CN102458795A - 耐二氧化氯的聚乙烯管,其制备和用途 - Google Patents
耐二氧化氯的聚乙烯管,其制备和用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102458795A CN102458795A CN2010800251724A CN201080025172A CN102458795A CN 102458795 A CN102458795 A CN 102458795A CN 2010800251724 A CN2010800251724 A CN 2010800251724A CN 201080025172 A CN201080025172 A CN 201080025172A CN 102458795 A CN102458795 A CN 102458795A
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- chlorine dioxide
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- OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxidochlorine(.) Chemical compound O=Cl=O OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 239000004155 Chlorine dioxide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 235000019398 chlorine dioxide Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 title claims description 32
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 title description 23
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 title description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 229920003020 cross-linked polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000004703 cross-linked polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 104
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 65
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 16
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- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- UKRDPEFKFJNXQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylsilane Chemical group [SiH3]C=C UKRDPEFKFJNXQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical group OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001038 ethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical group OP(O)O OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphinate Chemical group [O-][PH2]=O ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011593 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- XWJBRBSPAODJER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,7-octadiene Chemical group C=CCCCCC=C XWJBRBSPAODJER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920006037 cross link polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N decalin Chemical compound C1CCCC2CCCCC21 NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GDDAJHJRAKOILH-QFXXITGJSA-N (2e,5e)-octa-2,5-diene Chemical compound CC\C=C\C\C=C\C GDDAJHJRAKOILH-QFXXITGJSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N perisophthalic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 10
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- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
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- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert‐butyl hydroperoxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OO CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- VSAWBBYYMBQKIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[[3,5-bis[(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2,4,6-trimethylphenyl]methyl]-2,6-ditert-butylphenol Chemical compound CC1=C(CC=2C=C(C(O)=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)=C(CC=2C=C(C(O)=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)C(C)=C1CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 VSAWBBYYMBQKIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 6
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- NKSJNEHGWDZZQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl(trimethoxy)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)C=C NKSJNEHGWDZZQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 4
