CN103262313A - 负极活性材料和包含所述负极活性材料的二次电池 - Google Patents
负极活性材料和包含所述负极活性材料的二次电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103262313A CN103262313A CN2011800616060A CN201180061606A CN103262313A CN 103262313 A CN103262313 A CN 103262313A CN 2011800616060 A CN2011800616060 A CN 2011800616060A CN 201180061606 A CN201180061606 A CN 201180061606A CN 103262313 A CN103262313 A CN 103262313A
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- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910003480 inorganic solid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)nickel Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Ni]=O VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006277 sulfonation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010301 surface-oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
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- RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种二次电池用负极活性材料和包含所述负极活性材料的二次电池,所述负极活性材料能够嵌入和脱嵌离子,并包含:核,所述核包含结晶碳基材料;和复合涂层,所述复合涂层包含选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料、以及能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属,其中所述复合涂层包含:基材,所述基材包含从选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料,以及能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属中选出的一种组分;以及填料,所述填料包含另一种组分,且加入到所述基材中。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及负极活性材料和包含所述负极活性材料的二次电池。更具体地,本发明涉及一种二次电池用负极活性材料,所述负极活性材料能够嵌入和脱嵌离子并包含:核,所述核包含结晶碳基材料;和复合涂层,所述复合涂层包含选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料、以及能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属,其中所述复合涂层包含:基材,所述基材包含从选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料,以及能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属中选出的一种组分;以及填料,所述填料包含另一种组分且加入到所述基材中。
背景技术
移动装置的技术开发和需求的增加,导致对作为能源的二次电池的需求快速增加。在这些二次电池中,具有高能量密度和电压、长循环寿命和低自放电的锂二次电池可商购获得并被广泛使用。
另外,对环境问题的关注的增加导致与作为使用化石燃料的车辆如汽油车辆和柴油车辆的替代品的电动车辆、混合动力车辆和插电式混合动力车辆相关的大量研究,所述使用化石燃料的车辆是空气污染的主要原因。这些电动车辆通常将镍-金属氢化物(Ni-MH)二次电池用作电源。然而,目前正在进行与具有高能量密度、放电电压和功率稳定性的锂二次电池的使用相关的大量研究且其一部分可商购获得。
锂二次电池具有其中将包含锂盐的非水电解质浸渗到包含正极和负极以及设置在其间的多孔隔膜的电极组件中的结构,所述正极和负极各自包含涂布在集电器上的活性材料。
通常将锂钴氧化物、锂锰氧化物、锂镍氧化物、锂复合氧化物等用作锂二次电池的正极活性材料并通常将碳基材料用作其负极活性材料,还考虑使用硅化合物、硫化合物等。
然而,锂二次电池具有各种问题,尤其是与负极的制造和驱动性能相关的问题。
首先,关于负极的制造,用作负极活性材料的碳基材料高度疏水并由此具有如下问题:在制备用于制造电极的浆料的过程中与亲水溶剂的互溶性低、以及固体组分的分散均匀性低。另外,负极活性材料的这种疏水性使得在电池制造过程中高极性电解质的浸渗复杂。电解质浸渗过程在电池制造过程中是一种瓶颈,由此大大降低了生产率。
为了解决这些问题,提出向负极、电解质等中添加表面活性剂作为添加剂。然而,不利地,表面活性剂会对电池的驱动性能带来负面影响。
