CN102759942A - Transient state intensifier circuit applicable for capacitance-free large power low voltage difference linear voltage regulator - Google Patents
Transient state intensifier circuit applicable for capacitance-free large power low voltage difference linear voltage regulator Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a transient state intensifier circuit applicable for a capacitance-free large power low voltage difference linear voltage regulator. The low voltage difference linear voltage regulator comprises a power adjusting tube; the transient state intensifier circuit comprises a voltage sampling part and a transient state intensifying part; the voltage sampling part is connected with an output end of the low voltage difference linear voltage regulator; an input end of the transient state intensifying part is connected with the voltage sampling part; an output end of the transient state intensifying part is connected with the grid of the power adjusting tube; when the low voltage difference linear voltage regulator changes from the light load to the heavy load, the level of the grid of the power adjusting tube is pulled down by the transient state intensifying part and an output voltage of the lowered low voltage difference linear voltage regulator is recovered; and when the low voltage difference linear voltage regulator changes from the heavy load to the light load, the level of the grid of the power adjusting tube is risen by the transient state intensifying part and the output voltage of the risen low voltage difference linear voltage regulator is recovered. The transient state intensifier circuit is simple in structure; a static power consumption current of the low voltage difference linear voltage regulator is hardly increased; and the rapid response of the low voltage difference linear voltage regulator is realized.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of circuit that can make no capacitor type low differential voltage linear voltage stabilizer circuit realize fast transient response.
Background technology
(Low Dropout Voltage Regulator: be the simplest linear stabilized power supply low pressure difference linear voltage regulator), it has, and volume is little, noise is little, the output ripple is low, and no electromagnetic interference (EMI) and simplicity of design, peripheral original paper advantage such as less for LDO.
LDO with traditional compares, and the maximum difference of no capacitor type LDO has been to lack on the circuit structure the big electric capacity of output terminal parallel connection.In traditional LDO, the big electric capacity of this output terminal is a very important Charge Storage and device is provided that output voltage falls and voltage overshoot in the time of effectively reducing owing to the load current step variation.And for no capacitor type LDO, the step of load changes the quick response that must rely on the adjustment pipe, and promptly the grid voltage of adjustment pipe can respond according to the variation of load fast.
In order to satisfy the needs of big output current of 1A (ampere) and low pressure differential, LDO adjustment pipe dimensional requirement is very big.Present high-power low-power consumption LDO adopts PMOS adjustment pipe usually, and its width W is generally the hundreds of millimeter, and this just means that there is huge grid source stray capacitance in PMOS adjustment pipe.When the LDO load variations, if only rely on the feedback regulation of LDO self loop, it is chronic that so huge stray capacitance makes the adjusting of the stable output of LDO, can not satisfy the requirement of some special electric power systems.Therefore, the variation that causes the LDO output voltage when load variations with and the response speed that changes be the important indicator of LDO.
Application number is the method that 200610023879.7 patented claim discloses a kind of LDO of quickening output voltage, but wherein the variation range of load current is less, and maximum load is merely 100mA; Simultaneously,, produce the resistance value that relatively resistance pressure-dividing network of current potential need be bigger, occupied bigger chip area undoubtedly in order to reduce extra quiescent dissipation.
Summary of the invention
The load that the purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of LDO system can make the output voltage of LDO realize the transient state intensifier circuit of fast and stable when undergoing mutation.
For achieving the above object, the technical scheme that the present invention adopts is:
A kind of transient state intensifier circuit that is applicable to the high-power low pressure difference linear voltage regulator of no capacitor type; Be connected with the powerful low pressure difference linear voltage regulator of no capacitor type; Described low pressure difference linear voltage regulator comprises bandgap voltage reference, operational amplifier, buffer circuit, power adjustment pipe, feedback resistive network; The drain electrode of described power adjustment pipe is the output terminal of described low pressure difference linear voltage regulator, and the described transient state intensifier circuit of the high-power low pressure difference linear voltage regulator of no capacitor type that is applicable to comprises
The voltage sampling part, described voltage sampling part is connected with the output terminal of described low pressure difference linear voltage regulator and its output voltage is taken a sample;
Transient state strengthens part, and the input end that described transient state strengthens part partly is connected with described voltage sampling, and its output terminal is connected with the grid of described power adjustment pipe;
When the load of described low-dropout regulator was stablized, described transient state strengthened part and closes; When the load of described low-dropout regulator changes to heavy duty by underloading; The output voltage of described low-dropout regulator reduces; Described transient state strengthens the current potential that part drags down the grid of described power adjustment pipe, and then increases the electric current of described power adjustment pipe and the output voltage of the described low-dropout regulator that recovers to be dragged down; When the load of described low-dropout regulator changes to underloading by heavy duty; The output voltage of described low-dropout regulator raises; Described transient state strengthens the current potential that part promotes the grid of described power adjustment pipe, and then reduces the electric current of described power adjustment pipe and the output voltage of the described low-dropout regulator that recovers to be drawn high.