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 4
- MQQKTNDBASEZSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(octadecyldisulfanyl)octadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCSSCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC MQQKTNDBASEZSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GHKOFFNLGXMVNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Didodecyl thiobispropanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCSCCC(=O)OCCCCCCCCCCCC GHKOFFNLGXMVNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004283 Sodium sorbate Substances 0.000 description 3
- BGYHLZZASRKEJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-[3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyloxy]-2,2-bis[3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyloxymethyl]propyl] 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=CC(CCC(=O)OCC(COC(=O)CCC=2C=C(C(O)=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)(COC(=O)CCC=2C=C(C(O)=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)COC(=O)CCC=2C=C(C(O)=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)=C1 BGYHLZZASRKEJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XQBCVRSTVUHIGH-UHFFFAOYSA-L [dodecanoyloxy(dioctyl)stannyl] dodecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[Sn](CCCCCCCC)(CCCCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC XQBCVRSTVUHIGH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
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- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- XCJYREBRNVKWGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) phthalocyanine Chemical compound [Cu+2].C12=CC=CC=C2C(N=C2[N-]C(C3=CC=CC=C32)=N2)=NC1=NC([C]1C=CC=CC1=1)=NC=1N=C1[C]3C=CC=CC3=C2[N-]1 XCJYREBRNVKWGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- KWUZCAVKPCRJPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethyl-4-(6-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)aniline Chemical compound C1=CC(NCC)=CC=C1C1=NC2=CC=C(C)C=C2S1 KWUZCAVKPCRJPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- BOOBDAVNHSOIDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2,3-dichlorobenzoyl) 2,3-dichlorobenzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC(C(=O)OOC(=O)C=2C(=C(Cl)C=CC=2)Cl)=C1Cl BOOBDAVNHSOIDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QEQBMZQFDDDTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy benzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QEQBMZQFDDDTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VNQNXQYZMPJLQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-tris[(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=CC(CN2C(N(CC=3C=C(C(O)=C(C=3)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)N(CC=3C=C(C(O)=C(C=3)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C)C2=O)=O)=C1 VNQNXQYZMPJLQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- UTGQNNCQYDRXCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine Chemical compound C=1C=C(NC=2C=CC=CC=2)C=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 UTGQNNCQYDRXCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium stearate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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- AKFOUVKOUGMNAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N cumene;2-hydroperoxy-2-methylpropane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OO.CC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 AKFOUVKOUGMNAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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Abstract