同时,关于负极的驱动性能,不利地,碳基负极活性材料诱发初始不可逆反应,因为在初始充放电过程(活化过程)期间在碳基负极活性材料的表面上形成固体电解质界面(SEI)层,且由于连续充放电过程期间的SEI层的除去(破损)和再生所造成的电解质耗尽,电池容量下降。
为了解决这些问题,已经尝试了各种方法如通过更强的结合形成SEI层或在负极活性材料的表面上形成氧化物层。这些方法具有不适用于商业化的性质如因氧化物层而造成电导率下降和因附加的工艺而造成生产率下降。另外,还存在的问题是,在负极活性材料的表面上生长锂树枝状晶体仍会造成短路。
因此,越来越需要能够解决这些问题的二次电池。
发明内容
技术问题
因此,为了解决上述问题和尚待解决的其他技术问题而完成了本发明。
作为用于解决如上所述问题的各种广泛且细致的研究和实验的结果,本发明人发现,当通过在结晶碳基核上形成复合涂层来制造负极活性材料时,能够同时解决与负极制造工艺和电池驱动性能相关的各种问题。基于该发现,完成了本发明。
技术方案
根据本发明的一个方面,提供一种二次电池用负极活性材料,所述负极活性材料能够嵌入和脱嵌离子并包含:核,所述核包含结晶碳基材料;和复合涂层,所述复合涂层包含选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料、以及能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属,其中所述复合涂层包含:基材,所述基材包含从选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料,以及能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属中选出的一种组分;以及填料,所述填料包含另一种组分且加入到所述基材中。
照这样,基于特定的活性材料结构和组分,具有如下结构的负极活性材料能够解决相关技术中的问题,在所述结构中,包含结晶碳基材料的核涂布有具有基材/填料结构的复合涂层,所述复合涂层包含选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料、以及能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属。
首先,在复合涂层中作为基材或填料组分包含的能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属的表面,在负极活性材料的表面上至少部分露出并被氧化,由此变得更亲水。因此,能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属,根据所用材料的类型,对负极制造用浆料中的亲水溶剂显示高互溶性,由此提高了固体组分在浆料中的分散性。因此,当通过将该浆料涂布至集电器而制造负极时,能够提高诸如粘合剂的组分与负极活性材料之间的分布均匀性并由此能够获得优异的电极性能。
能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属的均匀性的改善能够使得在不均匀电极上发生的浆料与部分集电器之间的结合强度的下降最小化。能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属提高了活性材料层与集电器表面之间的亲合力以及活性材料层与集电器之间的结合强度,并由此解决了由活性材料层与集电器分离造成的内阻升高的问题。
类似地,在复合涂层中包含的能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属对至少一部分负极活性材料赋予相对高的亲水性,由此在电极制造过程中大大缩短了高极性电解质的浸渗时间并大大提高了电池的生产率。
第二,作为基材或填料组分在复合涂层中包含的能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属使得可能由不能嵌入和脱嵌离子的材料的存在引起的电导率的下降最小化。
此外,在锂二次电池的情况中,因为充当核的结晶碳基材料具有与锂类似的电位,所以可能发生锂树枝状晶体的生长,但通过在高氧化-还原水平下在结晶碳基材料表面上涂布能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属能够抑制这种生长。
具体实施方式
下文中,将对本发明进行详细说明。
如上所述,根据本发明的负极活性材料包含:核,所述核包含结晶碳基材料;和复合涂层,所述复合涂层包含:基材,所述基材包含从选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料,以及能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属中选出的一种组分(例如无定形碳);以及填料,所述填料包含另一种组分(例如能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属)且加入到所述基材中。
通常,将碳基材料分为:具有完全层状晶体结构的石墨如天然石墨;具有低结晶层状晶体结构的软碳(石墨烯结构,其中以层的形式排列碳的六边形蜂巢状面);以及具有其中低结晶结构与非结晶部分混合的结构的硬碳。
在优选实施方式中,本发明的核组分即结晶碳基材料可以为石墨或者石墨与低结晶碳的混合物,且复合涂层组分中的一种组分可以为低结晶碳、无定形碳或其混合物。