Actingly when preferably, described transient state strengthens load that part is included in described low-dropout regulator and changes to heavy duty by underloading drag down module, the acting module that draws high when the load of described low-dropout regulator changes to underloading by heavy duty;
Described voltage sampling part and described drags down and is provided with between the module that control is described to drag down first switching tube whether module opens, and described voltage sampling part and described draws high and is provided with between the module that control is described to draw high the second switch pipe whether module opens.
Preferably, the base stage of described first switching tube partly is connected with described voltage sampling, and its collector is connected with the described module that drags down; The base stage of described second switch pipe partly is connected with described voltage sampling, and its collector is connected with the described module that draws high.
Preferably; The described module that drags down comprises the 5th pipe, the 6th pipe, the 7th pipe; The base stage of described the 5th pipe is connected with described first switching tube with collector, and the emitter of described the 5th pipe is connected with the collector of described the 6th pipe, and the base stage of described the 6th pipe is connected with the base stage of described the 7th pipe; The equal ground connection of emitter of the emitter of described the 6th pipe and described the 7th pipe, the collector of described the 7th pipe are connected to the grid of described power adjustment pipe;
The described module that draws high comprises the 9th pipe, the tenth pipe, the 11 pipe, the 12 pipe; The base stage of described the 9th pipe is connected with described second switch pipe with emitter; The collector of described the 9th pipe is connected with the base stage of described the tenth pipe; The collector of described the tenth pipe is connected with described the 11 pipe collector; Actively being connected of described the 11 pipe with the base stage of described the 12 pipe; The emitter of the emitter of described the 11 pipe and described the 12 pipe is connected with the emitter of described the 9th pipe, the grounded emitter of described the tenth pipe, and the collector of described the 12 pipe is connected to the grid of described power adjustment pipe.
Preferably; Voltage sampling partly comprises first pipe, second pipe, the 3rd pipe; The emitter of described second pipe is connected with the output terminal of described low-dropout regulator; The base stage of described second pipe is connected with the emitter of described first pipe; The collector of described first pipe is connected with the collector of described first switching tube, and the base stage of described first pipe is connected with the input end of described buffer circuit, and the collector of described second pipe is connected with base stage with the collector of described the 3rd pipe; The grounded emitter of described the 3rd pipe, the base stage of described the 3rd pipe are that the output terminal of described voltage sampling part is connected with described second switch pipe with described first switching tube.
Because technique scheme utilization; The present invention compared with prior art has advantage: transient state intensifier circuit of the present invention is simple in structure, chip occupying area is less; Increase the quiescent dissipation electric current of low-dropout regulator hardly, can realize the quick response of low-dropout regulator.
Description of drawings
Accompanying drawing 1 is the theory diagram of no capacitor type low-dropout regulator.
Accompanying drawing 2 is the circuit diagram that is applicable to the transient state intensifier circuit of the high-power low pressure difference linear voltage regulator of no capacitor type of the present invention.
Accompanying drawing 3 is the output voltage of the high-power low pressure difference linear voltage regulator of no capacitor type that the adopted transient state intensifier circuit of the present invention transient response figure to load variations.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment shown in the drawings the present invention is further described.
Embodiment one: shown in accompanying drawing 1.
A kind of transient state intensifier circuit that is applicable to the high-power low pressure difference linear voltage regulator of no capacitor type is connected with the powerful low pressure difference linear voltage regulator of no capacitor type.