本发明涉及将由交联聚乙烯制成的管在运送含二氧化氯的水中的用途。当按照ASTM F2263-03的改进方法进行测试时,交联聚乙烯对用二氧化氯处理的水具有3500小时以上的耐受性。特别地,能将由交联聚乙烯制成的管用于运送已经通过使用二氧化氯消毒的饮用水。
Description
发明目的
本发明提供了由耐二氧化氯的聚合物组合物制成的管。特别地,本发明提供了具有改善的耐二氧化氯性的乙烯聚合物组合物制成的管。
技术领域
EP-A-1911799公开了对含ClO2的水具有改善的耐受性的稳定聚乙烯材料。
WO-A-2005/056657公开了具有改善的耐氯性的稳定聚乙烯材料。
US-B-7086421公开了具有交联聚乙烯外层和HDPE内层的柔性多层管形材料。内层的聚合物具有比外层聚合物更高的密度。
WO-A-2004/010040公开了由包含少于2%的炭黑的交联PE制成的管,且具有改善的耐氯性。
二氧化氯ClO2有时用作水中的消毒剂,例如,代替氯。因此,含二氧化氯的水永久性地与管材料接触。由于与内管表面永久性的接触,因而引起了聚烯烃组合物的退化。当已发现氯的存在加速了管的退化时,ClO2的影响更为显著。因此,即使管对含氯的水具有良好的耐受性,其并不必然表示这类管对含ClO2的水具有良好的耐受性。
已经发现,用于管的聚烯烃组合物中使用的已知提供良好耐氯化水性的抗氧化剂并不必然对含二氧化氯的水提供令人满意的耐受性。当在聚烯烃组合物中存在抗氧化剂时的另一个重要的问题是力争避免例如在由这类聚烯烃组合物制成的管中运送的介质的污染。在运送饮用水的管中,这点特别重要。总言之,优选使用尽可能低浓度的抗氧化剂以降低可能由管中运送的水来提取的抗氧化剂的量。
发明概述
本发明提供了对二氧化氯具有改善的耐受性的管,所述管由包含交联乙烯聚合物的组合物制成。
如一方面所示,本发明提供了包含形成内管表面的层的管在用于运送已加入二氧化氯的水中的用途,所述内管表面界定了所述管内流体的流程,其中所述层由包含60%至100%重量比的交联聚乙烯的组合物组成。
如另一方面所示,本发明提供了在1.5巴至10巴的升压下,通过连接水递送站与用户站的至少一根管线将水从所述递送站运送至至少一个所述用户站的方法,所述管线包含许多具有内表面和外表面的管部件,其中所述内表面界定了水的流程,所述方法包括下述步骤:
-通过在水中存在0.01ppm至4ppm,优选为0.01ppm至2ppm重量比的ClO2的量向水给予二氧化氯来将水消毒;
-通过所述管线建立从所述递送站至所述至少一个用户站的消毒水流,
其特征在于所述管线中至少一个管部件具有内层,所述内层接触用二氧化氯消毒的水且包含60%至100%交联聚乙烯。
附图简述
图1表示90℃下在含氯的水的不同处理时间之后位于与管表面不同距离的(非交联)聚乙烯材料的氧化诱导时间。
图2表示90℃下在含二氧化氯的水的不同处理时间之后位于与管表面不同距离的(非交联)聚乙烯材料的氧化诱导时间。
发明详述
除非另有规定,在本文件中的所有分数(例如%,‰,ppm等)均涉及重量基础。因此,例如1ppm的ClO2水溶液表示1kg的水(包括其中溶解的任何组分)含有1mg ClO2。
可交联乙烯聚合物
组合物包括交联乙烯聚合物。交联乙烯聚合物通过将可交联乙烯聚合物进行交联而产生。所述可交联乙烯聚合物能够为乙烯均聚物或乙烯共聚物。其密度为925kg/m3至965kg/m3。其熔融指数MFR5为0.5g/10min至15g/10min,优选为1g/10min至10g/10min,或熔融指数MFR2为0.1g/10min至10g/10min,优选为0.5g/10min至5g/10min。可交联乙烯聚合物以60%至100%,优选70%至100%,例如70%至98%重量比的量存在于组合物中。
根据本发明的一个优选实施方案,可交联乙烯聚合物为包含95%至99.9%摩尔比的乙烯单元和0.1%至5%摩尔比的乙烯基硅烷单元的乙烯共聚物。合适的乙烯基硅烷共聚用单体为具有下述通式的那些:
RSiR’nY3-n (1)
其中R为乙烯系(ethylenically)不饱和烃基、烃氧基或(甲基)丙烯酰氧基烃基,R’为脂肪族饱和烃基,可以相同或不同的Y为水解有机基团,并且n为0、1或2。
优选地,Y为具有1至6个碳原子的烷基的烷氧基,例如甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基和丁氧基。
优选地,可交联乙烯聚合物包含0.1%至2%摩尔比、更优选0.2%至1%摩尔比的乙烯基硅烷单元和98%至99.9%摩尔比、更优选99.8%至99%摩尔比的乙烯单元。
在通式(1)中,上述R可为合适的乙烯基、烯丙基、异戊二烯基、丁烯基、环己基或γ-(甲基)丙烯酰氧基丙基;Y为合适的甲氧基、乙氧基、甲酰氧基、乙酰氧基、丙酰氧基或烷基氨基或芳基氨基;以及R’若存在可为合适的甲基、乙基、丙基、癸基或苯基。化合物的具体优选基团为:
CH2=CHSi(OA)3 (2)
其中A为具有1至8个碳原子、优选1至4个碳原子的烃基。
最优选的化合物为乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷、乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷、γ-(甲基)丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷以及乙烯基三乙酰氧基硅烷及其组合。
乙烯共聚物和乙烯基硅烷共聚物可通过接枝共聚而产生。可通过本领域已知的合适方法,例如通过向挤出机添加基础聚合物、接枝共聚用单体和过氧化物且将聚合物挤压为小球来进行这类接枝共聚。此外,在EP-A-295811、US-A-3646155和GB-A-1357549中公开了这类步骤。例如,根据这类方法,将为乙烯均聚物或共聚物的100重量份的基础聚合物与0.5至25重量份、优选0.5至10重量份的乙烯基硅氧烷共聚用单体和0.02至0.5重量份的有机过氧化物混合。
上述基础聚合物可为乙烯均聚物或乙烯与一种或多种α-烯烃和/或非共轭二烯的共聚物。此外,基础聚合物可为高密度聚乙烯、线性低密度聚乙烯、高压操作中产生的低密度聚乙烯或中密度聚乙烯。
接枝共聚物的密度优选为935kg/m3至965kg/m3,更优选为945kg/m3至965kg/m3且特别为950kg/m3至964kg/m3。另外,接枝共聚物的熔融指数MFR5优选为0.5g/10min至15g/10min,更优选为0.5g/10min至10g/10min且尤其优选为1g/10min至10g/10min。
然而,还可能在反应器中直接产生乙烯基硅烷和乙烯的共聚物,如GB-A-2028831和US-A-4297310中所公开的。例如,在约240℃的温度和约2500巴的压力下,能通过使用过氧化异丁酸叔丁酯引发剂来聚合乙烯、丙烯(作为链转移剂)和乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷。这类反应器内共聚的聚合物的密度优选为925kg/m3至945kg/m3,更优选为925kg/m3至935kg/m3。此外,其熔融指数MFR2优选为0.1g/10min至10g/10min,更优选为0.5g/10min至7g/10min且特别为0.5g/10min至5g/10min。
然后,通过使用合适的催化剂可将可交联乙烯共聚物交联以产生交联聚合物组合物。例如,能通过使用水和硅烷醇缩合催化剂使硅烷接枝共聚物交联。合适的硅烷醇缩合催化剂例如为诸如二辛基锡二月桂酸酯、二丁基锡(IV)马来酸酯和二丁基锡二月桂酸酯的二烃基锡(IV)羧酸酯化合物,如EP-A-169070中所公开的。此外,如EP-A-169070所公开,也能以组合的形式使用磷或锑化合物。另外合适的缩合催化剂为包含具有通式ArSO3H的酸性硫酸基的那些,其中Ar为烃基取代的芳族基。这类化合物在EP-A-1256593中公开。