同时,作为构成本发明复合涂层的另一种组分的能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属对于选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料显示相对更高的亲水性和极性,并由此改善了混合物的制备或电解质的浸渗。
为了实现这种改善,能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属优选在复合涂层表面的至少一部分中露出。
此外,这种亲水性可源自能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属的固有性能或者源自在将金属和/或非金属暴露于空气期间能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属的部分氧化。即,所述金属和/或非金属具有粒子形状,同时其表面由于与氧结合而具有相对高的亲水性。在电池制造过程中在将金属和/或非金属暴露于空气时会发生这种表面氧化而不需要单独处理。
优选地,所述金属和/或非金属的实例包含Si、Sn等。这种材料可单独或以组合的方式使用。
Si可以以金属或合金的方式用于高容量锂二次电池负极且由于在充放电期间的快速体积变化而不能商购获得。然而,根据本发明,当以与选自低结晶碳基材料和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的复合物的方式将Si用于石墨核的涂层时,能够实现上述效果以及负极容量的提高。
Sn也可以以金属或合金的方式用于锂二次电池负极,但至今尚不能商购获得。然而,与Si类似,当以与选自低结晶碳基材料和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的复合物的方式将Sn用作石墨核的涂层时,能够实现上述效果以及负极容量的提高。
如上所述,通过使用在用作表面涂层用负极活性材料时发挥高容量的Si和/或Sn,与单独使用普通的碳基负极活性材料的情况相比,可以获得更高的容量。
在一个实施方式中,所述金属和/或非金属可以为Si和Sn的合金。关于Si和Sn的合金的类型和组分含量没有特别限制,只要所述合金能够嵌入和脱嵌离子即可。
在本发明中,根据基材和填料的组分,可确定复合涂层的结构。
在第一例示性结构中,将包含能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属的填料加入到包含选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的基材中。
在此情况中,如上所述,为了获得亲水性效果,包含能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属的填料优选在复合涂层表面的至少一部分中露出。
在第二例示性结构中,将包含选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的填料加入到包含能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属的基材中。
在复合涂层中,由于基材具有其组分具有连续相的结构、且填料具有其组分具有独立相的结构,所以基材组分的含量不必大于填料组分的含量。
因此,当能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属形成复合物作为基材时,能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属在复合涂层表面的至少一部分中露出,且负极活性材料由此可具有亲水性,从而发挥上述效果。
在复合涂层中,选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的含量以及能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属的含量没有特别限制,只要能够发挥(上述)本发明的预期效果即可。在优选实施方式中,基于复合涂层的总量,选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的含量可以为10~95重量%,且基于复合涂层的总量,能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属的含量可以为5~90重量%。
基于负极活性材料的总量,复合涂层的量(涂布量)优选为0.1~20重量%。当复合涂层的量过低或其厚度过小时,可能不能获得由复合涂层的形成所造成的效果,另一方面,当复合涂层的量过高或其厚度过大时,不利地,可能不能形成期望的核-复合涂层结构且容量可能下降。
本发明还提供包含所述负极活性材料的负极混合物。
基于负极混合物的总重量,根据本发明的负极混合物包含1~20重量%的粘合剂并任选地包含0~20重量%的导电材料。
粘合剂的实例包括聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVdF)、纤维素、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、淀粉、羟丙基纤维素、再生纤维素、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、乙烯-丙烯-二烯三元共聚物(EPDM)、磺化的EPDM、丁苯橡胶、氟橡胶、各种共聚物、和聚合物皂化的聚乙烯醇。