Low pressure difference linear voltage regulator comprises bandgap voltage reference Bandgap, operational amplifier Opamp, buffer circuit Buffer, power adjustment pipe PMOS, feedback resistive network.Bandgap voltage reference Bandgap is connected with the inverting input of operational amplifier Opamp; The output terminal of operational amplifier Opamp is connected with the input end of buffer circuit Buffer; The output terminal of buffer circuit Buffer is connected with the grid of power adjustment pipe PMOS; The source electrode of power adjustment pipe PMOS is connected with bandgap voltage reference Bandgap, and the drain electrode of power adjustment pipe PMOS connects feedback resistive network, and feedback resistive network comprises first resistance R that is in series
1With second resistance R
2, first resistance R
1With second resistance R
2Common ends be connected to the input ground of leading to of operational amplifier Opamp, the drain electrode of power adjustment pipe PMOS is the output terminal of low pressure difference linear voltage regulator and is connected with pull-up resistor R
L
The transient state intensifier circuit that is applicable to the high-power low pressure difference linear voltage regulator of no capacitor type comprises that voltage sampling part and transient state strengthen part.The input end that transient state strengthens part partly is connected with voltage sampling, and its output terminal is connected with the grid of power adjustment pipe PMOS.When the load of low-dropout regulator was stablized, transient state strengthened part and closes; When the load of low-dropout regulator changes to heavy duty by underloading; The output voltage of low-dropout regulator reduces; Transient state strengthens the current potential that part drags down the grid of power adjustment pipe PMOS, and then increases the electric current of power adjustment pipe PMOS and the output voltage of the low-dropout regulator that recovers to be dragged down; When the load of low-dropout regulator changes to underloading by heavy duty; The output voltage of low-dropout regulator raises; Transient state strengthens the current potential of the grid of part hoisting power adjustment pipe PMOS, and then reduces the electric current of power adjustment pipe PMOS and the output voltage of the low-dropout regulator that recovers to be drawn high.
Actingly when specifically, transient state strengthens load that part is included in low-dropout regulator and changes to heavy duty by underloading drag down module, the acting module that draws high when the load of low-dropout regulator changes to underloading by heavy duty.Voltage sampling part and drag down and be provided with control between the module and drag down the first switching tube Q4 whether module opens, voltage sampling part and draw high and be provided with control between the module and draw high the second switch pipe Q8 whether module opens.The base stage of the first switching tube Q4 partly is connected with voltage sampling, its collector with drag down module and be connected; The base stage of second switch pipe Q8 partly is connected with voltage sampling, its collector with draw high module and be connected.
Shown in accompanying drawing 2, the voltage sampling part is connected with the output terminal of low pressure difference linear voltage regulator and its output voltage is taken a sample.This voltage sampling partly comprises the first pipe Q1, the second pipe Q2, the 3rd pipe Q3.The emitter of the second pipe Q2 is connected with the output terminal of low-dropout regulator; The base stage of the second pipe Q2 is connected with the emitter of the first pipe Q1; The collector of the first pipe Q1 is connected with the collector of the first switching tube Q4; The base stage of the first pipe Q1 is connected with the input end of buffer circuit Buffer; The collector of the second pipe Q2 is connected with base stage with the collector of the 3rd pipe Q3, the grounded emitter of the 3rd pipe Q3, and the base stage of the 3rd pipe Q3 is that the output terminal of voltage sampling part is connected with second switch pipe Q8 with the first switching tube Q4.
Drag down module and comprise the 5th pipe Q5, the 6th pipe Q6, the 7th pipe Q7.The base stage of the 5th pipe Q5 is connected with the collector of collector with the first switching tube Q4; The emitter of the 5th pipe Q5 is connected with the collector of the 6th pipe Q6; The base stage of the 6th pipe Q6 is connected with the base stage of the 7th pipe Q7; The equal ground connection of emitter of the emitter of the 6th pipe Q6 and the 7th pipe Q7, the collector of the 7th pipe Q7 are connected to the grid of power adjustment pipe PMOS;
Draw high module and comprise the 9th pipe Q9, the tenth pipe Q10, the 11 pipe Q11, the 12 pipe Q12.The base stage of the 9th pipe Q9 is connected with the collector of emitter with second switch pipe Q8; The collector of the 9th pipe Q9 is connected with the base stage of the tenth pipe Q10; The collector of the tenth pipe Q10 is connected with the 11 pipe Q11 collector; The 11 pipe Q11 actively is connected with the base stage of the 12 pipe Q12; The emitter of the emitter of the 11 pipe Q11 and the 12 pipe Q12 is connected with the emitter of the 9th pipe Q9, the grounded emitter of the tenth pipe Q10, and the collector of the 12 pipe Q12 is connected to the grid of power adjustment pipe PMOS.