然后,根据本实施方案,在水、水蒸汽或蒸汽存在的情况下通过处理包含聚合物和催化剂的组合物来实现可交联组合物的交联。这优选在升温下完成,例如40℃至110℃。然而,通过选择合适的催化剂,其还可能在室温下进行交联,如EP-A-1256593所公开。
根据本发明的另一优选实施方案,可交联乙烯聚合物为乙烯共聚物,其包含93%至99.9%摩尔比的乙烯单元、0%至7%摩尔比的源自具有4至10个碳原子的α-烯烃的单元以及0.1%至7%摩尔比的源自多烯化合物的单元。这类多烯化合物优选为α,ω-二烯,例如1,7-辛二烯、1,9-癸二烯、1,1,1-十二碳二烯和7-甲基-1,6-辛二烯,如EP-A-1695992和WO-A-93/08222中所述。这类共聚物的密度优选为920kg/m3至965kg/m3,例如920kg/m3至945kg/m3,更优选为925kg/m3至935kg/m3。另外,共聚物的熔融指数MFR2优选为0.1g/10min至10g/10min,更优选为0.5g/10min至7g/10min且特别为0.5g/10min至5g/10min。
通常通过使用过氧化物引发剂使这类可交联聚合物交联。然后,首先将未处理的聚合物与过氧化物混合在一起。一个适当的方法为使用过氧化物浸渍聚合物粉末或聚合物小球,如在US 5972267、US6455616或US 6645411中所公开。然后将混合物加热至高于过氧化物分解温度的温度。可使用的合适的过氧化物例如为过氧化二异丙苯、过氧化苯甲酰、过氧化二氯苯甲酰、二叔丁基过氧化物、2,5-二甲基-2,5二(过氧化苯甲酸)(2,5-dimethyl-2,5di(peroxybenzoate))、己炔-3,1,4-双(叔丁基过氧化异丙基)苯、过氧化月桂酰、过氧乙酸叔丁酯、过氧苯甲酸叔丁酯、2,5-二甲基-2,5-二(叔丁基过氧化)己烷、2,5-二甲基-2,5-二(叔丁基过氧化)己炔和过氧化苯基乙酸叔丁酯(tert-butylperphenylacetate)。
另外,还可通过本领域已知的辐射交联来交联聚合物。因此,可将γ辐射、UV辐射或电子束辐射用于交联聚合物。
根据本发明的一个更优选实施方案,可交联乙烯聚合物为含末端双键的乙烯均聚物或共聚物。这类包含末端双键的聚合物可在某些催化剂存在的情况下通过聚合乙烯而产生,所述催化剂例如铬催化剂或具体的金属茂催化剂。还能通过使用上述过氧化物或辐射来使该类型的聚合物交联。
乙烯聚合物
除了可交联的乙烯聚合物,组合物还可包含其它乙烯聚合物。乙烯聚合物为乙烯均聚物或乙烯与一种或多种具有4至10个碳原子的α-烯烃共聚用单体的共聚物。其密度为925kg/m3至965kg/m3。其MFR2为0.01g/10min至10g/10min。其可以高达40%重量比的量、优选高达30%重量比的量存在。
可由本领域已知的适当方法制备乙烯聚合物。因此,可在齐格勒-纳特催化剂存在的情况下通过聚合乙烯和任选的α-烯烃共聚用单体聚制备乙烯聚合物。还可能在铬催化剂存在的情况下进行聚合。此外,金属茂催化剂还可用于产生乙烯聚合物。可在1巴至100巴的压力和50℃至110℃的温度下进行聚合。本领域已知可将氢气用于控制分子量。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,乙烯聚合物为多峰乙烯聚合物,其可用于制备与WO-A-1996/18677、WO-A-2000/01765或WO-A-2000/022040中公开的那些类似的管。其密度优选为935kg/m3至965kg/m3,并且更有选为940kg/m3至955kg/m3。此外,其MFR5优选为0.1g/10min至1g/10min,更优选为0.15g/10min至0.65g/10min。
根据本发明的另一实施方案,乙烯聚合物为单峰乙烯聚合物,其密度为940kg/m3至965kg/m3,MFR2为0.5g/10min至10g/10min。优选在包含作为必要组分的钛、镁、铝和氯的齐格勒-纳特催化剂存在的情况下通过将乙烯和任选地具有4至10个碳原子的α-烯烃聚合制备这类乙烯聚合物。另外,在包含钛、锆或铪的过渡金属化合物的单位点催化剂存在的情况下,通过将乙烯和任选地具有4至10个碳原子的α-烯烃聚合来制备这类聚合物,其中所述过渡金属化合物具有包含环戊二烯基、茚基、四氢茚基、芴基或八氢芴基结构的配体。
其它组分
聚合物组合物可包含添加剂和本领域已知的其它聚合物。因此,例如,其可包含预聚物或母炼胶的载体聚合物或类似物。能自由地选择这类其它聚合物的量,只要它们不消极地影响聚合物组合物的性质。因此,这类其它聚合物的合适的量为聚合物组合物质量的高至20%、例如为0%至15%、优选为0%至10%且特别为0%至7%。
以本领域已知的量使用添加剂。合适的添加剂的实例为抗氧化剂、稳定剂、颜料、UV屏蔽剂和UV稳定剂、润滑剂、抗静电剂等。
例如,合适的抗氧化剂和稳定剂为位阻酚、亚磷酸盐或亚膦酸酯(phosphonite)、含硫的抗氧化剂、烷基清除剂、芳族胺、受阻胺稳定剂以及包含源自两个或多个上述基团的化合物的混合物。以500ppm至10000ppm每聚合物重量份的量使用它们。已将由交联聚乙烯制成的通用管用于运送温度为约40℃至90℃的热水,因而抗氧化剂和稳定剂的含量为约4000ppm至9000ppm。然而,在饮用水管中不期望大量的稳定剂,因为它们或它们的降解产物可迁移至水中引起令人反感的味道或气味。本发明人现已发现即使显著降低抗氧化剂和稳定剂的量,当将管用于运送已由ClO2消毒的饮用水时,也实现了足够的稳定性。发明人已发现当抗氧化剂和稳定剂的含量为500ppm至3500ppm且优选为1000ppm至3000ppm时,获得了良好稳定性且没有味道和气味的问题。
其中,位阻酚的实例为2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(例如Degussa出售的,商品名为lonol CP;CAS No.128-37-0)、季戊四醇基-四(3-(3’,5’-二-叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸酯(例如Ciba Specialty Chemicals出售的,商品名为Irganox 1010;CAS No.6683-19-8)、十八烷基-3-(3’,5’-二-叔丁基-4’-羟基苯基)丙酸酯(例如Ciba Specialty Chemicals出售的,商品名为Irganox 1076;CAS No.2082-79-3)、1,3,5-三-甲基-2,4,6-三-(3,5-二-叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)苯(例如Ciba Specialty Chemicals出售的,商品名为Irganox 1330;CAS No.1709-70-2)、2,5,7,8-四甲基-2(4’,8’,12’-三甲基十三烷基)色满-6-醇(例如BASF出售的,商品名为Alpha-Tocopherol以及Ciba Specialty Chemicals出售的,商品名为Irganox E 201;CAS No.10191-41-0)、(3,5-二-叔丁基-4-羟基苄基单乙基-磷酸酯)钙(例如CibaSpecialty Chemicals 出售的,商品名为Irganox 1425;CAS No.65140-91-2)、1,3,5-三(3’,5’-二-叔丁基-4’-羟基苄基)-异氰脲酸酯(例如Ciba Specialty Chemicals出售的,商品名为Irganox 3114;CAS No.27676-62-6)、双-(3,3-双-(4’-羟基-3’-叔丁基苯基)丁酸)-乙二醇酯(Clariant出售的,商品名为Hostanox O3;CAS No.32509-66-3)、4,4’-硫代双(2-叔丁基-5-甲基苯酚)(例如Ciba Specialty Chemicals出售的,商品名为Irganox 415;CAS No.96-69-5)、2,2’-亚甲基-双(6-(1-甲基-环己基)对甲酚)(Chemtura出售的,商品名为Lowinox WSP;CAS No.77-62-3)、N,N’-六甲撑双(3,5-二-叔丁基-4-羟基-苯丙酰胺)(例如CibaSpecialty Chemicals出售的,商品名为Irganox 1098;CAS No.23128-74-7)、1,1,3-三(2-甲基-4-羟基-5-叔丁基苯基)丁烷(例如Chemtura出售的,商品名为Lowinox CA22;CAS No.1843-03-4)以及1,3,5-三(4-叔丁基-3-羟基-2,6-二甲基苄基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-三酮(例如Chemtura出售的,商品名为Lowinox 1790;CAS No.40601-76-1)。