可以使用任意导电材料而没有特别限制,只要其具有合适的电导率而不会在制造的电池中造成化学变化即可。导电材料的实例包括:石墨;碳黑如碳黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、槽法碳黑、炉黑、灯黑和热裂法碳黑;导电纤维如碳纤维和金属纤维;金属粉末如氟化碳粉末、铝粉末和镍粉末;导电晶须如氧化锌和钛酸钾;导电金属氧化物如二氧化钛;和聚亚苯基衍生物。商购可获得的导电材料的具体实例可包括各种乙炔黑产品(可得自雪佛龙化学公司(Chevron Chemical Company)、电气化学工业株式会社新加坡私有公司(Denka Singapore PrivateLimited)和海湾石油公司(Gulf Oil Company))、科琴黑EC系列(可得自艾美克公司(Armak Company))、Vulcan XC-72(可得自卡博特公司(CabotCompany))和Super P(特密高公司(Timcal Co.))。
如果期望,则任选地添加填料以抑制负极的膨胀。可以使用任意填料而没有特别限制,只要其不会在制造的电池中造成不利的化学变化且为纤维状材料即可。填料的实例包括烯烃聚合物如聚乙烯和聚丙烯;以及纤维状材料如玻璃纤维和碳纤维。
可进一步任选地单独或以两种以上的组合的方式添加其他组分如粘度控制剂或粘合促进剂。
粘度控制剂是用于控制电极混合物的粘度并由此促进电极混合物的混合及其到集电器上的涂布的组分,且基于负极混合物的总重量,粘度控制剂以30重量%以下的量存在。粘度控制剂的实例包括但不限于,羧甲基纤维素和聚偏二氟乙烯。在某些情况中,上述溶剂也可以充当粘度控制剂。
粘合促进剂是用于提高活性材料对集电器的粘附的辅助成分,且基于粘合剂,以10重量%的量存在,并且粘合促进剂的实例包括草酸、己二酸、甲酸、丙烯酸衍生物和衣康酸衍生物。
本发明还提供一种二次电池用负极,其中在集电器上涂布有所述负极混合物。
例如,通过如下制造负极:将包含负极活性材料、粘合剂等的负极材料添加至诸如NMP的溶剂中以制备浆料,并将浆料涂布至负极集电器,随后进行干燥和压制。
通常将负极集电器制成具有3~500μm的厚度。可以使用任意负极集电器而没有特别限制,只要其具有合适的电导率而不会在制造的电池中造成不利的化学变化即可。负极集电器的实例包括铜;不锈钢;铝;镍;钛;烧结碳;和经碳、镍、钛或银表面处理过的铜或不锈钢;以及铝-镉合金。负极集电器在其表面上包含细小的不规则,从而提高对负极活性材料的粘附。另外,可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式使用集电器。
本发明还提供包含所述负极的二次电池且所述电池优选为锂二次电池。
所述锂二次电池具有其中将含锂盐的非水电解质浸渗到包含设置在正极与负极之间的隔膜的电极组件中的结构。
例如,通过将正极活性材料涂布至正极集电器,随后进行干燥和压制而制备正极,且所述正极还任选地包含其他组分如关于负极的构造在上文所述的粘合剂或导电材料。
通常将正极集电器制成具有3~500μm的厚度。可使用任意正极集电器而没有特别限制,只要其具有合适的电导率而不会在制造的电池中造成不利的化学变化即可。正极集电器的实例包括不锈钢;铝;镍;钛;烧结碳;和经碳、镍、钛或银表面处理过的铝或不锈钢。与负极集电器类似,正极集电器在其表面上包含细小的不规则,从而提高对正极活性材料的粘附。另外,可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式使用正极集电器。
正极活性材料为包含两种以上过渡金属作为引起电化学反应的物质的锂过渡金属氧化物,且其实例包括但不限于,被一种或多种过渡金属置换的层状化合物如锂钴氧化物(LiCoO2)或锂镍氧化物(LiNiO2);被一种或多种过渡金属置换的锂锰氧化物;由式LiNi1-yMyO2表示的锂镍氧化物(其中M=Co、Mn、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Zn或Ga,包含所述元素中的一种或多种元素的锂镍氧化物,0.01≤y≤0.7);由式Li1+zNibMncCo1-(b+c+d)MdO(2-e)Ae如Li1+zNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2或Li1+zNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2(其中-0.5≤z≤0.5,0.1≤b≤0.8,0.1≤c≤0.8,0≤d≤0.2,0≤e≤0.2,b+c+d<1,M=Al、Mg、Cr、Ti、Si或Y,A=F、P或Cl)表示的锂镍钴锰复合氧化物;由式Li1+xM1-yM’yPO4-zXz(其中M=过渡金属,优选Fe、Mn、Co或Ni,M’=Al、Mg或Ti,X=F、S或N,-0.5≤x≤+0.5,0≤y≤0.5且0≤z≤0.1)表示的橄榄石锂金属磷酸盐。
上面关于负极对粘合剂、导电材料和任选添加的组分进行了说明。
隔膜设置在正极与负极之间。作为隔膜,使用具有高离子渗透率和机械强度的绝缘薄膜。隔膜典型地具有0.01~10μm的孔径和5~300μm的厚度。作为隔膜,使用由烯烃聚合物如聚丙烯和/或玻璃纤维或聚乙烯制成的片或无纺布,其具有耐化学性和疏水性。当使用诸如聚合物的固体电解质作为电解质时,所述固体电解质可还充当隔膜和电解质两者。
如果合适,可将凝胶聚合物电解质涂布在隔膜上以提高电池的稳定性。
凝胶聚合物的代表性实例可包括聚环氧乙烷、聚偏二氟乙烯和聚丙烯腈。当将诸如聚合物的固体电解质用作电解质时,所述固体电解质可还充当隔膜。
含锂盐的非水电解质由非水电解质和锂构成。
