冷却的另一种应用。绝缘容器151具有包括热电层的一个或多个侧面。这个盒子可容纳物品152,其需要保持比周围温度更凉或更热。例如,便携式电子设备,像笔记本电脑、平板电脑和蜂窝电话具有存储所需的温度范围,这个范围是小于在夏季或冬季的汽车内部的温度范围。具有热电板的容器151可使电子或其它敏感物品152比周围更凉或更热。非限制地,这个盒子还可容纳化妆品、药品、化学品、食品、鱼饵或其它易腐物品。
图15a-15c示出了如何使用上述热电板102来构建冷却或加热的座椅切顶器,该热电板102具有用于下面气流的隔网201。用于空气进入隔网201的入口在背面的最上方,并在座椅的正前方。非限制地,该入口可沿着两侧。来自这些入口的空气由风扇204吸到管162中并排出到环境中。空气的出口方向可以向上、向侧面或在管的端部出口,以容纳切顶器的各种布置。例如,在飞机座位上的布置可能会阻止从该管的端部流出,但可允许从该管的端部向上排除。座椅切顶器可放入到折叠位置163中,然后使用手柄164搬运。所述管162可包含或连接电池166,以允许无线操作。电池充电器165用于在原位或外部给电池充电。
不偏离本发明的精神和范围,可以做出各种改变。
Claims (30)
1.一种用于加热和/或冷却的热电装置,包括由电绝缘材料形成的细长板,并具有多个通过一束导体互相连通的热电元件,所述导体在绝缘材料内部截面紧压,并在绝缘材料外部截面扩张,其中所述热电元件基本上平行于所述板的长度延伸或相对于所述板的长度成锐角延伸,并且其中所述扩张的导体在所述板的一侧上散发热量并在所述板的另一侧上冷却。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述板包括模制材料,且所述热电元件部分原位模制在材料中。
3.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述板具有形成在其中的气流腔,其中所述气流腔优选地包括多孔材料、隔网材料或网状泡沫材料。
4.根据权利要求3所述的装置,还包括一个或多个风扇,以在冷却过程中从板的热侧除热,或在加热过程中向冷侧引入热量。
5.一种加热和冷却承重装置,包括根据权利要求1-4任何一项所述的装置,以及能够至少部分地支持人或动物的体重而不被破坏的多孔材料。
6.一种加热和冷却毯装置,包括根据权利要求1-4任何一项所述的装置。
7.根据权利要求3所述的装置,还包括多孔材料的密封部分和非密封部分的结合,以引导气流。
8.根据权利要求7所述的装置,还包括在多孔材料一端的未密封进气口和位于另一端的风扇位置。
9.根据权利要求1-3任何一项所述的装置,其中,所述装置被配置,其与床、座椅、座椅靠背、容器壁、轮椅、汽车座椅、办公椅、手术台、担架或其它需要加热或冷却的表面结合。
10.根据权利要求1-3任何一项所述的装置,还包括用于向元件的开路故障提供耐受性的并联电子组件。
11.根据权利要求10所述的装置,其中所述并联电子组件包括二极管或反熔丝。
12.根据权利要求10所述的装置,其进一步包括与串联连接的多个元件并联电连接的二极管,使得在正常操作中的串联元件两端的电压小于二极管的导通电压。
13.根据权利要求1-3任何一项所述的装置,其中所述绝缘材料包括预切割的狭缝,其中所述狭缝是以一定距离间隔的单线段形状或以一定距离间隔的多线段形状,其首尾相连地连接。
14.根据权利要求13所述的装置,其进一步包括扩张导体的环路,所述环路包含插入并缠绕狭缝的多个线段。
15.根据权利要求1-3任何一项所述的装置,包括两个板,其中每个板独立控制。
16.根据权利要求15所述的装置,其中所述板之一被冷却以维持组织健康,而另一板被加热以维持整体的热舒适性。
17.根据权利要求15所述的装置,其中所述板之一包括电阻加热元件。
18.根据权利要求1-3任何一项所述的装置,还包括一个或多个与传感器或时钟连通的温度、运动或压力传感器和/或控制器,以自动开启加热和冷却,或增大或减小加热或冷却的强度。
19.根据权利要求1-3任何一项所述的装置,所述装置被融入到服装或枕头中,或安装在绝缘容器的壁上以为容器内的内藏物提供热控制环境。
20.根据权利要求19所述的装置,其中所述服装为马甲、夹克、衬衫、裤子、鞋、围巾或帽子。
21.根据权利要求19所述的装置,其中所述容器用于容纳电子设备、移动设备、易腐物品、食品、化妆品或药品在其中。
22.根据权利要求1-3任何一项所述的装置,其特征在于还包括用于气流的多个入口和出口路径,以使每个路径的长度最小化并提高性能。
23.根据权利要求1-3任何一项所述的装置,其中热电元件的密度是变化的以在选定的位置中提供更多或更少的加热和冷却。
24.根据权利要求1-3任何一项所述的装置,其中所述装置被分为多个区域,每个区域被单独控制至独立的强度水平。
25.根据权利要求1-3任何一项所述的装置,安装在办公椅的座位或背面或两者都行,并具有连接器,用于连接电源线和椅子的任何一侧,以允许从另一侧进入。
26.根据权利要求1-3任何一项所述的装置,由高导热性的覆盖物覆盖,其中所述覆盖物由选自莱卡、氨纶、相变材料、氯丁橡胶、硅树脂、凝胶剂、蜡、石蜡、乙烯树脂、PVC、聚乙烯纤维以及具有原位添加、形成和硬化的或在其中放置的高热传导性颗粒的任何上述或其它材料形成。
27.根据权利要求1-3任何一项所述的装置,包括多孔材料的多个层,各为板的不同部分提供新鲜的环境空气,用于将沿空气路径积聚的热度或冷度最小化。
28.根据权利要求1-3任何一项所述的装置,分为两个铰接折叠部分,用于安装在椅子或座位上,并用于折叠闭合时的便携性。
29.根据权利要求28所述的装置,所述装置进一步包括用于无线使用的可移动或可再充电电池。
30.根据权利要求28所述的装置,所述装置还包括在折叠交叉点的管,用于容纳电池、风扇、承载手柄或它们的组合,其中来自风扇的排出空气优选地在多个方向上流动,以避免在一个方向上可能发生的堵塞。
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- 2012-07-03 WO PCT/US2012/045443 patent/WO2013006640A1/en active Application Filing
- 2012-07-03 KR KR1020137033306A patent/KR20140045408A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2012-07-03 JP JP2014519269A patent/JP6341856B2/ja active Active
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2017
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EP2729039A4 (en) | 2015-05-06 |
JP6341856B2 (ja) | 2018-06-13 |
EP2729039B1 (en) | 2020-05-13 |
KR20140045408A (ko) | 2014-04-16 |
US20200326107A1 (en) | 2020-10-15 |
WO2013006640A1 (en) | 2013-01-10 |
US9596944B2 (en) | 2017-03-21 |
US20220128276A1 (en) | 2022-04-28 |
US10571162B2 (en) | 2020-02-25 |
CN103635121A (zh) | 2014-03-12 |
JP2014529358A (ja) | 2014-11-06 |
EP2729039A1 (en) | 2014-05-14 |
US20170159980A1 (en) | 2017-06-08 |
US20130008181A1 (en) | 2013-01-10 |
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