特别优选地,酚类抗氧化剂具有通式:
其中,R为未取代或取代的可包含杂原子的脂肪族或芳香族烃基自由基,或者R为杂原子;X1、X2、X3、X4和X5独立地为H、OH或R’;其中R’为未取代或取代的可包含杂原子的脂肪族或芳香族烃基自由基;以及n为1至4。特别优选地,取代基R或R’中的至少一个包含选自硫、磷和氮的杂原子。这类化合物的实例为2,2’-硫代二亚乙基-双-(3,5-二-叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸酯(Ciba Specialty Chemicals出售的,商品名为Irganox 1035;CAS No.41484-35-9)、4,4’-硫代-双-(2-叔丁基-5-甲基苯酚)(Chemtura出售的,商品名为Lowinox TBM-6;CAS No.96-69-5)、((3,5-双-(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基苯基)甲基)磷酸二乙酯(Ciba Specialty Chemicals出售的,商品名为Irganox 1222;CAS No.976-56-7)以及N,N’-双-(3-(3’,5’-二-叔丁基-4’-羟基苯基)丙酰基)肼(Ciba Specialty Chemicals出售的,商品名为Irganox MD 1024;CAS No.33687-78-8)。
亚磷酸盐和亚膦酸酯的实例为三(2,4-二-叔丁基苯基)亚磷酸盐(例如Ciba Specialty Chemicals出售的,商品名为Irgafos 168;CAS No.31570-04-4)、四-(2,4-二-叔丁基苯基)-4,4’-二亚苯基-二-亚膦酸酯(例如Ciba Specialty Chemicals出售的,商品名为Irgafos P-EPQ;CAS No.38613-77-3)以及三-(壬基苯基)亚磷酸盐(例如Dover Chemical出售的,商品名为Doverphos HiPure 4;CAS No.26523-78-4)。
含硫的抗氧化剂的实例为硫代二丙酸二月桂酯(例如CibaSpecialty Chemicals出售的,商品名为Irganox PS 800;CAS No.123-28-4)、硫代二丙酸双十三酯(Reagens出售的,商品名为Arenox DT,CAS No.10595-72-9)、硫代二丙酸双十四酯(Sumitomo Chemical出售的,商品名为Sumilzer TPM,CAS No.16545-54-3)、双十八烷基二硫化物(Clariant出售的,商品名为Hostanox SE10,CAS No.2500-88-1)、双[2-甲基-4-(3-正十二烷基硫代丙酸基)-5-叔丁基苯基]硫化物(AdekaCorporation 出售的,商品名为ADK STAB AO-23,CAS No.66534-05-2)、季戊四醇-四-(3-硫代丙酸月桂酯)(Adeka Corporation出售的,商品名为ADK STAB AO-412S,CAS No.29598-76-3)、具有1,4-环己烷二甲醇、十八烷基酯的3,3’-硫代二丙酸二甲酯聚合物(EastmanChemical出售的,商品名为Eastman Inhibitor Poly TDP 2000,CAS No.63123-1 1-5)以及硫代二丙酸双十八酯(例如Chemtura出售的,商品名为Lowinox DSTDP;CAS No.693-36-7)。
含氮的抗氧化剂的实例为4,4’-双(1,1’-二甲基苄基)二苯胺(例如Chemtura出售的,商品名为Naugard 445;CAS No.10081-67-1)、2,2,4-三甲基-1,2-二氢喹啉的聚合物(例如Chemtura出售的,商品名为Naugard EL-17;CAS No.26780-96-1)、对-(对甲苯-磺酰胺基)-二苯胺(例如Chemtura出售的,商品名为Naugard SA;CAS No.100-93-6)、N,N’-二苯基-对-亚苯基-二胺(例如Chemtura出售的,商品名为NaugardJ;CAS No.74-31-7)、N,N’-二萘基-对-亚苯基-二胺(R.T.Vanderbilt出售的,商品名为AgeRite White,CAS No.93-46-9)以及p,p’-二辛基二苯胺(R.T.Vanderbilt出售的商品名为Vanox 12,CAS No.101-67-7)。
市售的抗氧化剂和工艺稳定剂的混合物也为可利用的,例如Ciba-Geigy销售的Irganox B225、Irganox B215和Irganox B561。
合适的酸清除剂例如为金属硬脂酸盐,例如,硬脂酸钙和硬脂酸锌。以本领域已知的常用量来使用它们,典型地为500ppm至10000ppm且优选为500ppm至5000ppm。
炭黑为常用颜料,其还起到UV-屏蔽剂的作用。通常,以0.5%至5%质量比、优选以1.5%至3.0%质量比的量使用炭黑。优选地,加入炭黑作为母炼胶,其中其以特定的量与聚合物、优选与高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)预混。其中,合适的母炼胶为Cabot Corporation出售的HD4394和Poly Plast Muller出售的PPM1805。二氧化钛还可用作UV-屏蔽剂以及颜料。
其它合适的颜料例如为蓝色颜料,例如Pigment Blue 29(Ultramarine Blue,CAS No.57455-37-5)和Pigment Blue 15∶1(CopperPhthalocyanine Blue,CAS No.147-14-8)。
管挤压
根据本领域已知的方法从上述聚合物组合物制备本发明的管。因此,根据一个优选方法,通过环形模口将聚合物组合物挤压至期望的内直径,在此之后,冷却聚合物组合物。
管挤出机优选在相对低的温度下操作,因此应避免形成过热。优选具有15以上的高长径比L/D的挤出机,优选为至少20且特别为至少25。现代的挤出机通常具有约30至35的L/D比。
通过环形模口将聚合物熔融物挤出,所述模口还可布置为末端供料或侧面供料结构。通常以它们的轴平行于挤出机的轴的形式设置侧面供料模口,在与挤出机连接处需要直角转向。侧面进料模口的优点在于能通过模口延长心轴,并且例如这使得易于将冷却水由管道运送至心轴。
在可塑熔融物离开模口之后,将其校准至恰当的直径。在一个方法中,将挤出物导入金属管(校准套管)。将挤出物的内部进行增压以便向管壁压制可塑体。
还根据另一方法,将离开模口的挤出物导入在中心具有有孔部分的管中。通过孔抽微真空以保持管与调尺室(sizing chamber)的壁相抵。
在校准之后,优选将管在交联单元中进行交联。当将过氧化物用于交联时,温度上升至高于过氧化物的分解温度,由此诱发交联。若使用硅烷交联时,水或水蒸汽与管进行接触以影响交联。
在调节尺寸之后,通常在长度为约5米或更大的水浴中将管冷却。
可相继或同时完成管挤压和交联。如上所述,优选地,它们相继进行,并且更优选地,先将聚合物挤压成管,然后交联。
交联
交联的目的是改善聚合物对二氧化氯的耐受性。可应用本领域已知的任何合适的交联方法。
若可交联的乙烯聚合物为乙烯和乙烯基硅烷的共聚物,则可在水、水蒸汽或蒸汽存在的情况下通过处理包含聚合物和硅烷醇缩合催化剂的组合物使其交联。这优选在升压下完成,例如在40℃至110℃之间。然而,若通过允许更长的发生交联的时间来补偿下降的交联率,则还可采用更低的温度。
通过使用某些磺酸催化剂,当存在潮湿空气时,可在室温下进行交联。在EP-A-1256593中更详细地公开了这类方法。