The concrete principle of work of this transient state intensifier circuit is following:
1, when the stable output of low-dropout regulator (load does not change), the transient state intensifier circuit cuts out.
If the collector bias current of the first switching tube Q4 is I
1, the collector bias current of second switch pipe Q8 is I
2If the base-emitter voltage V of the first switching tube Q4 and second switch pipe Q8
BE4=V
BE8=VA, the emitter area S4 of the first switching tube Q4 equal the emitter area S 8 of second switch pipe Q8, then I
S4=I
S8, make I
S4=I
S8=I
S
During promptly as
, the transient state intensifier circuit cuts out.(3)
Wherein, I
SFor the PN junction reverse saturation current, be proportional to
μ is the minority carrier transport factor of silicon, n
iBe the intrinsic carrier concentration of silicon, T is an absolute temperature, and k is a Boltzmann constant.Therefore the voltage of A node can be set, when system's operate as normal, guarantee following formula (3) establishment, then this transient state intensifier circuit cuts out.
2, the load current when low-dropout regulator increases suddenly, i.e. when heavy duty changed, system's loop had little time to make a response by underloading in system load, and output voltage OUT moment of low-dropout regulator reduces.
Because the variation of the output voltage OUT voltage of the emitter sampling low-dropout regulator of the second pipe Q2; When the load instantaneous variation; The base voltage of the second pipe Q2 is constant; Therefore the emitter base voltage of the second pipe Q2 reduces, and causes the emitter current of the second pipe Q2 to reduce, and promptly the collector current of the 3rd pipe Q3 reduces.Because VA=V
BE2* ln (I
C/ I
S), so the A voltage VA of ordering lowers, the first switching tube Q4 closes; The base potential of the 5th pipe Q5 is drawn high, and the 5th pipe Q5 opens, and causes the 6th pipe Q6 and the 7th pipe Q7 to open; Drag down the grid potential of power adjustment pipe PMOS rapidly; Be its grid voltage a rapid discharge loop is provided, and then increase the electric current of power adjustment pipe PMOS, the output voltage OUT of the low-dropout regulator that recovers rapidly to be dragged down by heavy duty.For the output voltage OUT of the fast quick-recovery low-dropout regulator of ability, the pull-down capability of the 7th pipe Q7 is eager to excel, the emitter area that the 7th pipe Q7 need be bigger.During this period, second switch pipe Q8, the 9th pipe Q9, the tenth pipe Q10, the 11 pipe Q11 and the 12 pipe Q12 are in " shut " mode".As shown in Figure 3, the stable 1.8V that is output as of the output voltage OUT of low-dropout regulator.When load current increases from 10 μ A to 1A moment; The output voltage of low-dropout regulator reduces suddenly, but because transient state increases the effect of circuit, bottom out when the output voltage OUT of low-dropout regulator drops into 1.71V; Tend towards stability at 4 μ s, promptly return to stationary value in the 6 μ s.
Behind the output voltage stabilization of low-dropout regulator; Be output voltage OUT by low return to normality after,
the 5th pipe Q5, the 6th pipe Q6 and the 7th pipe Q7 close; The 9th pipe Q9, the tenth pipe Q10, the 11 pipe Q11 and the 12 pipe Q12 close, and then the transient state intensifier circuit cuts out fully, does not increase the quiescent dissipation of low-dropout regulator system.
3, the load current when low-dropout regulator reduces suddenly, i.e. when underloading changed, system's loop had little time to make a response by heavy duty in system load, and output voltage OUT moment of low-dropout regulator is elevated.