非水电解质的实例包括非质子性有机溶剂如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲乙酯、γ-丁内酯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、四羟基franc(tetrahydroxy franc)、2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲亚砜、1,3-二氧戊环、4-甲基-1,3-二烯(dioxane)、乙醚、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二氧戊环、乙腈、硝基甲烷、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、磷酸三酯、三甲氧基甲烷、二氧戊环衍生物、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯衍生物、四氢呋喃衍生物、醚、丙酸甲酯和丙酸乙酯。
非水电解质的实例包括有机固体电解质如聚乙烯衍生物、聚环氧乙烷衍生物、聚环氧丙烷衍生物、磷酸酯聚合物、聚搅拌赖氨酸(polyagitation lysine)、聚酯硫化物、聚乙烯醇、聚偏二氟乙烯和含有离子离解基团的聚合物。
非水电解质的实例包括无机固体电解质如锂的氮化物、卤化物和硫酸盐如Li3N、LiI、Li5NI2、Li3N-LiI-LiOH、LiSiO4、LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH、Li2SiS3、Li4SiO4、Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH和Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2。
锂盐是易溶于上述非水电解质中的材料且可包括例如LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10Cl10、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、LiSCN、LiC(CF3SO2)3、(CF3SO2)2NLi、氯硼烷锂、低级脂族羧酸锂、四苯基硼酸锂和酰亚胺。
另外,为了提高充放电特性和阻燃性,例如,可以向非水电解质中添加吡啶、亚磷酸三乙酯、三乙醇胺、环醚、乙二胺、正甘醇二甲醚、六磷酰三胺(hexaphosphoric triamide)、硝基苯衍生物、硫、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的唑烷酮、N,N-取代的咪唑烷、乙二醇二烷基醚、铵盐、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇、三氯化铝等。如果需要,为了赋予不燃性,非水电解质可还包含含卤素的溶剂如四氯化碳和三氟乙烯。此外,为了提高高温储存特性,非水电解质可另外包含二氧化碳气体且可还包含氟代碳酸亚乙酯(FEC)、丙烯磺酸内酯(PRS)等。
在优选实施方式中,通过向作为高介电性溶剂的环状碳酸酯如EC或PC与作为低粘度溶剂的线性碳酸酯如DEC、DMC或EMC的混合溶剂中添加锂盐如LiPF6、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiN(SO2CF3)2,能够制备含锂盐的非水电解质。
因此,本发明提供一种包含所述二次电池作为单元电池的中型或大型电池组。
所述中型或大型电池组与小电池组相比具有显著更大的电池单元(单元电池)尺寸以获得高容量,并由此更普遍地用于浸渗电解质等的过程。因此,根据本发明,考虑到浸渗时间的大大缩短,含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属的负极是显著优选的。
优选地,电池组的实例包括但不限于用于电力存储的锂离子二次电池组。
使用二次电池作为单元电池的中型或大型电池组的结构及其制造方法在本领域中是熟知的并因此在本说明书中省略其详细说明。
现在,参考下列实施例对本发明进行更详细的说明。提供这些实施例仅用于说明本发明且不应将其解释为限制本发明的范围和主旨。
<实施例1>
以A:B:C=90:8:2的重量比将作为核材料(A)的具有约20μm平均粒径的石墨、作为低结晶碳(B)用材料的具有50%碳化收率的沥青与作为能够嵌入和脱嵌锂离子的物质(C)的具有约0.3μm平均粒径的硅(Si)均匀混合。在电炉中于1200℃下在氮气氛下将该混合物热处理2小时。在热处理期间,沥青软化并碳化,并同时以与硅的复合物的形式涂布在石墨表面上以制造涂布有碳/硅复合物的负极活性材料。
以活性材料:SBR:CMC=97.0:1.5:1.5的重量比将负极活性材料、SBR和CMC混合以制备浆料并将所述浆料涂布至Cu箔以制备电极。对所述电极进行辊压以具有约25%的孔隙率并对其进行冲切以制造硬币型半电池。将Li金属用作单电池的对电极并使用碳酸酯溶剂中的1M LiPF6电解液得到硬币形电池。
<实施例2>
除了使用具有约0.3μm平均粒径的锡(Sn)代替硅(Si)之外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制造了负极活性材料并制造了硬币型半电池。
<比较例1>
除了仅使用沥青而不使用硅之外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制造了负极活性材料并制造了硬币型半电池。
<比较例2>
除了以1:9的重量比对沥青和硅进行混合之外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制造了负极活性材料并制造了硬币型半电池。