当通过使用过氧化物完成交联时,首先将未处理的聚合物和过氧化物混合在一起。一种合适的方法为使用包含过氧化物的溶液浸渍聚合物粉末或聚合物小球。然后,将混合物加热至高于过氧化物分解温度的温度。可使用的合适的过氧化物例如为过氧化二异丙苯、过氧化苯甲酰、过氧化二氯苯甲酰、二叔丁基过氧化物、2,5-二甲基-2,5二(过氧化苯甲酸)(2,5-dimethyl-2,5di(peroxybenzoate))、己炔-3,1,4-双(叔丁基过氧化异丙基)苯、过氧化月桂酰、过氧乙酸叔丁酯、过氧苯甲酸叔丁酯、2,5-二甲基-2,5-二(叔丁基过氧化)己烷、2,5-二甲基-2,5-二(叔丁基过氧化)己炔和过氧化苯基乙酸叔丁酯(tert-butylperphenyl acetate)。
还可使用辐射交联。然后,通过使用合适的放射物辐射聚合物组合物以实现交联。放射物的适合的实例为γ辐射、UV辐射或电子束辐射。合适的辐射剂量可例如为1Mrad至25Mrad,优选为5Mrad至10Mrad。放射交联的方法在本领域中已知且在WO-A-1997/10936和WO 2003/087199中公开。
优选将树脂交联至约60%或更高的交联度。
管及其用途
本发明令人惊讶地显示出能通过使用管达到提高的对二氧化氯的耐受性,其中管中与水接触的层包含交联的聚乙烯。这类管在耐ClO2测试中具有长寿命。此外,管未向水给予令人厌恶的味道和气味。优选地,管包含部分交联的聚乙烯且它们不具有高的稳定水平。
在图1和图2中说明氯和二氧化氯的影响的区别。它们表示如何通过氯和二氧化氯的处理时间在管表面不同距离处影响氧化诱导时间(OIT)。OIT是对氧化物质使用多长时间攻击聚合物的粗略测量。对于稳定的材料,氧化物质首先攻击稳定剂。当将它们消灭时,它们开始攻击聚合物,所述聚合物随后开始降解。OIT测量了直至聚合物开始降解的时间。OIT越长越好,期望聚合物组合物抵挡氧化攻击。
图1表示在90℃下,氯对暴露于含4ppm氯的水中不同时间的管的氧化诱导时间的影响。能看到在2分钟接触时间之后,在内管表面(与含氯的水接触的表面)处的OIT仍为约20分钟至25分钟(中空圆)。在与含氯的水接触28小时之后,在管表面处的OIT已下降至约15分钟至18分钟(实芯方块),并且能看到OIT与离表面的距离的倾斜。当表面处的OIT下降至约10分钟时,在140小时处理时间之后,倾斜变得更明显(中空方块)。然而,在离内壁1.75mm的距离处的OIT仍为约20分钟的水平。在1433小时处理时间之后,在表面处的OIT下降至0值,并且还能看到在1.75mm距离处的OIT的下降。
图2表示在90℃下,使用含4ppm二氧化氯的水对于相同的树脂完成处理时的相同影响。能看到在表面处的OIT在2小时处理时间之后已经为0,并且有OIT与离表面的距离的明显倾斜。此外,已经120小时之后,即使在1.75mm水平的OIT为15分钟。对于二氧化氯,源自管表面的抗氧化剂的损耗如此迅速以致源自管壁内的抗氧化剂的扩散率不足以维持管表面处的抗氧化剂水平。因此,二氧化氯或其反应产物能几乎立即攻击聚合物本身。
本发明人发现当由交联聚乙烯制备管时,管对二氧化氯具有良好的耐受性。考虑到二氧化氯的非常强的氧化作用,这是令人惊讶的。
本发明的优点在于管应当对二氧化氯具有高耐受性,即使聚乙烯组合物包含相对低的稳定剂水平。因此,根据一个实施方案,组合物可共计最多包含3500ppm、优选最多3000ppm的添加剂,所述添加剂选自位阻酚、亚磷酸盐和亚膦酸酯、含硫的抗氧化剂、含氮的抗氧化剂及其混合物。为了给予聚合物充足的稳定性,这类添加剂的量应优选为至少500ppm且更优选为至少1000ppm。使用低量添加剂的优点除了降低制备组合物的成本之外,还降低了添加剂从管至水中的迁移。因此,这类管能适当地用作饮用水管。即使用这些低水平的稳定剂也能使交联给予对二氧化氯的防护是值得注意的且完全出乎意料的。
管可为单层管或多层管。若它们为多层管,则至少与含ClO2的水接触的最内层包含交联聚乙烯。
在多层管中的外层能由任何本领域已知的材料制成。因此,外层可为钢、混凝土或其它聚合材料,例如聚乙烯或聚丙烯。特别优选地,外层为其它聚乙烯材料,例如PE80、PE100或甚至更高额定压力的聚乙烯,例如PE112或PE125。例如在WO-A-1996/18677、WO-A-2000/01765、WO-A-2000/22040、EP-A-1146079、EP-A-1146078和EP-A-1460105中公开的这类聚乙烯材料。
本发明的管可用于运送已通过向水添加二氧化氯来消毒的饮用水。
合适的用途的一个实例为在配水管网中的饮用水管,其中已通过向水给予少量ClO2来使水消毒。优选地,每单位水给予的ClO2的量为0.01mg/kg至4mg/kg,例如为0.01mg/kg至2mg/kg,更优选为0.05mg/kg至0.8mg/kg。如本领域技术人员所知,ClO2非常活跃,因此在其通过管时被消耗。分解产物仍可以任何方式攻击管且导致过早失效。因此,初始剂量与管的寿命有关。
这类配水管网通常具有水递送站和许多用户站。通过至少一根管线将用户站连接至递送站。这类管线包含管部件,例如管段和配件。将给予ClO2的水沿着管线从递送站引导至用户站。优选地,至少一些管部件为本发明的包含交联聚乙烯的那些。
本发明的管有用的另一领域为化学工业,例如纸浆和造纸业、纺织业和印刷业。能将管用于将漂白化学品运送至工艺中或从其中去除废弃化学液。
如上所讨论,由包含交联聚乙烯的组合物制成的管在耐ClO2测试中具有长寿命。因此,由组合物制备的壁厚2mm的12mm OD管在耐ClO2测试中优选具有至少3500小时的寿命,更优选具有至少5000小时的寿命。特别地,已发现即使具有低水平的稳定性、例如500ppm至3500ppm的稳定剂的管仍然对二氧化氯具有非常良好的耐受性。
实施例
方法
熔融指数
根据ISO 1133测定熔体流动速率(MFR)且以g/10min的形式来表示。MFR是聚合物的熔体黏度的标示。在190℃测定对PE的MFR。测定熔体流动速率的负载通常由下标表示,例如在2.16kg负载(条件D)下测定MFR2,在5kg负载(条件T)下测定MFR5或在21.6kg负载(条件G)下测定MFR21。
质量FRR(流速比)是分子量分布的标示,并且表示在不同负载下的流速的比。因此FRR21/2表示MFR21/MFR2的值。
密度
根据ISO 1183/1872-2B测量聚合物的密度。
对于本发明的目的,根据下列公式能从组分的密度中计算混合物的密度:
其中,ρb为混合物的密度,
wi为混合物中组分“i”的重量分数,以及
ρi为组分“i”的密度。
在90℃、1ppm ClO
2
下的平均寿命
还没有评价包含聚乙烯组合物的管对含ClO2的水的耐受性的标准。然而,测量对氯化水的耐受性存在标准:ASTM F2263-03,“评价聚乙烯(PE)管对氯化水的抗氧化性的标准检测方法”。根据ASTMF2263-03,相应地使用设备测试管的寿命。然而,应用ClO2代替氯(Cl2,NaOCl)。
将圆形环用于包含ClO2的水。ClO2在水中的浓度为1.0±0.1ppm。水的pH值为6.8±0.2。水的温度为90±1℃。应用于管的环向应力为约1.7MPa。氧化还原电势(ORP)为740mV且对其频繁地测量。在流速为约0.13m/s且流体压力为6.5巴时,流量体积为23l/h。自由管长度为250mm,管的外直径为12mm且壁厚为2mm。在测试中,依次测试各个材料的两个管。测试各个管直至失效。计算两个寿命值的平均值。
用于ClO2测试的圆形环由惰性材料(例如,钛、PVDF(聚偏二氟乙烯)、PTFE(聚四氟乙烯))制成以避免污染测试流体。配件为PVDF的。在三个步骤中连续地纯化测试流体以避免任何污染:1.活性炭过滤;2.颗粒过滤;3.逆渗透。内部环境为上述的ClO2水溶液,外部环境为空气。
使用Prominent销售的ClO2发生器按照下述方程在原位直接产生ClO2:
5NaClO2+4HCl→4ClO2+2H2O+5NaCl
监测用于向过程供给原液(NaClO2和HCl)的装置以保持化学品的恒定比例。
在Bodycote Polymer AB,Sweden进行所有测试。
在聚合物中α-烯烃其聚用单体单元的含量
使用Nicolet Magna 550IR分光光度计以及Nicolet Omnic FTIR软件,基于傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)检测以已知方式测定共聚用单体含量。