Because the variation of the output voltage OUT of the emitter sampling low-dropout regulator of the second pipe Q2; During the load instantaneous variation; The base voltage of the second pipe Q2 is constant; Therefore the emitter base voltage of the second pipe Q2 raises, and causes the emitter current of the second pipe Q2 to increase, and promptly the collector current of the 3rd pipe Q3 increases.Because VA=V
BE2* ln (I
C/ I
S), so the voltage VA that A is ordered raises.During as
; The collector potential of second switch pipe Q8 is dragged down; And then the 9th pipe Q9 open; Cause the collector potential of the 9th pipe Q9 to raise, and then the tenth pipe Q10, the 11 pipe Q11 and the 12 pipe Q12 open.The 12 pipe Q12 is set has bigger emitter area; Therefore after the 12 pipe Q12 opens; It can draw high the grid potential of power adjustment pipe PMOS rapidly; Be its grid voltage the loop of a rapid charge is provided, reduced the source-drain current of power adjustment pipe PMOS, the output voltage OUT that fast quick-recovery is raised by underload.Equally, during this period, the first switching tube Q4, the 5th pipe Q5, the 6th pipe Q6 and the 7th pipe Q7 are in " shut " mode".After load current reduces to 10 μ A moments from 1A; The output voltage OUT of low-dropout regulator raises suddenly; But because transient state increases the effect of circuit, the output voltage OUT of low-dropout regulator begins when rising to 1.88V to fall after rise, tends towards stability at 3 μ s; Promptly return to stationary value in the 6 μ s, as shown in Figure 3.
After the output voltage OUT of low-dropout regulator stablizes; Be after it returns to normal pressure by high pressure; Because
the 9th pipe Q9, the tenth pipe Q10, the 11 pipe Q11 and the 12 pipe Q12 close; Then the transient state intensifier circuit cuts out fully, does not increase the quiescent dissipation of low-dropout regulator system.
Because the mutual conductance of triode is bigger; Even be biased in fast speeds also arranged under the very little electric current; Therefore the power consumption of first of the voltage sampling partial circuit pipe Q1, the second pipe Q2, the 3rd pipe Q3 and the first switching tube Q4 and second switch pipe Q8 is very low, therefore increases whole quiescent dissipation hardly.
Transient state intensifier circuit of the present invention detects the transient overshoot of the output voltage OUT of low-dropout regulator through sample circuit; In case transient overshoot occurs; Then the gate node for power adjustment pipe PMOS provides extra charge or discharge loop; Therefore improve the slew rate of the grid of power adjustment pipe PMOS, and then increased the transient response speed of low-dropout regulator.When output voltage approached idea output, transient state strengthens loop closed, and does not increase quiescent dissipation, was finally accomplished the accurate adjustment of output voltage by the major loop of low-dropout regulator.
In order to guarantee the response speed and the needs of leakage current faster greatly, transient state intensifier circuit of the present invention adopts bipolar technology to realize.The size of MOS transistor electric current is directly proportional with W/L, and electric current is big more, and respective area is just big more, and stray capacitance is also big more, has therefore limited the response speed of circuit.The mutual conductance of bipolar transistor is directly proportional with emitter current, and irrelevant with emitter area, it can be exchanged homogeneous tube bigger driving force is provided.
The foregoing description only is explanation technical conceive of the present invention and characteristics, and its purpose is to let the personage who is familiar with this technology can understand content of the present invention and enforcement according to this, can not limit protection scope of the present invention with this.All equivalences that spirit is done according to the present invention change or modify, and all should be encompassed within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. transient state intensifier circuit that is applicable to the high-power low pressure difference linear voltage regulator of no capacitor type; Be connected with the powerful low pressure difference linear voltage regulator of no capacitor type; Described low pressure difference linear voltage regulator comprises bandgap voltage reference, operational amplifier, buffer circuit, power adjustment pipe, feedback resistive network; The drain electrode of described power adjustment pipe is the output terminal of described low pressure difference linear voltage regulator, and it is characterized in that: the described transient state intensifier circuit of the high-power low pressure difference linear voltage regulator of no capacitor type that is applicable to comprises
The voltage sampling part, described voltage sampling part is connected with the output terminal of described low pressure difference linear voltage regulator and its output voltage is taken a sample;
Transient state strengthens part, and the input end that described transient state strengthens part partly is connected with described voltage sampling, and its output terminal is connected with the grid of described power adjustment pipe;
When the load of described low-dropout regulator was stablized, described transient state strengthened part and closes; When the load of described low-dropout regulator changes to heavy duty by underloading; The output voltage of described low-dropout regulator reduces; Described transient state strengthens the current potential that part drags down the grid of described power adjustment pipe, and then increases the electric current of described power adjustment pipe and the output voltage of the described low-dropout regulator that recovers to be dragged down; When the load of described low-dropout regulator changes to underloading by heavy duty; The output voltage of described low-dropout regulator raises; Described transient state strengthens the current potential that part promotes the grid of described power adjustment pipe, and then reduces the electric current of described power adjustment pipe and the output voltage of the described low-dropout regulator that recovers to be drawn high.