沥青的碳收率为50%且基于碳和硅的总量,硅的含量大于90%。
<实验例1>
对根据实施例1和2以及比较例1和2制造的电极的电解质浸渗性能进行了评价。对电极进行辊压至具有约23%的孔隙率并对滴在电极表面上的碳酸酯溶剂中的1M LiPF6电解液1微米完全渗入到表面中所花费的时间进行了测量。将结果示于下表1中。
<表1>
实施例1 | 实施例2 | 比较例1 | 比较例2 | |
浸渗时间(秒) | 92 | 95 | 142 | 93 |
从表1能够看出,与比较例1的使用仅涂布有碳的负极活性材料的电极相比,根据本发明实施例1和2的使用涂布有碳/金属复合物的负极活性材料的电极显示显著更短的电解质浸渗时间。其原因在于,负极活性材料表面的金属表面被部分氧化并变得亲水,由此使得高极性电解质能够快速地渗入到粒子中。
<实验例2>
使用根据实施例1和2以及比较例1和2制造的硬币型半电池对充放电性能进行了评价。具体地,在充电期间,在0.1C的电流密度下以恒定电流(CC)模式将单电池充电至5mV并然后以恒定电压(CV)模式保持在5mV下,当电流密度达到0.01C时完成充电。在放电期间,在0.1C的电流密度下以恒定电流模式将单电池放电至1.5V。结果,获得了第一循环的充放电容量和效率。然后,除了将电流密度改为0.5C之外,在与上述相同的条件下重复充放电50次。将结果示于下表2中。
<表2>
从上表2能够看出,与比较例1(仅涂布有碳的负极活性材料)相比,根据本发明实施例1和2的涂布有碳/金属复合物的负极活性材料显示更高的容量和更高的50个充放电循环之后的容量保持率。其原因在于,金属材料作为与碳的复合物而均匀分布在石墨表面上并能够实现高的理论放电容量。此外,将其中金属和碳均匀混合的复合物涂布在石墨表面上并由此能够保持电导率,尽管由充放电造成了体积变化。此外,金属表面的一部分被氧化并由此转化成功能与SEI相同的亲水材料,其通过碳与核材料形成强结合并由此抑制了重复充放电过程中的SEI层的除去。此外,涂布了具有高充放电电压的材料,由此阻止了锂的沉淀并提高了离子传导率。
此外,当如比较例2中那样硅的含量明显高于碳的含量时,电导率下降,电极的电阻明显升高,电解质的副作用增大且50个充放电循环之后的容量保持率(%)因为充放电期间硅的大体积变化而显著低。
工业实用性
根据上述显而易见,根据本发明的负极活性材料通过特定的核/复合涂层结构而有效地大大改善了电池制造工艺、使得电导率的下降最小化且显著抑制了电池寿命的下降,并能够通过在活性材料的表面上存在具有高氧化-还原水平的材料而使得与锂沉淀相关的性能和安全问题最小化。
本领域技术人员可以以上述内容为基础,在本发明的范围内进行各种应用和变化。
Claims (13)
1.一种二次电池用负极活性材料,能够嵌入和脱嵌离子,所述负极活性材料包含:
核,所述核包含结晶碳基材料;和
复合涂层,所述复合涂层包含选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料,以及能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属,
其中所述复合涂层包含:
基材,所述基材包含从选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料,以及能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属中选出的一种组分;以及
填料,所述填料包含另一种组分,并加入到所述基材中。
2.如权利要求1所述的负极活性材料,其中所述结晶碳基材料包含石墨和低结晶碳中的一种或多种。
3.如权利要求1所述的负极活性材料,其中所述能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属在所述复合涂层表面的至少一部分中露出。
4.如权利要求1所述的负极活性材料,其中所述能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属包含选自Si和Sn中的至少一种。
5.如权利要求4所述的负极活性材料,其中所述能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属为Si和Sn的合金。
6.如权利要求1所述的负极活性材料,其中所述复合涂层具有如下结构,在所述结构中,包含能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属的填料加入到包含选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的基材中。
7.如权利要求1所述的负极活性材料,其中所述复合涂层具有如下结构,在所述结构中,包含选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的填料加入到包含能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属和/或非金属的基材中。
8.如权利要求1所述的负极活性材料,其中基于所述负极活性材料的总量,所述复合涂层的量为0.1重量%~20重量%。
9.一种负极混合物,包含权利要求1~8中任一项的负极活性材料。
10.一种二次电池用负极,其中在集电器上涂布有权利要求9的负极混合物。
11.一种二次电池,包含权利要求10的二次电池用负极。
12.如权利要求11所述的二次电池,其中所述电池为锂二次电池。
13.一种电池组,包含权利要求12的二次电池。
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