从样品中压制成厚度为约220μm至250μm的膜。由具有已知共聚用单体含量的校准样品制备类似的膜。从膜的至少五个点测定厚度。然后,用砂纸打磨膜以消除反射。不用手接触膜以避免污染。对于各个样品和校准样品,制备至少两个膜。在150℃下,使用3+2分钟的预热时间、1分钟压制时间和4至5分钟冷却时间,通过使用GracebySpecac压膜机从颗粒压膜。对于非常高分子量的样品,可延长预热时间或升高温度。
在约1378cm-1的波数处从吸光率测定共聚用单体含量。在校准样品中使用的共聚用单体与样品中存在的共聚用单体相同。通过使用2cm-1的分辨率、4000cm-1至400cm-1的波数跨度以及128的扫描数来进行分析。从各个膜中运行至少两次光谱。
从源自1430cm-1至1100cm-1的波数范围的光谱中测定共聚用单体含量。通过选择所谓的短或长基线或二者,测量作为峰高度的吸光率。在约1410cm-1至1320cm-1中通过最小点画出短基线,并且长基线在约1410cm-1至1220cm-1中。对于各个基线类型,需要特定完成校准。同样地,未知样品的共聚用单体含量需要在校准样品的共聚用单体含量的范围内。
从校准样品中,按如下方式获得直线:
其中,Ci为校准样品i的共聚用单体含量;
A1378,i为约1378cm-1处样品i的吸光率;
si为由校准样品i制备的膜的厚度;
k为校准线的斜率(由回归分析获得);以及
b为校准线的截距(由回归分析获得)。
因此,通过使用获得的参数k和b,从下述方程获得样品的共聚用单体含量:
其中,Cx为未知样品的共聚用单体含量;
A1378,x为约1378cm-1处未知样品的吸光率;
sx为由未知样品制备的膜的厚度;
k为从上述校准样品获得的校准线的斜率;以及
b为从校准样品获得的校准线的截距。
该方法给出了重量%或摩尔%形式的共聚用单体含量,取决于在校准中使用的是什么。若适当地校准,还可使用相同的手段以测定甲基数,即每1000个碳原子的CH3。
在聚合物中乙烯基硅烷单元的含量
通过使用上述讨论的装置和通用原理,在厚度为50μm至120μm的压制成型膜上测定聚合物中VTMS的浓度,同时具有下述区别。使用4cm-1的分辨率进行FTIR分析。在1090cm-1处源自硅烷的峰的吸光率(峰高度)与在2665cm-1处源自聚乙烯骨架的吸光率(峰高度)有关。
因此,从下述关系中获得乙烯基硅烷含量:
其中,Cx为未知样品的共聚用单体含量;
A1090,x为通过未知样品在945cm-1处最小值的水平基线,在约1090cm-1处的吸光率;
A2665,x为通过未知样品在2440cm-1处最小值的水平基线,在约2665cm-1处的吸光率;
k为从校准样品获得的校准线的斜率;
b为从校准样品获得的校准线的截距。
如本领域技术人员已知,对于适当浓度范围的特定共聚用单体,需要通过使用上述原理校准IR方法。
聚合物中多烯共聚用单体单元的含量
使用定量红外(IR)光谱分析以量化碳碳双键(C=C)的量。通过在已知结构的典型低分子量模型化合物中C=C官能团的摩尔消光系数的现有测定来完成校准。
通过下列方程,测定作为每千个总碳原子的碳碳双键数(C=C/1000C)的各个这些基团的量(N):
N=(A×14)/(E×L×D)
其中,A是定义为峰高度的最大吸光率,E为靶基团的摩尔消光系数(l·mol-1·mm-1),L为膜厚度(mm)以及D为材料的密度(g·cm-3)。
对于具有含C=C的共聚用单体的聚乙烯,通过它们的特征吸光率和对照材料来测定单独源自共聚用单体的C=C键的量。在与除缺少含C=C的共聚用单体之外的被分析材料的可比条件下制备对照材料。通过从具有含C=C的共聚用单体的聚乙烯的N减去对照材料的N,从而计算仅源自含C=C的共聚用单体的每千总碳原子的C=C键的量。
通过IR光谱分析量化摩尔消光系数
根据ASTM D3124-98和ASTM D6248-98中给定的步骤来测定摩尔消光系数。在4cm-1的分辨率下,使用装备有0.1mm径长的液槽的FTIR分光光度计(Perkin Elmer 2000)记录溶液态(solution-state)红外光谱。
通过下述方程,以l·mol-1·mm-1的形式测定摩尔消光系数(E):
E=A/(C×L)
其中,A为定义为峰高度的最大吸光率,C为浓度(mol·l-1)以及L为槽厚度(mm)。
使用至少三个0.18mol·l-1的二硫化碳(CS2)溶液,并且使用摩尔消光系数的平均值。
交联度
通过使用萘烷作为溶剂,按照ASTM D2765-01方法A测定交联度。从管或管层的横截面收集样品。
管挤压
为了测量对二氧化氯的耐受性,使用线速为约1m/min的标准PE螺杆,在Battenfeld挤出机中将组合物压制为外直径12mm和壁厚2mm的管。将挤出机熔融温度保持在190℃至230℃的范围内。然后,通过使用合适的方法将挤出的管交联以达到约65%的交联度。
制备例1
基础聚合物的制备
在60℃的温度和65巴的压力下,运行体积为50dm3的回路式反应器。向反应器中导入2kg/h乙烯、25kg/h丙烷稀释剂和12kg/h氢气。同样,向反应器导入2.5kg/h的BASF销售的商品名为Lynx 200TM的固体聚合催化剂组分,以及三乙基铝辅助催化剂,以便使铝与钛的摩尔比为20。聚合物产率为约1kg/h。
将源自反应器的浆料间歇地收回且导入体积为500dm3的回路式反应器,并且在95℃的温度和60巴的压力下运行。向反应器另加入60kg/h的丙烷和乙烯以及氢气,以便反应混合物中乙烯的含量为4.2摩尔%,并且氢气与乙烯的摩尔比为520mol/kmol。熔融指数MFR2为280g/10min的乙烯均聚物的产率为35kg/h。
通过使用调整架(settling leg)将浆料从回路式反应器间歇地回收,并且倒入在50℃的温度和3巴的压力下运行的闪蒸器。将聚合物从其中直接导入在20巴的压力和85℃的温度下运行的气相反应器。加入另外的乙烯、1-丁烯共聚用单体、作为惰性气体的氮气以及氢气,以便在反应混合物中的乙烯含量为20摩尔%,氢气与乙烯的比为27mol/kmol并且1-丁烯与乙烯的比为180mol/kmol。在气相反应器中聚合物产率为41kg/h,因此,从气相反应器的总的聚合物回收率为77kg/h。聚合物的熔融指数MFR5为0.59g/10min,密度为941kg/m3。产物份额(production split)(LMW组分百分比/HMW组分百分比)为47/53。
将聚合物与1500ppm硬脂酸钙、1600ppm的Irganox 1330和250ppm的Irganox E201混合。另外,向聚合物加入包含39.5%炭黑的5.75%重量比的炭黑母炼胶。母炼胶不包含其它添加剂。因此,在聚合物中炭黑的含量为2.25%。在表2中显示完整的配方。因此,将其混合且通过使用CIMP90挤出机挤压为颗粒,以便SEI为0.221kWh/kg且熔融温度为258℃。
在表1中示出聚合物数据。该聚合物在下述讨论中称为聚合物1。
制备例2
重复实施例1的步骤,除了使用更高浓度的Irganox 1330。该聚合物在下述讨论中称为聚合物2。
制备例3
根据GB-A-2039513的实施例1进行聚合,除了反应器为在240℃的温度和2500巴的压力下运行的管式反应器。向反应器连续地以600g/h的量加入作为共聚用单体的乙烯、自由基引发剂和乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷。生成的共聚物的密度为930kg/m3、MFR2为2.0g/10min,硅烷单体单元的含量为3.0%重量比(0.74%摩尔比)。
该聚合物在下述讨论中称为聚合物3。
制备例4
按照US-A-3646155的实施例1的步骤进行,除了基础聚合物为乙烯与1-丁烯的共聚物,其密度为964kg/m3和MFR2为8g/10min,并且在齐格勒-纳特催化剂存在的情况下通过聚合乙烯制备所述基础聚合物,且乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷的量为每100份聚合物2.3重量份。生成的聚合物的密度为958kg/m3、MFR2为2g/10min,乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷单元在聚合物中的含量为2.0%重量比(0.49%摩尔比)。