2. the transient state intensifier circuit that is applicable to the high-power low pressure difference linear voltage regulator of no capacitor type according to claim 1 is characterized in that: actingly when described transient state strengthens load that part is included in described low-dropout regulator and changes to heavy duty by underloading drag down module, the acting module that draws high when the load of described low-dropout regulator changes to underloading by heavy duty;
Described voltage sampling part and described drags down and is provided with between the module that control is described to drag down first switching tube whether module opens, and described voltage sampling part and described draws high and is provided with between the module that control is described to draw high the second switch pipe whether module opens.
3. the transient state intensifier circuit that is applicable to the high-power low pressure difference linear voltage regulator of no capacitor type according to claim 2; It is characterized in that: the base stage of described first switching tube partly is connected with described voltage sampling, and its collector is connected with the described module that drags down; The base stage of described second switch pipe partly is connected with described voltage sampling, and its collector is connected with the described module that draws high.
4. the transient state intensifier circuit that is applicable to the high-power low pressure difference linear voltage regulator of no capacitor type according to claim 2; It is characterized in that: the described module that drags down comprises the 5th pipe, the 6th pipe, the 7th pipe; The base stage of described the 5th pipe is connected with described first switching tube with collector; The emitter of described the 5th pipe is connected with the collector of described the 6th pipe; The base stage of described the 6th pipe is connected with the base stage of described the 7th pipe, the equal ground connection of emitter of the emitter of described the 6th pipe and described the 7th pipe, and the collector of described the 7th pipe is connected to the grid of described power adjustment pipe;
The described module that draws high comprises the 9th pipe, the tenth pipe, the 11 pipe, the 12 pipe; The base stage of described the 9th pipe is connected with described second switch pipe with emitter; The collector of described the 9th pipe is connected with the base stage of described the tenth pipe; The collector of described the tenth pipe is connected with described the 11 pipe collector; Actively being connected of described the 11 pipe with the base stage of described the 12 pipe; The emitter of the emitter of described the 11 pipe and described the 12 pipe is connected with the emitter of described the 9th pipe, the grounded emitter of described the tenth pipe, and the collector of described the 12 pipe is connected to the grid of described power adjustment pipe.
5. according to claim 2 or the 3 or 4 described transient state intensifier circuits that are applicable to the high-power low pressure difference linear voltage regulator of no capacitor type; It is characterized in that: voltage sampling partly comprises first pipe, second pipe, the 3rd pipe; The emitter of described second pipe is connected with the output terminal of described low-dropout regulator; The base stage of described second pipe is connected with the emitter of described first pipe; The collector of described first pipe is connected with the collector of described first switching tube; The base stage of described first pipe is connected with the input end of described buffer circuit; The collector of described second pipe is connected with base stage with the collector of described the 3rd pipe, the grounded emitter of described the 3rd pipe, and the base stage of described the 3rd pipe is that the output terminal of described voltage sampling part is connected with described second switch pipe with described first switching tube.
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CN108710401A (en) * | 2018-08-27 | 2018-10-26 | 北方电子研究院安徽有限公司 | A kind of bandgap voltage reference of high-precision large-drive-current |
CN108710401B (en) * | 2018-08-27 | 2023-10-27 | 北方电子研究院安徽有限公司 | Band-gap reference voltage source with high precision and large driving current |
CN112346508A (en) * | 2020-10-22 | 2021-02-09 | 无锡艾为集成电路技术有限公司 | Linear regulator and electronic device |
CN112346508B (en) * | 2020-10-22 | 2022-08-05 | 无锡艾为集成电路技术有限公司 | Linear regulator and electronic device |
CN115167600A (en) * | 2022-07-29 | 2022-10-11 | 西安微电子技术研究所 | Low dropout regulator circuit capable of resisting transient overshoot of output voltage |
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