该聚合物在下述讨论中称为聚合物4。
制备例5
向在100℃的温度和10巴的压力下运行的气相反应器中引入乙烯、1-丁烯以及包含钛和镁的齐格勒-纳特聚合催化剂以及三乙基铝辅助催化剂。生成的共聚物的密度为954kg/m3,熔融指数MFR2为4g/10min。
该聚合物在下述讨论中称为聚合物5。
制备例6
重复制备例5的步骤,除了改变条件以使生成的聚合物的密度为964kg/m3,熔融指数MFR2为8g/10min。
该聚合物在下述讨论中称为聚合物6。
实施例1(对比)
在Battenfeld 45-25B挤出机中通过挤压从聚合物1制备12×2mm(外直径×壁厚)的管,所述挤出机在20rpm的螺杆速率下提供15kg/h的产量。挤出熔融温度为214℃且熔融压力为137巴。如上所讨论,测量管对含ClO2的水的耐受性。
实施例2(对比)
重复实施例1的步骤,除了使用聚合物2代替聚合物1。
实施例3
如下制备组合物:将76.65%重量比的聚合物3和17.33%重量比的聚合物5以及5.75%重量比的与实施例1中使用的相同的炭黑母炼胶混合在一起。然后,仍加入2100ppm的Irganox 1330和190ppm的Irganox E201。生成的混合物的MFR5为7.4g/10min,密度为946kg/m3。
在Buss Co-Kneader MDK 46/E-11L/D中混合/均匀熔融组合物。将聚合物和添加剂(小球和/或粉末)供给至Buss Co-Kneader的第一混合器入口,所述Buss Co-Kneader为混合器,其具有下游排气单螺杆挤出机和在熔融阶段切断小球且通过水进行冷却的造粒单元。将混合器温设定为从第一入口至出口为140℃至165℃,将排气挤出机温度设定为约165℃。在170rpm下运行混合器,且吞吐量为100kg/h。
然后,将组合物挤压为管,如实施例1所述,除了在管挤压期间,基于组合物总量,加入5%重量比的催化剂母炼胶,基于母炼胶总量所述母炼胶包含0.9%重量比的二辛基锡月桂酸酯(DOTL)。随后通过将管浸在温度为95℃的水浴中12小时以进行挤出管的交联。交联度(凝胶含量)测量为64.4%。
实施例4
如下制备组合物:将45.4%重量比的聚合物3、29.0%的聚合物4和25.0%的聚合物6混合。向混合物中加入3500ppm的Irganox 1330、2000ppm的Irganox 1010和500ppm的lrgafos 168。以与实施例3所述的方式相同的方式将混合物混合。生成的混合物的MFR5为5g/10min,密度为947kg/m3。
然后,如实施例3所述,将组合物挤压成管且随后交联。测量凝胶含量且发现其为65%。
表1:聚合物组合物和管的数据
1在10827小时不间断之后,中断测试
实施例1C与3以及2C与4的对比表明由本发明的组合物制成的管与现有技术材料制成的那些相比具有显著增加的耐受性。此外,实施例3表明通过使用低水平的稳定性,在90℃下,在含ClO2的水中获得长寿命,其约为对比实施例1和2的三至四倍长。这类材料适用于在运行温度通常为约25℃以下且需要添加剂向水低迁移的饮用水管中使用。
Claims (15)
1.包含形成内管表面的层的管在运送已加入二氧化氯的水中的用途,所述内管表面界定了在所述管内的流体的流程,其中所述层由包含60%至100%重量比的交联聚乙烯的组合物组成。
2.如权利要求1所述的用途,其用于运送已通过向水中给予0.01ppm至4ppm的ClO2来消毒的水。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的用途,其中所述水为饮用水。
4.如权利要求1至3中任一权利要求所述的用途,其中已通过向水中给予0.01ppm至2ppm的ClO2来将水消毒。
5.如权利要求1所述的用途,其用于运送在纸浆和造纸业、纺织业和印刷业中的诸如漂白工序等工序中使用的化学品。
6.如前述权利要求中任一权利要求所述的用途,其中所述交联聚乙烯包含500ppm至3500ppm重量比的组合物添加剂,所述组合物添加剂选自位阻酚、亚磷酸盐、亚膦酸酯、含硫的抗氧化剂、含氮的抗氧化剂及其混合物。
7.如权利要求6所述的用途,其中所述交联聚乙烯包含1000ppm至3000ppm重量比的组合物添加剂,所述组合物添加剂选自位阻酚、亚磷酸盐、亚膦酸酯、含硫的抗氧化剂、含氮的抗氧化剂及其混合物。
8.如前述权利要求中任一权利要求所述的用途,其中通过下列方法制备所述形成内管表面的层,所述方法包括下列步骤:
-提供密度为925kg/m3至965kg/m3,熔融指数MFR5为0.5g/10min至15g/10min或熔融指数MFR2为0.1g/10min至10g/10min的可交联乙烯聚合物以形成可交联组合物;
-挤压所述可交联组合物以制备管;
-在所述第一聚合物交联的情况下处理所述挤压制品;以及
-回收所述交联聚乙烯管。
9.如权利要求8所述的用途,其包括另外的步骤:
-由所述交联聚乙烯管形成管线;
-提供二氧化氯和水的混合物;以及
-在所述管线的流程内建立所述水和二氧化氯的混合物的流。
10.如权利要求8或9所述的用途,其特征在于所述可交联乙烯聚合物为包含95%至99.9%摩尔比的乙烯单元和0.1%至5%摩尔比的乙烯基硅烷单元的乙烯共聚物。
11.如权利要求10所述的用途,其中将所述可交联乙烯聚合物与硅烷缩合催化剂混合,并且通过使所述混合物与水、水蒸汽或蒸汽接触来实现交联。
12.如权利要求8或9所述的用途,其特征在于所述可交联乙烯聚合物为包含93%至99.9%摩尔比的乙烯单元和0.1%至7%摩尔比的源自非共轭多烯的单元的乙烯共聚物。
13.如权利要求12所述的用途,其中非共轭二烯选自1,7-辛二烯、1,9-癸二烯、1,11-十二碳二烯和7-甲基-1,6-辛二烯。
14.如前述权利要求中任一权利要求所述的用途,其中所述交联聚乙烯已交联至交联度为至少60%,其中根据ASTM D2765-01方法A通过使用萘烷作为溶剂来测定所述交联度。
15.在1.5巴至10巴的升压下,通过连接水递送站与用户站的至少一根管线将水从所述递送站运送至至少一个所述用户站的方法,所述管线包含许多个具有内表面和外表面的管部件,其中所述内表面界定了水的流程,所述方法包括下述步骤:
-通过在水中存在0.01ppm至4ppm,优选为0.01ppm至2ppm重量比的ClO2的量向水给予二氧化氯来将水消毒;
-通过所述管线建立从所述递送站至所述至少一个用户站的消毒水流,
其特征在于所述管线中至少一个管部件具有内层,所述内层接触用二氧化氯消毒的水且包含80%至100%交联聚乙烯,优选所述交联聚乙烯已交联至交联度为至少60%,其中根据ASTM D2765-01方法A通过使用萘烷作为溶剂来测定所述交联度。
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PCT/EP2010/058706 WO2010149607A1 (en) | 2009-06-22 | 2010-06-21 | Chlorine dioxide resistant polyethylene pipes, their preparation and use |
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WO2010149607A1 (en) | 2010-12-29 |
KR101329678B1 (ko) | 2013-11-14 |
EP2454076A1 (en) | 2012-05-23 |
CN102458795B (zh) | 2014-09-03 |
BRPI1010564A2 (pt) | 2016-03-15 |
US9200136B2 (en) | 2015-12-01 |
EP2454076B1 (en) | 2013-08-14 |
AU2010264811B2 (en) | 2013-10-24 |
AU2010264811A1 (en) | 2011-12-08 |
AU2010264811B9 (en) | 2014-06-05 |
US20120118390A1 (en) | 2012-05-17 |
KR20120023119A (ko) | 2012-03-12 |
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